CAIRO UNIVERSITY THIRD YEAR

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING SWITCHGEAR & PROTECTION

ELEC. POWER & MACHINES DEPT. GENERATOR PROTECTION

1- A 30 MW , 37.5 MVA , 33 kV star connected alternator is protected by

a circulating current (balanced current) protective scheme using 600/1
CTS and (unbiased) relay set to operate at 10% of their rated current.
(a) If the earthing resistor is 90% based on the machine’s rating , estimate
the percentage of the stator winding which is not protected against an earth
fault.
(b) If it is required to protect 90% of the winding , estimate the value of
the earthing resistor in ohms and percent based on machine rating.

2- The neutral point of a 10 kV alternator protected by a balanced

circulating current) system is earthed through a resistance of 10 ohm. The
protection relay is set to operate when there is an out-of balance current of
1A in the pilot wires , which are connected to the secondary windings of
1000/5 a CTS What percentage of the winding of each stator is protected
against a fault to earth of zero impedance , and what must be the minimum
value of the earthing resistance to give protection to 90% of the winding of
each phase ?
CAIRO UNIVERSITY THIRD YEAR
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING SWITCHGEAR & PROTECTION
ELEC. POWER & MACHINES DEPT. AC TRANSIENT R-L CITCUIT

1- A 50 c/s sinusoidal voltage of amplitude 400 volts is applied to a series

circuit of resistance 10 ohm and inductance of 0.1 H. Find an expression
for the value of the current at any instant after the voltage is applied,
assuming the voltage is zero at the instant of application. Calculate the
value of the transient current 0.02-sec. after switching on.

2- A 50-cycle alternating voltage is applied to an R-L series circuit by

closing a switch. The resistance is 10 ohm, inductance is 0.1 H. The r.m.s.
value of applied voltage is 100 volts.
(a) Find the value of D.C. component of current upon closing the switch if
instantaneous value of voltage is 50 volts at that time .
(b) What value of instantaneous voltage will produce a maximum D.C.
component of current upon closing the switch?
(c) What is the instantaneous value of voltage, which will result in the
absence of any D.C. component upon closing the switch ?
(d) If the switch is closed when instantaneous voltage is zero, find the
instantaneous current 0.5 , 1.5, 5.5 cycles later.

CAIRO UNIVERSITY THIRD YEAR

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING SWITCHGEAR & PROTECTION
ELEC. POWER & MACHINES DEPT. DISTANCE PROTECTION
1- A 50 mile, 138kV transmission line is equipped with a distance relay
with 600/5 Y connected C.T's and P.T. ratio = 138000/115. Find the
secondary impedance if the line impedance is approx. 0.8 Ω/mile.

2- The system shown in the fig.(1) is fed by two generators G1 and G2,
G1 at the bus A and G2 at 70% distance from A in section AB. The
currents Ia and Ib supplied by them respectively are equal. The reactance
of the transformer is 10%. The line voltages and impedances are shown in
the figure. Find the setting for the impedance relays for the first, second
and third zone adjusting the first zone to reach 80%, second zone to reach
50%. C.T's and P.T's have ratios 400/5 and 166000/110 V respectively.
Show the effect of infeed on the setting relays and protection.

3- A 138 kV transmission line with a line impedance of 0.2 + j0.7 p.u.

Consider the directional distance (mho) relay located at whose forward
direction is in the direction from bus A to bus B. Assume that there is a line
to line fault at the fault point F , which is located at 0.7 p.u. distance away
from bus A . The magnitude of the fault current is 1.2 p.u. Assume that the
line spacing of 10.3 ft is equal to the arc length .The base quantities for
power, voltage ,current and impedance are given as 100 MVA , 418.4 A
and 190.4  respectively . Consider only zones 1 and 2 protection and
determine the following:
a- value of resistance at fault point in ohms and per units.
b- value of line impedance including the arc resistance.
c- line impedance angle without and with arc resistance.
d- graphically, whether or not relay will clear fault instantaneously.

4- Consider the 230 kV transmission system shown in figure(2).

Assume that the positive -sequence impedance of the lines TL12 and TL23
are 2+j20 and 2.5+j25  respectively . If the maximum peak load supplied
by the TL12 is 100 MVA with a lagging power factor of 0.9 , design a
three-zone distance -relaying system for the R12 impedance relay by
determining the following:
a- maximum Load current.
b- CT ratio taking the rated secondary current = 5 A.
c- VT ratio taking the rated secondary voltage = 69 V.
d- impedance measured by relay.
e- load impedance based on secondary ohms.
f- zone 1 setting of relay R12
g- zone 2 setting of relay R12.
h- zone 3 setting of relay R12.
5- Assume that the R12 relay of prob. 2 is a mho relay and that the relay
characteristic angle may be either 30 º or 45º. If the 30º the characteristic
angle is used the relay ohmic settings can be determined by dividing the
required zone reach impedance, in secondary ohms, by cos ( - 30º)
,where  is the line angle. Use the 30º characteristic angle and determine
the following:
a- zone 1 setting of mho relay R12.
b- zone 2 setting of mho relay R12.
c- zone 3 setting of mho relay R12.

