Everything You Ever Wanted to Know about Biodiesel

Table Of Contents
Introduction ...................................................................
.................................................. 5
Chapter 1 ......................................................................
.................................................. 6
The Cost of Using Biodiesel ....................................................
..................................... 6
Cost Comparison of Biodiesel vs. Petroleum Diesel ..............................
................... 6
Commercial Biodiesel ...........................................................
................................. 6
Making Your Own ................................................................
.................................. 7
The Cheapest Biodiesel Source Material .........................................
......................... 7
The Cheapest Way to Make Biodiesel .............................................
......................... 8
Production Plant Setup Costs ...................................................
................................ 9
The Future of Biodiesel ........................................................
................................... 10
Chapter 2 ......................................................................
................................................ 12
Biodiesel Use and You ..........................................................
..................................... 12
Test Your Biodiesel Before Use! ................................................
............................. 12
The Wash Test ..................................................................
.................................. 12
Does Your Engine Need Modifications to Run Biodiesel? ..........................
............ 13
Concerns and Criteria...........................................................
............................... 13
A-Blending We Go! ..............................................................
................................... 14
Side Effects of Biodiesel Use ..................................................
................................ 15
Engine-Related Questions .......................................................
............................... 16
Engine Performance .............................................................
............................... 16
Pollution and Environmental Concerns ...........................................
........................ 17
Emissions Pollution ............................................................
................................. 17
Long-Term Impact of Biodiesel on the Environment ...............................
................ 17
A Bright Spot ..................................................................
..................................... 18
Chapter 3 ......................................................................
................................................ 19
Production Methods Defined .....................................................
................................. 19
The Simplest Method of Biodiesel Production ....................................
.................... 19
Safe, Effective and Practical Biodiesel Production .............................
.................... 20
Step 1 Choose your Location ....................................................
....................... 20
Step 2 Choose Your Safety Equipment ............................................
................ 21
Step 3 Choosing Your Processor .................................................
.................... 22
Step 4 Chemicals Necessary for Production ......................................
.............. 24
Step 5 Your Heat Source ........................................................
.......................... 24
Step 6 Making Methoxide ........................................................
......................... 25
Step 7 Agitation and Settling ..................................................
.......................... 26
Step 8 Washing Your Biodiesel ..................................................
...................... 26
Step 9 Drying Your Fuel ........................................................
........................... 27
Step 10 Storing Your Fuel ......................................................
.......................... 28
Chapter 4 ......................................................................
................................................ 29
Large Scale and Commercial Production ..........................................
......................... 29
The History of Large Scale Biodiesel Production ................................
.................... 30
Biodiesel Resources, Equipment Manufacturers and More ..........................
.......... 30
US Biodiesel Kits and Supplies .................................................
.......................... 30
Biodiesel Retailers (and Oil Resellers) ........................................
........................ 31
Large-Scale Production Equipment ...............................................
...................... 31
Chapter 5 ......................................................................
................................................ 33
Usable Plants, Recipes and More ................................................
.............................. 33
Usable Plants...................................................................
....................................... 33
A Note on Algae Production .....................................................
........................... 34
Recipes ........................................................................
........................................... 35
Conclusion .....................................................................
............................................... 46
Introduction
As the energy crisis heats up, more and more consumers are seeking viable
alternatives to traditional gasoline and diesel. In addition, the environmental
impact of
gasoline and other fossil fuels has made it vital that a viable alternative is f
ound.
Finding an affordable alternative to fossil fuels, as well as one that offers en
vironmental
benefits is incredibly important. However, the impact on the wallet is, perhaps,
the most
important consideration when speaking of fuel alternatives.
While ethanol may be loudly proclaimed as the best option for consumers, the
substance has numerous problems, such as increased cost and reduced energy
production. In short, this means that ethanol is more expensive and provides les
s fuel
mileage than standard gasoline.
Ethanol aside, many consumers have turned their attention to biodiesel. The larg
e body
of myth surrounding biodiesel makes it difficult to understand the benefits and
drawbacks of this fuel. Biodiesel has been proclaimed the best alternative to or
dinary
petroleum diesel, as well as an affordable way for consumers to fuel their cars
and
trucks for everyday driving.
Is biodiesel the answer? For many consumers, the facts surrounding biodiesel are
more than a little murky. What is the substance, actually? How is it manufacture
d? Is it
truly the cure-all that many proponents claim? To answer these questions, and ma
ny
others, we'll need to delve deep into the topic.
In this eBook, you will learn how biodiesel is produced, what it actually offers
, what is
needed to produce it and much more. You'll learn whether biodiesel is an adequat
e
alternative for your use.
Chapter 1
The Cost of Using Biodiesel

Biodiesel is often touted as being a more affordable option than petroleum diese
l.
However, is this reality? What about other costs involved, such as vehicle modif
ication,
production equipment and duty tax? What will the future hold for the cost involv
ed with
biodiesel production? Below, you'll find out all you need to know about the cost
s
involved with producing biodiesel, its impact on your wallet and what the future
may
hold.

Cost Comparison of Biodiesel vs. Petroleum Diesel

The never-ending search for alternative, affordable fuel options for our vehicle
s has led
to some surprising developments. One of those is biodiesel (which is not actuall
y a new
product). While biodiesel promises fuel from vegetable oils, what are the costs
associated with it?
There are two ways in which you can attain biodiesel to operate your vehicle pur
chase
it commercially, or make is yourself. Both methods offer benefits, though they h
ave
dramatically different costs.

Commercial Biodiesel
Biodiesel is available commercially in every state in the US but Alaska, through
a wide
variety of retailers. Even entertainers like Willie Nelson have gotten behind th
e product
by supplying their own brands of fuel.
However, for consumers seeking a low-cost alternative to petroleum diesel, this
may not
be the best option. In fact, on average, commercial biodiesel is only a few cent
s
cheaper than conventional diesel, much of which contains at least 2% biodiesel b
y
volume anyway.
Biodiesel/petroleum diesel blends cost as much as traditional diesel at the pump
, as
well.

