English For Militaries PDF

UNIT 1
GRAMMAR
1.-PERSONAL PRONOUNS
(PRONOMBRES PERSONALES) TO BE (‘ser; estar’)
Simple present / Negative form
SINGULAR English Spanish
English Spanish I am not (yo) no soy
1st S
1st I yo I'm not (yo) no estoy
2nd you tú/ usted
you are not (tú) no eres; (tú) no estás
3rd he/ she/ it él/ ella/ *ello 2nd S you aren’t (usted) no es; (usted) no está
he/ she/ it is not (él/ ella/ *ello) no es

PLURAL 3rd S he/ she/ it isn’t (él/ ella/ *ello) no está
English Spanish
1st we nosotros/ as we are not (nosotros/ as) no somos
1st P we aren’t (nosotros/ as) no estamos
vosotros/ as
2nd you
ustedes
3rd they ellos/ as (vosotros/ as) no sois
you are not (vosotros/ as) no estáis
2nd P you aren’t (ustedes) no son
Nótese que en inglés, a diferencia de lo que
ocurre en español, hay tres géneros (masculino, (ustedes) no están
femenino y neutro) para el pronombre personal
de tercera persona del singular. La traducción
que ofrecemos para el pronombre personal
neutro de tercera persona del singular (“it”) es
3rd P
they are not
they aren’t
(ellos/ as) no son
(ellos/ as) no están 1
“*ello”.
TO BE (‘ser; estar’)
2.-THE VERB “TO BE” Simple present / Question form
(EL VERBO “TO BE”) English Spanish
TO BE (‘ser; estar’) ¿soy (yo)?

1st S am I?
¿estoy (yo)?
Simple present / Affirmative form
English Spanish ¿eres (tú)?; ¿estás (tú)?
2nd S are you? ¿es (usted)?; ¿está (usted)?
I am (yo) soy
1st S I'm (yo) estoy ¿es (él/ ella/ *ello)?
3rd S is he/ she/ it?
¿está (él/ ella/ *ello)?
you are (tú) eres; (tú) estás
2nd S you're (usted) es; (usted) está ¿somos (nosotros/ as)?
1st P are we?
¿estamos (nosotros/ as)?
he/ she/ it is (él/ ella/ *ello) es
3rd S he's/ she's/ it's (él/ ella/ *ello) está ¿sois (vosotros/ as)?
¿estáis (vosotros/ as)?
we are (nosotros/ as) somos 2nd P are you? ¿son (ustedes)?
1st P we're (nosotros/ as) estamos ¿están (ustedes)?
(vosotros/ as) sois ¿son (ellos/ as)?

3rd P are they?
¿están (ellos/ as)?
you are (vosotros/ as) estáis
2nd P you're (ustedes) son
(ustedes) están A diferencia de lo que ocurre en español,
todas las formas verbales en inglés han de estar
they are (ellos/ as) son acompañadas por un sujeto explícito, ya sea
3rd P they're (ellos/ as) están un pronombre personal (“I”, “you”, etc.) o uno o
varios sustantivos (“John”, “Paul and Ane”, etc.)
-9-
DAILY SPEAKING
1.-GREETINGS
(SALUDOS)
Hello! My name’s My name’s Nuria

Isabel.
What’s your name?
Isabel: Hello! My name’s Isabel.

What’s your name?
Isabel: ¡Hola! Me llamo Isabel. ¿Cómo
te llamas?
Nuria: My name’s Nuria.

Nuria: Me llamo Nuria.
Isabel: How old are you?

Isabel: ¿Cuántos años tienes?
1 Nuria:
Nuria:
I’m thirty-six years old. And
you?
Tengo treinta y seis años. ¿Y tú? How old are you?
I’m thirty-six years old.
And you?
Isabel: I’m thirty-nine. I’m thirty-nine
Isabel: Tengo treinta y nueve.
Alicia: Hi!
Alicia. ¡Hola!
Isabel: Hi! How are you?

Isabel: ¡Hola! ¿Cómo estás?
Alicia: Fine, thank you. And you?

Alicia: Bien, gracias. ¿Y tú?
Isabel: Fine, thanks.

Isabel: Bien, gracias.
Hi!
Hi! How are you?
Fine, thank you.

And you?
Fine, thanks
-10-
CIVILIAN VOCABULARY
1.-CARDINAL NUMBERS I (1-30)

(NÚMEROS CARDINALES I [1-30])
1 one 11 eleven 21 twenty-one

2 two 12 twelve 22 twenty-two
3 three 13 thirteen 23 twenty-three
4 four 14 fourteen 24 twenty-four
5 five 15 fifteen 25 twenty-five
6 six 16 sixteen 26 twenty-six
7 seven 17 seventeen 27 twenty-seven
8 eight 18 eighteen 28 twenty-eight
9 nine 19 nineteen 29 twenty-nine
10 ten 20 twenty 30 thirty
Examples:
English Spanish
I have three cars. Tengo tres coches.
George is twenty-six years old. George tiene veintiséis años.
My brother spent eight days in London. Mi hermano estuvo ocho días en Londres.
1
2.-ORDINAL NUMBERS I (1st-5th)
(NÚMEROS ORDINALES I [1º-5º])
English Spanish
1st first primero/ a/ os/ as
2nd second segundo/ a/ os/ as
3rd third tercero/ a/ os/ as
4th fourth cuarto/ a/ os/ as
5th fifth quinto/ a/ os/ as
Examples:
English Spanish
The Fourth of July is the American Independence Day. El cuatro de julio es el Día de la Independencia estadounidense.
The second day of the week is Tuesday. El segundo día de la semana es martes.
His first last name is Pérez. Su primer apellido es Pérez.
-11-
READING COMPREHENSION
1.DESCRIPTION OF MIGUEL AND TERESA 2.- ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS.
(DESCRIPCIÓN DE MIGUEL Y TERESA) (CONTESTA LAS SIGUIENTES PREGUNTAS)
1) How old is Miguel?
2) What are they?
3) What is her telephone number?
Miguel and Teresa are a couple. He is
twenty-four years old and she is twenty-three
years old. They are students. He is a biologist
and she is an economist. His telephone
number is 4-8-6-7-1-5 and her telephone
number is 7-6-9-1-6-4. Miguel is a sportsman
but she is not. They are in Granada, they live
at 13 Telephone Road. This is the first time
they live together.
MILITARY TERMS
1.-RANKS
(EMPLEOS MILITARES)
all rank and file
1 Private Corporal Full Corporal Corporal Major
N.C.O.
Sergeant Staff Sergeant Warrant Officer Sergeant Major
officers
Second First Captain Major Lieutenant Colonel

Lieutenant Lieutenant Colonel
generals
Brigadier Major Three Star Four Star Five Star

General General General General
2.-VARIOUS
(VARIOS)
English Spanish
English Spanish
temporary officer oficial de complemento
recruit recluta
conscript soldier soldado de reemplazo
all rank and file tropa
professional soldier soldado profesional
N.C.O. suboficiales
generals oficiales generales
-12-
MILITARY CONVERSATION
Private: May I come in, Sir?

