W Principles of The WCDMA System 20080428 A 1

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Principles of
the WCDMA System
www.huawei.com
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential

Preface
• Now, the most popular term in the mobile

communication field is WCDMA!
• What is WCDMA? And what is its benefit?
• Today, let’s go to know about WCDMA!
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 2

Objectives
• After studying this course, you
should be able to:
[ Know the basic knowledge of the CDMA
system.
[ Master advantages of the CDMA technology
comparing with other multiple access
technologies.
[ Know technical features of WCDMA FDD.

Contents
Chapter 1 Overview of CDMA Principles
Chapter 2 Technical Features of WCDMA

FDD

Overview of CDMA
Principles
• Radio Propagation Environment
• Multiple Access Technology and

Duplex Technology
• CDMA Principles and Rake

Receiver

Multipath Environment
Transmitted
signal
Strength of the
received signal
Time

Fading
Transmitted data
Received data
0
-5
- 10
- 15
dB
- 20
- 25
- 30
- 35
- 40

Fading
Rx power (dBm)
-20 Fast fading

Slow fading
-40
-60
Distance (m)
10 20 30

Frequency-Selective
Fading
P(f) P(f)
Fading
Narrowband
Narrowband
System
System
f f
Transmit Signal Received Signal
P(f) P(f)
Fading
Broadband
Broadband
System
System f f
Transmit Signal Received Signal

Radio Channel Model

Transmitted signal
Current path weight
Current path weight

Guassian noise
Received signal
Current path weight
Channel analog
Current path weight

Channel analog
Channel analog
Channel analog

Classification of Typical Radio Mobile

Channels
• Static channel
• Pedestrian channel in typical urban areas (TU3)
• Vehicle mounted channel in typical urban areas
(TU30)
• Vehicle mounted channel in rural areas (RA50)
• Vehicle mounted channel on the highway
(HT120)

Overview of CDMA Principles

Duplex Technology
• CDMA Principles and Rake Receiver

Duplex Technology – Distinguish User’s

UL and DL Signal – FDD
• Frequency division duplex (FDD) : Distinguish

the uplink and downlink according to the
frequencies.
§ Adopted by the WCDMA, CDMA2000 and GSM
§ Advantage: It can be easily implemented.
§ Disadvantage: The spectrum utilization is low when the uplink and
downlink services (mainly the data services) are asymmetrical.

Duplex Technology – Distinguish User’s

UL and DL Signal – TDD
• Time division duplex (TDD) : Distinguish the uplink and
downlink according to the timeslots.
§ Adopted by the TD-SCDMA
§ Advantage: The uplink and downlink can be allocated with different numbers
of timeslots when the uplink and downlink services are asymmetrical.
Therefore, the spectrum utilization is high.
§ Disadvantage:
q It cannot be easily implemented and needs precise synchronization. In the CDMA system, GPS
synchronization is needed.
q When it is used with the CDMA technology, it is difficult to control interference between the
uplink and the downlink.

Multiple Access Technology -

Distinguish Different Users
CDMA
Traffic channels: different
users are assigned unique
code and transmitted over
Power
the same frequency band,
for example, WCDMA and
Time ncy
Freque CDMA2000
TDMA
Power
Traffic channels: different time slots
nc
y are allocated to different users, for
Tim q ue
Fre
example, DAMPS and GSM
FDMA e
Us
e
Us ser r
U
Power Us er
Us er Traffic channels: different frequency bands
er cy are allocated to different users,for example,
en
u
T im eq
e Fr AMPS and TACS

Characteristics of CDMA System

• High Spectral Efficiency
§ Frequency multiplex coefficient is 1.
• Soft capacity
§ Quality
§ Coverage
§ Interference
• Self-interference system
§ A UE transmission power is interference for another UE.
• Wideband system

Overview of WCDMA Principles

Duplex Technology
• CDMA Principles and Rake

Receiver

Questions
• Why does the WCDMA system have enhanced anti-
interference performance?
• Why is the WCDMA system more secure?
• Why are the WCDMA handsets more environment
protective?

