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Analysis of the faulted power system: A unified approach-Part 1: Simulation

and Solution Algorithm Development

Conference Paper · May 1991

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AIIALYSIS OF TTIE TAI,LfED PONER SYSTEIf : A IJTfIFIED APPROACIT

PART 1 : FORIIT,IATION AI{D SOLIITIOI{ AI,GOIRITFIT DEVEI,oPTEXT

Penrose cofie A AbUT

Prairie view A&lit University Texas A&U University
Dept of Electrical Engr Dept of Electrlcal Engr
Prairie View , IX 77446 College Station , TX 7'1843

ABSTRA T

Solution technigues of rnodified network are applied to the analysis

of the faulted power system. A simple algorithm based on use of the
bus adrnittance matrix is presented for the unified treatment of
single or simultaneous, shunt or,/and series faults.
Key Words : Faulted power systern, modified network, admittance rnatrix

.q{

I. IMIRODUCTIOIT

lthe central role whi.ch the bus funpedance rnatrix has played in the
solution methods of faulted power systems can be attributed to the
inforrnation conveyed by its elements, and their relationships to the
single and rnutgi-port Thevenin equivalents" Algorithns were dLvelopecl
for the efficient building and rnodification of the bus inpedance
matrix for short circuit conputations and contingency evaluation.
The bus adrnitt.ance rnatrix, on the other hand, can be used to solve any
problem that can be solved using the bus irnpedance matrix, and offers
advantages in storage and solution speed when its sparsj_ty is
exploited. The use of the bus adnittance rnatrix in rnodified network
solutionshas been advocated [1-,2]. In addition to the advantages
offered by triangular factorization and the exploitation of
sparsi.ty,the application of the Inverse Matrix Moctiflcation Lenraa [2]
definitely enhances its use in the analysis of nodified networks.
In essence, a fault condition on a potrer systern amounts to adding
netutork elenents, representing the faults to the prefault net$rork. If
the bus admittance matrlx of the prefault netqrork is y, and the added
network elernents representing the fault condition result in a
modification matrix aY, the birs adnittance matrix of the nodified
network becomes
Y=Y+AY (1)
and the perfornance equatlon of the faulted network is then
rV=I (2)

209 |
where V is the postfault voltage vector and I the prefault current
vector.The solution of equation (2) for the postfault bus voltages is

V=Y'I
= (Y + av)-1 I
= ii-'- i=ittJ+ av v-l-rart v-!lr (3)
where D is the identity matrix. Equation (3) is an expression of the
Inverse l,Iatrix Modification Lemna and ls derived in Appendix A It
expresses the inverse of the modified bus adnittance matrix Y in'terms
of the inverse of the prefault matrix Y. The matrix inverses shown in
(3) can be synbolic, inplying sparse forvrard and,/or back substitution
Lz l.
This paper fornuLates and presents a generallzed soLution algorithn
for the por{ter systen under any fault. condition based on the conpensa-
tion methods inherent in the fnverse Matrix lrlodificatlon Lernma.

II. fi{EORETICAL BACTGROT'XD

Rather than nodify the entire Y natrix of a faulted network to repre-
sent a given fault condition, it is possible to firet reduce tlre net-
work, retaining only the faulted buses, using the partial inverse or
the L U factorisation technique. The reduced network is then modified
and solved. The solution of the nodified reduced network is a part
of the postfault network solution, which is subsequently corupleted.
Usino lPhe Partial Inverse
In the partitioned netsrork natrlx equation (4), the eubscript r indi-
cates the group of buses to be elirninated and the subscript n indi'
cates the group to be retained.

(""fl(:) 0 (4)

The partlal inverse procedure

[3] results in the cornpound rnatrix
equation

lz, *\ /,\ _/"\

=l't (s)
\*
Zx =
"-l\"/
Yr-l
Ynn = Yn - Yns YE I tls
Xm = -Yr-l Ym
Knr = Ynr Ye-1
fn expanded form the second equation of (5) can be sritten as
YRR VR = IR - XRE fr = I'n (6)