Soldado: ¿Puedo entrar, mi Brigada?
Staff Sergeant: Yes, come in.

Brigada: Sí, entre.
Private: This is the Private Juan Ramírez

May I come in, Sir?
Martínez, assigned to this Rifle
Company, Sir.
Soldado: Mi Brigada, soy el Soldado Juan
Ramírez Martínez, destinado a la
Yes, come in Compañía de Fusiles.
Staff Sergeant: What’s your post given to you by the

Sergeant?
Brigada: ¿Cuál es el encuadramiento que te ha
This is the Private
dado el Sargento?
Juan Ramírez
Martínez, assigned to Private: Second Rifle Platoon, first Squad.
this Rifle Company, Sir
What’s your post Soldado: Segunda Sección de Fusiles, primer
given to you by the Pelotón.
Sergeant?
Second Rifle Platoon, Staff Sergeant: OK, why did you join the Army?
OK, why did you join first Squad
the Army? Brigada: De acuerdo, ¿por qué entró en el Ejército?
Because I always liked Private: Because I always liked this kind of
1
this kind of life and I life and I love serving my country in
love serving my country the Army.
in the Army
Soldado: Porque siempre me ha gustado este
tipo de vida y me encanta servir a mi
patria en el Ejército.
EXERCISES
1) FILL EACH
OF THE FOLLOWING GAPS BY INSERTING 2) FILL EACH OF THE FOLLOWING GAPS WITH THE
THE CORRECT WORD. CORRECT FORM OF THE VERB “TO BE”.
a) Hello. My name is Cristina. What is your name? a) Are you a student?

b) My _____ is Patricia. b) _____ she Patricia?
c) _____ they Spanish?
c) Hello. I _____ Charles. What is _____ name? d) _____ I nice?
d) _____ _____ _____ Hellen. e) _____ we friends?
e) I am twenty-two years old. How old _____ you? 3) FILL EACH OF THE FOLLOWING GAPS WITH A
SUITABLE WORD.
f) _____ _____ nineteen _____ old.
a) Are you a student?
g) _____ old are _____?
b) No, I am not a _____.
h) I am _____ years _____?
c) Are they Paul and Mary?
i) What is your telephone number? d) _____, they are.
j) My _____ number is 5-6-2-8-4-5. e) _____ I your friend?
f) Yes, you _____.
k) Is your telephone _____ 5-6-2-8-4-5
g) Are you a soldier?
l) Yes, it _____.
h) No, I _____ _____ a soldier.
-13-
4) REWRITE THE FOLLOWING CARDINAL NUMBERS 6) REWRITETHE FOLLOWING ORDINAL NUMBERS BY
BY USING WORDS. USING WORDS.
a) 14 a) 1st
a) Fourteen a) First
b) 30 b) 2nd
b) __________________ b) __________________
c) 28
c) 3rd
c) __________________
c) __________________
d) 16
d) 4th
d) __________________
d) __________________
e) 13
e) __________________ e) 5th
e) __________________
f) 11
7) HOW MUCH DO THESE COUPLES OF NUMBERS ADD UP?
f) __________________ WRITE THE SOLUTIONS WITH THE CORRECT WORD.
a) six + ten
g) 25
a) Sixteen
g) __________________
1 h) 3
b) five + nine
b) __________________
h) __________________
c) one + three
c) __________________
5) REWRITE
THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES BY USING
CONTRACTIONS.
d) thirteen + nine
a) What is your name? d) __________________
a) What's your name?
e) two + eight
b) My name is Michael. e) __________________
b) ______________________________.
f) three + three
f) __________________
c) What is your telephone number?
c) ______________________________? g) four + ten
g) __________________
d) My telephone number is 4-5-6-3-7-5.
d) ______________________________. h) eleven + twelve
h) __________________
e) I am thirty years old.
i) twenty + ten
e) ______________________________.
i) __________________
f) She is twenty-four years old. j) twenty-four + one

f) ______________________________. j) __________________
-14-
8) MATCH WORDS 1) TO 8) WITH WORDS A) TO H).
English terms Spanish terms

1) Recruit a) General de Brigada
2) First Lieutenant b) Teniente
3) Conscript c) Cabo Primero
4) Non-commissioned officer d) Coronel
5) Staff Sergeant e) Recluta
6) Full Corporal f) Suboficial
7) Brigadier g) Soldado de reemplazo
8) Colonel h) Sargento Primero/ Brigada
9) PUT THE RANKS IN THE RIGHT DECREASING ORDER.
a) ____________ Three Star General

b) ____________ Lieutenant Colonel
c) ____________ Warrant Officer
d) ____________ Corporal
e) ____________ Sergeant
f) ____________ Major General
1
g) ____________ Second Lieutenant
h) ____________ Captain
i) 1 Five Star General
j) ____________ Private
-15-
UNIT 2
GRAMMAR
1.-ARTICLES 2.-POSSESSION
(ARTÍCULOS) (POSESIÓN)
El artículo determinado "the" es invariable, 2.1.-SAXON GENITIVE

esta única forma se usa para el masculino, el (GENITIVO SAJÓN)
femenino, el singular y el plural:
En inglés para expresar posesión o
Examples: pertenencia se puede emplear el genitivo sajón.
Se forma añadiendo al nombre del poseedor una
English Spanish
"s" precedida de un apóstrofo. Para expresar
posesión también puede utilizarse la preposición
the girl la chica "of" (‘de’), como ocurre en español. Cuando se
the boy el chico
usa el genitivo sajón, el orden de las palabras en
la oración se altera y se coloca el poseedor en
the girls las chicas primer lugar seguido del apóstrofo y la "s", y a
the boys los chicos
continuación el objeto poseído sin artículo.
Examples:
El artículo indefinido para las formas del
masculino, del femenino y del neutro singular es
English Spanish
"a", pero se cambia por "an" delante de "h"
muda y de vocal cuyo sonido no sea [ju:]: the mother of the girl
la madre de la niña
Examples:
English Spanish
the girl's mother
the hats of these men

2
los sombreros de estos hombres
a girl una chica
these men's hats
a boy un chico
a dog un perro
La "s" del genitivo, en los siguientes casos, se
an arm un brazo omite aunque se conserva el apóstrofo :
an hour una hora
a) Si el poseedor es un sustantivo en plural
a human being un ser humano
acabado en "s":
El artículo indefinido no tiene plural, y en su English Spanish

lugar se usan adjetivos indefinidos, la forma
"some" para oraciones afirmativas y "any" para these girls' mother la madre de estas niñas
oraciones negativas e interrogativas:
Examples:
these boys' pens los bolígrafos de estos niños
English Spanish
I have some questions. Tengo algunas preguntas. b) Si el poseedor es un sustantivo singular
acabado en "s":
Is there any question? ¿Hay alguna pregunta?
I don't have any question. No tengo ninguna pregunta. English Spanish
He has a question. (Él) tiene una pregunta. Moses’ law la ley de Moisés
There are some students. Hay algunos estudiantes.