Making Your Own

Making your own biodiesel is a much better option than paying the high prices at
the
pump. Most of the costs associated with biodiesel come in the form of state and
federal
taxes, as well as in importation tariffs. By making your own fuel at home, you c
an
dramatically reduce the cost.
In fact, making your own biodiesel can cost as little as $1.25 per gallon, once
you have
all the equipment setup. The savings you realize over the course of a year will
more
than pay for the equipment needed, as well as any other supplies that you must
purchase. This is an excellent example of tremendous return on investment potent
ial.

The Cheapest Biodiesel Source Material

Now that you know biodiesel is a more affordable solution to your energy needs,
you
must find a cheap source of oil. Oil is, of course, at the heart of the equation
. Biodiesel
is produced from vegetable oil, animal fat and several other sources.
In fact, soybean oil, palm oil and even waste vegetable oil can be used to produ
ce
biodiesel. The most affordable option, in terms of dollars spent, is waste veget
able oil.
In many cases, you can actually get this free of charge, if you take it off the
hands of
restaurants in your local area. However, this will require "harvesting" time, as
well as
effort. This increases your expenditure and investment.
Pure vegetable oil or (SVO) can also be used. However, this means that you will
have
to purchase the oil in the first place. Soybeans are the source of the majority
of the
biodiesel sold in the US and are relatively affordable, as well.
The question of "affordability" is simply a matter of how one looks at the equat
ion. If
you count time and effort as "cost," then many sources are quite similarly price
d.
However if you do not count the time and effort required to get waste vegetable
oil, then
this is the best option for your needs.
As a note, algae holds the promise of being the most affordable source of biodie
sel,
though the technology is not necessarily advanced enough for home-produced algae
to
be a reality. However, in coming years algae may well hold the future for almost
all
energy needs.
It is also important to understand what biodiesel is not. Here are a few of the
things that
many consumers mistakenly believe that biodiesel is:
Pure vegetable oil
Waste vegetable oil
Palm oil
Vegetable oil with special additives

The Cheapest Way to Make Biodiesel

If you are interested only in bottom-dollar costs and finding the cheapest way t
o make
biodiesel, a homebrew setup is the best option for you. Of course, the actual pr
ice of
the rig will vary depending on the quantity that you want to make, as well as th
e cost of
lye and methanol in your area. The costs of production ingredients vary wildly b
etween
different geographic areas.
You will need to purchase quite a few things to produce biodiesel at home. Here
is a
rough price guide to help you understand the conundrum.
Lye roughly $3 per lb
Methanol roughly $3-4 per gallon
Processor You can make your own processor from plastic jugs and steel drums
(make sure you have the correct size for the batch of biodiesel you wish to
make), but you can also purchase stainless steel varieties. The prices for
commercial options can be exorbitant, but they are safer than plastic. Prices
average $3,000 to more than $15,000 for home kits.
o Other options for homemade kits involve using water heaters with
attached pumps and plumbing.

You will also need a settling/holding tank of at least the same size as the
processing unit.
Oil Of course, you'll need oil for use as a production source. The cost of your
source material will obviously play a role in how much it costs you to produce
your own biodiesel.

Production Plant Setup Costs

Of course, determining a final cost for your setup is vital. However, that cost
cannot be
determined until you have answered the following questions:
How much biodiesel do I want to produce?
How much biodiesel do I want to keep on hand at all times?
What source materials will I use?
o Waste vegetable oil
o Pure vegetable oil
o Palm oil (currently one of the cheapest)
o Soybean oil (currently one of the cheapest)
o Other sources (animal fats, such as lard or tallow)

What production materials do I have available?

Do I want to purchase commercially produced production materials or use "do-it-
yourself" options?
Do I have a safe place to produce biodiesel?
o As a note, while making it in your kitchen is possible, it is strongly advised
against.

The Future of Biodiesel

Wouldn t it be nice if you could predict the future and hop aboard the biodiesel e
xpress
today? While that may not be possible, it is possible to take a look at worldwid
e trends
and get an idea of what the future of biodiesel may be. Here are a few of the cu
rrent
trends.
Will biodiesel continue to be cheap to produce at home?

While it is likely to remain affordable, the costs associated with home-producti

on
are already beginning to mount. Many retailers now charge for waste vegetable
oil (a growing trend), while the materials to make biodiesel (processors, etc)
continue to become more expensive, as well.
Will biodiesel replace regular diesel in the world market?

While that is wonderful thought, it is not likely. The sheer amount of arable la
nd
conversion necessary to grow and harvest oil-producing plants is staggering.
For instance, for the US to produce enough biodiesel to sustain our energy
needs, every square inch of arable land would need to be dedicated to biodiesel
production. This cuts out food products and everything else for which that land
would be used.
However, new research into algae oil production may hold the key. As that
research is still in its infancy, the results remain to be seen.
Chapter 2
Biodiesel Use and You

Of course, consumers have numerous questions about the use of biodiesel. Will it
harm
your engine? Does your vehicle need to be converted to run biodiesel? How much
does biodiesel pollute the environment? These and many other questions can rear
their
heads, causing confusion over the topic. It's time to shed some light on the sub
ject.

Test Your Biodiesel Before Use!

Of course, you don't want to pour untested biodiesel into your car. That road le
ads to
headaches and very expensive repairs. However, there are a few simple steps that
you
can follow to ensure you put quality fuel in your vehicle.

The Wash Test

Washing is, of course, part of the production process. However, you can perform
a
wash test on your biodiesel during production to ensure that you have the correc
t
formulation. To perform the test, simply follow these steps:
Get a ½ liter bottle
Add 150 ml of water
Add 150 ml biodiesel
Screw the cap on tightly
Shake vigorously for 30 seconds
Wait for the water and fuel to separate
o If separation takes less than 30 minutes, your fuel is viable and you can
continue production
o If separation takes more than 30 minutes or does not complete, your batch
is unusable (you have an emulsion, not fuel)

Does Your Engine Need Modifications to Run Biodiesel?

Ensuring the safety of your vehicle is vital. All the biodiesel production is fo
r naught if
your car simply dies while running the fuel. However, unlike using straight wast
e
vegetable oil or even straight virgin vegetable oil, your engine needs no modifi
cations to
run biodiesel. On the other hand, there may be other concerns and modifications
required. Here's a list of what you'll need to know.

