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I. INTRODUCTION
Fig. 8. Case 1: Rotational speed at wind turbines number 3, 9, 19, and 33.
Fig. 10. Case 1: Maximum and minimum voltage at buses 1 to 37.
Fig. 9. Case 1: Pitch angle at wind turbines number 3, 9, 19, and 33.
Fig. 11. Case 2: Active and reactive power delivered.
In Figs. 7–9 from 0 to 400 s, no external active power reference
has been specified. Then, below-rated wind speed 14 m/s en-
ergy capture is maximized through speed variation. Above-rated
wind velocity, rotational speed, and power are limited to rated
values through pitch variation. From 400 s, 12.5-MW wind farm
power reference has been specified, and Fig. 7 shows that spec-
ified reference is achieved. Finally, Fig. 10 shows the voltage
profile at each turbine during simulation by indicating max-
imum and minimum rms voltage values.
The second case is the same as before, except that a reac-
tive power step is applied at 200 s. Fig. 11 shows that the com-
manded reactive power is achieved by even share among ma-
chines. As a result, Fig. 12 shows the voltages at the wind farm
substation and in four of the machines.
The last case is the same as the first one, but a high PCC Fig. 12. Case 2: Voltages at HV bus and at buses number 3, 9, 19, and 33.
voltage (1.12 p.u.) is considered. Therefore, each machine sup-
plies a different reactive power (see Fig. 13), and wind farm re-
based on a hierarchical architecture with a supervisory control
active power reference cannot be achieved. As a con-
system controlling the active and reactive power at the wind
sequence, the upper limit in the machine voltages (1.09 p.u.) is
farm substation and a machine control system controlling the
reached; see Fig. 14. Nevertheless, voltages (in the wind farm
active and reactive power at each particular wind turbine. The
substation and in each machine) can be controlled, and none of
active power control loop allows either following a power
the machines is disconnected.
reference or maximizing energy capture when no reference
is supplied. The reactive power control loop makes possible
VIII. CONCLUSIONS voltage control and then achieves a high availability of wind
turbines.
An automatic generation control system for wind farms Simulation results show good performance of the control
has been designed and tested by simulation. Real data from system during a highly variable wind, large electrical distur-
a Spanish wind farm has been used. The proposed system is bance and commanded active and reactive power steps.
284 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ENERGY CONVERSION, VOL. 17, NO. 2, JUNE 2002
Wind Turbine
Rotor diameter m
Mechanical time constant s
Pitch system time constant s
Speed range r/min.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors would like to thank E. de la Rioja S.A. (Yerga’s
wind farm owner) and I. Ingeniería Consultoría S.A. for data
provided.
REFERENCES
[1] Papoutsis et al., “Wind energy. The facts,” Eur. Wind Energy Assoc.,
ISBN92-828-4571-0.
[2] Z. Chen and E. Spooner, “Grid interface options for variable-speed, per-
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vol. 145, no. 4, July 1998.
[3] R. Pena, J. C. Clare, and G. M. Asher, “Doubly fed induction generator
using back to back PWM converters and its application to variable-speed
wind energy generation,” Proc. Inst. Elect. Eng. Elect. Power Appl., vol.
143, no. 3, May 1996.
Fig. 14. Case 3: Voltages at HV bus and at buses number 3, 9, 19, and 33. [4] S. Heier, Grid Integration of Wind Energy Conversion Sys-
tems. Chichester, U.K.: Wiley, 1998.
[5] E. N. Hinrichsen, “Controls for variable pitch wind turbine generators,”
APPENDIX IEEE Trans. Power App. Syst., vol. PAS-103, Apr. 1984.