Jesús’ friend el amigo de Jesús
There is a student. Hay un estudiante.
-17-
Sin embargo, si el poseedor es un sustantivo Nótese que el adjetivo posesivo en inglés
monosílabo terminado en "s", se conserva la "s" concuerda con el poseedor, indistintamente del
del genitivo: género y número del objeto poseído:
Examples: Examples:
English Spanish
English Spanish
her house su casa (de ella)
Bess's table la mesa de Bess
her houses sus casas (de ella)
El genitivo sajón se emplea con nombres their house su casa (de ellos/ as)
propios, sustantivos que denotan persona,
sustantivos que denotan seres animados, etc.: their houses sus casas (de ellos/ as)
our car nuestro coche

Examples:
our apples nuestras manzanas
English Spanish
Mary's cat el gato de Mary 2.3.-POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS
my sister's book el libro de mi hermana (PRONOMBRES POSESIVOS)
the dog's tail el rabo del perro
SINGULAR
Si el poseedor es un sustantivo compuesto o English Spanish

bien son varios poseedores, el genitivo se
forma con el último sustantivo: 1st mine mío/ a/ os/ as
Examples: tuyo/ a/ os/ as

2nd yours
suyo/ a/ os/ as (de usted)
2
English Spanish
3rd his, hers, its suyo/ a/ os/ as
my sister-in-law's car el coche de mi cuñada
Mary and Peter's house la casa de Mary y Peter PLURAL

English Spanish
2.2.-POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES
(ADJETIVOS POSESIVOS) 1st ours nuestro/ a/ os/ as
SINGULAR vuestro/ a/ os/ as

2nd yours suyo/ a/ os/ as (de ustedes)
English Spanish
3rd theirs suyo/ a/ os/ as
1st my mi
Nótese que el pronombre posesivo en inglés

2nd your tu/ su (de usted) concuerda con el poseedor, indistintamente del
género y número del objeto poseído:
3rd his, her, its su/ sus
Examples:
English Spanish
PLURAL
English Spanish This car is mine. Este coche es mío.
1st our nuestro/ a/ os/ as These oranges are mine. Estas naranjas son mías.
vuestro/ a/ os/ as
2nd your su/ sus (de ustedes) The cat is hers. El gato es suyo (de ella).
3rd their su/ sus The tables are hers. Las mesas son suyas (de ella).
-18-
3.-THE VERB “TO HAVE” TO HAVE (‘tener’)
(EL VERBO “TO HAVE”) Simple present / Question form
English Spanish
TO HAVE (‘tener’)
English Spanish 1st S have I? ¿tengo yo?
1st S I have (yo) tengo

¿(tú) tienes?
2nd S have you? ¿(usted) tiene?
(tú) tienes
2nd S you have (usted) tiene
3rd S has he/ she/ it? ¿tiene (él/ ella/ *ello)?
3rd S he /she /it has (él/ ella/ *ello) tiene

1st P have we? ¿tenemos (nosotros/ as)?
1st P we have (nosotros/ as) tenemos

¿tenéis (vosotros/ as)?
2nd P have you ? ¿tienen (ustedes)?
(vosotros/ as) tenéis

2nd P you have (ustedes) tienen
3rd P have they? ¿tienen (ellos/ as)?
3rd P they have (ellos/ as) tienen
2
4.-PLURALS
(PLURALES)
4.1.-REGULAR PLURALS
TO HAVE (‘tener’) (PLURALES REGULARES)
English Spanish El plural de los nombres en inglés se forma
añadiendo una "s" al singular:
I have not
1st S (yo) no tengo Examples:
I haven’t
English Spanish
you have not (tú) no tienes
2nd S you haven’t (usted) no tiene plate/ plates plato/ platos
roof/ roofs tejado/ tejados

he /she /it has not
3rd S he /she /it hasn’t
(él/ ella/ *ello) no tiene
Los nombres que terminan en "s", "ss", "sh",
"x" o "z" forman el plural añadiendo la sílaba
we have not "es":
1st P we haven’t
(nosotros/ as) no tenemos
Examples:
English Spanish
you have not (vosotros/ as) no tenéis
2nd P you haven’t (ustedes) no tienen class/ classes clase/ clases
box/ boxes caja/ cajas

they have not
3rd P they haven’t
(ellos/ as) no tienen
watch/ watches reloj/ relojes
-19-
Los nombres terminados en "o" precedida de 4.2.-IRREGULAR PLURALS
consonante también forman el plural añadiendo (PLURALES IRREGULARES)
la sílaba "es". Sin embargo, si la "o" está
precedida por una vocal forman el plural Existen algunos nombres en inglés cuyo
añadiendo solamente "s": plural es irregular:
Examples:
Examples:
English Spanish
English Spanish
potato/ potatoes patata/ patatas

ox/ oxen buey/ bueyes
hero/ heroes héroe/ héroes child/ children niño/ niños
duo/ duos dúo/ dúos man/ men hombre/ hombres
woman/ women mujer/ mujeres

Algunos nombres de origen sajón terminados
en "f" o en "fe" cambian la "f" en "v" antes de
añadir la terminación "es":
tooth/ teeth diente/ dientes
Examples:
foot/ feet pie/ pies
English Spanish
2 calf/ calves ternera/ terneras mouse/ mice ratón/ ratones
goose/ geese ganso/ gansos

elf/ elves duende/ duendes
person/ people persona/ personas

leaf/ leaves hoja/ hojas
Hay nombres que siempre se emplean

en plural:
Los nombres terminados en "y" precedida de
consonante al formar el plural cambian aquélla
en "i" antes de añadir la terminación "es". Examples:
Cuando la "y" está precedida por vocal al para
formar el plural simplemente hay que añadir "s": English Spanish
Examples: trousers pantalones
English Spanish
sweets caramelos
sky/ skies cielo/ cielo
body/ bodies cuerpo/ cuerpos

thanks gracias
boy/ boys niño/ niños
scissors tijeras
day/ days día/ días
-20-
DAILY SPEAKING
1.-INTRODUCTIONS
(PRESENTACIONES)
Good afternoon!!
It's one o'clock
Alicia: Good morning!

Alicia: ¡Buenos días!
Good morning! Nuria: Good afternoon!!

It’s one o’clock.
Nuria: ¡¡Buenas tardes!!
Es la una de la tarde.
Alicia: Nuria, this is my friend Miguel.