Concerns and Criteria

Of course, you're worried that biodiesel will kill your car or truck. However, t
he following
list of criteria will help you ensure that your vehicle runs better than ever an
d for less
money!
Engine Modifications As long as you have a diesel engine, you will not need to
modify any parts on the engine.
Fuel Filters Fuel filters can and will wreak havoc on your driving. Biodiesel is
a
powerful solvent, as well as a fuel. It will begin to dissolve the wax and dirt
deposits left
behind by conventional diesel fuel. These deposits will clog your fuel filter an
d reduce
power, even starving the engine of fuel completely.
Do not change your fuel filter before running biodiesel! This is a quick way to
waste
time and money. Let the biodiesel do its job and dissolve those deposits. Replac
e the
filter when the engine begins making sputtering sounds. Make sure that you know
where the filter is located, and what tools you need for replacement.
Additionally, keep a few spare filters on hand. The dissolving process can take
several
weeks. During this time, it is important that you change the filter any time you
find your
engine starving for fuel. Finally, change the filter once more when the dissolvi
ng
process is done to ensure proper operation.
In-Tank Filters Quite a few vehicles have an in-line fuel filter and an in-tank
filter.
The filter in your fuel tank can become clogged, as well. If you feel comfortabl
e
removing this filter, you can change it yourself. In many vehicles, you will hav
e to
remove the rear seat to get at the filter (and pump).
Hoses, Seals and Gaskets As mentioned, biodiesel is a powerful solvent. It also
has
a destructive effect on rubber hoses, gaskets and seals. However, don't panic ju
st yet.
If your vehicle is newer than model year 1993-94, you have resistant hoses and s
eals.
If your vehicle is older than this, you will need to begin replacing those hoses
, seals and
gaskets.
Once again, do not panic. If you keep an eye on your components, you'll be able
to
replace them as needed. When replacing these items, use replacement parts made
with Viton.

A-Blending We Go!
Of course, blended diesel and biodiesel is available at the pump. Can you blend
your
own mixture from your home production with petroleum diesel to make fuel stretch
a
little further? What additives do you need to put into the mix when blending fue
l types?
Here are the answers to your blending-related questions.
Can I mix my biodiesel with regular diesel?

Of course, you can. Diesel blends are widely available and are a viable
alternative to using straight petroleum diesel.
Do I need any additives to blend my fuel?
No, you do not need to put any additives into the mixture.
What is the best blend ratio for mixing petroleum diesel and biodiesel?

Any blend of the two fuels is possible. However, mixing a text batch is advisabl
e.
Often, differing components in the two fuels, especially with inferior biodiesel
,
results in stratification in the end product, reducing its effectiveness when pl
aced
in your tank. If you mix diesel and biodiesel and end up with a stratified mixtu
re,
reformulate your biodiesel mix.
Is it better to blend your diesel with biodiesel?

Blending can help you stretch your dollar a little further. However, to avoid th
e
stratification problem mentioned above, use straight biodiesel without the mix.

Side Effects of Biodiesel Use

Many consumers wonder if there are any side effects from using biodiesel in the
long-
term. What can they expect from the use of this fuel? Does it damage the vehicle
's
engine or fuel system over time?
Simply put, there are almost no side effects of biodiesel use for your vehicle.
Once you
have replaced the fuel filter and any hoses or gaskets made of nonresistant rubb
er, you
should have no further issues.
One pleasant side effect of using this fuel is the change to your vehicle's exha
ust.
Diesel exhaust is notoriously noxious-smelling. Using biodiesel to fuel your veh
icle
changes that smell completely, transforming it into something much more pleasant
.
Engine-Related Questions
One of the most common questions about biodiesel is "Will it run in my engine?"
While
it has been mentioned in previous sections, this subject deserves a bit more det
ail. Will
biodiesel run in your engine? The short answer is, "Yes."
What engines will biodiesel run in without problems? Here's the list:
Higher performance engines (TDI, etc.)
Common rail engines
New model diesel engines
Old model diesel engines
Direct injection diesel engines

Yes, in short, biodiesel can be run successfully in any diesel engine, provided
that the
fuel is of top quality.

Engine Performance
Will the use of biodiesel affect how your engine performs? Will it degrade power
and
performance, either immediately or through long-term use?
Happily, biodiesel may actually increase the performance of your engine. Because
it is
oil-based, biodiesel acts as a lubricant, as well as a solvent. Thus, it can cle
an harmful
deposits from your engine, as well as lubricating the moving parts.
Long-term use does not appear to affect engine performance either. Engines run o
n
correctly formulated biodiesel show substantial improvements in engine smoothnes
s,
and other areas, as well. This means that you can use biodiesel for as long as y
ou like,
without the worry of harmful effects.
Pollution and Environmental Concerns
While the benefits to your wallet should now be apparent, what benefits does bio
diesel
offer the environment? Does it cause pollution? How do the emissions of biodiese
l
measure up against those of petroleum diesel?

Emissions Pollution
First, biodiesel is the first and only alternative fuel to be certified through
the Clean Air
Act. The emissions reduction is considerable. Here's the rundown (all comparison
s are
against standard petroleum diesel fuel):
Sulfur emissions Almost 100% eliminated
Carbon monoxide 48% reduction
Unburned hydrocarbons 67% reduction
Cancer causing compounds 70-80% reduction
Benzene - 90% reduction
Smog forming particulates (Nox) Increase of 10%

As you can see, biodiesel offers a dramatic benefit to the environment over the
use of
traditional petroleum diesel.

Long-Term Impact of Biodiesel on the Environment

Unfortunately, the rosy glow of the immediate environmental benefits is offset b
y the
effects of long-term use and mass-production of biodiesel on the environment. Wh
ile
biodiesel production and use does not adversely affect the environment, human av
arice
and greed does.
What could humanity possibly do to ruin the benefits of biodiesel? Unfortunately
, it is a
question of supply and demand. Because biodiesel relies on plant and animal oils
,
large tracts of oil-bearing plants are being cultivated. The most common sources
of oil,
today, are soybeans (in the US) and oil palms (much of the rest of the world).
Neither of these species is the perfect choice for biodiesel production, but the
y are
cheap, easily cultivated and already in use. In fact, enormous sections of old-g
rowth
forests have been felled in countries like Malaysia in order to plant more oil p
alms.
In addition, the UK has already taken steps to limit the importation of oil from
countries
that do not cultivate and harvest using a sustainable method. This is only a sin
gle
example of the potential effects of long-term biodiesel use.