Common Terms
• Bit, symbol and chip
§ Bit (bps): the data that is obtained upon source coding and contains
information.
§ Symbol (sps): the data obtained upon channel coding and interleaving.
§ Chip (cps): the data obtained upon final spreading.
q The spreading rate of WCDMA is: 3.84 Mcps
• Processing gain
§ It refers to the ratio of the final spreading rate to the bit rate (cps/bps).
§ In the WCDMA system, the processing gain depends on the specific
service.

Spreading Factor and Service

Rate
• Chip rate = symbol rate × spreading factor
§ For WCDMA, if the chip rate is 3.84 MHz and the spreading factor is 4, the
symbol rate is 960 Kbps.
§ For CDMA2000-1x, if the chip rate is 1.2288 MHz and the spreading factor
is 64, the symbol rate is 19.2 Kbps.
• Symbol rate = (service rate + check code) × channel code
×repetition or punching rate
§ For WCDMA, if the service rate is 384 Kbps and the channel code is 1/3
Turbo, the symbol rate is 960 Kbps.
§ For CDMA2000-1x, if the service rate is 9.6 Kbps and the channel code is
1/3 convolutional code, the symbol rate is 19.2 Kbps.

Basic Diagram of the WCDMA

System
Channel RF
Source
coding and Spreading Scrambling Modulation transmission
coding
interleaving
Radio link
Channel
Source deinterleaving RF
decoding and De-spreading De-scrambling Demodulation
decoding reception
de-interleaving

Source Coding in WCDMA

• The WCDMA system adopts the adaptive multi-rate (AMR)
speech coding.
§ A total of eight coding modes are available. The coding rate ranges from 12.2
Kbps to 4.75 Kbps.
§ Multiple voice rates are compatible with the coding modes used by current
mainstream mobile communication systems. This facilitates the design of multi-
mode terminals.
§ The system automatically adjusts the voice rate according to the distance
between the user and the NodeB, thus reducing the number of handovers and
call drop.
§ The system automatically decreases the voice rate of some users according to
the cell load, thus saving power and containing more users.
Channel
Source RF
Interleaving
coding and Spreading Scrambling Modulation transmission
coding
interleaving

Channel Coding in WCDMA

• Channel coding can enhance symbol correlation to recover
signals in the case of interference.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
• Code type
§ Voice service: convolutional code (1/2 and 1/3) . The constraint length is 9,
and 8 tail bits are added.
§ Data service: Turbo code (1/3) , consisting of two 8-state parallel
concatenated convolutional codes (PCCC) , as well as 6 tail bits.
Channel
Source RF
Interleaving
coding Spreading Scrambling Modulation
coding transmission
interleaving

Interleaving
• Interleaving is used to damage symbol correlation and
reduce the impact caused by fast fading and interference of
the channel.
11 22 33 44 55 66 77 88 ...
... ...
... 452
452 453
453 454
454 ……
……
Ist interleaving B0 B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 B7
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
. . . . . . . .
.... . . . . . . . .
....
. . . . . . . .
449 450 451 452 453 454 455 456
2nd interleaving
{A4,B0}
{A4,B0} {A5,B1}
{A5,B1} {A6,B2}
{A6,B2} {A7,B3}
{A7,B3} {B4,C0}
{B4,C0} {B5,C1}
{B5,C1} {B6,C2}
{B6,C2} {B7,C3}
{B7,C3}

Self Correlation and Mutual Correlation

of Code Words
• Different users adopt different spreading code
words, such as x1(t) , x2(t) ….
§ Self correlation determines multipath interference.
§ Mutual correlation determines multiple access interference.
• Self-correlation function
§ R(τ) =<x1(t) ，x1(t+τ) >
• Mutual-correlation function
§ V(τ) =<x1(t) ，x2(t+τ) >

Spreading Principle
• Users who need to send information: UE1, UE2 and UE3
§ UE1 uses c1 for spreading: UE1 × c1
§ c1, c2 and c3 are mutually orthogonal.
• Information sent: UE1 × c1+ UE2 × c2+ UE3 × c3
Channel RF
Source Interleaving Scrambling
coding and Spreading Modulation transmission
coding
interleaving

De-spreading Principle
• UE1 uses c1 for de-spreading.
§ (UE1 × c1 + UE2 × c2 + UE3 × c3) × c1
=UE1 × (c1 × c1) + UE2 × (c2 × c1) + UE3 × (c3 × c1)
=UE1 × 1 + UE2 × 0 + UE3 × 0
=UE1
• In the same way, UE2 uses c2 for de-spreading and UE3
uses c3 for de-spreading to obtain their own signals.

