06 - Chapter 2 PDF

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^TWfu^ '|i%"î5Tgfk^T?] ^ 2 r a t ^ ^«fl ^î?31 -^rrsTî ^ n i ^ '5%"$;m
^ f ^ n ^ <r.-?R v i m ^^c^ ^n' i^' c<win v»i<j\s<i«''<i c^^ca ^ r w u ^ ^-f^-^pi

fe ^rrsrai (<mn mîww ^ 1^^?( awR^^r^ m ^ ^ n - ^ ^^î:^ ^ f i f ^ i
•:5T^"j^ sn:'^;!] ^^îs, •^^ ^ ^ ^ 5 ^ t%^ CST^R:^^ ^ s n ^ ^ ac^^ra
ai'<H I (TTt "|f%5jCT f?(:^''Sf ^wiTt, w-^wî ^>w^ ^ ^^rarcsf^ ^SRJHJ
f ^ ^ f e ^ ^Tpj:^ ^^5^^RH '^^<(^- ^w^"^ vs?n ^mwStfe^ ^17^5=" ^mw^^
it^, c^ >^<IH<J % n t N ^îr<i ^sr^-^rpfl
^<(# "^wi^ ^ History is a movement in time* "JTSITIÎB W^Ti
^ ^ 1 ^ yrsTT^^ra câ^^s^ fei ^»f<i3îc^5^ '=^\u^ •^rnsi ^ ^ 1 ^^f^'li^'^Tw?
•iiJii fei ^'%T5T^ ^ tfe^^ni^sra ^^^MH a^ti:^ <PTISI^ ^^ftvg:^
" t f e ^ ^ ' 5"bT<5 5p-?(T® ^JT^gyvsT'^ 2ft?I <J^g^ ^ ^ r/<!?Pl ' 5 M ^ '
^s-l (TTÎ, ^<ri, -srpjpra ^nfltt I ^fe^t1>R> •STt^ WM (Marc Bloch) 'sii:^,
'Science of men in time.' t t ^ ^ W^^ ^ ^ sfl^ ^ s n ^ ^m'<
C^vs^ fWR?^ ^fsR^ t ^ 'ITC^f I "Î^^lC>i<)« ^1W ^JE^ -STRi:^ ^
^ f ^ s f ^ l ^îTffw f ^ ^ - Q l ^ T ^ Sc-iilib^ ^^^ I •JTsnw^^ WT-î;^ ^51^^-

^ 5 l f 1 ^ \£?Uf5l-^ # ^ - ^ - « f r f ^ 1 i % l ^ 1 1 i ^ ^ >iiJier<1'gi STR^g^ # ^
fei^<^ < ^ , : ^ < f^sî^ ^n^jî:^ ^ m^ ^ 1 1 % ^ ^ ^ 5 ^ ^^^
^?1 î^-5l?:v£'^— " i T ^ âBvD C<!^J^, C^'^s^ cTf«^ 5 : 0 Fr?iT5, C ^ ^ ^ ^ 1 % C W m ^ rusr^^ c^w-^
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\^'^P\ I ^^<f5^5f \2R^ îrai "^W^ ^ , 'STPR 'T^Kl^l?! ^srft^
2ft1 ^T|i?r.\£ ^ ^ f f H f e 3*11 (M'^TM^ 'Philosophy of History' 2R#r^
^sTff^Wrc"^ if^ ^(:^5(:^ E.H. Carr->il^ 'What is History ?' (1961)

^Jl% I ^5r[<rra ^5'Q)^li>i<> f ^ ^ W R R : ^ ^ 'History is a science nothing
more and nothing iess'\ ^st^^ ^j%^PTC^ RwR [?.(.>ic<t W(?i FR:^
^!#I5;^"C ^ ^ ^^nc^^? "^—'Science is finding things out, and in

that sense history is a science'" fwi^^ra^s ^<^/^f%i^>ng
^nriTTjrî I
•'*Tig|^^ ^ f % ^ p T l w r a ^ f e ^ K ' T ^ ^ W ^ '5TfiJ^<}= f^®T5 7f^^
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f^.f^. c^n^rrf), CTfei ?n^^,
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CT^g, : ^ ^ 1 ^ C t t ^ , ^5it%%«, b^<^, ^ ^ c n i ^ , ^sifevs C f l ^ , ' f ^ ' n i
^'<aTi 'mm ^ - m f e ^ ^ ^ ^ ^«fwt« ^Tw ^ ^ ^ w>^'\, % ' r a -^ra

'af^'fl^'^'. '^^?n-8S!', '^sR^9f'^ 'm^\ 'c^n^t^', '^rRrnwi 15^', 'vj)#5i
<n>^7]i f % i ^ ^^^
^fe^lW^ C^*ff%^ \£^ W\VSi '?i^<i^c^<\ v5i\»]^q t w i ^ ' l ^ ^ •<i'^ r i ^ 1 ^ twwi^rg ?IT<IÎI fe -Q'î^-^^f

"î'n:5Tiir-n ^T.^^T;^'^ "^ ^^^f^sni'î (Sanskritization) ^nuj '<nT5, ^)î)îc>i<;
5R"<nB (T^RTTi^-ii]? (Herbert Spencer) 1 w s ^ ^ff^' 6 "<^rsi ^ j r ^ -

^<l (Karl Marx) ' ^ ^ " ^ ^ " s i ^ ^ t i ' I C^M^WBI '^'^ 2fra<^C<r- *:l<R€t^li:?i
00
'<b-în:^ (Durkheim) « «C5^^ (Weber) 9ff%^n%% ^ r a % = ^ i
^fl^f^TUfiJ^ i ^ f e # f W t ^ >i<CbCi<1^\i»\§ I ;ij"^

\sÎ^ ^ - ^ <>WC^H t^%Ef ^5T5R:?I ^ t ^ WfWIyl C==f1^, ^ t ^ ,
^TTiiwitn ^R;c<><ii I '^f«î>ibbra '<sUQ^ '^w^ ft^n^ ^ > ^ f ^ ^ ^ V5T1%<I;

^'I^TU^ ^:Wf^ 3 ^ VSTR:^ ^Tsnw^lt^ i q ' ^ ^ ^j?r?rW (Norbert Elias)
vs itP^Rs 1%1s=f f ^ (Michel Foucault) I 'RU^ fm ^15 'fef^ffifvq
Wf^ ÎTf^'-^ (1975) 'Ifi^WC'^ ^T^<^5Rjf^ CiK^- C^^'^ 05^ ^ l i ^ I
r,^1T%Î\5-pf ^t^":§l15f^^1 t t ^ ^ l C T ^ 2i^<i ^ v j ^ ^ a^SJf^FI
^ r a f H ^ i : : ^ a^^t ^^C^^^ l I^R?^ f C ^ , Wt^ (?ftwi (Jacques Derrida)

^"^r^ (Nietzsche) W ^ ^ f f l ^ (Heidegger) ¥ # r a ^^Tf^f^ HGI \5TCW^
"iTsî^ I cw!?iT?i i;?rc0i C^R:^ I-T:Î ^ # ? Mr-r^s^?:^ sra '-^c^ ( T H ^ ) ? ,
î
^ - ^ x s l g"^1%i ^\5^'?lfv5 3TI^ (Edward Said) ':fl*5T^K^1%^
Qsm " ^ 1 l|>Wtv5 f M ^ ^ ^ (Clifford Geertz) « 9fGr^ C^T^« (Pierre

