SENSE ORGANS

Dr. Gregory Budiman, MBiomed

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 What is sense organs?
• General : ? Special: ?
• Somatic : ? Visceral: ?
• General sensory  somatic – visceral
– GSA :
– GVA :
• Special sense  somatic – visceral
– SSA :
– SVA :
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 What to study :
• Anatomy of the special sense organs
• Tracts from the receptors up to the
cerebral cortex.
• Applied anatomy

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 VISION ORGAN
• OBJECTIVES:
– Describe the anatomy of the eyeball and its
accessory organ
– Explain the mechanism of eye movement
(extrinsic eye muscle)
– Explain the neuronal pathways from retina up
to cerebral cortex

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 Eye and Associated
Structures
• Most of the eye is protected by a cushion
of fat and the bony orbit
• Accessory structures include eyebrows,
eyelids, conjungtiva, lacrimal apparatus,
and extrinsic eye muscles

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• Conjuntiva: transparent mucous
membrane that :
– Lines the eyelids as the palpebral conj.
– Lines the sclera as the scleral conj.
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Lacrimal gland
excretory duct -
> enter the eye 
lacrimal punctum
 lacrimal
canaaliculus 
lacrimal sac 
nasolacrimal duct
 inferior meatus
of nasal cavity

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• Afferent : via lacrimal
nerve  brain stem
INNERVATION OF
(spinal tr nucleus of
n.V)
LACRIMAL GLAND
• Parasymphatetic eff :
from nucleus
salivatorius superior 
preganglionic fiber
(n.VII, greater petrosal
nerve)  ganglion
pterigopalatinum 
postganglionic fiber
(zygomatic branch,
lacrimal nerve)
• Sympathetic eff:
thoracal segment 
preggl superior
cervical ggl  postggl
(carotid plexus,
….lacrimal nerve) 8
 Inner Segment and Fluids
• The lens separates the internal eye into:
• Anterior segment: filled with a plasmalike
fluid (Aqueous humor) drains via canal of
Schlemm
– Anterior chamber (COA) : cornea/iris
– Posterior chamber (COP): iris/lens
• Posterior segment : filled with a clear gel
(viteous humor)
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Scleral venous sinus

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• Intraocular pressure can increase and
cause glaucoma. Can you explain the
circulation of the fluid in the eyeball?
• Can you explain anatomical conditions
that can cause increased intraocular
pressure?

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 Visual Pathways
• Axons of retinal ganglion cells form the
optic nerve
• Medial fibers of the optic nerve decussate
at the optic dhiasm
• Most fibers of the optic tracts continue to
the thalamus (LGB)
• Fibers from LGB form the optic radiation
• Optic radiations project to the visual cortex
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Describe the visual
field of each lesion
(I-IV)

1.Ipsilateral anopia
2.Bitemporal
hemianopia
3.Contralateral
homonym
hemianopia
4.Upper contralateral
quadranopia

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• A patient got left hemianopia of his visual
field. Can you draw the visual pathways
and show the lesion?

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 Cortical Processing
• Primary visual cortex (corpus striatum)
• Visual association area (prestriatum)
• Visual information then proceeds anteriorly
to the:
– Temporal lobe  identification of objects
– Parietal cortex  spatial location

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 EYE MUSCLES
EXTRINSIC EYE MUSCLES
• Eyeball movement: RL, RM, RS, RI, OI,
OS
• Elevate eyelid: m. levator palpebrae

INTRINSIC EYE MUSCLES:

• To control covexity of the lens (m.cilliary)
• To control diameter of pupil (m. sphincter
pupillae, m. dilatator pupillae)
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 OTOT-OTOT INTRINSIK MATA
Muscle Location Innervation Function

Ciliary Muscle fibers in the Parasymphatetics from Constrics ciliary body,

ciliary body the occulomotor nerve relaxes tension on the
[III] lens, lens become
rounded
Sphincter pupillae Circularly arranged Parasymphatetics from Constrics pupil
fibers in the iris the occulomotor nerve
[III]
Dilator pupillae Radially arranged Symphatetics form the Dilates pupil
fibers in the iris superior cervical
ganglion (T1)

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 Light Reflex
• Some nerve fibers send tracts to the
midbrain ending in the superior colliculi
and pretectal nucleus.

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• If light is shined to left eye, then both the
left and right pupil will constrict. How can
this happen, show me the pathways!

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 Accomodation Reflex
• When the eyes follow the object directed
from a distance and get closer, the
followings are occured:
– Contraction of medial rectus muscles in order
to converge the eye’s axis.
– Thickening of the lens
– Constriction of the pupil in order to make the
light passes through the center of the lens
(the thickest part of the lens)
• The pathways are as follows:
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• If the right cornea is touched then both
right and left eyes will blink together. How
can this happen, show me the pathways!

