1.

Sumarize Mass Balance Table ( Basis 100kg/hr

Feedstock Gas Quality Dehydration Flash 1 ( Remove C02) Flash 2 ( Remove H2S) Hg Extraction
Cryogenic tank
No Compon Weigh %
% Weig total % % % % % % % %
. ent, Basis t, kmol/ mole Kmol/ Kmol/ kmol/ kmol/
Mw wei ht, kmol/ mole mole mole mole mole mole mole mole
kg/hr Feed hr Outle hr hr hr hr
ght kg/hr hr inlet outlet inlet outlet inlet outlet inlet outlet
kg/hr t

Methane 88.85 88.85 93.68 93.68 94.43 94.43 94.49 94.49 99.50
1 16 100 75 75.0 76.53 4.783 5.383 4.783 4.783 4.783 4.783
, CH4 7 7 5 5 6 6 2 2 0

Ethane,
2 30 100 6 6.0 6.12 0.204 5.383 3.791 0.204 3.791 3.997 0.204 3.997 4.029 0.204 4.029 4.032 0.022 4.032 0.450
C2H6

Propane,
3 44 100 3 3.0 3.06 0.070 5.383 1.292 0.070 1.292 1.363 0.070 1.363 1.374 0.070 1.374 1.374 0.002 1.374 0.050
C3H8

Water
4 vapour, 18 100 2 2.0 0.00 0.000 5.383 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
H2O

Mercury
5 200 100 0.5 0.5 0.51 0.003 5.383 0.047 0.000 0.047 0.050 0.000 0.050 0.050 0.000 0.050 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
Hg

Hydroge
0.00
n
6 34 100 1.5 1.5 1.53 0.045 5.383 0.836 0.045 0.836 0.882 0.000 0.882 0.000 0.000 0.882 0.000 0.000 0.000
sulphide,
H2S

Carbon
7 dioxide, 44 100 12 12.0 12.24 0.278 5.383 5.170 0.000 5.170 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
CO2

10 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Total 100 98 5.383 5.380 100 5.1056 5.065 5.062 4.807
0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
2. PFD Diagram

Melting Boiling point method to separate

CH4 -182 -161 remain
C2H6 -182.8 -89 reduce to -182
C3H8 -188 -42 reduce to -182
Hg -38.3 356.7 Using silica
H2S -82 -60 Zeolite membrane
CO2 -56.6 -78.5 DDR Membrane
H20 100 0 Silica
 3. Mass Balance
3.1 Dehydration Tank ( To remove water )

Process

2kg/hr
M2
Mass Balance 1kg H20

98
Overall 100kg/hr Dehydration kg/hr

100 = M2 + M3 M1
M3
H20 balance
0.02 (100) = 1
CH4
( M2)
New
C2H6
M2= 2 kg /hr composition
C3H8 kg/hr new composition
substitute M2 Hg CH4 98 75 0.765306122
100 = 2 + M3 H2S C2H6 98 6 0.06122449
M3 = 98 kg / hr CO2 C3H8 98 3 0.030612245
Hg 98 0.5 0.005102041
H2S 98 1.5 0.015306122
CO2 98 12 0.12244898
Using Silica , Water will be extracted

3
3.2 Flash Column 1 ( To separate CO2)

C02
0.640
kmol/
Overall N2 hr
5.380= N2 + N3
5.38
kmol/
hr
Flash Colum 1 N3
5.105
kmol/h
CO2 balance N1 r
0.051 (5.380) = 1 ( N2)

0.27438 5.34
CH4
new
C2H6
substitute N2 kg/hr composition
0.88 5.105
C3H8 CH4
5.380= 0.27438 + N3 5.38 9 6 0.936846456
N3 = 5.1056 kg/ 0.03 5.105
Hg C2H6
hr 5.38 8 6 0.039972115
0.01 5.105
H2S C3H8
5.38 3 6 0.013626858
0.00 5.105
CO2 Hg
5.38 5 6 0.004996514
0.08 5.105
H2S
5.38 4 6 0.088173784