Bourdieu) ^ ^ ^^ \s^§^^ ' i l i : ^ ^ ^t^BT^ ^ I cG^d5<) ^ T ^ ^ ,
^ f % ^ F?1 'from tine top down' ^jl^^f^ CSUS 'history from

below' ^ ^ tj1w»%v5 (JMU5 ^ ^ ^^ -m^^m^^^^ -^ ^]W?i I ^ ^
va^ ^C-^l jpR^^c^HW<] 'Wretched of the Earth', ^.^==i ^r5i7i^t%^ ^^^^W^ 'Primitive Rebels', ^srn^^'G
C'^f<n^'r|<i j^b-iic^'5,CT^<^ <MRC=?R I ^^fi^ S H ^ . ^
5!G#:?I iTH<jr<] 'Ry-dc^f^'tl^^' (Subaltern Studies) <f^^rlf5î?l
^ ^ ^ c ^ f & 5 i ^sTRiGTi^ c^Piyi, ^^n^Rvs ^srrsrRTf^ c w ^ f w s f l ^srrsnurg
Y^, ^5fcp ^(iT^(^, ^^X"^<!1^ 1 * f f e ^ ^ « ^ f ^ -fit^â^, t ^ ° - ^ - ^ 5 n ^ ^ < ^
^Tfe<n ^ m f e f ^ — (7f| ^ ^ c ^ c^my\ ^ , (Til ^srm^ ^ - ^ W R T T ^
<i-?R •g^'^, ^ - ^ *ir*fW5i3 T^'^ ^ a ^ i ^ ^ i ^ ' M ^ : ^ ^ ^ ^ c^ ^^^5^

^m^ 2r<i?t3^ 5 K t ^ - j ^ i ^ c ^ , \si^<31^ \»i<i\s<w<i 1:f%^v ^^^
"-^m-i, 1:51^ ^511 ^ " B ^ s ^ mm ^•, ^^^ *I\S?R;'^^ -^^f^ '^j^ su^
^•^ C<], ~|$H ^ ^ # f ^niisTBI TP^ra ' W R fWG5 JTC^ ^ ; ^ *RrI(?^-^rRf|
fi^<ic^'-i— "f%^ f%tH <i-«R f l ^ (Tf*i \s-sR?n fe, i # ^ ^'|->ri]'^

^-^lui:^?! ^-^7,51] g>ft^, "'Tti^, t5\s^], ^p^HTsi 'l^rf^'ni:^ ^SPJI fe c^ ? î-^R
(71 (TfB^ I w t ^ ^ ^ ^ s n % ] vsT^ i T l ^ : ^ ^-^l R^-^lvS % i I \E-?I^
crwifes
m^C^w I ^ 5 ^ C^^R:^ ^J^V:^ fsi^lUff ':^<i^t>icil5R'' :^5tf^'->i]"ra ^g-Jij^^
BWCîfiin TT'^'trfwi 'py^c^f^ ^ 1 % ^ ' i r m ^ ^ a ^ >i^^:5^ ii"5 ^si^v
>rn:5^ 3 ? # t ^ ^C?IT:5I ^ " S T I '^^wra fe^^s '^^'^\ '^^SR^,"^'. "'Tn'^pfa',
FP'l 2R?ii ^ % ] C t t f e ^1^13 ^BTRyfl^ C^sTf^ll b^^Jt ^T';?!^ vô??*t

^=115 >n<i^MBw''•5^11^3^-^^ ^5Riv5^ îTfl^ 2f<i^ "Jtraf) ra^f' PM^^P-
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W r f ^ N CSKS?-^' (^r«fv^ '^5R\Kli>ll!5 C2R, t^^Tt^; ^S 8(ô, -i^ \b(?o
'tRs¥I', >f1<i^si'Gpf^^tf^-^^ w f ^ ^n^rfCTl^ 1^1% ^^Wt ^R:^ (?R, "TO
fîfesf -^RXi R%W W^TRf f^%? ^r^^rni l ^SKf^st, 3n<^xi>|si'GH'' (Subaltern)

^'^ni^ (711^ srrsrf^ra 'c^srs^'îHt^ cTrfs^' (M^- (7i«¥t -i]^^ f^r^^-rf^
"^fe^P^Ti^ a i ^ l l ^ '^^5^1^51 (Power) ^ ^srff^'lvs] (Hegemony) -S^
' ^ • ^ ^ ^ ^ (?i^«rR?f 1?^^) fel I C ^ ^^H1 '^<1^<^'L?R''^5^lfe7''-^<; C^WI-ÎC-î

rii i?i-5;j(3<i \!rra Hybridity " ^ ' i ' * ! ^ "^"S!^ ?fWl^#Ti:^ '^JM Î'^' (?R<^T.^ I
fsTCT^ f i : ^ ^ 'ipîj^sl « ^STfR-^f^^ J^lBRt^Mi:^ ^ ^ ^ <P^ feg^
0(i
^"^ 7\K'u^'^ '^^<^ ' ^ — g^?:^^ i^\sl?jfDSi^^^- X55, = v£i^ (Is, That) + ^ (Thia, flR^^^) =
v^, ^'4K \5t^ >P?ft?I = ^]^ Theorum (Wft^rf%^ >
Theory = (?f-?n I ' ^ ' ^Îtl^ ^<W5] C^ >^<lW<l'|
^ I >^<1W<1 5j^s:l] ^sn^ ^ ^ Cl^W^T*!^ \ 5 T : ^ ^sjf^^gfî ^ 1 ^ 1 ^ , Text is
a differential Network' ^ ^ ' ^ ^"STÎ Wll^ >il^N ^ I ^gwl?^%^W?*f^
-e t f e ^ P T ^ îl^seiTra f t ^ i T f r ^ I C5TC5^ i i ] t . ' t % ^ ^ \ 5 iH^l >n%\i]^
t f % ^ ^ ^JTift^
^ 5 T ^ ^5rr5TRTîvsTc-^ î^^jf^ ^ ^ q ^ f ^ ^ % M ^2Ji:?i Iw^^TPnî '<t^ ^pn:^ wî i
o^
RifFi <r-<i(.^ ? \sH ^ ^ fei ^ ^ M ) W ^ R ) ^ ^ ^^^ wsnî '^jji ^^JC^^
2PTC^ -nnTtl b^<l^ f^^l^sTi:^^ âro 'siw -ÎIVB—"History deals with

real events and literature w'th imagined ones may now be seen
as a differences in degree rather than in kind." (1997 • 77)
5rRT^^<i, >ii<p5Tf>ii ^ra
• ^ i f e o ] ^ ^ " ^ ^ ^^\U^ ^ J B ^ ^ " P r a >^<JW<1 W^ fsifslvS ^-^-^'^^ 2 f < ! ' ; f i i ^