A Bright Spot
Not all is bleak in the development of biodiesel. New research and tests on alga
e show
incredible promise. While oil harvesting from algae is not quite ready for home
use, it
does have potential to change the landscape dramatically. Why is this? Algae can
be
farmed in areas where other species will not grow, including deserts and even in
the
ocean. This means that less arable land will have to be converted from food prod
uction
to oil production and reduces the impact of long-term biodiesel use.
Chapter 3
Production Methods Defined

Now that your questions about the benefits and uses of biodiesel have been answe
red,
it's time to move on to the next subject.
How do you make biodiesel? How do you make it safely? What are the differences
between home production and commercial production? How much can you produce for
home use before you must become a commercial producer? These and many other
questions will be answered in the following sections.

The Simplest Method of Biodiesel Production

Can biodiesel be produced simply? What are the drawbacks to simple, easy
production? Are there safety concerns? Here's a bit of information for those see
king
the quickest, easiest solution to producing biodiesel.
The fastest method of production is to simply dump your source material directly
into a
processor, heat the mixture and siphon off the top layer. This is then allowed t
o settle in
a third container, siphoned off and then placed directly into a fuel receptacle
(gas can).
Sounds simple, doesn't it? It certainly is. It is also dangerous, creates poor q
uality
biodiesel that does not meet federal requirements and can fill your home with ha
rmful
vapors. This is a poor choice for anyone seeking a viable alternative fuel sourc
e.
Unfortunately, when dealing with biodiesel, simple is not always the best answer
.
However, doing it correctly can be relatively simple, once you have mastered a f
ew
steps. Below, you will find the required steps to produce biodiesel safely and
effectively. This process will give you the highest quality product, with minimu
m hassle
and trouble.
Safe, Effective and Practical Biodiesel Production
Ensuring that your biodiesel production is safe is vital to your health, your fa
mily's safety
and even the finished product of your efforts. Below, you'll find several sectio
ns
outlining the production process, the items you need to purchase and more.
By producing your biodiesel in a safe, effective manner, you will not only lower
the risks
associated with fuel production, but also be able to enjoy the benefits of your
own fuel,
lowered costs and independence.

Step 1 Choose your Location

The location that you choose for production is vital. Numerous videos on YouTube
and
around the Internet show people making biodiesel right in their kitchen. While t
his is
certainly possible, it is not advisable.
The location should be:
Out of the way
In a low-traffic area
In a well-ventilated area
Out of the reach of children
Out of the reach of pets
In a location that maintains a constant temperature

In most cases, a garage is the best place for production. Keep the door locked a
t all
times to ensure that children cannot gain inadvertent access to your biodiesel.
Remember, you are producing fuel; it is toxic if consumed by pets or children an
d can
be lethal.
If a garage is not available, or yours is currently filled with the accumulated
debris of
passing years, a storage building is a good option. These can be found quite aff
ordably
and offer plenty of space. Some come prewired for electricity, and have windows
for
ventilation, though these can also be added to other models.
Regardless of where you decide to put your production equipment, ensure that the
re is
plenty of room for the processor and other assorted necessities. Because process
or
footprints vary drastically with type, manufacturer and materials used, have an
idea in
mind of how much space you will need.

Step 2 Choose Your Safety Equipment

While the processor and other included equipment (hoses, pumps, heaters, etc) ar
e
also part of your safety equipment, you will need some specific items on hand to
help
protect yourself from the corrosive, dangerous agents used to produce biodiesel.
You
should have:
Safety Goggles These handy little devices will keep biodiesel, lye and methanol
out
of your eyes during production. Lye is especially caustic and can cause blindnes
s if
care is not exercised during use.
Chemical Resistant Apron Yes, you'll need to wear an apron while concocting your
fuel. By eliminating contact between skin/clothing and your chemicals, you can h
elp
ensure your safety. The apron chosen should be of vinyl (rubber can work, but ex
pect
to replace it) and long enough to come just above your knees.
Protective Gloves Never, never handle biodiesel or additives without the aid of
heavy-duty protective gloves. In addition, rubber gloves are not a viable choice
due to
the corrosive effects of biodiesel on rubber. Nitrile PVC gloves are a good choi
ce.
These are disposable and should not degrade due to contact with biodiesel.
Heavy Clothing Finally, make sure you are wearing heavy clothing during producti
on.
This does not mean bundling up in a parka. Wear jeans, a long-sleeved shirt and
appropriate footwear (work boots are a good choice). Heavier clothing helps elim
inate
inadvertent contact with biodiesel and associated chemicals.
Face Mask Wearing a facemask can help reduce the amount of vapors you inhale. In
addition, never work with biodiesel without proper ventilation. Ensure that ther
e are
several open windows in your work area to allow vapors to be dissipated. A SCUBA
apparatus is the best choice, as organic canisters do not filter out methanol fu
mes.
Pumps Using pumps and hoses is more than a handy tool to increase the ease of
production. The use of pumps for creating the methoxide mixture, transferring th
at
mixture to the processing tank and other needs is a vital part of safety. By ens
uring that
methanol and methoxide are not exposed to the air, you can immediately reduce th
e
amount of harmful vapors to which you are exposed.
Fire Extinguishers - While it is hoped that you will never need one, biodiesel a
nd
methanol are flammable. Keeping at least one fire extinguisher handy at all time
s is
vital to your safety and wellbeing, as well as that of your family. Choose a fir
e
extinguisher rated for fuel and oil fires.