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 REFLEKS KORNEA
m.orbicularis oculi kornea

Ggl. Nucl.sensoris
Semilunaris principalis n.V

Nucl.motorik
N.VII interneuron

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 REFLEKS KORNEA
m.orbicularis oculi

Ggl. Nucl.sensoris
Semilunaris principalis n.V

Nucl.motorik
N.VII interneuron

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• How can our eye do conjugate gaze?
Explain the function of each extrinsic
muscles!

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 PRIMARY POSITION

L L

ADDUCTION
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 PRIMARY POSITION

L L

ADDUCTION
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 PRIMARY POSITION

L L

ABDUCTION
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 PRIMARY POSITION

L L

ABDUCTION
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 PRIMARY POSITION

L L

ELEVATION
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 PRIMARY POSITION

L L

ELEVATION
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 PRIMARY POSITION

L L

DEPRESSION
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 PRIMARY POSITION

L L

DEPRESSION
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 PRIMARY POSITION

L L

INTORSION
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 PRIMARY POSITION

L L

INTORSION
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 PRIMARY POSITION

L L

EXTORTION
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 PRIMARY POSITION

L L

EXTORSION
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CONJUGATE GAZE

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CONJUGATE GAZE

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CONJUGATE GAZE

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CONJUGATE GAZE

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Conjugate gaze
Saccadic movement :
•Sudden eye movement to
catch the moving object
•Center : frontal lobe
Smooth pursuit
movement:
•Continuous eye
movement to follow the
moving object

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 HEARING AND BALANCE
ORGAN
OBJECTIVES:
• Explain the structures of outer ear, middlle
ear, and inner ear.
• Explain the important ear structure related
to clinical case
• Explain the neuronal pathways of hearing
and balance organs.

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 The Ear : Hearing and Balance
• Part of the ear :
– Outer ear : auricle – Ext auditory canal –
tympanic membrane
– Middle ear: tympanic cavity – ear ossicles
– Inner ear : bony and membranous labyrinth
(vestibule, cochlea, semicircular canals)

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The Outer Ear

•The auricle (pinna) is

composed of helix (rim)
and lobule (earlobe)
•External auditory canal:
short, curved tube filled
with ceruminous gland
(1/3 lateral cartilage
part; 2/3 medial bony
part)

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Tympanic membrane (eardrum)
• Boundary between outer and middle ear
• Thin connective tissue mambrane that
vibrates in response to sound
• Transfer sound energy to the middle ear
ossicles

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 Middle Ear (tympanic cavity)
• A small, air-filled, mucosa-lined cavity
– Flanked laterally by the eardrum
– Lanked medially by the oval and round
windows
• Middle ear communicates with :
– mastoid cells
– Nasopharynx via pharyngotympanic tube :
equalizes pressure in the middle ear acvity
with the external air pressure
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Wall of tympanic cavity

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 Inner Ear
• The Vestibule :
– central egg-shaped cavity of the bony
labyrinth
– Suspended in its perilymph are two sacs :
saccule (extends into cochlea) and utricle
(extends into semicircular canals)

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• Why children often get wet ear when he
get flu?
• Infection of middle ear can cause tympanic
bulging because of pus pressure. How can
we drainage the pus out?

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• In case chronic mastoiditis, doctor should
do mastoidectomy. Why procedure of
mastoidectomy can cause facial paralysis
(Bell’s palsy) or severe hemorrage?
• Why stimulation of the ear canal can
cause cough, sneezing, or vomitus?

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A patient complained that he got vertigo.
Can you mention what structures probably
in trouble?

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Balance pathways

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 OLFACTORY ORGAN
• Nasal structured (discussed in respiratory
module)
• Explain the neuronal pathways from
olfactory receptor up to the cerebral cortex

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• Why some odors can cause nausea?

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 Olfactory system

• Olfactory striae Limbic system

ends in primary
olfactory cortex
(uncus and
prepyriform) Hypothalamus
which is
connected to Autonomic
function
the limbic and
Reticular
system. formation reflexes
(brain stem)

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 Gustatory Organ
• Tongue and oral cavity : discussed in
Digestive Module
• Explain the special visceral pathways from
taste receptor up to cerebral cortex

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• When someone drank black hot coffee he
felt hot and bitter on his tongue. Explain
the differences between the pathways of
hot sensation and of bitter sensation!

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 References
• Marrieb, Ellaine, Human Anatomy
• Budiman, Gregory. Basic Neuroanatomical
Pathways. BP FKUI
• Budiman, Gregory. Jaras-jaras
Neuroanatomi. Sagung Seto

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TULANG-TULANG PEMBENTUK RONGGA ORBITA

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