"^^lUl 2ff%^]#\s iT?I I ^Tsrtliigf^ C ^ - ^ , ^ - f ^ ^ ^ R H l 'TSTR ^5lferra
" I f e ^ ^Tsriw^ •srpjwa # ^ f^GW^ '¥<^y\^ fî^r^-^^:^ w m c ^

fr^ "^TO^ ^ I ftW5 C^fn^ (Richard Cobb) <lC=iCM ' t f e ^ f^C^R
'4\<i'm^ ^-^fel r # f [ vaT^m— "Historians imagine the Past and
remerber the future."^" ^SRjfvfi^ ^^jmR^ WPTRiB^— " ^ - ^ R iTi%^
wjm''?^ - ^ c a f f ^ ^ ' ' " c ^ ^ ^ , # k c ^ fffR— '6^<jc<f^', ^ " ^ ? cw[i(</ic<i?i
-îf^vsr^T^ (m^ c<p^ ^c^ -JiFora, ^DH:^ s f ^ ^ ^ ^R)îl>ic<t'<j ^>t^ i

^f^ (M?^ îSiTf^ ^tf^n ^ ^ ^ iSfiîPic<^<j a«rR5^ irff^r^ i ^^^m
(^^^^ QJW^ '5TS'^ îrg ^f^j%)^, # ^ w < [ ^sr^jvgft'^ <^"<iic<f= ^c-iiib-i
^ ^ • R '^l^^WbbT?! •iniif>T^^ (mentality) « C^^FSfTTiSr^ fera<^
^'=^'=#1^ R ^ " Xt%^pT&l?B "s'l'''?) I ^TPjg ^ ^ Wp{ ^ ^ •STRICT? ^ ^ S ^ 5 ^
'Tiiii7ra><JC^s - ^ l i ^ . ^ T i . liif^niS Tradition and the Individual Talent'
<P'<^ "^^=R I "^Fs^l-HCbvs-ll ^ ^rr^fyl fffC^ f% j%<TC^ - J f m ^ ' ^ 'f^f«-ff
^ ^ : ^ ^ T ^ (?«R55^'^^ c^^n:^ ca^^fs vstiî^ ^ ^ 1 % ^ ^ ^^n^,
<m ^ ^5if%7p?2tf^ ^ ^ e i f^2sl, ^Rsf^^ c^, ^5ife w | , 'srsra fea^l
^vsR^^ ^=Tra '^'Q ^ » R ^ ^ , "^j%5pi ^st^«1 # ? ^ i ^ ^r%£ ?
>irsnfl?^ i i l ^ ? r ^ ^>^T?T^, ^SB-^ C^K^ ^ j % ^ ^"--^wr^î:^ ^nî
'ii^ ^rra", a-«i, sjTsrf^, wis=i^^wra, "I^MSi^^, ^1^1, cfff^ ' i w ^WC<P$,
'm^R I c^'J't^ îw<i 1t%^fCT <IJRK<I vgfsm ^5R:^ff) ^5^^=H. 5ir#i ^^^^
IVT(:S^7I Tgîj^rf^ ^^^îrirs ^-^^ I aT5^ ^^gs^ f w R ^^ffeu^ i Tra ^5i%^wl
^ ^ c < f | ^ 3 ^ ^ " ^ ? ^ ^ ^ c^f-^nis^Fi g f i ^ , -îmm I ' c ^ i a^ffe^ î^?:^*!
OSi
"<F^ ^^fSRi <r^ v3%?ii:5,^fe^pn?ui ^m^sRKtf^ ^ ^ ^ 5 ^ ^ ^^\f^'I^'MWi<R^^ c ' C ^ \5H1 <if^\s 1
\i:rai ^^T^r^sH f^f^pjsr, •sn^rra a f ^ fe -#51 ififera ^?:?f»— ^ ^ r c ^
-T<fwT:^^ ^2i>ra Gii^ ^srra ^ H I R C ^ ^ t 1 ^ 7[^-?i]^ ^rpw w s i c ^ <n<n

>i^Tt^T?:^ ^'M<i ^-î^, ^srm^ ^'^ ^f^^— ^5R5p^ 1?[^%i T?s^ I ^ 1 ,
^•^ ^(M^ ^ ^ i j ^
80
^ ^ #t^^ ^vs^ ^STRyfT^
( T f ^ ^ ^ : ^ ^'Sr «tR^"?rR:B^^5T^'#f^ i f M i b f ^ pyR:^^ fei:^ l^sff!^
\5ck^ ^srpsf I ^?f^^ *5^^ (Macro) C^^R]^ ^ < ^ f W ^ (Microscopic)
I t ^ ^ p R I ^ (historicist) i f 1 % ^ i
^sT^ 1 j % ^ f%i:^tR[^5H ^^n "^T^ I lilt 1%^tf^« ^srra ^ ^ ^t^^KTra

^gf^ feiî ^î5R:^TM c^^s^rra ^jT?m*rf ^fwfH^ ^ snpTi<n Fi^vsra
tw^?ra ^ ' ' f ^ îTi:^^ I ^wps ^j%5K^ ^•?rrra, f^^ra ^f^'î ^5nw
^srr^ 9rt^<i\D^ ^ 0 5 1 wi<r- C^MT^ ' R J ^ I W ^ I ' ( 7 # ^ C^^HTP -awi IwfO
a^llc<}><i ^11:^ I ' : # ^ ^1wtfl<n ^srf^ ^ ^ s ^ , t^srsi, ^-^t^^si îsli^
8i
î?i ^ " ^ t r a l ^ c^wRrTi ^Tj^ -^TR:^, -^JHI ^sin:^^^ vsi^ ^^wcfe^H i ^îwra
3TW7ra fe^; ^srra ^ - ^ *f^, ^ t ^ ^«2| ^ ^^R:^ c^C"«fi:^

^Ws\ I ^'^sRt ^^sra * i ^ , ^ ' w i : ^ Tf^ \»t?f • ^ i a^ra >«t^
FBI (71 = 1 ^ f^Îlii^W^ 7f^, %St?pSr^ ^ CT =1W^
t^^f^?;sra ic^T^, 1^ I r c ^ t f ^ 'fg^^Mi:^ ^r«fT#i ^>i:^ i"''*
^^ ^ f ^ m^ C5CT ^ J M C ^ M ^ CbWC^H -siTiNpra ' t W R ' SrII

-fl^- ^"shC^-C^, (7f?rR?1 ^5f#|\i; ^G \sR^JC^s<1 * t % ^TS^Mi:^^ Zffe^f^l ^'^
^ ^ ^^ f w i ^ ^ ^ ^ fet^, (?q-«rR?i -^B^feg^ ^^srra, ^ S R ^ X S ^ 1 ^ i

f7l ^^mk C^C^ ^fMrC^Tf?! ^?1 (7T-«n (?iU5 m:^ f^ ^tl=TR?Tt^ •^'f^ (7f| ^
8Cl
^ I ? ^ ^ ^ f ^ , - s ^ M W t ^g^t^stW ^?Pfl -sfRiBÎ v£l'^ "^W^ ft^F^«tl
<i^ "mn^ (71 ^ ^ <il%vji):ir '^t^srra \îii>\' {'^^^ % ^TR, b^v:^),
•î^s#r5 ^ ? ^ ' ( ^ ^ ^ s 2sfRq b^vb); '^t^Kra^•^KTra ^?n?*t'
f^lSR] 1ilf5r\5 ^^^m?i^ "^srftwME^ ijC^ '^%U[ C^^ TTRVSJCTB-R" f.^TI#a
fef»1 ^ ^ i : ^ ^ 2Rs=l'?tI7^5^ t ^ T ? ^ " ^ ^STf^^ ^ %^>W^ f?lfife ^ J ? ! ^
I a ^ R ^•'Tliî^ vs^Hl^ C*fW1^
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^5r^T#fc^'5i f w ? i 3 f ^ w ( 5n<ivt)]sii3tif T ^ i f ^ ^ (y\-ii^^{y^ t^f*r%i i
^ i W ^ tfl%C^ •?rosT?n ^ , t ^ ^ T l ^ ; WICÎWC^'^ C«I^ ^rf^J5^-C=1C^=i-
^Wl <f=(.<lCÎ.
T%^ ^'^ ^51%®nv5vsl3^ f^-^flvS v»RiTtl ^ ^ ijjl'i'fr^ CÎS— fe^<l