2092
 ":F -.F

which describes the perfomance

of the reduced network,
#i:Tri:ii.'ll:.:h".;J".li::i*H,xt?[T#t#r,fi
into the elirninated tuses ;ilfi i:il55 that
are retained.
:ki:{}}:::'
t.a
"n"".niu
rt is inrportant to realize that the reduced
equation (6) is a generalized--N;;;" network descrir,^- .
netltork' rt replaces equivalent or u.r--jirgd by
.ne rattlr
currents throush anv.networt- ;f;; as rhe vortages
Duses are concerned' it"
u""-in -;;i;' to be added ,.""1^.11T:r1i
"rlfr"i."respect *li"--1i1 _6!
esurvarent of the ngir""i'll"n replaces tn" rir,lltd
PT-r3"ri.
and obviates arr rhe.conputatio"ii r.o. rhe buses to iailr,".T*l
the nultiport rhevenin-"qri"ii.iii] liiort= involved in ort"r.r11-l?d,
Erng a siven faurt,3ilgrti;i ii, tn. network
ayn' the postfaulr vo*ases ,"-it;;ti" reduced network"nuns.r_i"Ji,:-lle
rn-i-l:_o:=oen_
ut ir,"-6"J.s or the
% = (ym + nrn)_1 I/a
";ilil.ilffIl,i Isr;;
el
modiriecr reduced.^nely9"*^ *3.v proceed
iE :ii;.t"t"tr".tn"tn" aronc
ri*:;h..,rr._"!T.?.1'il..tfl :t";i:3r"I..i*:"Jf".i*:l;iiii.ni?ii,
% =_",T1rt,o; (D_+ ayn ynnL y?" tri
= y.R'(rh + )-1 ay"
^fi) 'rx (s)
erhere ad = _(p + aln riA ilar" fi* r(
(e)
ari ir the conpensrt-igr, current vector
pranches representing, 'f-.";ii whigf accounts for the added
raurt, eguation (rt":.111r.h". ti;; conaition.- -ioi u -'"i'qle
. ,i'grilir:."ge.d
1tJ [. a"ii
ror the r aur t curren becomes identical toshunt
:X!'rT: iXi i.,s rh".i.ii ;',i- equi vathe
ent
";a,r= 1

Il-i-:ll" of equation (5) the perforrnanc re eguation

network can u6 of the postfault
"ip"L=s.a u*

ilt ;* s*olutlon
ft"0
for the postfault votrages
ri
Va

+ ar(
(

can be obtained by sotv-

10)

Vn - vrnl (In -Krr Ir + AIf ) ( 11)

and for Vc ae
Fx=ZeIr+jsrfB (t2,
Using Ihe L U Factorization
}lore efflcient for the analysls- o.f the fault€tt porrer
"ll"::J*ry
based
"; .f i#.ius aduritranee narrix in fts
;#l:I.""?:te on rhe

2093
 .@ t!. <1IFFL e--r

y=LU
(13)
me L U factors of y nay be recorded as
a singte array
Q=L+ (o-D) ( 14)
An examination tfg.algorithrn
"f *itH -€it.--ri.tt;;i#.
crout's Alsorithm for generatfng the array e, such as
reveats that the last rn:r * p""tiJili'tt*-creditdd 11--o-#r'ttru 16r,
the portion rernaining to tirl airnensGn aray e is identical nith
rnverted matrix wher6 the_ti=u'tr"-u.iJJ. ot uariti.rri""-1li'l partiarry
.are retained in the network
p2roc€ss. LRR and uBR ai" - suGets
ff:i.fi:i of L and u respectivety
Im lhn = yrn (15)
rt thus folr.ows that.the bus adrnittance.rnatrix
of any order is readiry .""iriii!-iiii'tr," of a reduced network
y natrix. ltoreoirer, it L {! factorization of the
'ysren irr. iliiura course of solvrng :

Yv=LUv=I (16)
is carried out uo the (m_J-) coiumn of
the current vectbrtoueconrs--i-a!rll.Xi't". L , the last ra elernents of
in the process of network..a;;;i;;i".aing the erements of rn obtalned
stage , the nodificati.on of fi;-r-;;;; ro equation (6). At this
fault condition can ne intioaul;- o" network to represenr a given
conpensation vector. aIR augrnenting re by the current
rorward course, ana-.carryi-ng-;;i l'y equation (9), completing the
""p""r="i ii.^back substitution
result in the postfautt s"r'uliinl?-tn. will then
fautted network.
*Tilfl"Tl?, the post-conpensarion version I2l of equation (z) can
% =_!o Fi - f n+ yfrr 1-r ayrlv# r* (r7
=Vn+Avn ^yn )
where avn= - yril (p + atn ynn-I f av" vr (18 )
The solution in thi'-s case proceeds
by carrying
ward course, and trren trrS-r=ali-"r,-t'=iitution out the complete for-
srage' the elenents g{ vn riii ttu"!--i".n up to row n. At this
the voltase compensation obtained.
subetiiution then";d;-of"
gi""" #" _equation (ra1Augrnenting vn by
!n!-"ompreting
Ili*:""* ;'h"-
=or.ution of the postfaur.t net-
considering that a prefault network
prior to a fautt sruiy, pd_;;il;;llion .sorutlon v alreatty known
priate for *re anaryli" '"i f;;ff;i]-|or_." is o.bviosly
's nore appro_
.systen. vn is reacrily
avairabte as a subs6t or v,-i#-1i.'"oruri;i-;;;in=.lv--"oairvi'g
vR by avR to account-for irr"--qi";; fault condition,-and then
proceeds to conplete ttre uacx'Juf.iiiit.on.