Step 3 Choosing Your Processor

The processor that you choose is vital to your production. As mentioned previous
ly in
this book, you have the choice of purchasing a premade processor, or building yo
ur
own. If you choose to build your own, you will need plans to help with the proce
ss.
Thankfully, the Internet is full of plans, most of which are reliable.
If you choose to purchase a premade system, opt for steel, rather than plastic.
Plastic
processors can catch fire, often seal poorly, and can even affect the quality of
your
biodiesel.
What should a good processor include? What shape, size, construction and materia
ls
should be used? Unfortunately, these criteria are difficult to answer. Size and
shape
are largely personal preference, based on your needs and usage. However, there a
re
some vital elements that you must ensure are present (or absent).
Copper Never use copper processors or processors with copper elements.
Copper can ruin your oil by catalyzing it.
Plastic Try to avoid plastic. While some plastic models are effective, most are
a waste of time.
Steel Steel is the best option for your processor. It need not be stainless stee
l,
though stainless options exist and can provide exterior corrosion resistance (th
e
interior will not corrode).
Size and Shape The size and shape of your processor will be determined by
the type of stirring/agitation system that you use. For instance, squat processo
rs
require much more forceful agitation to be effective, while tall, thin ones requ
ire
less effort.
Insulation Insulated tanks offer some benefits. However, they will not have
heaters, forcing you to use an alternative means of heating your mixture.
Thermostat A thermostat is not required, though it can be a darn handy tool. If
your processor is equipped with a thermostat, you can leave the machine
operating until the process has finished. Without the thermostat, you will have
to
manually check the temperature to ensure that overheating does not occur.
Footprint The footprint taken up by your processor and equipment must easily
fit within your workspace, with room to spare. Measure your workspace and
choose an option compatible. A processor that is too large will have obvious
drawbacks.
Agitation Method You must choose an agitation method that fits your processor
tank. The two popular methods of agitation are stirring using blades and
agitation using a pump.
Step 4 Chemicals Necessary for Production
You cannot make biodiesel without heat and without chemicals. Thankfully, the
chemicals needed are few and easily obtained. However, they do pose risks and mu
st
be handled carefully. Ensure that you have the safety equipment listed previousl
y in
this book.
Lye Lye is used during the creation of methoxide. Ensure that you use KOH
(potassium hydroxide). While this is more expensive than sodium hydroxide, it
dissolves much more easily in the methanol. Lye of 85% purity and above can
be used, though the higher the purity level, the better your process will work.
NaOH can be used with waste vegetable oil.
Methanol Methanol is readily available in many different forms. It often
masquerades as fondue fuel and even gas line antifreeze. Make sure that you
get methanol and not ethanol; ethanol will not work for this process. In additio
n,
check the manufacturer's label to ensure that it is methanol and not "white gas.
"

You should be able to find both chemicals through local stores. However, if you
cannot
locate them in your local area, the Internet is a handy source. Just ensure that
you
know the purity and contents of what you are purchasing. A reputable source is v
ital for
your production.

Step 5 Your Heat Source

Your fuel source must be heated while being stirred or agitated. Ensuring that y
ou have
the correct type of heat source is vital. Never, never use direct heating, such
as an
open flame. Use only indirect heat or a heat exchange system.
These can be found online or through specialty stores in the physical world. In
addition,
as mentioned previously, you should have a thermostat with your heat source to e
nsure
that you are able to maintain proper temperature at all times. Overheating produ
ces
excess fumes, as well as other problems.

Step 6 Making Methoxide

You will use the lye and methanol to create methoxide, which is added to your oi
l during
the production process. However, making methoxide requires certain steps and saf
ety
precautions. Below, you'll find a guide to making it the safest way possible, as
well as
other information required for success. These measurements are for a 10-liter ba
tch of
biodiesel. For information about running test batches, see later sections.
Step 1- Pour 2 liters of methanol into a strong glass container with a sealable
lid
Step 2 Measure 35 grams of lye (be quick; lye absorbs moisture very quickly
from the surrounding air)
Step 3 Pour lye into the glass container with the methanol
Step 4 Seal the container!
Step 6 Swirl the mixture inside the container several times to facilitate the
dissolving process
Step 7 Be careful; methoxide gets quite warm during the mixing process
Step 8 When fully dissolved, add the mixture, while stirring, into pre-warmed oi
l
in your processor

Safety Notes
Methoxide is a corrosive substance; you must handle this with great care. In add
ition,
ensure that you do not allow either your lye container or your methanol containe
r to
remain open during the process. Both absorb moisture from the surrounding
atmosphere, which can prove problematic during the production of biodiesel.
Make sure that all equipment is clean and free of moisture for this process. You
will
also need two funnels; one for the methanol and one for the lye.
Finally, ensure that your measurements are extremely accurate. Inaccurate
measurements will result in an unusable product.

Step 7 Agitation and Settling

Make sure that your oil is heated to 131-140 degrees Fahrenheit prior to adding
your
methoxide. You will notice an immediate reaction, as the oil turns from a dark c
olor to a
light golden color. However, the reaction is not finished. Agitation must be mai
ntained
for some time.
For a 10-liter batch, stirring should be done for 1 2 hours. After stirring, you
should
allow the mixture to settle overnight. The next day, you will be able to siphon
biodiesel
out of the processor and leave the glycerin byproduct in the bottom of the proce
ssor.
However, you cannot use your biodiesel, just yet. There are a few more steps
necessary for completion.

Step 8 Washing Your Biodiesel

You'll remember the washing test from a previous chapter. Washing your biodiesel
is
not only important, it's vital to ensuring that you have the correct product for
use in your
engine. Washing is not only an important way to test for purity, it also leads t
o greater
purity by removing even more contaminants.
What contaminants does washing remove? You'll find that by washing your biodiese
l,
you are able to remove excess methanol, lye, soaps and other harmful byproducts
that
can wreak havoc on your vehicle.
To wash your biodiesel, you must:
Add roughly half as much water as biodiesel to the container
 Add an aerator with a ceramic air-stone
Drop the air-stone to the bottom of the container (where the water is now locate
d)
Turn on the aerator and leave the mixture alone

However, the process is not finished with this. You must wash the biodiesel at l
east
three or four times with this method, with each wash taking approximately seven
hours
to complete. Between each wash cycle, you should allow the mixture to settle for
at
least 1 2 hours. Yes, that's a lot of time. The final product is of a higher qua
lity than
what was previously in your tank, though.
An alternative method is called "stir washing" and offers a much faster process.
This
involves the following:
Add the same quantity of water as used in the previous method to the mixture
Use a blade stir to agitate the mixture for approximately five minutes
Allow the mixture to settle for at least 1 full hour
Siphon off the top "clear" section of biodiesel
Repeat the stirring, settling and siphoning process until all of the fuel has be
en
washed

Step 9 Drying Your Fuel

Now that your biodiesel is nice and clean, it's time to dry it. There are two wa
ys in
which you can do this. The first, simpler method, is to simply allow the fuel to
air dry for
24 hours after washing. Use a vented container and leave the fuel in the sunligh
t for a
day or so.
The second method involves heating the biodiesel to 120 degrees Fahrenheit and
allowing it to cool with a vented cap for a full 24-hours. The result should be
a clear
liquid. However, if it is cloudy, you many need to wash it again and repeat the
drying
process.