A B C
G1 ZAB= 20+j60 ZBC=10+j25
~
166kVline 33 kV 33 kVline
Ia
Ib 10 MVA
~ Z=10%
G2

Figure (1)

TL 12 TL 23

R 12 R 21 R 23 R 32

Figure (2)

CAIRO UNIVERSITY THIRD YEAR

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING SWITCHGEAR & PROTECTION
ELEC. POWER & MACHINES DEPT. I.D.M.T.L. RELAYS

1- An I.D.M.T. over current relay has a plug setting of 150% and has a
time setting of 0.5 . The relay is connected in the circuit through a C.T.
having ratio 500/5 A. Calculate the time of operation of the relay if the
circuit carries a fault current of 6000 A. The relay characteristic is shown
in the table (1).
 2- Reference Fig. (1) given that :
Fault current = 2000 A CT Ratio : 200/1 A
Relay 1 set on 100% Relay 2 set on 125%
For discrimination the time grading margin between the relays is 0.5 sec.
Determine the time of operation of the two relays assuming the relays have
the characteristic as shown in table (1) and that the relay no.1 has a time
setting = 0.2

3- A 20- MVA transformer, which may be called upon to operate at 30%

overload, feeds 11-kV bus bars through a circuit breaker ; other circuit
breakers supply outgoing feeders. The transformer circuit breaker is
equipped with 1000/5 A current transformers and the feeder circuit
breakers with 400/5 A current transformers and all sets of current
transformers feeds induction type over current relays. The relays on the
feeder circuit breakers have a 125% plug setting and a 0.3 time setting. If
a 3-phase fault current of 5000 A flows from the transformer to one of the
feeders, find:
(a) the operating time of the feeder relay
(b) the minimum plug setting of the transformer relay
(c) the time setting of the transformer relay assuming a discriminative time
margin of 0.5 second.

4- An 11-kV bus bar has duplicate incoming feeders each fitted with
1000/5 A I.D.M.T.L. relay having plug and time setting of 150% and 0.4 .
The corresponding data for an outgoing feeder is 400/5 A , 175% , and
0.3 . The substation is a firm supply for 25 MVA. For a 3-phase 250 MVA
fault, calculate the time margin between the relays for
(a) two incoming feeders in
(b) one in.
Show that the protection on a single incoming feeder (other switched out)
will not operate to a load of 25 MVA.

Plug setting
multiplier 2 3.6 5 10 15 20
Time in seconds
for a TS=1 10 6 3.9 2.8 2.2 2.1

Table(1)
 R2 R1
2000A
125% 100%

Figure(1)

CAIRO UNIVERSITY THIRD YEAR

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING SWITCHGEAR & PROTECTION
ELEC. POWER & MACHINES DEPT. TRANSFORMER
PROTECTION

1- A 3-phase 33/6.6 kV star/delta connected transformer is protected by

differential system. The CT’s on LT side have a ratio of 300/5. Show that
the CT’s on HT side will have a ratio 60 : 5/ .

2- A 30 MVA, 11.5/69 kV, star-delta power transformer is to be protected

by differential protection. The continuous current carrying capacity of
restraining coils of differential relay should not exceed 5 A. If CT ratio is
3000/5 on 11.5 kV side, determine CT ratio on 69 kV side.

3- A star- delta, 11/6.6 kV transformer is protected by means of differential

protection system. The 6.6 kV delta connected side has CT ratio 600/5.
Determine CT ratio on HT side.

CAIRO UNIVERSITY THIRD YEAR

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING SWITCHGEAR & PROTECTION
ELEC. POWER & MACHINES DEPT. DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION

The shown Fig. gives the percentage differential relay applied to the
protection of an alternator winding. The relay has a 10% slope of
characteristic (I1-I2) - (I1+I2)/2. A high resistance ground fault occurred
near the grounded neutral and of the generator winding while generator is
carrying load. As a consequence, the currents in amperes flowing at each
end of the winding is as given in Fig. Assuming CT ratio of 400/5 amperes
will the relay operate the trip of the breaker?
CAIRO UNIVERSITY THIRD YEAR
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING SWITCHGEAR & PROTECTION
ELEC. POWER & MACHINES DEPT. MAGNETIC CIRCUITS

The lifting magnetic system shown in the figure has a square cross section
6*6 cm. The coil has 300 turns and a resistance of 6 ohms. Neglect
reluctance of the magnetic core and field fringing in the air gap.
(a) The air gap is initially held at 5 mm and a dc source of 120 V is
connected to the coil. Determine
i. The stored field energy.
ii. The lifting force.
(b) The air gap is again held at 5 mm and an ac source of 120 V (rms.) at
60 Hz is connected to the coil. Determine the average value of the lifting
force.
g