2094
 ':- -.lG

ITI . FAI'LT CAICTII,ATIOIIS

Ertension to Three Phase svstetls
The formurations discussed in section thro of this paper are generar.
Therefore they can be applied to a three phase network eithei in the
abc or the synmetrical components (012) frame of reference. rn the
latter frane of reference, which is rnore convenient, equation (Z;
becomes

= (yefl12 + avnol2 ;-t ll2

vno12 .(1e)
since in the prefault condition the sequences are generally assumed-
to be decoupled, the sequence bus admittance rnatrices ya, yr,yz
cannrbe.built separately. rf the reduced netr^rork j.s an rn-bus network
,YRR-- is a 3n x 3m matrix whose elernents are readily available from
factorized sequence bus admittance rnatrices. tn building yo, group,
of nutually coupled lines can be handred using the rnatrix expinsi6n
concepts +,qr I4,51. However, in general, the network rnodificali.on
matrix aYi- representing a given fault condition, can be expressed
ag

ayH"= cn f'"C" {20)

where
Y012 is the prinitive adnittance rnatrix of the
branch nodification representing the given
fault condition
ch is the connection rnatrix describing their
incidence on the buses of the reduced
nethrork.
ch' is the transpose of Ch.
yot' ir a block dj.agonal rnatrix whose elements are cornposed of shunt
and/or series fault matrices.The incidence rnatrix C his its elenents
nade up of the nu1l matrix, the idendity matrix and its negative,
In.the analysis of faulted power systems,the number of faulted buses
n in a given study is snati. aff*' - can be forned directly by
adding the modification
cation branch rnatrices to their corresponding
corresoondinq bus
elements.
Fault l,latrices
Typical. branch rnodification rnatrices for different types of fault are
shown Appendix B. The use of the fault natrices-in equation (9)
or (LB).inpresents no nurnerical difficulties if the shunt faults occur
through nonzero irnpedances.Hor4rever, such difficulties become inherent
in equations (9) and (l-e) when the fault conditions involve bolted
short circuits. ]n such cases, the formidable algebraic task of deri-
ving cornputational formulas through rimit studi6s is avoicled and the
nunerical difficulties are alleviitea Uy resorting to the use of the
boundary conditions at the bolted short circui.t.

2095
Bolted srhort circuits
fle boundary conditions at a bolted fault can be expressed as [5]
SVr=O (2L\
TIr=O
with s+n+0
where the voltaEe constraint rnatrix s and the current constraint
matrix B depend on the type of the bolted fault and Ir add VF are
the shunt fault current and the faul-t voltage vectors respectively.
Rewriting eguation (8) as
= trl + a/al
ynn Vn (22)
and considering a single shunt fault with Vr = tn ana Ir = -altn
equation (2L) and (22) can be solved to obtain
ard =-(n+syRRr )-r s-fnn ri (23J
ionbination of Bolted Short Circuits and Open Conductor Faults
A conbination of a series fault betneen buses p and g and a bolted
short circuit at bus r results in the matrix equation
f-"nn yps yp. I ft, I l-r"-i
l"* Yqe Ye, ch I lo--n I ll-l
l"*k"* y"r", "l
iU lI:..1=li'l (24)

L S LOI J L"J
For various combinations of series faults and or bolted short
circuits , equation (24) assunes the following general forrn :

["* "l ["ll -= |-".l esl

[e 'J le'll L.J
nhere A, B, and F are matrices describing the type of fault and can
be derived from the conditions at the fault. The solution for the
conpensation current vector is
Ari =(r-ev'ii B)-1 AYRL r'n (26,
and the compensation JoLtage vector is obtained by pre-uultiplying
equation (26) by Ynn -"
@
Given the prefault network voltage vector solution V and a specifled
fautt condition, a unified algorithn for the analysis of the faulted
Power systeem can proceed as follows:

2096
 q+ ::.:F.. {-EEI-

(t-) with the buses conprising the given fault condi^tion identified
i"ir in" seguence adrniitance-nratrites v0, vl and Y".
(2) Factor the sequence adrnittance rnatrices.
(3) Extract the subsets r.*o uJ r,i ui, ana r*" uf coresponding
to the faulted buses from the factored sequence adrnittance matriceo
and the prefault reduced voltage vector Vn frorn the prefault voltagi
vector V.
(4) For fault conditions invotving- shunt faults through irnpedances,
forn the branch modification rnatrlx AYi'-usinq the fault matrices
for the types of faults specified in the given fault condition and
their conilguration. If bolted short circuits are involved, forn the
rnatrices A, B, and F of equation (25) using the appropriate series
fault ,connection matrices, and the bolted short circuits constraint
matri-ces,
(5) conpute the voltage cornpensation vector AvB according to case.
(6) conpute the postfault bus voltages of the reduced network as
t*otr=vfl12 + a\#,
(7) starting with At, ft: and i*z complete the back substitution in
the coEesponding sequence equations to obtain the postfault voltages
at a1l buses other than the buses of the reduced netv,ork.

rv. coxctusroNs
A unified approach to the analysis of a faulted powerof systern is
presented throuqh a simple algorithm based on the use the bus
icl*itt"nce rnatrix and tire cornpensation rnethods inherent in the
Inverse Matrix Modification Lenma.
The use of the bus adnittance natrix in the proposed atgorithn all-ows
it to take advantage of the benefits of triangular fac_torization and
the exploitation oi sparsity. The algoritlun presented is applicable
to sini:-e and sinultaireous faults, regardless of type, nunber or
configuration .

REFERENCES

!.. compensation Methods for Network Solutions by optirnally ordered

friangular Factorization. W. F. Tinney, L977 PICA Conference,
F{ay 1971-.

2. Sparsity-oriented Cornpensation Methods for Modified Networkon

s61ut,io;s, o. Alsac, B.- stott, w. F. Tinney, IEEE Transactions
PAS, Vo1 PAS L02, No.5, May l-983.
3. Introduction to lilatrices and Polter Systens. R. B. Shipley, Book'
John Wiley & Sons, 1976.
2097

:
i
r
j
 -i:+.'E

t. Conputer Uethods in Power Systen Analysis. G' W' Stagg, A' H' El-
Abiad, UeGraw-Hi11, 1968.
5. Discussion by A. H. El-Abiad to papers No. 71 TP 5 PwR and 71 TP6
P[{R,IEEETransactionsonPAsvol.-pas-gt,No'2March/April1972'
5. Algoritlrrns for Solution Updating due to Large cllanggs in Systen
Parameters, I. N. llajj. ciicuit fheory and Applications, vol'9,
pp. L-14, L981.

APPEITDIX A

Itre Inverse latrix xodification Lema

fhis Lenma expressing the inverse of a rnodified natrix (Y. + AY)
in terms of the- invers6 of the original rnatrix Y and the rnodification
matrix aY is obtained as follor.ts:
( Y + AY i=="!,t?o**olr""-t;;t
= i.
': y:r + t'-r (D + ly y-l )-l
= y-r - y-r[D _ (D + Ay y-' )-' ]
Then, fron the matrix identitY
D - (D + aY Y-r)-' = [D + (aY v-'i']-'
1y + nv ;-l Y-l- Y-' [D i (aY Y-' ;-'
v-'- rl{(aY Y-'fr [(^Y Y-r )'-'t D ]]-'
Y'- r'[ (D + AY Y-r)'rAY ]Y-'

APPEI|DIX B

A 'Ivplcal Slrunt Fault ilatrlx and Bolted Fault eonstraint liatrices-l4l

The following table indicates a typical shunt fault natrix and s' lf
bolted fault type constraint matrices.
llabl€ 1. Typical Shunt Fault Matrices
Line to grround fault on phase (a) with a fault adrnittance yF'
/ L 1 1\
y"r=yrl3 [ 1 1 1 )
\ I L tl
Bolted line to ground fault on phase (a)

s =l/1,
\o
0
1 1\
o o,
o ol i.i)

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