Spreading Principle
____________
UE1: ＋1 －1 1
_____________
UE2: －1 ＋1
c1: ＋1 －1 ＋1 －1 ＋1 －1 ＋1 －1
c2: ＋1 ＋1 ＋1 ＋1 ＋1 ＋1 ＋1 ＋1
UE1×c1: ＋1 －1 ＋1 －1 －1 ＋1 －1 ＋1
UE2×c2: －1 －1 －1 －1 ＋1 ＋1 ＋1 ＋1
UE1×c1＋ UE2×c2: 0 －2 0 －2 0 ＋2 0 ＋2

De-spreading Principle
UE1×c1＋ UE2×c2： 0 －2 0 －2 0 ＋2 0 ＋2
UE1 de-spreading with c1: ＋1 －1 ＋1 －1 ＋1 －1 ＋1 －1
De-spreading result: 0 ＋2 0 ＋2 0 －2 0 －2
Integral: ＋4 －4
Decision: ＋4/4=＋1 －4/4=－1
UE2 de-spreading with c2: ＋1 ＋1 ＋1 ＋1 ＋1 ＋1 ＋1 ＋1

De-spreading result: 0 －2 0 －2 0 ＋2 0 ＋2
Integral: －4 ＋4
Decision : －4/4=－1 ＋4/4=＋1
Question: How to generate mutually orthogonal codes like c1 and c2?

OVSF & Walsh

Cch,4,0 =(1,1,1,1)
Cch,2,0 = (1,1)
Cch,4,1 = (1,1,-1,-1)
Cch,1,0 = (1)
Cch,4,2 = (1,-1,1,-1)
Cch,2,1 = (1,-1)
Cch,4,3 = (1,-1,-1,1)
SF = 1 SF = 2 SF = 4
OVSF codes (Walsh) are completely orthogonal

and their mutual correlation is zero.

Why CDMA system is a self interference

system?
• Since all the users use orthogonal code, where does
the self interference come from?
§ Comes from the code error during the transfer.
§ If there are some code error on one user’s information, it
misses some orthogonal to others. Then interference comes.

Sample of code error

UE1×c1＋ UE2×c2： 0 －2 0 －2 0 ＋2 0 ＋2
UE1×c1＋ UE2×c2 error：2 －2 0 －2 1 ＋2 0 ＋2
c1: ＋1 －1 ＋1 －1 ＋1 －1 ＋1 －1
Result: 2 ＋2 0 ＋2 0 －2 0 －2
Integral: ＋6 －4
Decision: +6/4=1.5 -4/4=-1
C2 ＋1 ＋1 ＋1 ＋1 ＋1 ＋1 ＋1 ＋1
Result: 2 －2 0 －2 0 ＋2 0 ＋2
Integral: －2 ＋4
Decision: －2/4=－0.5 ＋4/4=1

Scrambling in the WCDMA

System
• Downlink: Different cells (sector carrier frequencies)
have different downlink scrambles.
§ Each cell is configured with a unique downlink scramble. The UE identifies a
cell based on the scramble.
§ The OVSF code is used to differentiate different users in a cell.
• Uplink: Scrambles are used to differentiate different
users.
§ In a cell, each user is configured with a unique uplink scramble.
§ The OVSF code is used to differentiate the services of a user.
Channel
Source RF
Interleaving
coding and Spreading Scrambling Modulation
coding transmission
interleaving

Code Generation Technologies in

CDMA
• Random sequence (Bernoulli sequence)
§ It consists of 0’s and 1’s only, with the number of 0’s equal to that of 1’s.
§ The probability of continuous 1 or 0 is as follows: 1/2 for one continuous 0 or 1,
1/4 for two continuous 0 or 1, 1/8 for three continuous 0 or 1….
§ One half of the shift sequence is the same as the original sequence and the
other half is different.
• m sequence — scrambling code used in the CDMA2000
system
§ It is generated by the shift register.
§ As the longest linear shift register sequence, its period is 2n-1, where “n” stands
for the length of the shift register.
§ When the delay is 0, the self-correlation function has one maximum value only.
In other cases, the function value is always -1, that is, the function is of single
valuedness.
§ It meets the Bernoulli sequence.
§ Its disadvantages are: Only one sequence is available and different users are
distinguished by different phases. It has a high requirement for synchronization.