Process

Using DDM Membrane CO2 will be extracted

3.3 Flash Colum 2 ( To Separate H2S)

Process

Using
Zeolite

0.040 N H2
kmol/hr 4 S

Flash Colum 2
N3 N5
5.065
5.105 N5 kmol/
kmol/hr hr

Overall
5.1056= N4 + new
CH4
N3 kg/hr composition
93.6
C2H6 CH 5.10 5.06
85
4 56 5 94.43560247
C2 5.10 3.99 5.06
C3H8
H2S balance H6 56 7 5 4.029252372
0.008 (5.1056) = 1 ( C3 5.10 1.36 5.06
Hg
N4) H8 56 3 5 1.373608763
5.10 0.05 5.06
H2S Hg
0.0408 56 0 5 0.050365655

substitute N2
5.10560=0.0408 + N3
N3 = 5.065 kg
/ hr

Membrane H2S will be extracted

3.4 Hg Extractor ( temperature -38)

Process

N H
6 g
0.00257
Kmol/hr

Hg Extractor
-38 C 5.062 Kmol/hr
N5
N7
5.065
Kmol/hr
Overall CH4
5.065= N6 + N7 C2H6
C3H8
Hg balance Hg
0.0005 (5.1056) = 1 ( new
N6) kg/hr composition
94.43 5.06
N6 = 0.00257 CH4 5.065 6 2 94.49156984
C2H 5.06
4.029
6 5.065 2 4.031640313
C3H 5.06
1.374
substitute N2 8 5.065 2 1.374422834
5.065=0.00257 + N7
N3 = 5.062 kg / hr
Reduce temperature to -38 , the Hg will turn to liquid and can separate, while remaining still in gas form
3.5 Cryogenic tank ( temperature -182 ) ( Reverse Calculation)

Process

All Ch4 will turn to liquid cause it melting point is -182 and Some of C2H6 , C3H8 will go out as gas

N8

C2H
6
C3H
8

Cryogenic
Tank
5.062 Kmol/hr N9
- 182 C
N7
CH4 Balance
5.062(0.945)=M3 ( 0.995) CH4
M3= 4.807 C2H6 CH4
C3H8 C2H6
Overall balance C3H8
5.062= N8 + N9
5.062= 4.807 + N8
N8= 0.254
new
kg/hr composition
5.06 94.49 4.80
CH4
C2H6 balance 2 2 7 99.50412451
5.062( 0.0403) = 0.254 Xc2 + ( C2H 5.06 4.80
4.032
4.807)(0.0045) 6 2 7 0.45
C3H 5.06 4.80
1.374
Xc2= 0.73 8 2 7 0.05

C3H8 balance
5.062(0.01374)= 0.254Xc3 + ( 4.807)(
0.0005)
Xc3= 0.26
 Refrigeration Cycle Process

Refrigeration cycle process for natural gas is show in Mollier chart. The natural gas (in purple color) initial
point is at point A, where the gas comes from pretreatment plant in gas form at 30 oC and 43 bar (4.3 MPa). The gas is
then condensed/cooled through various stages of condensation until it reaches temperature at -160 oC and becomes
liquefied natural gas. This process is indicated as point A to B which is condensation process. The liquefied natural gas
is then going through an expansion process. The expansion process in a typical refrigeration system is carried out by a
device called Joule Thompson (JT) expansion valve. An expansion valve controls the flow of natural gas to expand
rapidly as it moves from relatively high-pressure region (in condenser) to low pressure region. As the pressure of natural
gas decreases, the natural gas expands rapidly and it temperature is lowered. At this point (point C), LNG is ready to be
shipped to customers. By cooling and expansion (point B to point C) the LNG to a temperature of -160 oC, thus the
liquid of LNG can be stored at atmospheric pressure and there is no need for high pressurized tank to store and deliver.

Since refrigeration system is a closed system, point C to point D (vaporization) and point D to point A
(compression) represents the refrigerant process. This refrigeration system is designed to operate continuously. The
component in a refrigeration system which responsible for removing heat out of the heat source is an evaporator. A
liquid refrigerant (indicates in blue color) flows through the evaporator, it absorbs heat that goes through a phase change
and turns into vapors. At the same time, the area around the evaporator is cooled. This process is called a vaporation
(from point C to D).

The energy addition process is where energy is added to the refrigerant to move it through the refrigeration
system. The component which typically used in a mechanical refrigeration system to add energy to refrigerant is a
compressor. A compressor adds energy by squeezing or compressing the refrigerant into small space. This action
contributes to both pressure and temperature increment. This process is called compression and is shown from point D
to point A.