Step 10 Storing Your Fuel

Now that the fuel has been washed and dried, it's time to decant it into storage
containers. Use only approved gas containers, such as a plastic gas can with an
HDPE
rating.
Biodiesel can be stored for several months, much like diesel and regular gasolin
e.
However, it cannot be stored indefinitely. If you choose to store your biodiesel
longer
than six months, you will need to use additives to extend its lifespan and usefu
lness.
Chapter 4
Large Scale and Commercial Production

Biodiesel has proven not only a reliable homebrewed fuel, but has entered the ma
rket
through large-scale production facilities. You'll find biodiesel in almost every
state in the
US, most of it made from soybeans. It is also widely available throughout Europe
(more
so than in the States). European biodiesel is often made with palm oil or other
sources,
though rarely with soybean oil.
Large scale and commercial production of biodiesel requires strict adherents to
federal
mandates for quality and purity. In addition, many commercially available biodie
sel
brands are of lower quality than many homebrewed options. This is due to the rel
ative
cost involved with creating the fuel, as well as the difference in feedstock use
d for
biodiesel.
As mentioned, most biodiesels in the US rely on soybean oil for production. Howe
ver,
soybeans are not the preferred source of oil. Many homebrew enthusiasts are will
ing to
use higher-quality oils, such as canola. In addition, the homebrew process is of
ten
capable of creating a higher-quality product simply because of attention to deta
il, no
production deadlines and other factors.
However, with a higher-quality oil, commercial manufacturing of biodiesel can cr
eate the
same quality fuel as home-brewed options. In addition to the right feedstock, a
commercial producer will require optimal equipment. This means locating
manufacturing equipment suppliers.
The History of Large Scale Biodiesel Production
Biodiesel has been around for a very long time. In fact, it was used in the 1900
World's
Fair to power a tractor at the behest of the French government. However, it has
not
been widely used or widely manufactured until recent years.
The reason that biodiesel has not enjoyed a longer production run is simple. Pet
roleum
has been cheaper and more widely available than biodiesel for decades. However,
that
is changing as the world nears the end of viable fossil fuel deposits.
To find a viable alternative fuel, many manufacturers have turned to biodiesel a
s an
option. Many governments around the globe have mandated that commercial
petroleum diesel contain a percentage of biodiesel, as well (2% in many cases).
However, other blends have become available, as well. Blends such as B20 and B80
are available in most areas. B100 is the rating for pure biodiesel, which is ava
ilable in
some areas, though by no means in all.

Biodiesel Resources, Equipment Manufacturers and More

Whether your interest in biodiesel is from a homebrew or a commercial standpoint
, you'll
need to be able to find the equipment, chemicals and tools required to create th
e fuel.
Here is a list of valuable resources for your use.

US Biodiesel Kits and Supplies

B100 Supply.com Offers home brewers the equipment, books and other supplies
required to successfully brew biodiesel at home
Home Biodiesel Kits.com Provides filtering systems, biodiesel kits and
preassembled options for the serious home brewer
Biodiesel Solutions.com Provides support to home-based biodiesel brewers, as wel
l
as equipment, supplies and information
Olympia Green Fuels.com Provides processors capable of small or large-scale
batches for home use, as well as light commercial use, farm use and more
Doctor Diesel.com Supplies biodiesel equipment for small-scale operations
Utah Biodiesel Supply.com Supplies biodiesel equipment, books, information,
promotional materials and chemicals for production at home
Biodiesel-Technologies.com Provides commercial and homebrew setups with
viable equipment to increase production speed and production quality

Biodiesel Retailers (and Oil Resellers)

Biodiesel.org Provides a map of all biodiesel retailers in the US
Oliomap.com Helps locate retailers of vegetable oils, biodiesel, equipment and o
ther
necessities
FuelWerks.com Sells biodiesel for use in commercial and personal vehicles, as we
ll
as blends, and storage containers for any capacity required
SQBiofuels.com Markets and distributes biodiesel regionally (Oregon), as well as
having national connections. Supplies B100 and blends for automotive use, as wel
l as
home heating and more
BiofuelOasis.com Provides commercial biodiesel for a variety of uses and needs i
n
any size batch required
BuyBiodiesel.com Supplies biodiesel to commercial interests and other needs.
Does not specialize in homebrew or consumer-end production

Large-Scale Production Equipment

Biodiesel-Technologies.com Lease and sale of important biodiesel production
equipment for commercial production
JatroDiesel.com Offers refining services, production, research and development,
as
well as commercial equipment for large-scale production of biodiesel
NovaBioSource.com Provides biodiesel produced from multiple feedstock types, as
well as equipment rental, leasing and sales
Chapter 5
Usable Plants, Recipes and More

To make biodiesel successfully, you'll need to have the right recipe. Just like
baking a
cake or preparing a complicated dish, a recipe is vital to your success. By foll
owing the
guidelines of other, more experienced makers, you can attain the best results al
most
immediately. In addition, knowing the plants that can be used to produce oil is
also
important for your needs.