Gold Sequence — Scrambling Code

in the WCDMA System
• Gold sequence
§ It consists of two preferred m sequences on the Exclusive-OR basis.
§ Its self-correlation function has multiple values, which is worse than the m
sequence.
§ It exceeds the m sequence in quantity.
• The gold sequence is used to differentiate the cells and

users in the WCDMA system owing to its good self
correlation.
§ Good self correlation determines the weak mutual correlation among the
segmented sequences, and thus can be used to differentiate users and
realize the multiple access function.

Advantages and Disadvantages of

the Gold Sequence
• Advantages: The gold sequence needs no GPS
synchronization and features high system flexibility and
security.
§ The NodeB can work in asynchronous mode.
§ It is easy to realize indoor coverage.
• Disadvantages: The Gold sequence has greater inter-code
interference than the m sequence.

Spreading/De-spreading Principle —
Explanations for Frequency Domain
Eb / No = Ec / Io × gain
Power spectrum
a2Tbit = Ebit
Demodulation
Allowed maximum interference threshold
level of the system
Gain Power that all the users

can share
Interference
signals from other
users
Echip

CDMA Processing the change frequency
P(f)
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HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 38
Rake Receiver
Correlator 1
The
Correlator 2 Combiner combined
signal
Receive set
Correlator 3
Searcher Calculate the

correlator time delay and
signal strength
s(t) s(t)
t t
RAKE receiver help to overcome on the multi-path fading and enhance the receive
performance of the system

Summary - Advantages of
CDMA • RAKE receiver is adopted
§ The time diversity effect generated by channel
coherence time is efficiently used.
• Frequency diversity
§ Wideband frequency spectrum
• Higher interference tolerance and security
performance
§ Low signal transmission power
• Great flexibility in carrying multiple services with
largely different bit rate and QoS requirement.
§ Different spreading factors for different services with
different data rates
• High spectral efficiency
§ All users can share the same frequency spectrum
simultaneously.
• Supporting soft handover and softer handover.

Contents
Chapter 1 Overview of CDMA Principles
Chapter 2 Technical Features of WCDMA

FDD

Characteristics of WCDMA FDD

• Channel bandwidth: 5MHz
• Chip rate: 3.84Mcps
• Frame length: 10ms
• Voice coding: AMR (Adaptive Multi-Rate)
• Uplink and downlink modulation:
QPSK/QPSK
• Coherence demodulation aided with
pilot
• Fast closed loop power control: 1500Hz
• Handover: soft/hard handover
• Support synchronous and
asynchronous NodeB operation
Characteristics of WCDMA FDD

• Satisfy the minimum performance requirement of
IMT2000
• Compatible with GSM-MAP core network
• Comparatively steady version R99 has been
released
• Support open loop and closed loop transmit
diversity mode
• Support Common Packet Channel(CPCH) and
Downlink Share Channel, adapt to Internet data
access mode
• Support macro diversity, selection diversity of
NodeB location
• Support different fast power control algorithms
and open loop, out loop power control
• Fully support UE locating services

Differences Between the WCDMA and

GSM on the Air Interface
WCDMA GSM
Carrier spacing 5 MHz 200 KHz
Frequency reuse 1 1-18

coefficient
Power control frequency 1500 Hz 2 Hz or lower
QoS control Through the RRM Through network
algorithm planning (frequency
Frequency diversity The 3.84 MHz bandwidth planning)
Frequency hopping
enables the air interface to
use the rake receiver for
multipath diversity.
Packet data Load-based packet Timeslot-based
scheduling scheduling in GPRS
Downlink transmit Supported by the protocol Not supported by the
diversity to improve downlink standard but can be
capacity applied.