*^fe^TCT ^^TRjt^l^ t W t '5^^ ^^1 ^J^ "Sfsfi'^ ^ 2ff^, f%I 3£tfe, ^
^^l*fft, ^ # ^ ^ \5<^ f^g^ssTT? SfTÛ ^5rf*tl^ ^T!^, ^"^^C^ 2 l f e , ^^^SCe?!
-^(5)3^ ^KTC?! ^'#7'^'^?:^ ^<(5|^ fNf>P¥» ^^srR:^— '-RH^ ^ ' (Chandra's

death), ^ i J l f ^ -Q^ ^ ^^fsH^ ^j^î :3T'^>rff^ ' f ^ ^ c a ^^WT^ fe"
g?:^ ^ ^ (SR^ 2rf%i^wi?ra RJFSC^ V£I1^ t%ixz:î,''^'5^ bvs^
Tfn^^rg, ^ ^ ^ ^ -ii^^g^^si s—
Udj— > R 1 ^ filTyi ^fJMfM<^ ^"51^ iTTsj^ ^ ^ CoTR:^^ <^^T:^ ^TSJ^ f ^ Ti^
^fi:^; ^ - ^ ^ ^ ^'?i5:i fe^ ^>frai3 ^5i#M«fi:^ \srai "SK^ CWCT WRT?] I
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^^ c ^ f e i ^JFI'Q, t%^<^ ^K^ '^ ^rrai Trra i K ^ ^ ^ ^jîi c*m <rfc^,
-nf[ "li^^mi:^^ ^G T w m w f ^ ^ i ^ ^ ^ t *iwf%( ^<i^§w<] ^^ ^ttfR^5irn?R : ^ t 1 ^ ' f^în^^ M§usi« ^5rf^%i 1 c ^ ^m <^C<IC^H
^.<f^ c^f^K"-! # » R : ^ Mii^T^ t w g ^ « r ^ f%wc?i ^1I<T\£; ^ ^ I , # » I T : ^
^R<i7.!^"i:i ft•^c1(::^ ^5rf^??T i w p f ^ ^ ^s^^m^- ' c ^ ^ ' ^^x ^ ^ i ' • ^ ' i : ^
•iPT^-;]' -îGi \sra yfsiv? ^TRil ^ ?5I?g C ^ S ^«Hi:^? ^^.Tyrfi (:>V^vb-
^ S)oo) f^"c;<i-g<^ ^^R:^ ii]^5©R c^sfevs ^5i#s (?f«JK, ^teR::^ iT!wl"<] î^î^^
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f^^KR5 t ^ T w ^ ^ ^R,I^j<^ m ^ - ^ t t c ^ i : ^ '*]::^n?^v5i ( T ? % ' ^ s ^ w f t ^ '
c ^ ^ ^5rR^«f%ti^ v6 fes^T <îfo^w t ^ ^ I t ^ ^ Ti^sftsi ^ ^ f ^ ^<rc^ I
r^l-sraFTJ^ I%DSI^<^ ^7:5 ^ZTR:^ ^ ^ p q ^ j f ^ ^ 2|fef%vs ^<IT.^ ''.blTlT:^ I
fs'lDrf^—'fragmentary explorations of popular mentality' ^<(°

'connected history of the lower classes.'*'' '^<n° 3?n<l^. '$i%^1>fb"Ff<l
r . s m ^ (Ti-?nrWRt^
8^
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i;^!t\5^ \»5 \s -^^f Fi^9ns:trra ^jr-Mff^ ' f e ^ c ^ ^ "tfe^m' ^?^"?R
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TTsjTC^sr^ \ 5 ? i r < # ^ ^n:g ^ , "^rra w.^ \ S H I ^R)îf>i<> ^^r^ <rc^ f t f ^ s i ' '*
t W H t^^f^-jf ^ ? f t ^ 2ri|\3iC<^<1 W t = t ^ ^sra ^ I ^ , ^sT^ CS^vrra ^^G^'^
•sprs ^^&^,'?f^ ^ ^5?r®l*rfft^ ' ^ ^ ' (other) Rc>iw fbi%^5^>^<^ ^
'^Tf^^îrfSTR (Subaltern) ' n ^ lil^^^Tsra 3Tn#^ ^5;TR;I:?[^ CSFUS

^151^ wffejtt^Rûr^ f%?*fg'^ R.CTW ^ ^ r ^ ^ ^ , ^ ^sTRi-î ^ * p ^ i7im*fn:3
>T15i-m W.^ I^wfec^ ^ ^ 7r5rt?I% xj^ ^ri 'Subordinate'. •STR:%]
'Which Constitutes one of the most original Contributions to

twentieth Century Marxism'.***
' ^ (Political Society) e?H>l^l1^ (Civil Society) W^W-^

'5i\Tym'^'s#i<l?>E 7j4^=f^:^=fD
^~(^T5:-i I ^-^R^ ^ <lC=iC^H 'Instrumental' I
8b-
Wi ^ * f s ^ C2i% " l i ^ ^ I y^s^°^ W^moi^ %fRî^st^ WW fî?i^
fTCra t 1 % ^ , ^ 1 ^ 1 ^ , ^<2f^, ^rsTf^gro^, ijl^C<M<^, ^snW >ii<i!; f w ^ -
C^^^rwji -srraî ^s?1^ ^<icî41 2ife> ^G f^<j>t^% 5T5rr?î==i f w i w ^
^ i j a i f ^ ^<] 'TfR^siriiJt^ 3^tf^'->5^ fBWtfR>^'^ ^5rfMre>^ owc^-i i

^fe^^T (Tfi-«if^ ?n^5Ti<i '^TI'-T^SI^TSK''' \»RTfTi?# a^rs] <i)T«rn ^î:^^
Concise Oxford Dictionary-Co 'Subaltern' ^Nb"? î^f C^r^Î