Usable Plants
Quite a few plants can provide you with the oil vital to making biodiesel. Howev
er, not
all plants produce the correct oil for your use.
In addition to the types of seeds and plants relevant, you'll need to know which
ones
offer the most benefit. Below, you'll find seeds listed with their per acre oil
production
rates.
corn 18 gallons per acre
cashew nut - 19 gallons per acre
oats - 23 gallons per acre
lupine - 25 gallons per acre
kenaf - 29 gallons per acre
calendula - 33 gallons per acre

coffee - 49 gallons per acre

linseed - 51 gallons per acre
hazelnuts - 51 gallons per acre
euphorbia - 56 gallons per acre
pumpkin seed - 57 gallons per acre
coriander - 57 gallons per acre
 cotton - 35 gallons per acre
hemp - 39 gallons per acre
soybean - 48 gallons per acre
tung oil tree - 100 gallons per acre
sunflowers - 102 gallons per acre
cacao - 110 gallons per acre
peanuts - 113 gallons per acre
opium poppy - 124 gallons per acre
rapeseed - 127 gallons per acre
olives - 129 gallons per acre
castor beans - 151 gallons per acre
pecan nuts - 191 gallons per acre

mustard seed - 61 gallons per acre

camelina - 62 gallons per acre
sesame - 74 gallons per acre
safflower - 83 gallons per acre
rice - 88 gallons per acre
jojoba - 194 gallons per acre
jatropha - 202 gallons per acre
macadamia nuts - 240 gallons per
acre
brazil nuts - 255 gallons per acre
avocado - 282 gallons per acre
coconut - 287 gallons per acre
oil palm - 635 gallons per acre

A Note on Algae Production

Algae is perhaps the most-hyped option for oil production for biodiesel creation
.
However, while the potential yields are great, the technology is not in place fo
r
commercial production, much less home production.
Algae holds the most potential for a renewable resource, which takes up less spa
ce
than any other crop. As mentioned earlier in the book, algae can be grown in des
erts,
in the ocean, almost anywhere that other oil-bearing crops cannot be grown. In
addition, some estimates put the oil production from a garage-size batch of alga
e as the
equivalent of a full football field of soybeans.
Thus, while algae may be the future of biodiesel production, it is certainly not
the
present. Both homebrew enthusiasts and commercial producers must rely on
conventional crops for the present.

