THERMOGRAPHY AND CASE STUDIES OF NDE TECHNIQUES UNIT - V

UNIT – V
THERMOGRAPHY

(Thermography - Principles, types, applications, advantages and

limitations. Optical and Acoustical holography- Principles, types,
applications, advantages and limitations. Case studies: weld, cast and
formed components.)

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5.0 INTRODUCTION

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5.1 THERMOGRAPHY - PRINCIPLES, ADVANTAGES AND

LIMITATIONS.

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5.2. APPLICATIONS

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5.3. ELEMENTS OF INFRARED DETECTION SYSTEM

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5.4 CLASSIFICATIONS AND TYPES

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5.4.1 PASSIVE APPROACH

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5.4.2 ACTIVE APPROACH

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5.4.2.1 Pulsed Thermography

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5.4.2.2 Lock-In Thermography

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5.4.2.3 Burst Vibro Thermography

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5.4.2.4 Lock in Vibro Thermography

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5.4.3 NON-CONTACT THERMOGRAPHY TEST

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5.5 OPTICAL AND ACOUSTICAL HOLOGRAPHY

Holography is the science and practice of making holograms. A
hologram is a physical structure that diffracts light into an image.
Typically, a hologram is a photographic recording of a light field,
rather than of an image formed by a lens, and it is used to display a
fully three-dimensional image of the holographed subject, which is
seen without the aid of special glasses or other intermediate optics.
The term 'hologram' can refer to both the encoded material and
the resulting image. A holographic image can be seen by looking into
an illuminated holographic print or by shining a laser through a
hologram and projecting the image onto a screen.

Holography Principle :
Holography is based on the principle of interference. A
hologram captures the interference pattern between two or more
beams of coherent light (i.e. laser light). One beam is shown directly
on the recording medium and acts as a reference to the light
scattered from the illuminated scene.

Acoustic holography:
Acoustic holography is a method for estimating the sound field
near a source by measuring acoustic parameters away from the
source by means of an array of pressure and/or particle velocity
transducers.
Acoustic holography is an acoustical measurement
technique used to determine the spatial propagation of
acoustical waves, or for detecting acoustic sources or objects. It
is based on spatial Fourier transforms.

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Acoustic Holography Principles

Acoustic holography makes it possible to determine the
noise radiated by each of the mechanical components of a
complex system, it is the near field acoustic imagery. It delivers
a fine representation of the distribution of the sound sources on
the surface of the equipment or in any parallel plan near this
surface. By measuring the pressure in the immediate
environment of the system, acoustic holography allows to
calculate the field of pressure in any point close to the sound
sources or in the far field.

The complex field of sound measured by the antenna is

broken up into an infinity of propagatives elementary plane and
evanescentes waves. The evanescentes acoustic waves
describe the complex field of the sound existing close to the
envelope and partly mirroing the vibrations. The level and the
direction of each acoustic wave are described by their number of
acoustic wave.
The principal treatment of acoustic holography is to apply
to each acoustic element components (planes, cylinders, etc) an
opposite operator of propagation, in order to obtain it sound field
on a surface parallel with the plan of measurement in near field.
Starting from the same data of measurement, it is possible to
calculate the radiated acoustic pressure in the far-field.

The use of a measured signal correlation (quadratic pressure) at

each point with the same reference signal (as signal of reference
related to the source). In this case, the measurement is done
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with phase as a reference. One carries out finally the ratio

interspectre / measurement means. This method is called
'technique of measurement of the transfer function'. For vibrating
structures, the output signal (as signal of reference related to the
source) is cautiously selected. The problem is that in an
industrial environment, it is not possible to use the same
reference of phase in all frequency bands.

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5.6. TYPES OF OPTICAL - ACOUSTICAL IMAGING

SYSTEMS

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5.6.1 LIQUID SURFACE DEFORMATION

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5.6.2 BRAFF DIFFRACTION (or) DIRECT SOUND-LIGHT

INTERACTION

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5.6.3 LASER BEAM SCANNING

5.6.4 ELECTRON BEAM SCANNING OF DEFORMED SURFACE

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5.6.5 SOKOLOV IMAGE TUBE CONVERTER

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5.6.6 METAL FIBER FACE

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5.6.7 PYROELECTRIC IMAGE CONVERTER AND IMAGE STORAGE

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5.6.8 ELECTROSTATIC TRANSDUCER

5.6.9 PIEZOELECTRIC ARRAY WITH ELECTRONIC FOCUSING AND

SCANNING

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5.6.10 FREQUENCY SWEPT HOLOGRAPHIC IMAGING

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5.6.11 ZONE-PLATE ACOUSTIC IMAGING DEVICES

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5.6.12 ACOUSTIC TOMOGRAPHY

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5.6.13 PIEZORESISTIVE IMAGE CONVERTER

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5.6.14 ELECTROLUMINESCENT ACOUSTIC-IMAGE DETECTOR

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5.6.15 SOLID AND LIQUID CRYSTAL ACOUSTIC DISPLAYS

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5.6.16 POHLMAN CELL

5.6.17 OIL THERMOPLASTIC and PHOTOPLASTIC FILMS

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5.7 CASE STUDIES:

5.7.0 SELECTION OF NDT METHODS

The following methods influence the Selection of NDT methods

 Types of discontinuity
 Origin of discontinuity
 Material manufacturing process
 Accessibility of the components
 Type of equipment available
 Availability of time and
 Cost

5.7.1 DEFECTS IN WELD, CAST AND FORMED COMPONENTS

The following topics would support to find the defects in varous

components manufactured through joining processes, welding
processes and casting processes

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5.7.1.1 Discontinuities and Types

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5.7.1.2 Inherent Discontinuities

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5.7.1.3 Processing Discontinuities

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5.7.1.4 Service-Induced Discontinuities

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5.7.2 STUDIES ON DEFECTS IN LIQUID PENETRATE TEST

SAMPLES

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5.7.3 STUDIES ON DEFECTS IN MAGNETIC PARTICLE TEST

SAMPLES

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5.7.4 DEFECT IDENTIFICATION TECHNIQUES IN RADIOGRAPHIY

TESTS

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5.7.5 STUDIES ON DEFECTS IDENTIFICATION - ULTRASONIC

TESTS

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5.7.6 STUDIES ON DEFECTS IDENTIFICATION - ACOUSTIC

EMMISSION TESTS

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5.7.7 APPLICABILITY AND CAPABILITY OF VARIOUS NDE

METHODS

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5.7.8 RELATIVE COST AND OTHER CHARACTERISTICS OF

VARIOUS NDE METHODS

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5.7.9 NDE METHOD SELECTION CHART

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