ACTIVITY #4

Name: Theresa G. Gadian Score:

Year/Section: BEED-3B Date: January 9,

2019

A. LITHOSPHERE
- The rigid part of the earth, consisting of the crust and upper mantle.

LANDMASSES

- Includes supercontinents, continents and islands. There are four major landmasses on Earth: Afro-
Eurasia, the Americas, Antarctica and Australia.
- Land is capable of being ploughed and used to grow plants is called arable land.

LANDFORMS

- Is a feature on Earth’s surface that is part of the terrain. Mountains, hills, plateaus, and plains are
the four major types of landforms.
- Minor landforms include buttes, canyons, valleys and basins.

B. HYDROSPHERE
- All of the Earth’s water, including surface water (water in oceans, lakes and rivers), groundwater
(water in soil and beneath the Earth’s surface), snow cover, ice, and water in the atmosphere,
including water vapor.

WATER MASSES
 - A large body of seawater that is distinguished by its characteristic temperature and salinity range.
- Common water masses in the world ocean are: Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW), North Atlantic
Deep Water (NADW), Circumpolar Deep Water (CDW), Antarctic Immediate Water (AAIW), Sub
Antarctic Mode Water (SAMW), Arctic Intermediate Water (AIW), North Pacific International
Intermediate Water (NPIW), the central waters of various oceanic.

WATER FORMS

- Water covers three fourth of the Earth’s surface.

- Earth’s Body of water: Oceans, Lakes, Rivers, Seas and Bays.
- Largest bodies on Earth: Pacific Ocean, Atlantic Ocean and Indian Ocean.

C. ATMOSPHERE

- Is a layer or a set of layers of gases surrounding a planet or other material body, that is held in
place by the gravity of that body.

LAYERS OF THE EARTH’S ATMOSPHERE

1. Troposphere- is the lowest layer of our atmosphere.

2. Stratosphere- the layer of the earth's atmosphere above the troposphere, extending to about 32
miles (50 km) above the earths surfaces (the lower boundary of the mesosphere).
3. Mesosphere- is the layer of the Earth's atmosphere that is directly above the stratosphere and
directly below the thermosphere. In the mesosphere, temperature decreases as the altitude
increases.
4. Thermosphere- the region of the atmosphere above the mesosphere and below the height at which
the atmosphere ceases to have the properties of a continuous medium. The thermosphere is
characterized throughout by an increase in temperature with height.

5. Exosphere- is the uppermost region of Earth's atmosphere as it gradually fades into the vacuum of
space. Air in the exosphere is extremely thin - in many ways it is almost the same as the airless
void of outer space. ... However, other scientists do consider the exosphere part of our planet's
atmosphere.

D. WEATHER AND CLIMATE

WEATHER- the state of the atmosphere at a place and time as regards heat, dryness, sunshine,
wind, rain, etc.

CLIMATE- the weather conditions prevailing in an area in general or over a long period.

ELEMENTS OF CLIMATE

1. Temperature- is a physical quantity expressing hot and cold. It is measured with a thermometer
calibrated in one or more temperature scales. The most commonly used scales are the Celsius
scale (formerly called centigrade) (denoted °C), Fahrenheit scale (denoted °F), and Kelvin scale
(denoted K).
2. Precipitation- is any product of the condensation of atmospheric water vapor that falls under
gravity. The main forms of precipitation include drizzle, rain, sleet, snow, grapple and hail.
3. Atmospheric Pressure- sometimes also called barometric pressure (after the sensor), is the
pressure within the atmosphere of Earth (or that of another planet). ... In most circumstances
atmospheric pressure is closely approximated by the hydrostatic pressure caused by the weight
of air above the measurement point.
4. Cloudiness- The state of being cloudy (e.g. weather). Expect considerable cloudiness with
occasional rain showers. The property of being murky (e.g. liquid, style).
5. Wind- is the flow of gases on a large scale. On the surface of the Earth, wind consists of the bulk
movement of air.
6. Solar Radiation- is radiant energy emitted by the sun, particularly electromagnetic energy. About
half of the radiation is in the visible short-wave part of the electromagnetic spectrum. The other half
is mostly in the near-infrared part, with some in the ultraviolet part of the spectrum [1].

FACTORS OF CLIMATE

1. Latitude is an angle (defined below) which ranges from 0° at the Equator to 90° (North or South) at
the poles.
2. Elevation- s its height above or below a fixed reference point, most commonly a reference geoid, a
mathematical model of the Earth's sea level as an equipotential gravitational surface.
3. Ocean Currents- are driven by density and temperature gradients. Thermohaline circulation is also
known as the ocean's conveyor belt (which refers to deep ocean density-driven ocean basin
currents). These currents, called submarine rivers, flow under the surface of the ocean and are
hidden from immediate detection.
4. Topography- is the study of the shape and features of land surfaces.
5. Vegetation- is an assemblage of plant species and the ground cover they provide. It is a general
term, without specific reference to particular taxa, life forms, structure, spatial extent, or any other
specific botanical or geographic characteristics.