5"C<1T:^ 'of inferior rank'. t%^ ^'^ ^'^f ^ ^ SR'^WI^tr^'C^- iJîRTi ^ ^ i
<i'^\ 'Subaltern' ^'l^^ ^1°^ a%'*t^ ' f e g < ' -H^M if^TPlTn] i
•>fR5i^T5f^"' ^ ? l # ^ ft'!#{:>5 'elite' ^ j # ^ ^ 1 ^ (39^'5i^^ K O ^ % < J
'^m:î '^lirB' >i?^si1^ ^m^^5is=1U^R%i:^ 'dominant groups' ^ ^ i f%<ifb-N5
8^
g<i^-srR 3^5c^ fei c ^ ^sn® \s1^Tf3 ^%i -pff^M ^511?^^ c ^ 'Subaltern
Studies (V)' snif WPTR:B^ ^ÎÔR:^— The term subaltern is used
to denote the entire people that is subordinate in terms of class,
caste, age, gender and office, or in any other way"" i^R)5.lPi
3C<n^ <r>c<3c^'^—"I am employing the term 'Subaltern' as a

convenient short hand for three social groups; tribal and low-
caste agricultural labours and share croppers; landholding
peasants, generally of intermediate caste status in Bengal
(together with their Muslim counterparts); and labour in
plantations, mine and industnes (alongwith urban casual labour)"*^
îr.^fc 'TfKvsici^^' < j > ^ ^ ^ ^ b 5 ^j?ii:^ 5rn#ra cî-^rra i c^^^^ -^ff^?^
' 4 ^ ' ^ y\v<v^''\ c # f i i ^ ^'^ ^ i : ^ ^-^nu^ i ^î'^ fî^yw i;^ 5Tr*!t^f (ymi^
^<P1I5 >iTsnr&i^- 5^'M#a s f e T B ^T;5^, "^TB ^^ CSJ^T^ ^ I ^ ^ \ I ; s p f u ^
^gM'^.i<j C^^^STR:^, gfi'PT'^'îTî:^ îft^vsR::^ ^^TRW^ 2 K ^ b^feii:^ i
fM<Pr?r\sir<^ m^^ ^Sfim'<Hl<î^lC^<3 ^^s^TP ¥PJC^^
'^TKÎsHbtif' ^ ^ r f l ^ ^5;GTI 2|f%^<W R.C>iC<] l ^ ' ^ ' ^ " 'î'^'^ ^fP:'''^
^•^f ^noiicrtbH" xrc<f5 C ^ ^ ^ - ^ S f ^ I C^^HI, 'il"^ ^'S *f^ " ^ ^ Ûm

M^-'^TR^s^ ^-pSrw|R)5q (Caste-Politics) RjfoC^si 'i^FI^s", 1^^^j^ ^'^"
--^^•yifi^ :^'<ft< W.^ <ij<5^\5 ^ I ^ ^ ^srra^ ^^^fUS -^R. •3To]" ' ^ i u
(Hegemony) Q 'a'^^?'-^?: *rR<=rR ^ ^ ^ ^5R?^^?SJ#I ^^î-^'f I
FP.?^"^ ^TPJC^FTl IIIMBW^ ^m^ f%f%^ ' ^ n ^ '2f^'^ ^ 3"^%^
(5:^
^ ^ WIT^. ^^sH^f^ ^ ^ W l j v s ^ ^ i \st^ ^ ^ ^ 1 <i 51^CT<]
^^TC^s c^m^n 1^1*1^ 5^" <n ^ffki ^ N ^ zrt^ ^sn^^f^si c^wra
5rnqf%^ ^ r c ^ ^ <n3 ^T^ ^ ^ i ^ , ^£it^ î]'^ jf5feTi:T<i gjfFi
FRn?^? ^srrt'Ti <i •?(r<! t ^ i i i ^ •SRJS^S^! ^ arp;^ 'îJ:^'^ ^-p~<3

offi-'i ^ t l ^ f e w\ "sn^q^ ^ ^ t i r W i I ^r'i^'W^^- ^<r\
ft^
5. 'Subaltern mentality' ^ ^ f i ^ ^TK^slBl-Tw^l 'mR^s # g ^ ' 5 r g
(Paradigm) wrai M ^ ^^^, ^s1^ ^ j % ^ ^<3 ^ f ^ f ^ l ^ l ^ ^

î>n<n:^ ^^TR:^ ^ , ^"^M T h e subaltern as subjects of their
own histories'.'°^
(destiny), •srRjvsl (Subordination) twrf^^ f ^ ^ ^TC^

^°x^ff%^ -^(^ - ^ ^j?l -TRMS, I
(T?-?rft ^ w ^ ^ \ p i ^?:^ (71 2 t t % ^ « i | f ^ ^ ^ ^ Ib^wj^
^ t ^ ^ r c ^ \ £ ^ , 3^¥iwc5\5^, C2i%:uv5^, ^li^vsJTt ^xsnfî ^ w ^ ,
w^ •sn^pra f ^ 3 f ^ ^"^RTT^ 2R:B%t<f ^ s ^ f ^ f ^ ^srR:^ c^^^^ ^ w ^ c w

^ I
';rc<!^'^'^ f^wf*! ^«rar?i 2 R # B ^GTC5 I ^^ ^^JJI^ W ^ ^?R:5 ^<r^^
^rîyfra '%-cim ^ w ? i ^^c^- (TTC^^ ^ ^5rr?R2ftfnî vi)i^«i<i^<j f w a
'TiSv^Tf f ! ? 'C5v5^'-^ ' i ? ^ (definition) #1? C^1^<] "Cir^s^r-^
^srrsi^ #1 ^ t ^ ? #( ' t ^ ^5Tra' <iC'^Rc=iH— 'Consciousness as a being

which IS what it is not and which is not what it is"°' -fl C<r^ §T(?r?f
vn1^ c^?5H ^ f ^ ^ m^m î<!, swrcQ'^ i j w a (M-^î M?i^ra sffr.î^
<i8
acîWfJ 5T^<fI, ^rrsT vsT?— OJvsiTf (Consciousness) (
r.<r\'< î|^^-^-5f, f f R f ^ #îAra 711^—^fwi^^ >i"CT—C5^sin
~4Mf^f«re ^srrsrra >£i'^ (Tfi:^^ ^ i ] ^ irrsRs^'^ ^ ^^? (7f^ ^ ' i <i ^'1 cî:^
* i f e f '^GJ « d ^sn^rra^ C^^sirra— ^ t ^siHrofô^ (self-consciousness)

^ C5^'-Ti<f ^'n^ I ^ \ s , C5î;^ ^srf^ îs=ft ^5i# ^sirf^— c^^î ^n ?n<^c^
57i^<l; iî ^nfsi vsrrf^, ^srw^ ^ f t , %rra '<JI ^m^ i
U5\5^ra ^ N M I (definition) ^^Tf^^C^ fwRTI C ^ I ^ N ^ ^ C^^,
yf^, rx^M '-•Fijvii (?[|, \5i9ii^, Oi>Tra_^^^5R ^ ^ i ^ w ^ i v i i f1%pi^ ?r^£^TR I
li'i'^rvE ^r-ps'-g (qualitative feel) — (F^^ C^ <^^^ ft^ '-^ T^^^JTI
aa
2i^T*f ^ ^ ^ 9 f f l f e s ^ " Q ^ i : ^ ^j^ ^ - '^srffsi' ^ p fepg^ ^ > ^ ^ I i£i~^
^bic^ I ¥ R w ^ c4i:5 5JW, t ^ # ^ ^^"^rra wR>M ^>^^^^, ^ ^ 1 % ^ —