Nuria, this is my Alicia: Nuria, éste es mi amigo Miguel.
friend Miguel
Hi, Miguel!
Nuria: Hi, Miguel!
Nuria: ¡Hola, Miguel!
Nice to meet you
2
Miguel: Nice to meet you.
Miguel: Encantado de conocerte.
CIVILIAN VOCABULARY
1.-COLOURS
(COLORES)
English Spanish English Spanish
black negro green verde
pink rosa
white blanco
purple violeta
red rojo
grey gris
blue azul
orange naranja
yellow amarillo brown marrón
-21-
La mayoría de los colores son susceptibles 3.-ORDINAL NUMBERS II (6th-25th)
de aparecer junto con adjetivos que denoten su (NÚMEROS ORDINALES II [6º-25º])
luminosidad (un color claro, un color oscuro). En
inglés estos adjetivos son "light" (‘claro’) y
"dark" (‘oscuro’): English Spanish
Examples: 6th sixth sexto
7th seventh séptimo

English Spanish
8th eighth octavo
light red rojo claro 9th ninth noveno
10th tenth décimo

dark pink rosa oscuro
11th eleventh undécimo
2.-CARDINAL NUMBERS II (30-100) 12th twelfth duodécimo

(NÚMEROS CARDINALES II [30-100]) 13th thirteenth décimo tercero
14th fourteenth décimo cuarto

30 thirty
35 thirty-five 15th fifteenth décimo quinto
40 forty 16th sixteenth décimo sexto

45 forty-five
17th seventeenth décimo séptimo
50 fifty
55 fifty-five 18th eighteenth décimo octavo
60 sixty 19th nineteenth décimo noveno

65 sixty-five
20th twentieth vigésimo
2
70 seventy
75 seventy-five 21st twenty-first vigésimo primero
80 eighty 22nd twenty-second vigésimo segundo

85 eighty-five
23rd twenty-third vigésimo tercero
90 ninety
95 ninety-five 24th twenty-fourth vigésimo cuarto
100 one hundred 25th twenty-fifth vigésimo quinto
1.-DESCRIPTION 2.-ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS.

(DESCRIPCIÓN) (CONTESTA LAS SIGUIENTES PREGUNTAS)
1) How old is Pedro?
2) What is Pedro's favourite sport?
This is Miguel's little brother, his 3) Who is Beckham?
name is Pedro and he is eight years 4) Who are Antonio, Carlos, Juan and Rubén?
old. He has lots of toys: a football,
some tennis balls, a yellow bicycle, a
pair of skates and a blue radio-
controlled car. He likes some sports
but his favourite sport is football. His
idol is David Beckham, a Real Madrid
football player. He plays football with
his friends Antonio, Carlos, Juan and
Rubén. Their idol is also Beckham.
Pedro has a football T-shirt but he
hasn't any trainers.
-22-
MILITARY TERMS
1.-IN THE BARRACKS AND GENERALITIES
(EN EL CUARTEL Y GENERALIDADES)
English Spanish
barracks cuartel
main gate puerta principal lorry

mess mesón, cantina
weapon support company compañía de armas de apoyo

rucksack
headquarters battery batería de plana mayor
armour squadron escuadrón acorazado
courtyard patio de armas
crest metopa [de una unidad]
boot camp campamento de reclutas

military parade
sleeping bag saco de dormir
rucksack mochila
lorry camión
on duty
on leave
de servicio
de permiso
2
promotion ascenso inspection parade
outpost puesto avanzado march past
military parade formación
march past desfile
inspection parade revista
drill parade ejercicios de orden cerrado
sentry centinela
base base
drill parade sentry
flagpole mástil de la bandera
dormitory nave de dormitorio
Navy Armada
Air Force Ejército del Aire Air Force

equipment equipo
salute saludar; saludo
salary sueldo
Navy salute
-23-
Are you on duty

this weekend? Yes, I’m the sentry
in the main gate
next Saturday
Full Corporal: Are you on duty this weekend?
Cabo Primero: ¿Estás de servicio este fin de semana?
Private: Yes, I’m the sentry in the main gate

next Saturday.
Soldado: Sí, soy el centinela de la puerta
principal el próximo sábado.
Full Corporal: Did you already clean your rifle?

Cabo Primero: ¿Has limpiado ya tu fusil?
Private: Yes, tomorrow there’s an inspection

parade in the battery.
Soldado: Sí, mañana hay una revista en la
batería.
Yes, tomorrow
there’s an Did you already
clean your rifle?
inspection parade
in the battery
2
EXERCISES
1) FILL EACH OF THE FOLLOWING GAPS BY INSERTING 2) WRITE THE SUITABLE GREETING ACCORDING TO THE
THE CORRECT WORD. WATCHES.
a) Anna: Hello. Good morning! a) 10:00

a) Good morning
b) Paul: Good _____!
c) Anna: _____ are you?

b) 15:00
d) Paul: Fine, thank _____. And you?
b) ______________________________
e) Anna: _____. Paul, this _____ my boyfriend, John.
f) Paul: Nice to _____ you, John!

c) 20:00
g) John: _____ to _____ _____, Paul! c) ______________________________
h) Anna: John is twenty-five _____ old, he _____

a student.
d) 23:45 (bed time)
i) Paul: That is right! I _____ a student too. d) ______________________________
-24-
3) WHATARE THE COLOURS OF THE FOLLOWING d) 13 + 54
NUMBERS?
d) ______________________________
a) 6
a) Number six is blue.
e) 12 + 15
b) 17 e) ______________________________
b) __________________.
f) 17 + 10
c) 7
c) __________________. f) ______________________________
d) 1 g) 9 + 57
d) __________________.
g) ______________________________
e) 3
e) __________________. h) 25 + 8
h) ______________________________
f) 20
f) __________________. 5) REWRITE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES BY
USING POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS.
g) 29
g) __________________. a) Mary's book
2
a) The book is hers.
h) 1 3
h) __________________.
b) Peter and Paul's dog
i) 9 b) ______________________________.
i) __________________.
j) 11 c) Laura's house
j) __________________.
c) ______________________________.
k) 15
k) __________________. d) My car
4) HOW MUCH DO THESE COUPLES OF NUMBERS ADD UP? d) ______________________________.