Refrigeration is related to the process of cooling. It is a process of cooling by transferring heat out of substance.
In order for a refrigeration system to cool a substance, the system must be able to remove energy in the form of heat. To
accomplish heat transfer, mechanical refrigeration systems rely on fluids called refrigerants. Refrigerants are fluids
which boil at relatively low temperatures. The refrigerant in a refrigeration system remains enclosed and continuously
cycles through the system. In this case, the refrigerants are ethylene, propane and methane. Propane refrigerant is used
as the first refrigerant to cool the natural gas which followed by ethylene on the second stage and last is methane, which
performs as the third refrigerant.

Thermodynamic Energy balance:

 1. Find boiling point of propane refrigerant
2. Draw Mollier chart from C to D (vaporisation)
3. Draw Mollier chart from D to A (compression), ∆S = 0 (isentropic compression)
4. Draw Mollier chart from A to B (condensation)
5. Draw Mollier chart from B to C (expansion), ∆H = 0 (adiabatic expansion)
6. Find Q̇natural gas, based on ṁ = 95.1 kg/hr and ṅ = 5.585 kmol/hr (from material table of sweet
gas)
7. Find Q̇evaporator
8. Find mass of propane refrigerant
9. Find Q̇compressor and Ws
10. Find Q̇condenser
11. Ensure energy balance (Q̇evaporator + Q̇compressor + Q̇condenser + Q̇expansion = 0)
12. Repeat Step 1-11 for ethylene and methane refrigerant

PROPANE REFRIGERANT

a) Boiling point for propane refrigerant: - 42 0C

b) Mollier chart for propane refrigerant: as per page 5

c) Property table for propane refrigerant

Point Phase(s) T (deg C) P (Mpa) H (kJ/kg)
A Gas 62* 4.158 376
B Liquid -42 4.158 -196
Saturated
C -42 0.132 -196
Liquid
D Gas -20* 0.132 258
* Set any temperature at desired phase

d) Q̇natural gas:

Generic polynomial heat capacity formula:

Cp = A + BT + CT2 + DT3
Using mole fraction for sweet gas in material table for sweet gas, the constant value for
polynomial heat equation for natural gas mixture is tabulated as below:
Mole
Material A B C D
fraction
Methane,
0.9512 19.25 0.05213 1.20E-05 -1.13E-08
CH4
Ethane, C2H6 0.0239 5.409 0.1781 -6.94E-05 8.71E-09
Propane,
0.0049 -4.224 0.3063 -1.59E-04 3.22E-08
C3H8
Butane,
0.0015 9.487 0.3313 -1.11E-04 -2.82E-09
C4H10
Water
0.0010 32.24 0.01924 1.06E-05 -3.60E-09
vapour, H2O
Carbon
0.0175 19.8 0.07344 -5.60E-05 1.71E-08
dioxide, CO2

Thus, the Cp polynomial heat capacity equation for natural gas mixture is:

Cp = 0.9512(19.25 + 0.05213T + 1.20E − 05T 2 − 1.13E − 08T 3 ) + 0.0239 (5.409

+ 0.1781T − 6.94E − 05T 2 + 8.71E − 09T 3 ) + 0.0049(−4.224
+ 0.3063T − 1.59E − 04T 2 + 3.22E − 08T 3 ) + 0.0015(9.487
+ 0.3313T − 1.11E − 04T 2 − 2.82E − 09T 3 ) + 0.0010(32.24
+ 0.01924T + 1.06E − 05T 2 − 3.60E − 09T 3 ) + 0.0175(19.8
+ 0.07344T − 5.60E − 05T 2 + 1.71E − 08T 3 )
where T is in K and Cp is in J/gmol K

Use the formula above to find Q̇natural gas that transfers heat with ethylene and methane
refrigerant respectively.