^ < I y\I^ ^ ^ v S i t ^ s T ^ t-^C'&C'^ ^ j f ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ v s 5 Cly^s^^ ^7*511:^^
v^r.4- xrraH I c ^ ?iR?i <i R ^ v 5 ^^8¥f?i ^sn^Rfi ^srrsrra c<^riw, ^s^^J-
'Mf^N^^l'- ^ yrf^" ^Z^Z^ Gi ^ - C ^ ^ ^ (Being for itself)

^ i - ^ ^ g w i l " " ^ ^5R]-C5\5 '^m{<^ (Being-for-others) ^Û^ <P« I <pra'=1
<life ^<PI vil<PI ^^?R| ^ 5 r i w % ! ^C^ 9ff^ 7|| I vsf^,^^ -H'^^4 7P=M1#^
^ w § w r i l ^^TWtfeî ^ n ^ '<iR ^sji^n:^ ^fe?j bxî \5i:^ VDH ^n^«i

*;c-r)^ •îf^^ ^jf-Mi:?; vi>]CbMi-it ^ , <r^K ^HJCVs - ^ ^ i : ^ in i^^jvr^ ^STR;;:^
•'Tkj<j a^rsj r.sji:^ ferr^=^ i c^<^Tsjt3 ^^^^ ^5il%^ ^ j ^ ^ ^ ê •î'fei <?fr^

^•''.<i I ^5if%^-%i ^«<n îi?T^ r;"^Ti?n ^ c^nwi ^c^f 2ff^ 5<i<n i ^^r<i
a^
^ S?7^p«trf%5f5R\si ?iT% ^ <ijR?<JC'5!^ 'c^^siTi'-Ti 3 1 ^ ' ^ R i ^ ^ ^ ' f l ^ g l ^
^ I
• ' r f ^ v i ^l#<] ^ U § ^ ' C a ^ ' ^'Pf&l ^^TfTCs^j v5i^%^ C ^ ' - ^ ? C^W ij'l^
fe1% •i^fe:c.îcb\sH\st?f 1wr*f ^ ^ 1 G ^ ' ' .^f^îi>i1Ct>\s-lM)1 ^1I?W 3T5r<fl
^;RI3(Jt1?l-<s fJITî ^<, C^Tff!, Jf5f1^^n1% ^*ITi:5i WsU^ WTft'C^ ^5^1
<iTT«rTra ^nîcq i ^smrai " c ^ few'^ « ^-ÎTR:^ ^\»R:<! ^fifc?i C^-?R:V5
( i ) 5Ti<r5isTi?R'' 5^fe?7ra cs=i-?j^;^^ 'ci5în'-f:^ e - ^ ^ fwr<j"Cfe!w

c^l^f, -^^^ fes f^c?i <)jfei<>M"c<f^ ^•gr.'&<>fD\t3, v ^ l % ^ ^ M f e ^5Hi f ^ f f ^ — ^?ra?s *Tf%r<ii'î
GH
^srpTTOT^ (M*ra c^nwi c^Ti?n 7T5n>snsf%> ^^m m^^>^f^ ^ ^ ^\
•^\[^mK.'n<\ c^îs wjm ^^5^rrf^ ^ n ^ r ^ - r*^5rpsR:^>^ ^ w r t ^ ' 5 n ^ %
^^fi? C5î>TR:^ "QW^ (?fG¥l (TTSR ^ ^ , C o ^ TTSTTSf fel^<T^ C ^ ^
^ ^ lilt ^ i ^ i i W ^ 2 ^ V»R;^ I " S M i W ^ 2|\»c^?Ry! W:^ (7R CT
î^Ti:w î^s?i<i5 sff^^ji^ ^Rs^fivst lii^? ^s^jvsi C ' R : ^ ^ " ^ ? ^ ¥ i C^R:^
^---^fSi CbGi\kM^ I ^~ra ^11:^5, 5:1^" ^C=Tt ^TR^^^sKtlTf ^ f f e ^<J¥ra ^WiviVJ
"A pure consciousness is an absolute simply because it is

consciousness of itself, it remains accordingly a "phenomenon"
in the very special sense in which "to be" and "to appear" are
one. It is entirely lightness, entirely translucence."'^''
^<f^î c 5 ^ " ^ ^STR:^ 1 la'l c^^s^Tf^ ^srrsnw^ ^TC^=n-^5i^^T^:^ ^î^ry^^ ^ " g i
dii
fkjM^ 'Which has more staircases than rooms' (^^ô::>^8)i
^Ttf^raH ^sîxi Tf^Ri ^^5^ feg%i c5^s^ i^'sr^"!^ ^f«<ijfe, ^ ^ j f t w i
^% ^rRRTi^ li]^ f w S L ^ "^Z^ Wi^:^ ^:Tf^TO ^ ^ — 'Power is

everywhere, not because it embraces everything, but because
It comes from everywhere' i'ihVS:-^'^) M ' ^ ^ i ^ ? ^ ^TWRF^ ^ll%^s\£l<3
••^J5, ^5Rf<f, ^ # t f % "Q T I N " ^ ^ ^•^r(VD ^JfSSfltT?! ^5Rf% i7Tft(T^ STM)
-^^^^ (Mu^ ^ 1 w f ^ t i f ^ i ^ i ^ c^n:^ « ^ ? : G I ^ ^ Tr5m%?'g-. ^>ii<]^ ^t5<^<bc,>i<) (TJ^ ;^T^5f^-<]
^RTi]^ ^'-Jfi sftf^— ''^s^rîîqi^rg ij<f<ri\i)i ^ra, •^5^=r(Tr<j »j!r5]ît[{yl, • 5 i m ^ ' 4 ^5Jt(Tr^ 7ii\^ #^^?[^P#ra ^ ^ % € 3 ^ t U ^;T5I^
^ ^ I vnwi^w sTf^s mM 'attitude to life' i ^'$ #l<i-iW^ fcîn
^Tyri—2R.^si<>fD ^ c ? i ^ -rRW fen^c^l— ^mwt^1%^, ^'-elt-Tf^ 'ik•"^<^
ô
^^^^ ^^fsTRCT TTTsitfif^ >i(:b>vs-iB ^%=R ^ ^ f S f l ^ ^ ^^;^î wwm^
''<t>ivi^R^ ^ W R K ^ ^ zft^'sWil ^JM\ 'Class struggles'!

'Wlf^CTil' a c ^ vf#?J ^«RX'^ O'm^ fe^ ^"5^ ^f^Jxs C2l^^<J<^f1B(Class
Concepr) ^ W < ^ ^ 2ffwii$i^ ijwCfe. i ^ n ^ WlRwd^w ^^TW^ >iiJlc^
fe-iie ^ ^ C5i^ î:?!!:^— s r i ^ , - ^ ^ <^î w f e ^n^j^ (Wage
labour, Capitalists and land owners) PI5H% ^WfîT^ ^#fe ^
C^^ (bourgeoisie and proletariat) 3*rR^2 lij^^TR;^ %ri$- C2I%<5
t^.'fRrî r s i ^ ^ r ^ t Fi^fr^'^ ^'<fU5!%?] îr#i ^tf%^ « '?i1%'^'^ c^^-m
-^"XJI ^7;?R;^ I ^^csi^ ^'^'B[ viRTT^ twi-CS^^KTi
^5 >7rirff^ w^- « ^3T^ft^fe6 gf^^fr
<5iRrg ^-^R^ ^ 5 [ ^ - ^ 1 ^ s d ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ W^^rm? (Civil Society)
^•^ 3 f ^ RH|]C>I<J ^ ^ 1 W 5 ^ -*lRj-S3vi)f cTf^ ^^sjg I £f^9[(;;»^- • s j l ^ j ; ^ ^TfTTR
r.aifl^ w.^\ fkc^ ^5Tr5n|%7<>

i T P ^ SHTIXI -S^TÎ ^'^•?n7q c'yT:^ •simk
C4%KRÎ -g^/c^rrfl (group) ^n'-Ml^ ifraiB] sprft^vs ^c^n i f^t^vs
^m^glt^^ srrsiRs 'Prison Notebooks'- ^ I ^ CT &^ ^srff^^vs]^
(hegemony) ^^° s t ^ (domination) I
^^•^ni:^ fef% ^ i : ^ >IVII>STVS^ 2f1%iH a^rt'^T^ ^rr^%i ^ ^ ^KÊ