WRITE THE SOLUTIONS BY USING WORDS.
a) 45 + 23 e) Your note book

a) Sixty-eight e) ______________________________.
b) 13 + 8 f) Michael's ball
b) ______________________________ f) ______________________________.
c) 24 + 10
g) Anna's doll
c) ______________________________
g) ______________________________.
-25-
6) WRITESENTENCES BY USING THE NEGATIVE 8) ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS.
FORM OF THE VERB “ TO HAVE ”: (1) HAVE NOT /
HAS NOT ( FULL FORM ) (2) HAVEN ’ T / HASN ’ T a) What is the colour of your tie?
(ABBREVIATED FORM). a) My tie es red.
a) Peter / computer.
a) Peter has not a computer. b) What is the colour of the sky?
a) Peter hasn’t a computer. b) ______________________________
b) Hellen and Michael / newspaper. c) What is the colour of the sun?

b) ______________________________ c) ______________________________
b) ______________________________
c) Julian / house. d) What is the colour of your dog?

c) ______________________________ d) ______________________________
c) ______________________________
e) What is the colour of your mother’s hair?
d) Andrew / girlfriend. e) ______________________________
d) ______________________________
d) ______________________________
f) What is the colour of your hair?
e) My mother / dog. f) ______________________________
e) ______________________________
e) ______________________________ g) What is the colour of the snow?
g) ______________________________
f) I / bag
f) ______________________________
f) ______________________________
9) FILL EACH OF THE FOLLOWING GAPS WITH AN
INDEFINITE ARTICLE (A OR AN FORM).
g) Louise / a pair of shoes. a) My neighbour is a photographer.
g) ______________________________
2
b) I have _____ very bad night.
g) ______________________________
c) _____ travel agent gives you information
7) FILL EACH OF THE FOLLOWING GAPS BY USING THE about hotels.
SUITABLE POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVE.
d) Mr Smith is _____ old man.
a) These are (1ª sg) my keys.
b) That is (3ª pl) _______ house e) You are not _____ worker, you are _____
capitalist.
c) This is (3ª sg fem) _______ boyfriend, and this
is (3ª sg mas.) father.
f) He goes to _____ concert.
d) Those are (1ª pl) _______ teachers.
e) Those are (1ª sg) _______ pencils. g) I have _____ day off.
f) That was (2ª sg) _______ girlfriend.
h) I had _____ amazing experience last night,
g) That was (2ª pl) _______ class. I saw _____ dinosaur.

1) on leave a) cuartel
2) drill parade b) escuadrón acorazado
3) dormitory c) de permiso
4) salute d) ascenso
5) on duty e) ejercicios de orden cerrado
6) armour squadron f) saludar o saludo
7) barracks g) nave de dormitorio colectivo
8) promotion h) de servicio
-26-
UNIT 3
GRAMMAR
1.-DEMONSTRATIVES 3.-SIMPLE PRESENT
(DEMOSTRATIVOS) (PRESENTE SIMPLE)
3.1.-AFFIRMATIVE FORM
SINGULAR (FORMA AFIRMATIVA DEL VERBO)
English Spanish
TO WALK (‘andar’)
this este/ a/ o Simple present / Affirmative form
English Spanish
ese/ a/ o
that
aquel/ aquella/ o 1st S I walk (yo) ando
(tú) andas
2nd S you walk
(usted) anda
3rd S he/she/it walks (él/ ella/ *ello) anda

THAT
1st P we walk (nosotros/ as) andamos
(vosotros/ as) andáis
2nd P you walk
(ustedes) andan
3rd P they walk (ellos/ as) andan
La forma del presente simple se forma quitando la

partícula "to" al infinitivo (“to walk”, ‘andar’; “I walk”, ‘yo
ando’). Es invariable para todas las personas excepto
para la tercera persona del singular (“he”, “she”, “it”)
3
que añade una "-s" o la sílaba "-es" (se aplica la regla
THIS de ortografía del plural de los sustantivos).
3.2.-NEGATIVE FORM
(FORMA NEGATIVA DEL VERBO)
PLURAL English Spanish
English Spanish
I do not walk (yo) no ando
1st S I don’t walk
these estos/ as
esos/ as (tú) no andas

you do not walk
those 2nd S you don’t walk
aquellos/ as (usted) no anda
he/she/it does not walk
2.-INFINITIVE, PAST PARTICIPLE AND GERUND 3rd S he/she/it doesn’t walk (él/ ella/ *ello) no anda
(FORMAS IMPERSONALES DEL VERBO) we do not walk (nosotros/ as) no andamos
1st P we don’t walk
English Spanish (vosotros/ as) no andáis

you do not walk
2nd P you don’t walk
(ustedes) no andan
INFINITIVE to walk andar
they do not walk
3rd P they don’t walk (ellos/ as) no andan
PAST walked andado
PARTICIPLE En inglés la forma negativa del verbo se forma con
el auxiliar "to do" en forma negativa, "do not" (“don’t”).
GERUND walking andando
Esto ocurre con todas las personas, salvo en el caso
de la tercera persona del singular, que se forma con
"does not" (“doesn’t”.)
- 27 -
Examples:
AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE
I eat (yo) como I don’t eat (yo) no como
(tú) andas (tú) no andas
(vosotros/ as) andáis (vosotros/ as) no andáis
you walk you do not walk
(usted) anda (usted) no anda
(ustedes) andan (ustedes) no andan
he drinks (él) bebe he does not drink (él) no bebe
she loves (ella) ama she doesn’t love (ella) no ama
it rains llueve it does not rain no llueve
we drive (nosotros/ as) conducimos we don’t drive (nosotros/ as)noconducimos
they swim (ellos/ as) nadan they do not swim (ellos/as) nadan
4.-THE TIME
(LA HORA)
five o’clock
(cinco en punto)
ten to five ten past five
(cinco menos diez) (cinco y diez)
It is... a quarter to five a quarter past five

(cinco menos cuarto) (cinco y cuarto)
3
What time is it? It’s...
(Qué hora es?) (Son las...) half past five
(Es la...) (las cinco y media)
noon
(mediodía)
midnight
(medianoche)
Como se ve en el cuadro, en inglés para decir

la hora se utilizan las expresiones:
"o'clock" (‘en punto’);

"half past" (‘y media’);
"to" (‘menos’);
"past" (‘y’);
“o’clock”
"noon" (‘mediodía’);
"midnight" (‘medianoche’).
A excepción de la expresión "It is ... o'clock"
(son las/ es la ... en punto) la cifra que indica las
horas se pospone a la cifra o expresión que
indica los minutos:
“to”
English Spanish
It is half past one. Es la una y media.
It is twenty to ten. Son las diez menos veinte.
It is nine o’clock. Son las nueve en punto. “past”
- 28 -
DAILY SPEAKING
1.-THE TIME What time is it?

(LA HORA)
It’s half past five
Are you sure?
Nuria: What time is it?

Nuria: ¿Qué hora es?
Alicia: It’s half past five. Yes, I am
Alicia: Son las cinco y media.
Nuria: Are you sure?

Nuria: ¿Estás segura?
Alicia: Yes, I’m. Oh! My watch doesn’t
Alicia: Sí, lo estoy. work! Thank you very
much
Nuria: Oh! My watch doesn’t work!

Thank you very much.
Nuria: ¡Vaya! ¡No me funciona el reloj!
Muchas gracias.
Alicia: You are welcome. You are welcome
Alicia: De nada.
2.-HOW ARE YOU?

(¿CÓMO ESTÁS?)
Bye!
3
Hi, Nuria! Hi, Alicia!
How are you?
... I’m not fine...

I’m very tired Maybe... Oh, it’s too
Why? late! I have to go home!
Bye, see you soon!
I usually get up at
seven o’clock, but today Really?
I got up at half past five
Take some
Lately I don’t sleep sleeping pills
very well...
Alicia: Hi, Nuria! Nuria: Really?

