6/15/2015

-> change in position (∆x, ∆y, ∆z)

initial position
x  x  x0

final position

Example: Find the change in position of the skier.

MOTION IN A STRAIGHT LINE

x
-4m -3m -2m -1m 0m 1m 2m 3m 4m

x  (3m)  (2m)  5m

-> change in position with respect to change in time

Example: Find the average velocity of the skier.
x x  x0 v x  v0 x
vave ( x )   vave ( x ) 
t t  t0
m m
2 v0 x  5 v x  10
s  s
v
Example: Find the average velocity of the skier.

t0  0 t  5s
v x  v0 x
vave 
2
(10 ms )  (5 ms )
x 
-4m -3m -2m -1m 0m 1m 2m 3m 4m 2
x 3m  (2m) m
vave   1
m vave  7.5
t 5s  0s s s +v -> moving towards +x axis
-v -> moving towards -x axis

3 4

1
 6/15/2015

-> velocity at a certain instant or moment  m  m instantaneous velocity

v(t )   9    2 2 t
x dx(t )  s   s 
v(t )  lim 
t 0 t dt  m  m m
v   9    2 2 (0s)  9
 s   s  s
Example: If an object's position depends on time as
 After 2s (t=2s)
 m  m
x(t )   9 t  1 2 t 2
 s   s   m  m  m  m m
x   9 (2s)  1 2 (2s) 2  22m v   9    2 2 ( 2s)  13
find its position and velocity at the start and after 2s and 5s.  s   s   s   s  s
Solution:
 At the start (t=0s)  After 5s (t=5s)

 m  m  m  m  m  m m
x   9 (0s)  1 2 (0s) 2  0m x   9 (5s)  1 2 (5s) 2  70m v   9    2 2 (5s)  19
 s   s   s   s   s   s  s

5 6

x x

E line  constant velocity B

6m 6m curve  changing velocity
B C AB (v)
4m 4m
BC ( zero v) v2

2m
D CD (v) 2m
A
DE (undefined)
A
acceleration
v1
t t
2s 4s 6s 8s 2s 4s 6s 8s

Δx
slope of the graph  (velocity)
Δt
7 8

2
 6/15/2015

-> change in velocity with respect to change in time (m/s2)

Example: Find the average acceleration of the skier.
v x v  v0 x
ax   x m m
t t  t0 v0 x  10
s
t0  0s vx  5
s
t  5s

Example: Find the average acceleration of the skier. 

a

m m
v0 x  5 t0  0s v x  10 t  5s
s s
v x  v0 x

a a
t  t0
5 ms  10 ms

5s  0s
vx  v0 x 10 ms  5 ms m m
a  1 2 a  1 2
t  t0 5s  0s s +a -> speeding up
s -a -> slowing down (deceleration)
directed towards +x axis directed towards -x axis

9 10

vx
x

E line  constant acceleration

B
6m A to B -> increasing velocity 6m/s
(+ acceleration) B C AB (a)
4m/s
4m BC ( zero a)
v2
B to A -> decreasing velocity
2m/s
D CD (a)
2m (- acceleration) A
A DE (undefined)
v1 t
t 2s 4s 6s 8s
2s 4s 6s 8s

Δv x
slope of the graph  (acceleration)
Δt
11 12

3
 6/15/2015

vx 1. The distance from your house to CSU is 5km and your first subject is at 7:30AM. If you ride a
jeepney (w/ an average velocity of 7m/s) starting at your house at
7:20AM, will you be late for your class?

B
6m/s curve -> changing acceleration
2. You normally drive on the freeway between Gaisano and CSU at an average speed of 8m/s and
the trip takes 15 min. On a Friday afternoon, however, heavy traffic slows you down and you
4m/s A to B -> increasing acceleration drive the same distance at an average speed of only 5m/s. How much longer does the trip take?
a2

2m/s B to A -> decreasing acceleration

A
3. An antelope moving with constant acceleration covers the distance between two points 70m
a1 apart in 7s. Its speed as it passes the second point is 15 m/s. (a) What is the speed at the
t first point? (b) What is the acceleration?
2s 4s 6s 8s

13 14

x  x0 v x  v0 x v x  v0 x Example: A motorcyclist w/ constant acceleration.

vave ( x )  vave ( x )  ax  a. What is his position and velocity after 2s?
t 2 t
b. Where is he when his velocity is 25m/s?

vx  v0 x  axt 1 Solution:

1
a.  x  x0  v0 xt  axt 2
 v  v0 x  2
b. v x  v0 x  2a x ( x  x0 )
x  x0   x
2 2

t 2   m 1 m
 5m  15 (2s)   4 2 (2s) 2
 2   s  2 s  vx  v0 x
2 2

x  43m x  x0 
2a x
v x  v0 x  2a x ( x  x0 )
2 2
3  vx  v0 x  axt  m  m
2 2

 25   15 
 5m  
s   s 
m  m
1  15   4 (2s)  m
x  x0  v0 x t  axt 2 4  s  s2 
m
2 4 2 
 s 
2 v x  23 x  55m
s
15 16