^T^JT;^— ^!?f[is, ^j:#r?n a^c^î ^^f^ '^^ f^^>i 3£ife C2i%i 3 ^
<r-rari} ^^r^ i5j?i ifiwra ^Tsimvs^^^ "^TN^ I •5n#%i ^•«irra ^\w^- ^^^MTM
<^:€<^• jvr^Pi^<5<iC'ni (de-stalinisation) - ^ C^H;^! ^®7\6 VLI ^r4)T5<£
^1^5<l< C<P4^ * t f e 4 -STIS^JW^ f ^ ? ^ ^ i ^ l l ^ ' ^ ¥R?«1, 2n^'*1 R " ^ ^ <M<R
<i)^'<K ^'4V(?i ^W'^'^f ^sra ' ^ ^ ^ f ^ ' ( h e g e m o n y ) 4©rT<] <lir.-?l i STI^'TM
-53 C^
(jm{^ I ^ m ^ ^ctw5 êvsiisfr® w ^ ^ wim<\ ^ 5 # ^ i ^ -îfl^H
¥f^ c ^ ' j ^ i^^t^^rr^ ^ I vsH ^^f^ ^ >f<i<j<>cw<] ^5#^T^ 'm Trnmfir^
'Si-iT^ ^ ^ ^ ^5TW5i f | ? '^<m c ^ ^ ^ ' ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^^"^1 ^m^^ I lii^w

>i^ ^f^^jR RPi% •sTpj?! felt îfff^ 5T5rns71 ^2R:?rf^^^ "m^- ^?Ii^
^5n>R?i ^-Jtl^^ TTsrr^ ^ ^ m f^^î^ i sn^rR?^ R w w r a sm^t t^rf^

<i 'Ti^^^f^^ wvjc^<j "Q"^^ f%f?*m ^?F§ feR:^ ICT^n^.'î ^^^^ ^^
snîjpl ^£H 'Prison Note Book'- ^ ^Tl^tfe^ ^swfwi:^ '^TJ^'^'f^)'-
^pwrc^-<i ir*f-i ^ J R , - ^ ] RD**n], c^n^j^^n, w^w^^f^ "£R(:5Tr-^(:iM.

Î^'I^^'R:^, "(71!%^ ^^'fl^^^^sTRS t^tf^ ^jj^ FT?] r~°*11%^Ti?ra c&CW<1

C^ ^^ W^^J^ ^5t?i 5:f^ ^-^jiq^G ^MW15 ^•^•T^^jRyi ^>TR^ ^!T5Trs7 ^ w c ^ ^^wij«i ^T<f '^~m?r^ w.^
^ ^ ^ ^ÊMî i f ^ c " ^ ^ ^'^f^ cîrfk ^^rgt'î ^^rsRi"?] 1 ^ ^ ^ : t t^T^CT

2R:îif50 ^sK^ ^5ri%gwiiîc>sr<i gftf!^ ^ ^ r ^ ^ at^ ^ ^ ^^f^ ^

fef^ (Ti-?n m^ ^ •sTppi^ C33^ IwR-^ra ^^^ms • s n ' ^ i ^ ^ i ^SIWR^T^
ym^^ i^Hi ca%<[ ^ n ^ ^ i f ^ i ^"t c s i f t l ^ ^ c * ^ ^ ^^'yfvi; f|=^ ^\,
^KI'^^^C^"?! ^f%?pi C5R:^ ^srtsrai wiîi:^ CR:^ C^ ^ ' N ^ ^ ^rtftc^s]^
<pft<!, i?R^, m^, ^V5] 3 ^ ^ # 1 ^ ^"RfW^ ^ T ^ WRU5 ^;TRT<n O^C^lfe I

tii%« ^KT<T7;^g? r?f{::^ ^?S=TB ®) 1b^-i\c^< ^w.^^'-^
^TpirnTr^ e w ^ CTC^ =Tl«i^ ^^c^ cÛ5 ^ f e ?rn:î t%^ lij:-^: )>(too

"su^ •îT?fet1%^ ^"^sR^ra '^^'^rai % i ^srî^^fsi 2fs-vsraAs^ ^ ^ ,
^SRT^f ^T^sJ^sB " I j ^ ^ ^5lWRfl. CÛ^ ^TRI1 ^ s n w f t ^ PlC^(.^T<] C ^ J ^
•ilM5^f<PRK^ ^>n¥fCT WiPTft%5] T ^ ^1==! I ^ ^ ^ I \ 5 ) W<[<'^ ^H^pra
^<Rsif^ ^-^"^^KU:^ g f l w f ^ i '^w. ^ , ^ 1 ^n^r^^lwi, ^ I T 3 - ^ ^ ^^N

vSs-Jj
2r«1% ?>TC^j^ ?'^f%i vD?.^î#^ ^ssTt^ ^ # # 1 ^ fe ^fi-^ftl^ ^C?R:5I
^JT^ra ^ ^ ^ ^rprg ' ^
^^M^-^fR c^ftvj ^r<r?:^ i *rfw ' = ^ ^ # 3 ^ - ^ ^ -e fw<rra "^n^^-i^ ^'<i^<^
•^(ili'nD^, <iî^f^ I^Êf^c^fs •srpjc^ ^siNgi^ ^«- '^m ^ " ^ f i < 5 ^^îrsn^r
^^ ^ ^ ^\^^, ^«f1^tf^, wff?[, ^sfifl, cw^^^§, -m^t, • # f ^ , "^Fi%ft,
'.,1Vr^^ '^'75:1] 5#-?j I ^ \ 5 C^5i^ (7Sf!=i1, f ^ R : ^ , ^ , f ^ < ' . iT!J^\s,
-ji^ — f^T.a%iift i
vbH
•m^ wtfwvswift ^^m?T<T ^f^f^î RJCÎR^ ?0K^^=rra ^ ^ s ^ ^
Hî-ibtij ^^ÎSTR:SI?I cw^sfisrg %9fiqt?j ^ ^?twr;5K^,*i5 ^ f ^ ^ ' ^ f k
^TTI f W R 3T^, ^2l<lf¥\s, ^^?:#f^ 25\f^ 5lt%5 T^KJ^ n5^ R?fft iTBJî ^mw^ ^^^sjrsj ^ ^ 5 ^ ^ f^?Fu^, 31^''^

^bb^Hj>^rra R<}^(,'gii c5r?Rpr<T5:Rni:<!i m^<^ 15r^^%i s r i ^ ^ ^ ^ c<psf^ 1
'5K!fG (Tf-?rR:vi; ^ 9 f ^ j ^ • ^ i ^ I
^(31 •ir-illCtR CSvs^TPSr^^l '^llfsiR ^STRêj C^Îi:^ ^ ' ^ TbJy] •SiTy\^
(TPi'fil i%3 € t e "jp:^ '^R:^ ^»mi -iiM^CT I ^"^ ^•i>iR-,'^^^ s w f f e
•si#5 'jf^^m?^ ^ R cîtii TR:^
iTRI ^C'^ ^TRt W ^ Wly!