Voice Evolution in WCDMA

• Adopts AMR voice coding and supports the voice
quality of 4.75 Kbps to 12.2 Kbps.
• Adopts soft handover and transmit diversity to
improve capacity.
• Provides high-fidelity voice modes.
• Supports fast power control.

Data Evolution in WCDMA

• Supports up to 14.4 Mbps data services – HSDPA and
HSUPA
• Supports packet switching.
• Can evolution to All-IP structure.
• Provides QoS control.
• Provides mobile IP services (dynamic assignment of IP
addresses)
• Provides high quality support for symmetric uplink and
downlink data services, including the voice, videophone and
video conference.

Conclusion
• This course describes the WCDMA system.
• This course first describes some key technologies.
Then, describes the basic principles of CDMA and
the WCDMA FDD mode.
• After studying this course, we can have a
preliminary understanding of WCDMA, thus laying
a good foundation for subsequent study.

WCDMA Frequency Band and RAN

interface protocol

Frequency Band For WCDMA
Frequency Band For WCDMA：

[1920－1980MHz／2110－2170MHz
[WCDMA frequency code ＝frequency × 5
−Uplink middle frequency code：9612～9888(1922.4-1977.6)
−Downlink middle frequency code：10562～10838(2112.4-2167.6)
Now frequency and frequency code for LTC is:

uplink frequency: 1940.4
uplink frequency code 1940.4 X 5= 9702
downlink frequency: 2130.4
downlink frequency code 2130.4 X 5= 10652

WCDMA RAN System
Core Network
Iu Iu
RNS RNS
Iur
RNC RNC
Iub Iub Iub Iub
Node B Node B Node B Node B

Iu-CS Interface protocol

Control plane User plane
Wireless
network RANAP Iu UP
layer
Transmission Wireless network Transmission network layer Transmission network

network layer user plane control plane layer user plane
layer
ALCAP
A
SCCP B
A B C
MTP3-B MTP3-B
SAAL NNI SAAL NNI AAL2 PATH
ATM
Physical layer
Iu-PS Interface protocol

Wireless
network RANAP Iu UP
layer
Transmission Transmission network Transmission network Transmission network

network layer layer user plane layer control plane layer user plane
A B GTP-U
SCCP
A C UDP
MTP3-B
IP
SAAL UNI
AAL Type 5
ATM ATM
Physical layer Physical layer

Iub Interface protocol

FACH FP
RACH FP
Wireless
PCH FP
DCH FP
network NBAP
layer
NCP CCP CCP
Transmission Transmission network Transmission network Transmission network

network layer layer user plane layer control plane layer user plane
ALCAP
A B C
SAAL UNI SAAL UNI

AAL2 PATH
ATM
Physical layer
Thank you!

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HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential

• Now, the most popular term in the mobile

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 2

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 3

Chapter 1 Overview of CDMA Principles

Chapter 2 Technical Features of WCDMA

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 4

• Radio Propagation Environment

• Multiple Access Technology and

• CDMA Principles and Rake

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-20 Fast fading

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Radio Channel Model

Current path weight

Current path weight

Current path weight

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Classification of Typical Radio Mobile

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Overview of CDMA Principles

• Radio Propagation Environment

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 12

Duplex Technology – Distinguish User’s

• Frequency division duplex (FDD) : Distinguish

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 13

Duplex Technology – Distinguish User’s

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 14

Multiple Access Technology -

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 15

Characteristics of CDMA System

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 16

Overview of WCDMA Principles

• Radio Propagation Environment

• Multiple Access Technology and

• CDMA Principles and Rake

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Spreading Factor and Service

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Basic Diagram of the WCDMA

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Source Coding in WCDMA

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Channel Coding in WCDMA

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Self Correlation and Mutual Correlation

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UE2 de-spreading with c2: ＋1 ＋1 ＋1 ＋1 ＋1 ＋1 ＋1 ＋1

Question: How to generate mutually orthogonal codes like c1 and c2?

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 29

OVSF & Walsh

OVSF codes (Walsh) are completely orthogonal