Alicia: ¡Hola, Nuria! Nuria: ¿De veras?
Nuria: Hi, Alicia! How are you? Alicia: Lately I don’t sleep very well…
Nuria: ¡Hola, Alicia! ¿Cómo estás? Alicia: Últimamente no duermo muy bien…
Alicia: … I’m not fine… I’m very tired. Nuria: Take some sleeping pills.
Alicia: … No estoy bien… Estoy muy cansada. Nuria: Toma somníferos.
Nuria: Why? Alicia: Maybe… Oh, it is too late! I have to go

Nuria: ¿Por qué? home! Bye, see you soon!
Alicia: Tal vez… ¡Vaya, es muy tarde! ¡Me tengo
Alicia: I usually get up at seven o’clock, but que ir a casa! ¡Adiós, hasta luego!
today I got up at half past five.
Alicia: Me suelo levantar a siete en punto, pero hoy Nuria: Bye!
me he levantado a las cinco y media. Nuria: ¡Adiós!
- 29 -
CIVILIAN VOCABULARY
1.-FAMILY AND RELATIONSHIP

(LA FAMILIA Y PARENTESCOS)
English Spanish
husband marido, esposo
wife mujer, esposa
father padre
mother madre
parents padres [padre y madre]
son hijo grandfather and grandson
daughter hija
children hijos [hijos e hijas]
brother hermano
sister hermana
aunt tía
uncle tío
cousin primo/ a
husband and wife
grandmother abuela
3 grandfather
grandparents
abuelo
abuelos [abuelo y abuela]
granddaughter nieta
grandson nieto
grandchildren nietos/ as
nephew sobrino
niece sobrina
brother-in-law cuñado
sister-in-law cuñada
daugther-in-law nuera
son-in-law yerno
mother-in-law suegra
father-in-law suegro
mothers and children
Examples:
English Spanish
My grandmother is my mother´s mother. Mi abuela es la madre de mi madre.
My cousin got married last year. Mi primo se casó el año pasado.
My brother is very kind. Mi hermano es muy agradable.
I do not get along with my mother-in-law. No me llevo bien con mi suegra.
- 30 -
2.-MEALS I
(LAS COMIDAS I)
lemond orange potato fruit

(limón) (naranja) (patata) (fruta)
breakfast lunch
(desayuno) (almuerzo)
to have breakfast to have lunch
(desayunar) (almorzar)
vegetable fish meat

(verdura) (pescado) (carne)
tea time dinner

(hora del té) (cena)
to have a cup of tea to have dinner
(tomar una taza de té) (cenar) milk eggs dessert
(leche) (huevos) (postre)
Examples:
English Spanish
I usually have eggs for breakfast. Normalmente tomo huevos para desayunar.
In Great Britain people have lunch at midday. En Gran Bretaña la gente almuerza a mediodía.
I invited some friends for dinner. Invité a algunos amigos a cenar.
1.-MY FAMILY
3
(MI FAMILIA)
I am Sarah. My mother’s name is Anne. My

father's name is Paul. I have one brother. His
name is Richard and he is seven years old. My
AUNT UNCLE
mother's parents are my grandparents. My
grandmother likes singing and my grandfather
likes painting. I am my grandparent’s FATHER MOTHER
GRANDFATHER
granddaughter. My parent's brothers and sisters GRANDMOTHER
are my uncles and aunts. I have four uncles and
five aunts and I am their niece. Their sons and
daughters are my cousins. One day I hope I get SARAH
married to a nice man (my husband) and have BROTHER
lots of children.
COUSIN
2.- ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS.

(CONTESTA LAS SIGUIENTES PREGUNTAS)
1) What are my parents' names?

2) How old is my brother?
3) Who are my aunt's sons and daughters?
- 31 -
MILITARY TERMS
1.-UNITS AND COMMAND SCHELONS
(UNIDADES Y ESCALONES DE MANDO)
English Spanish
fire team escuadra
task force agrupación táctica

squad section platoon
battalion task group
grupo táctico
battalion group
company task force

subgrupo táctico
company/ squadron
company battalion regiment team
branch rama; arma
brigade headquarters cuartel general de brigada
chain of command cadena de mando

brigade division corps
commander jefe
company commander jefe de compañía
deputy officer oficial segundo en el mando
3 MILITARY
army
CONVERSATION
leader líder
Private: What’s that unit? What’s that unit?

Soldado: ¿Cuál es esa unidad?
Who’s the It’s the second
Corporal: It’s the second Rifle Company of commander? Rifle Company of
the 3rd battalion
the 3rd battalion.
Cabo: Es la segunda Compañía de
Fusiles del tercer Batallón. Captain Mayoral
Private: Who’s the commander?

Soldado: ¿Quién es el jefe?
Corporal: Captain Mayoral.

Cabo: El Capitán Mayoral.
That´s right, and the Lieutenant Gálvez.
Private: That´s right, and the deputy? deputy? He’s just arrived.
Soldado: Bien, ¿y el oficial segundo en el He’s commanding
the 2nd Rifle Platoon
mando?
Corporal: Lieutenant Gálvez. He’s just

arrived. He’s commanding the
2nd Rifle Platoon.
Cabo: El Teniente Gálvez. Se acaba de He looks very young
incorporar. Va a mandar la segunda
Sección de Fusiles.
Private: He looks very young.

Soldado: Parece muy joven.
- 32 -
EXERCISES
FAMILY TREE
(ÁRBOL GENEALÓGICO)
Alfred Joan William Hannah
Joshua Bob Caroline Peter Mary
Alex Emily Susanne John Paul
1) FILL EACHOF THE FOLLOWING GAPS ACCORDING

TO THE FAMILY TREE.
a) (JOHN) Alex and Emily are my...
2) FILL EACH OF THE FOLLOWING GAPS ACCORDING
TO THE FAMILY TREE.
a) Caroline is Joshua and Peter's…
3
a) Alex and Emily are my cousins. a) Caroline is Joshua and Peter's sister.
b) (PETER) Mary is my… b) Joan and Alfred are Joshua's…

b) ____________________________. b) ____________________________.
c) (MARY) Peter is my… c) Mary is Alex and Emily's…

c) ____________________________. c) ____________________________.
d) (JOHN) Paul is my… d) Alex and Emily are John's…

d) ____________________________. d) ____________________________.
e) (HANNAH) Peter is my… e) Susanne is Caroline's…

e) ____________________________. e) ____________________________.
f) (WILLIAM) John is my… f) Susanne is Mary's…

f) ____________________________. f) ____________________________.
g) (JOAN) Mary is my… g) Peter is Alex and Emily's…

g) ____________________________. g) ____________________________.
h) (ALFRED) Emily is my… h) Joan is Paul's…

h) ____________________________. h) ____________________________.
i) (PAUL) Joan and Hannah are my… i) Bob is Peter's…

i) ____________________________. i) ____________________________.
j) (CAROLINE) Paul is my… j) Alex is Peter's…

j) ____________________________. j) ____________________________.
k) (PETER) Emily is my… k) Hannah is Peter's…

k) ____________________________. k) ____________________________.
- 33 -
3) MATCH TIMES 1) TO 5) SENTENCES A) TO E).
1) It is seven oćlock in the morning a) I have lunch
2) It is midnight b) I have dinner
3) It is a quarter past two in the afternoon c) I wake up
4) It is ten to ten in the evening d) I go to bed
5) It is nine oćlock in the morning e) I go to work
4) LOOK AT THE WATCHES AND WRITE THE TIME. 5) FILL EACH OF THE FOLLOWING GAPS BY INSERTING
“THIS”, “THESE”, “THAT” OR “THOSE”.
a) (Aquellos) Those boys are my friends.
a) 12:00 b) I live with (estos) _____ boys.

