Enterobacter spp have capsules which induces their production of mucoid colonies, they are able to

ferment lactose and motile (Jawetz et al., 2016). Enterobacter cloacae is usually present in terrestrial
and aquatic environments. They occur as commensal microflora in the intestinal tracts ranging from
plants to soil to humans (Mezzatesta et al., 2012). Nosocomial Enterobacter infections are the most
common and relevant emerging infection associated with E. cloacae (Babouee Flury et al., 2016).This
bacteria causes variety of hospital acquired infections, including urinary tract infection, wound,
pneumonia and device infections (Jawetz et al, 2016).

Enterobacter spp are linked with the presence of redundant regulatory cascades that can effectively
control the permeability of the cell membrane which ensures the bacterial protection and the
expression of detoxifying enzymes involved in antibiotic inactivation. These bacterial species can acquire
genetic mobile elements that contributes to their antibiotic resistance (David-Regli et al, 2015). E.
cloacae is innately resistant to ampicillin and first generation and second generation cephalosporins.
Fourth generation cephalosporin and carpabenems may be a better choice for serious Enterobacter
infections (Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases, 2015). Factors that contributes to resistance
among E. cloacae are the plasmid-mediated AmpC β-lactamases, plasmid-encoded CTX-M family of
extended-spectrum β-lactamases, the KPC family of carbapenemases, and metallo β-lactamases (Girlich
et al., 2015).

Enterobacter spp have capsules which induces their production of mucoid colonies, they are

able to ferment lactose and motile.

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Sakanari, J. A. (2016). Jawetz, Melnick, & Adelberg's medical microbiology. New York:

McGraw-Hill Medical.

Mezzatesta, M. L., Gona, F., and Stefani, S. (2012). Enterobacter cloacae complex: clinical

impact and emerging antibiotic resistance. Future Microbiol. 7, 887–902. doi:

10.2217/fmb.12.61

Babouee Flury, B., Ellington, M. J., Hopkins, K. L., Turton, J. F., Doumith, M., Loy, R., …

Woodford, N. (2016). Association of Novel Nonsynonymous Single Nucleotide

Polymorphisms inampDwith Cephalosporin Resistance and Phylogenetic Variations

 inampC,ampR,ompF, andompCin Enterobacter cloacae Isolates That Are Highly

Resistant to Carbapenems. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 60(4), 2383-2390.

doi:10.1128/aac.02835-15

Bennett, J., Dolin, Raphael, & Blaser, M. (2015). Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's Principles

and Practice of Infectious Diseases + Clinics Review Articles: Latest Developments in

Influenza. Elsevier Science Health Science.

Girlich, D., Poirel, L., & Nordmann, P. (2015). Clonal distribution of multidrug-resistant

Enterobacter cloacae. Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease, 81(4), 264-268.

doi:10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2015.01.003

Davin-Regli, A., & Pagès, J. (2015). Enterobacter aerogenes and Enterobacter cloacae;

versatile bacterial pathogens confronting antibiotic treatment. Frontiers in Microbiology,

6. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2015.00392

Wang, S., Xiao, S., Gu, F., Tang, J., Guo, X., Ni, Y., … Han, L. (2017). Antimicrobial

susceptibility and molecular epidemiology of clinical Enterobacter cloacae bloodstream

isolates in Shanghai, China. PLOS ONE, 12(12), e0189713.

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0189713