Recipes
Finally, for your information, here are some of the best recipes for creating bi
odiesel
from a variety of different feedstock choices.
This recipe produces approximately 40 gallons of biodiesel:
Start With
40 gallons of used vegetable oil
Filter the oil by pouring it through a strainer
Pour 40 gallons of oil into the processor
Heat the oil to 120 degrees Fahrenheit
Check the temperature with a thermometer (if you have a thermostat, set it for t
he
correct temperature)
(Do not use an open flame to heat the processor)
Titration
You will need: distilled water, isopropyl alcohol, lye (NaOH) not KOH, graduated
eyedropper, pH meter, 2 small dishes, 1-liter container
Creating your lye/water solution:
Dissolve 50 ml of lye in 500 ml distilled water within the provided container
Save the excess solution for use with later batches.
Prepare the First Dish
5 ml of the lye/water mixture added to dish 1
45 ml of distilled water added to dish 1
Prepare the Second Dish
40 ml of isopropyl alcohol added to dish 2
4 ml used vegetable oil added to dish 2
Mix the contents of dish 2 together until dissolved, ensuring that the mixture r
emains
warm
Use the pH meter to check the level of pH within dish 2
Titration of the oil
1 ml of solution in dish 1 should be placed into dish 2
Check the pH level of the result
Continue adding solution from dish 1 to dish 2 until the pH climbs several level
s
Calculate Titration
L = ((D / 4) + 3.5) * O
D = Number of 1 ml drops placed in dish 2 during titration
O = Milliliters of oil to be reacted L = Number of grams of lye needed for react
ion to
occur
Record L for use in next step
Creating Methoxide
Items Needed: methanol, lye, and (2) 5-gallon buckets with lids
Prepare Buckets
Clean both buckets
Drill 1/4" hole in the center of each bucket lid
Prepare Methanol
Pour 4 gallons of methanol into each bucket
Place lids on lightly
Prepare Lye
Locate the L value from the Titration step
Divide L by 2 to make GL
GL = Grams of lye to use in each bucket
Measure two sets of GL grams of lye
Set lye aside for use when mixing with the methanol
Mix the Buckets
Remove the lid from the first bucket
Stir the methanol in the first bucket
While stirring, add the premeasured lye to the first bucket
Mix until the lye is dissolved, which takes approximately 10 minutes
Repeat the process with the second bucket
Adding Methoxide to the Processor
Ensure Oil in Processor is at 120 degrees Fahrenheit
Remove the lid from each bucket
Carefully pour the contents into the processor
Mixing the Oil
Mix 5 Minutes, Wait 10 Minutes
Repeat 4 times
Allow Oil to Separate
Let the mixture sit for at least 12 hours (24 is preferable)
This allows the biodiesel and glycerin to separate, with the biodiesel rising to
the top
and the glycerin condensing on the bottom of the processor
Soap may also form between the biodiesel and glycerin
Remove the Biodiesel
Remove the biodiesel from the processor by siphoning or pumping
All that should be left in the processor is byproduct layer
Dispose of the glycerin remaining in the processor
Washing the Biodiesel
Add half as much water to the container as biodiesel
Add an aerator and air-stone (use ceramic stones)
Turn on the aerator and leave running for approximately 24 hours
Watch for emulsification during this time
Turn off aerator when time is up
Allow Water & Oil to Separate
Allow mixture to settle for at least 12 hours; this allows the mixture to separa
te
Remove Biodiesel with Siphon
Drain biodiesel layer into a clean container
Allow biodiesel to dry until clear (cover container with vented lid)
If product is cloudy after 24 hours, heat mixture to 120 degrees Fahrenheit and
allow to
dry another 24 hours
Transfer to Storage Container
The containers must be rated for holding fuel
Drain the remaining biodiesel layer into an open container
Store until ready to use
Fill Fuel Tank
Fill the fuel tank of any vehicle with a diesel engine
Biodiesel can be mixed with regular diesel fuel in any ratio
A further recipe for your convenience uses only new oil, thus requiring KOH rath
er than
NaOH (lye), as well as the use of something other than isopropyl alcohol. In add
ition,
this recipe is for creating a small, "test" batch of biodiesel. However, with a
few minor
calculations, you can convert it to any batch size necessary.
Ingredients
1 liter of new unused vegetable oil
4 grams or more of lye
250 ml methanol
Equipment Needed
Two clean, dry 2-liter plastic bottles
A funnel
A dry, 600 ml (1 pint) glass jar, with a lid that gives a tight seal
A 500 ml metric measuring cup
Metric scales
Cooking thermometer
Plastic safety gloves
Plastic lab apron
Face shield or safety glasses
Procedure
Put on your safety gear
Measure 250 ml of room temperature methanol into the one-pint jar.
Measure 4g of lye and add to the methanol. Secure the lid tightly.
Agitate the jar until the lye is completely dissolved. It will heat up as the re
action takes
place. Leave for at least 10 minutes.
Heat the 1-liter of new vegetable oil to 140°F only.
Use the funnel to pour the warmed oil into the dry 2-liter plastic bottle.
Use the funnel to pour the methanol/lye mixture on top of the oil.
Seal the lid tightly on the 2-liter bottle and shake vigorously for 20 seconds
Allow an hour for the contents to separate. The biodiesel will rise to the top,
while
glycerin sinks to the bottom.
The biodiesel will be cloudy at first. Let it rest and it should clarify.
Take off the lid and gently drain the biodiesel into the other dry, clean 2-lite
r plastic
bottle using a funnel. The glycerin should remain in the original container.
Wash 1
Gently pour 500 ml of room temperature water into the biodiesel and cap tightly.
Rotate the bottle very gently end to end a few times for 30 seconds and then sta
nd it
upright.
Once the water and biodiesel have separated, uncap and drain the water off.
Wash 2
Repeat all the process in the step above but this time gently rotate the bottle
for 1
minute.
Wash 3
Repeat the step above.
Wash 4
Repeat the previous step but shake bottle briskly.
Wash 5
Repeat washing but shake vigorously.
Allow your biodiesel to clarify for a day or so in warm sunlight.
The final recipe is simply steps that can be followed with any amount of oil nec
essary
and can be modified to fit your needs.
What You Need:
Sodium Hydroxide (Lye)
Graduated eyedropper
Petri dish
20 ml beaker
1500 ml beaker
Blender with a glass bowl
Used cooking oil
500 ml beaker
Isopropyl alcohol
Litmus paper
Methanol
Titration Process
Measure 1 gram of sodium hydroxide onto a Petri dish
Measure 1 liter of distilled water into a 1500 ml beaker.
Measure 10 ml of isopropyl alcohol into a 20ml beaker
Dissolve 1ml of used vegetable oil into the isopropyl alcohol.
Label oil/alcohol
Use the graduated eyedropper to drop 1 milliliter of the sodium hydroxide mixtur
e into
the oil/alcohol solution
After 1 milliliter of the sodium hydroxide mixture is added, check the pH of the
resulting
solution
Repeat these steps until the oil/alcohol reaches a pH of between eight & nine. T
he pH
increase often occurs very suddenly, after a slow start. Usually no more than 3
milliliters of sodium hydroxide mixture will need to be added.
Use the following equation:
The number of milliliters of the sodium hydroxide mixture dropped into the oil/a
lcohol
mixture = x
(x+3.5)=N
N= the number of grams of sodium hydroxide required to neutralize and react 1 li
ter of
used vegetable oil
N will be between 4.5-6.5, but it can have a higher rating if the oil has been u
sed
previously
Step 2 Measuring the Ingredients (Reactants)
Measure the reactants in separate containers
Pour the liter of filtered, used oil into a 1500ml beaker
200 ml of methanol into a 500 ml beaker
N grams of sodium hydroxide onto a Petri dish
Step 3 Dissolving the Sodium Hydroxide (Lye) with Methanol
The third step combines the methanol with the sodium hydroxide, creating sodium
methoxide. Once the lye has been dissolved in the methanol, the resulting mixtur
e
must be dissolved into the oil as soon as possible.
Pour the methanol into a blender, cleaning up any spills immediately, using wate
r and
vinegar.
Pour the lye into the blender.
Replace the lid on the blender and use the lowest setting on the machine for 30
seconds. The lye should have dissolved into the methanol at this point; the blen
der
may be quite warm to the touch.
Step 4 Mixing them Up
Keep your face away from the blender as you remove the lid.
Pour the vegetable oil into the blender (very carefully). In a larger scale prod
uction, the
methoxide would be added directly to the processor, where the oil is being warme
d.
Place the lid back on the blender and switch to medium-high for 15 minutes. If
overheating occurs during this time, simply switch off the blender and wait unti
l it has
cooled sufficiently for use.
Step 5 Settling of the Glycerin
Allow the glycerin to settle for at least 8 hours (longer is better). The biodie
sel collects
at the top of the blender and the glycerin will collect at the bottom.
Step 6 Separation
After blending, the contents can either be transferred into a 1500ml container w
ith a
stopper or left in the blender for at least 8 hours.
 Step 7 Cleaning Up
Store the leftover used vegetable oil in a safe, cool place.
Clean all the equipment so it is ready to use.
Allow the glycerin to dry in air and sunlight for 1 week and then use as soap or
discard.
Conclusion
In conclusion, biodiesel offers numerous benefits for a wide variety of needs.
Consumer, commercial interests and many others can make excellent use of the
product. However, until viable alternative sources of oil are located, the wides
pread use
of biodiesel in a commercial setting seems unviable.
While the commercial sector may see limited benefits, the private sector (homebr
ew
methods) stands to gain enormously. Biodiesel is a potential investment option f
or
interested commercial entrepreneurs, but the private maker stands to gain much m
ore
from the production and use of the fuel.
Biodiesel is a fantastic way to reduce dependence on oil, help the environment,
ensure
that your vehicle operates smoothly and more. In addition, manufacturing the fue
l can
be an interesting exercise in science.
That said, the future of biodiesel is bright with potential, if algae can be har
nessed for
actual use and production. These tiny creatures are capable of alleviating much
of the
world's hunger for energy, by supplying cheap, renewable energy through the
conversion of oils into biodiesel.