a) It is twelve oćlock/
It is midday/ It is noon c) (Esa) _____ woman is her mother.
d) I love (ese) _____ car.

b) 13:45
b) ______________________ e) (Esos) _____ cats are wild.
3 c) 02:15
f) My father says (estas) _____ words.
g) They go to (aquella) _____ city.

c) ______________________
h) You smell (aquellas) _____ flowers.
6) FILL EACH OF THE FOLLOWING GAPS WITH A

d) 19:40 SUITABLE WORD OF THE BOX.
d) ______________________
eggs vegetable car milk past
e) 09:35 oranges midnight wake up fruit lemons

e) ______________________
o'clock meat potatoes television
f) 17:10 a) I wake up at seven o’clock. For breakfast I

f) ______________________ have toast, one glass of _____ and an orange
juice. At half _____ seven I go to work by
_____.
g) 20:05
b) Vegetarian people do not eat _____. They eat
g) ______________________
_____ and _____.
c) Spanish omelette is made of _____ and _____.

h) 00:00
h) ______________________ d) _____ and _____ are rich in vitamin C.
e) I go to bed at _____ and I watch _____.
- 34 -
English terms Spanish Terms

1) Army a) Cuarter General de Brigada
2) Task Force b) Regimiento
3) NATO c) Agrupación Táctica
4) Brigade Headquarters d) Ejército
5) Squad e) Sección
6) Regiment f) Escuadra
7) Branch g) OTAN
8) Platoon h) Arma, Rama (Inf., Art., Cab., etc.)
8) MAKE SENTENCES WITH THE FOLLOWING WORDS.
a) mother's /My / my/ aunt/ sister /is

a) My mother's sister is my aunt.
b) wake up /I /past /seven /at /half

b) ______________________________.
c) soup /dinner /take / for/I /take

c) ______________________________.
d) mine /books /are /These
3
d) ______________________________.
e) expensive /car /Julian's/ very /is

e) ______________________________.
f) with /whisky /drink /I /soda

f) ______________________________.
- 35 -
UNIT 4
GRAMMAR
1.-THE ADJECTIVE Para añadir las terminaciones propias del
(EL ADJETIVO) comparativo y superlativo se siguen las reglas
El adjetivo calificativo en inglés es invariable usuales de ortografía que se han visto
(es decir, tiene la misma forma para el singular anteriormente, por ejemplo, las palabras
masculino y femenino y para el plural masculino terminadas en "y" precedida de consonante
y femenino) y precede al sustantivo: cambian la "y" por "i" antes de tomar la
terminación correspondiente.
Examples:
b) Los adjetivos calificativos monosílabos
English Spanish (aquellos compuestos por unas sola sílaba)
the good boy el niño bueno acabados en consonante precedida de vocal
a slim girl una niña delgada corta*, duplican dicha consonante final.
the bad cats los gatos malos Examples:
some white flags algunas banderas blancas
English Spanish
2.-DEGREES OF COMPARISON
(GRADOS DE COMPARACIÓN) hot / hotter cálido / más cálido
thin / thinner delgado / más delgado
2.1.-SUPERIORITY COMPARATIVES AND SUPERLATIVES
(GRADO COMPARATIVO DE SUPERIORIDAD Y SUPERLATIVO RELATIVO)
*Se entiende por “vocal corta” la existencia de
El grado comparativo de superioridad (“más + una única vocal (“hot”, “thin”), por el contrario,
4
adjetivo”) y el grado superlativo relativo (“el/ la/ los/ nótese que “cheap” también es un adjetivo
las más + adjetivo”) de los adjetivos en inglés se calificativo monosílabo, sin embargo, está
forma: compuesto por dos vocales.
a) Añadiendo al adjetivo positivo la terminación Recuerde que, por ejemplo, “cold” o “rich”
"er" para el comparativo de superioridad, y la tampoco duplican dicha consonante final ya que
terminación "est" para el superlativo relativo. Esto la consonante final está precedida de otra
ocurre con los adjetivos monosílabos, con los consonante.
bísilabos y con los trisílabos terminados en "ow",
"er", "y", "e", "l": c) El resto de adjetivos de dos o más
sílabas forman el comparativo añadiendo
Examples: "more" y el superlativo añadiendo "the most":
English
Examples:
Positive Comparative Superlative
happy happier happiest English
wise wiser wisest Positive Comparative Superlative
easy easier easiest terrible more terrible the most terrible

cold colder coldest sensible more sensible the most sensible
yellow yellower yellowest
candid more candid the most candid
Spanish
Spanish
feliz más feliz el más feliz
terrible más terrible el más terrible
sabio más sabio el más sabio
fácil más fácil el más fácil sensato más sensato el más sensato
frío más frío el más frío
amarillo más amarillo el más amarillo cándido más cándido el más cándido
-37-
2.2.-INFERIORITY COMPARATIVES 3.-IRREGULAR FORMS OF THE COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE
(GRADO DE INFERIORIDAD DEL ADJETIVO) (FORMAS IRREGULARES DEL ADJETIVO COMPARATIVO Y SUPERLATIVO)
Para formar el grado de inferioridad del Varios adjetivos en inglés tienen la forma del
adjetivo ("menos + adjetivo”, “el /la /los /las comparativo y superlativo irregulares, y/o
menos + adjetivo") siempre se utiliza la forma derivadas de otras raíces.
"less" en el comparativo, y "the least" en el
superlativo, antepuesto al adjetivo (ya sea un English
adjetivo de una o más sílabas):
Examples: good better the best
English
Positive Comparative Superlative bad worse the worst
terrible less terrible the least terrible little less the least
happy less happy the least happy
old older/ elder the oldest/ eldest
Spanish
Spanish
terrible menos terrible el menos terrible Positive Comparative Superlative
feliz menos feliz el menos feliz bueno mejor el óptimo
2.3.-EQUALITY COMPARATIVES malo peor el pésimo