Tinlet = 30 0C
Toutlet = -30 0C
 Tfinal
∆Hnatural gas = ∫ Cp dT
Tinitial
−30degC
∆Hnatural gas = ∫ Cp dt
30degC

Mole Cp at T Cp at T -
Material A B C D
fraction 30 0C 30 0C
Methane,
0.9512 19.25 0.05213 1.20E-05 -1.13E-08 34.0892 30.8860
CH4
Ethane, C2H6 0.0239 5.409 0.1781 -6.94E-05 8.71E-09 1.2716 1.0680
Propane,
0.0049 -4.224 0.3063 -1.59E-04 3.22E-08 0.3660 0.2995
C3H8
Butane,
0.0015 9.487 0.3313 -1.11E-04 -2.82E-09 0.1538 0.1288
C4H10
Water
0.0010 32.24 0.01924 1.06E-05 -3.60E-09 0.0387 0.0373
vapour, H2O
Carbon
0.0175 19.8 0.07344 -5.60E-05 1.71E-08 0.6543 0.6053
dioxide, CO2
Total 1 36.5737 33.0250

∆Hnatural gas = 33.0250 − 36.5737

∆Hnatural gas = −3.5488 J/gmol
∆Hnatural gas = −3.5510 kJ/kmol

ṅ = 5.585 kmol/hr (from material table of sweet gas), thus:

Q̇natural gas = ṅ ∆H
5.585kmol −3.5510kJ
Q̇natural gas = ×( )
hr kmol
Q̇natural gas = −19.83 kJ/hr (release heat)

e) Q̇evaporator:

Q̇evaporator = −Q̇natural gas = 19.83 kJ/hr (absorbed heat)

f) Mass of propane:

Q̇evaporator = ṁ(HD − HC )
19.83 = ṁ(258 − (−196))
19.83
= ṁ
454
ṁ = 0.0437 kg/hr

g) Q̇compressor and WS :

Q̇compressor = ṁ(HA − HD )
Q̇compressor = 0.0437(376 − 258)
Q̇compressor = 5.15 kJ/hr

̇ compressor = −5.15 kJ/hr

𝑊𝑆 = −Q

h) Q̇condenser :

Q̇condenser = ṁ(HB − HA )
Q̇compressor = 0.0437(−196 − 376)
Q̇compressor = −24.99 kJ/hr

i) Energy balance:

Overall Q̇propane = Q̇ evaporator + Q̇compressor + Q̇condenser + Q̇ expansion

Overall Q̇propane = 19.83 + 5.15 − 24.99 + 0
Overall Q̇propane = 0 [BALANCE]
 Mollier Chart for Propane

B A

Open
C D
14
ETHYLENE REFRIGERANT

a) Boiling point for ethylene refrigerant: - 103 0C

b) Mollier chart for ethylene refrigerant: as per page 9

c) Property table for propane refrigerant

Point Phase(s) T (deg C) P (Mpa) H (kJ/kg)
A Gas 62 0.8 1114
B Liquid -103 0.8 402
Saturated
C -103 0.127 402
Liquid
D Gas -40 0.127 961
* Set any temperature at desired phase

d) Q̇natural gas:

Tinlet = -30 0C
Toutlet = -100 0C

Tfinal
∆Hnatural gas = ∫ Cp dT
Tinitial
−100degC
∆Hnatural gas = ∫ Cp dt
−30degC

Mole Cp at T - Cp at T -
Material A B C D
fraction 30 0C 100 0C
Methane,
0.9512 19.25 0.05213 1.20E-05 -1.13E-08 30.8860 27.1821
CH4
Ethane, C2H6 0.0239 5.409 0.1781 -6.94E-05 8.71E-09 1.0680 0.8167
Propane,
0.0049 -4.224 0.3063 -1.59E-04 3.22E-08 0.2995 0.2160
C3H8
Butane,
0.0015 9.487 0.3313 -1.11E-04 -2.82E-09 0.1288 0.0980
C4H10
Water
0.0010 32.24 0.01924 1.06E-05 -3.60E-09 0.0373 0.0357
vapour, H2O

15
Carbon
0.0175 19.8 0.07344 -5.60E-05 1.71E-08 0.6053 0.5411
dioxide, CO2
Total 1 33.0250 28.8896

∆Hnatural gas = 28.8896 − 33.0250

∆Hnatural gas = −4.1353 J/gmol
∆Hnatural gas = −4.1380 kJ/kmol

ṅ = 5.585 kmol/hr (from material table of sweet gas), thus:

Q̇natural gas = ṅ ∆H
5.585kmol −4.1380kJ
Q̇natural gas = ×( )
hr kmol
Q̇natural gas = −23.11 kJ/hr (release heat)

e) Q̇evaporator:

Q̇evaporator = −Q̇natural gas = 23.11 kJ/hr (absorbed heat)

f) Mass of ethylene:

Q̇evaporator = ṁ(HD − HC )
23.11 = ṁ(961 − 402)
23.11
= ṁ
559
ṁ = 0.0413 kg/hr

g) Q̇compressor and WS :

Q̇compressor = ṁ(HA − HD )
Q̇compressor = 0.0413(1114 − 961)
Q̇compressor = 6.33 kJ/hr
 ̇ compressor = −6.33 kJ/hr
𝑊𝑆 = −Q

h) Q̇condenser :

Q̇condenser = ṁ(HB − HA )
Q̇compressor = 0.0413(402 − 1114)
Q̇compressor = −29.44 kJ/hr

i) Energy balance:

Overall Q̇ethylene = Q̇evaporator + Q̇ compressor + Q̇condenser + Q̇expansion

Overall Q̇propane = 23.11 + 6.33 − 29.44 + 0
Overall Q̇ethylene = 0 [BALANCE]
 Mollier Chart for Ethylene

B A

Open C D 18
METHANE REFRIGERANT

a) Boiling point for methane refrigerant: - 161 0C

b) Mollier chart for methane refrigerant: as per page 13

c) Property table for propane refrigerant

Point Phase(s) T (deg C) P (Mpa) H (kJ/kg)
A Gas 80 2 110
B Liquid -161 2 -903
Saturated
C -161 0.135 -903
Liquid
D Gas -100 0.135 -275
* Set any temperature at desired phase

d) Q̇natural gas:

Tinlet = -100 0C
Toutlet = -160 0C

Tfinal
∆Hnatural gas = ∫ Cp dT
Tinitial
−160degC
∆Hnatural gas = ∫ Cp dt
−100degC

Mole Cp at T - Cp at T -
Material A B C D
fraction 100 0C 160 0C
Methane,
0.9512 19.25 0.05213 1.20E-05 -1.13E-08 27.1821 24.0516
CH4
Ethane, C2H6 0.0239 5.409 0.1781 -6.94E-05 8.71E-09 0.8167 0.5893
Propane,
0.0049 -4.224 0.3063 -1.59E-04 3.22E-08 0.2160 0.1389
C3H8
Butane,
0.0015 9.487 0.3313 -1.11E-04 -2.82E-09 0.0980 0.0703
C4H10
Water
0.0010 32.24 0.01924 1.06E-05 -3.60E-09 0.0357 0.0344
vapour, H2O

19
Carbon
0.0175 19.8 0.07344 -5.60E-05 1.71E-08 0.5411 0.4798
dioxide, CO2
Total 1 28.8896 25.3643

∆Hnatural gas = 25.3643 − 28.8896

∆Hnatural gas = −3.5254 J/gmol
∆Hnatural gas = −3.5276 kJ/kmol

ṅ = 5.585 kmol/hr (from material table of sweet gas), thus:

Q̇natural gas = ṅ ∆H
5.585kmol −3.5276kJ
Q̇natural gas = ×( )
hr kmol
Q̇natural gas = −19.70 kJ/hr (release heat)

e) Q̇evaporator:

Q̇evaporator = −Q̇natural gas = 19.70 kJ/hr (absorbed heat)

f) Mass of methane:

Q̇evaporator = ṁ(HD − HC )
19.70 = ṁ(−275 − (−903))
19.70
= ṁ
628
ṁ = 0.0314 kg/hr

g) Q̇compressor and WS :

Q̇compressor = ṁ(HA − HD )
Q̇compressor = 0.0314(110 − (−275))
 Q̇compressor = 12.08 kJ/hr

̇ compressor = −12.08 kJ/hr

𝑊𝑆 = −Q

h) Q̇condenser :

Q̇condenser = ṁ(HB − HA )
Q̇compressor = 0.0314(−903 − 110)
Q̇compressor = −31.78 kJ/hr

i) Energy balance:

Overall Q̇methane = Q̇evaporator + Q̇compressor + Q̇condenser + Q̇ expansion

Overall Q̇methane = 19.70 + 12.08 − 31.78 + 0
Overall Q̇methane = 0 [BALANCE]
 Mollier Chart for Methane

B A

Open
C D