^ t ^ ^ , * o w^ ^ I
^•5171 ^<^ c^rsM ^^''^sTK^, îi^rng f ^ C5^ ^ ^ ° ;i]^T^ ^t?r( -iijvi 3 ^
<ift!F <p5Rfti?^ fk^'fws c^-jra-^^WtCT ^rrsnf^ f?ra<R;'?f!f<rc<] G>iw <f?:^=T^ i?ra"-g^t^ 5i°-^#^ ^^^^PWR -Q ^^WJ^ I - ^ ' ^
> r a - ] ^ >Tî#?n£1 fe ^sHt ^ " ( T M ^ I ^ W ^ * ^ feiT!^. ^ ^ J ^NSTS!
\Ci
'JiSi
' ^ i ^ # ^\{^^ ^-^511', ^\^\^^ wf^^ 'cuMt5f^\s¥R^' •snf^
•^pc^g c^fci^ c^\6¥t w g # I
C ^ ^ ^^ ^ ' F ^ ^ < v^fwi PwCfe,! ^Wrsf « >n%s] C?1I5^ ^f^^M"^
^!^ ^^-RTHTra ^^Rin c^'^\m l ^ m ^ ^ ^srfwra, w t i M i >5T??I<!5 C ^ I
3^1% "JR^ I mnu^ ^'^ *\p^'0'm<^, ^sRjra-^srf^sra ^^Rfe^-î \5#\s
•TT?!"^ ^sf^^FR:^ fik^ |5r(>s ^ i # <j^*Hti;<?ra 'cw^ ^<j-n" c^^s^v) <i
f^%5^ ^ c^rr^"^ f^wm *ras,^!5 1%yR -îvgnî '^c^"*!' (^-o^^),
so
' ^ r « i ^ ^ < ' (^^s^^) « '^^^?nf^ t ^ ^ ^ ' (b^D^s) g ^ 5' TC?i ' ^ ^ ^ s
iTfvs wrsrit", '<rR?^ (^^\ 'm^ -^m (Tra Ffsî', ^sHT*f^^ î^î^jfTR:?!^
'^jî^-n^', 'f%fvs ^«fB WW', '^°<^M %ni^?' ^sffs^ ^-sni pr^î^g^

'^•«n', 'CT'^ra-jfisvs', '^t^^twra', '^-•sjB-iMsi', ' ^ ^j?i ÎB ^ ' ,
'mî', ' ' H ^ ^ ' , <^(yr< ^^ ' c ¥ ^ « ¥ M t ' wîfH - ^ i ^ '^j^r^s^ f^si',
'îw.-;^ ^t*f', SR:^^ f^rm ^^fRiRs^^ % M ^5=Tr?i', ' ^ ' , '<^<ic<]<i \s=n
f%*4^,^^n%i ^TSTTST C2f^^ f^^'^^ ¥ [ ^ 1 : ^ ^j^^^û?:^ xgi:^^ j^f^^q

'arRWR:^ "^m i wr^ '^jfewfl' -^R:^^ t^^^^ ^^3T?H ^^f^ ^^^ ^rra i
<5n^^ lijîi:^ ^ ^ — '^siTSTRTi^ c^n^ wr® c ^ ' ^?fi'^ w f e , ^ \ s ,
î
^TRcfi^ i>ra m^^— "5i?n;5^ "^^T?JK:^^ ^sir^Fi^^fci— 7 [ ^ t % ^
s^
^^^û^
8. ?fra"^ri^ ^Tf^, ' ^ " ^ ^#CT'.
4. \SC1<1
H. ^srsRypn f^-fftft, t f ^ ^ H "Q ^'\îi}\>\<t>', a^rsj :^?Tg^qî^^li>i<', 3 ^ ^^^^"^^ •ij-?ra^, -^s

^ ^ ^m] '^^ f i ^ ' , ^^vv, "^ji V.
HO
:i8. ^rsjis^pt f^'^, t % ^ ^ ^[^5jf^, a^m îs^^t^ I'^R^, "^^^
^ ^ ^l^-^jW^, b^v-b-, -^l? Vlll.
b(?. VS(?R, ^? IX
bs. Hannanh Arendt, 'Between Past and Present', Viking Press,

New York, 1961, Page-7.
iv. ire^— f ^ C^w5 f%t%^, ^ ^ - ^^5^8.
îS;. -^^pr-R ^ ^ ? 1 ^ J T " ^ ! ^ , f ^ - J l M >1VI1vSrfb>il', '^^^-^, tW«ra^,
ô.Rar^jit Guha (Ed.) 'A Subaltern Studies Reader-1986-95

'Chandra's Death', Oxford University Paper Backs, 2000,
Page-34-35.
^ • i . Antonio Gramsci, 'Notes on Italian History', Selection from

the Prison Notebooks, Orient Longman, 1996.
^^. Ranjit Dasgupta, 'Significance of Non-SuPaltern Mediation,

in I.H.R. Vol. XII, N: 1-2 (July, 1985, January 1986) Page-
383.
^^s. S ^ ^ ?. J^yt? i 5 3 F ^ , i ^ f^*n, ^ i ^ ^^#^<^ ('f^T^C^f^ '|f^^1>i'-
^S. ^ ' # 7 ^ -5^^ fe<R:^ ^1%^W, ' l ? W ^ ^ " t ^ ^ P l ' (^^f^T '- (-^^^
^8
^H. ITTrsRi?! ^m, ' ^ ^ ^^vsfn^ ^ n ^ % B^KT?!^ (Sf^ -=^^^1^^^),
^v. Ashok Sen, 'Subaltern Studies-V (Ranjit Guha ed.), Oxford

University Press, Delhi, 1987, page- 203.
^s^. Sumit Sarkar, 'Subaltern Studies-Ill' (Ranjit Guha ed.), Oxford

University Press, Delhi, 1999, Page- 273.
^ i . Veena Das, Subaltern as Perspective, Subaltern Studies-VI

(Ranjit Guha ed.), Oxford University Press, Delhi, 1999,
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Philosophy of Jean-Paul-Sartre, R.D. Gumming (ed.), Vintage
Books, 1972, page- 179.
^v2. i ^ m ^ \»B, 't^ra^-jf ^g^rrs] ^ w ? < , 'â^'T- * r r a ^ ^?-«iii- li^sb-^, '^%
•^ft. Dipesh Chakraborty, Invitation to Dialogue, 'Subaltern Studies-

IV',.(Ranjit Guha ed.), Oxford University Press, Delhi, 1987,
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«'i. Robert Denoon Cumming. (ed.)—The Philosophy of Jean-
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S-JJ

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