4
 6/15/2015

Example: Two bodies with different acceleration. Example: Two bodies with different acceleration.
a. How much time elapses before the officer a. How much time elapses before the officer
catches up with the motorist? catches up with the motorist?
b. What is the officer’s speed at that point? b. What is the officer’s speed at that point?
c. What is the total distance each vehicle has c. What is the total distance each vehicle has
travelled at that point? travelled at that point?
Solution: Solution:
1
a. x  x0  v0 x t  a x t 2 b. vPx  vP0 x  aPxt c.
2
 m
 0m   3 2 (10s)
 s 
m
vPx  30
s

17 18

-> motion with constant acceleration -> motion with constant acceleration
-> acceleration due to gravity (g=9.8m/s2) (regardless of mass) -> acceleration due to gravity (g=9.8m/s2) (regardless of mass)
-> acceleration is always directed downwards (ay = -g) -> acceleration is always directed downwards (ay = -g)


v y  v y ˆj vx  v0 x  axt v y  v0 y  gt

 v  v0 x   v y  v0 y 
x  x0   x t y  y0   t
 2   2 

a y  ( g ) ˆj v x  v0 x  2a x ( x  x0 ) v y  v0 y  2 g ( y  y0 )
2 2 2 2

1 1 2

a y  g (- ˆj )

v y  (v y ) ˆj
x  x0  v0 x t  axt 2 y  y0  v0 y t  gt
2 2

19 20

5
 6/15/2015

Example: A ball is dropped from the top of a building and starts to fall freely. Compute its position Example: A ball thrown upward and falling freely
and velocity after 1s, 2s and 3s +y

Solution:
Find:
• at t=1s 15m/s
a. the position and velocity of the ball 1s and 4s after leaving your
t=1s
1 v y  v0 y  gt hand
y  y0  v0 y t  gt 2
2 b. the velocity when the ball is 5m above the railing
1 m  m
 0m   9.8 2 (1s) c. the maximum height reached by the ball and the time to
 0m  0m   9.8 2 (1s)2  s 
2 s  reach it
m
y  4.9m v y  9.8 t=2s d. The acceleration at the maximum height
s

• at t=2s • at t=3s
y  19.6m t=3s
y  44.1m
m m
v y  19.6 v y  29.4 -y -y
s s
21 22

a. Find the position and velocity of the ball 1s and 4s after leaving b. Find the velocity when the ball is 5m above the railing
your hand +y

Solution: Solution: +y

t=1s • when y=5m

• at t=1s
1 v y  v0 y  gt
y  y0  v0 y t  gt 2
v y  v0 y  2 g ( y  y0 )
2 2
2
m  m 5m
 m 1 m  15   9.8 2 (1s)
 0m  15 (1s)   9.8 2 (1s) 2 s  s  v y   v0 y  2 g ( y  y0 )
2
 s  2 s 
m
y  10.1m v y  5 .2 2
s  m  m
  15   2 9.8 2 (5m  0m)
 s   s 
• at t=4s
t=4s m
y  18.4m
v y  11.3
s
m
v y  24.2 -y
s
23 24

6
 6/15/2015

c. Find the maximum height reached by the ball and the time to 1. A subway train starts from rest at a station and accelerates at a rate of 1.60m/s2 for 14s. It
reach it v =0 runs at a constant speed for 70s and slows down at a rate of 3.50m/s2 until it stops at the
d. The acceleration at the maximum height next station. Find the total distance covered by the train.

Solution: 2. Large cockroaches can run as fast as 1.50m/s in short bursts. Suppose you turn on the light in a
cheap motel and see one scurrying directly away from you at a constant speed of 1.50m/s. If you
c. v y  v0 y  2 g ( y  y0 )
2 2
v y  v0 y  gt start 0.90m behind the cockroach with an initial speed of 0.80m/s toward it, what minimum
m2 constant acceleration would you need to catch up with it when it has travelled 1.20m?
0 2  v0 y  2 gy
2
v0 y
s 2 t 3. A 15-kg rock is dropped from rest on the earth and reaches the ground in 1.75s. When it is
v g
y  0y dropped from the same height on Saturn’s moon Enceladus, it reaches the ground in 18.6s.
2g  m What is the acceleration due to gravity on Enceladus?
15 
 
 m
2 s 
15   m
 
s   9 .8 2  4. A student throws a water balloon vertically downward from the top of a building. The balloon
 m  s  leaves the thrower’s hand with a speed of 6.00m/s. Air resistance may be ignored so the balloon
2 9.8 2 
 s  t  1.53s is in free fall after it leaves the thrower’s hand. (a) What is its speed after falling 2.00s?
(b) How far does it fall in 2.00s? (c) What is the magnitude of its velocity after falling 10.0m?
y  11.5m (d) Sketch the y-t, vy-t, ay-t graphs for the motion.
m
d. a y   g  9.8
s2
25 26