(GRADO DE IGUALDAD DEL ADJETIVO) pequeño menos el mínimo
La comparación de igualdad en inglés se forma viejo más viejo el más viejo

con "as + adjetivo en grado positivo +as" (‘tan + mayor el mayor
adjetivo + como’) para las oraciones afirmativas.
4 Para las oraciones negativas se emplea "so +

adjetivo en grado positivo + as”. 4.-HOW TO MAKE COMPARISONS
(FORMACIÓN DE COMPARACIONES)
Examples:
English Para realizar comparaciones entre dos

sustantivos en inglés se utiliza la siguiente
Joan is as beautiful as Mary, but she is not so good estructura:
as she is/ as her. *
How to make comparisons
I am not so lazy as you are/ as you. ** adjetivo en
SUST + VERBO + grado + THAN + SUST
comparativo
Spanish Examples:
Joan es tan guapa como Mary, pero no es tan English

buena como ella.
You are stronger than me.
No soy tan perezoso como tú.
My sister is taller than your mother.
You love him more than me, and less than her.
* Nótese que en la segunda parte de
la estructura comparativa la construcción
“she is” se puede sustituir por el Spanish
pronombre personal “her”.
(Tú) eres más fuerte que yo.
** Nótese que en la segunda parte de Mi hermana es más alta que tu madre.
la estructura comparativa la construcción
“you are” se puede sustituir por el (Tú) lo quieres (a él) más que yo, y menos que ella.
pronombre personal “you”.
-38-
5.-THE ADVERB I d) sin embargo, los adverbios siguen al verbo
(EL ADVERBIO I) "to be" y a los verbos anómalos;
5.1.-WHERE TO PUT THE VERB Examples:

(COLOCACIÓN DEL ADVERBIO)
A la hora de colocar los adverbios en inglés English Spanish
hay que tener en cuenta una serie de He is never in time. Nunca llega a tiempo.
consideraciones:
I could hardly read it. Apenas pude leerlo.
a) si el verbo no tiene complemento, el adver-
bio sigue inmediatamente al verbo; 5.2.-ADVERBS CLASSIFICATION
(CLASIFICACIÓN DE LOS ADVERBIOS)
b) si tiene complemento y éste es corto,
Los adverbios en inglés según su significado
puede intercalarse entre el verbo y el adverbio; se dividen en:
Examples: English
Place Time Manner Quantity
English Spanish
here early so only
He reads well. (Él) lee bien. there late quickly rather
in before certainly almost

She walks quickly. (Ella) anda deprisa.
out after thus much
Examples:
near
far
still
soon
4
English Spanish
Spanish
Place Time Manner Quantity
I shall read your letter now. Leeré su carta ahora.
aquí pronto así sólo
Put your hat on, please. Póngase el sombrero, por favor. allí tarde deprisa bastante
en antes ciertamente casi
c) los adverbios de tiempo indefinido y fuera después así mucho
algunos de modo preceden generalmente al cerca hasta

verbo;
lejos pronto
Examples:
Examples:
English Spanish
English Spanish
I always read the newspaper. Siempre leo el periódico. My sister is so nice! ¡Mi hermana es tan simpática!
He briefly told the news. (Él) dijo las noticias Your house is very far from Tu casa está muy lejos de
brevemente. here. aquí.
-39-
DAILY SPEAKING
1.-ON THE PHONE
(AL TELÉFONO)
Is that Teresa?
Nuria: Is that Teresa?
Nuria: ¿Es usted Teresa?
This is Nuria
Alicia: Who's calling?
Alicia: ¿Quién llama?
Nuria: This is Nuria. Yes, please. Could

Nuria: Soy Nuria. you tell her that I
called?
Alicia: She isn’t here at the moment.
Do you want to leave a message?
Alicia: No se encuentra aquí en estos momentos. She isn’t here at
¿Quiere dejar un mensaje? moment. Do you
Who’s calling? want to leave a
message?
Nuria: Yes, please. Could you tell her
that I called?
Nuria: Sí, por favor. ¿Podría decirle que la
he llamado?
Alicia: Does she have your phone number?

Does she have your
Alicia: ¿Tiene su número de teléfono? phone number?
4
Yes, I think she does. I’m
going to give you my Nuria: Yes, I think she does. I’m going to
number just in case. Do you give you my number just in case.
have a pen and a piece of My phone number is: Do you have a pen and a piece of
paper with you? 0-9-8-2-3-4-7-9-6 paper with you?
Nuria: Sí, creo que lo tiene. De todas maneras
le voy a dar mi número de teléfono.
¿Tiene bolígrafo y papel?
Alicia: Yes, I do.

Alicia: Sí.
Thank you
very much
Nuria: My phone number is: 0-9-8-2-3-4-7-9-6.
Nuria: Mi número de teléfono es: 098 23 47 96.
Yes, I do
Alicia: OK, she’ll call you back later.
Alicia: Vale, ya la llamará ella más tarde.
OK, she’ll call you
back later
Nuria: Thank you very much.
You are welcome
Nuria: Muchas gracias.
Alicia: You are welcome.

Alicia: De nada.
-40-
CIVILIAN VOCABULARY
1.-DAYS OF THE WEEK En inglés, a diferencia de lo que ocurre en

(DÍAS DE LA SEMANA) español, los días de la semana y los meses del
año reciben el tratamiento que se da a los
English Spanish nombres propios, es decir, la inicial de cada uno
de ellos siempre aparece en mayúscula:
Monday lunes
Tuesday martes Examples:
Wednesday miércoles English
Thursday jueves
The third day of the week is Wednesday.
Friday viernes
Saturday sábado The last month of the year is December.
Sunday domingo
Spanish
2.-SEASONS OF THE YEAR
(ESTACIONES DEL AÑO) El tercer día de la semana es miércoles.
El último mes del año es diciembre.
4.-DATES
(FECHAS)
What is the date today?
4
spring summer
What’s the date today?
first January 2000
Today is the second Febrary 2001

Today’s the third of March of 2002
(BrE) fourth April 2003
autumn/ fall winter
... ... ...
3.-MONTHS OF THE YEAR

January first 2000
(MESES DEL AÑO)
Today is the Febrary second 2001
English Spanish Today’s the March the third of 2002
January enero (AmE) April fourth 2003
February febrero
... ... ...
March marzo
April abril 5.-CARDINAL NUMBERS III (101-2.000.000)
May mayo (NÚMEROS CARDINALES III [101-2.000.000])
June junio
July julio 101 one hundred and one
August agosto
102 one hundred and two
103 one hundred and three
September septiembre
110 one hundred and ten
October octubre
125 one hundred and twenty-five
November noviembre 130 one hundred and thirty
December diciembre
-41-
145 one hundred and forty-five 1 000 one thousand
150 one hundred and fifty 1 100 one thousand and a hundred
165 one hundred and sixty-five 1 101 one thousand one hundred and one
170 one hundred and seventy 10 000 ten thousand
185 one hundred and eighty-five 100 000 one hundred thousand
190 one hundred and ninety 1 000 000 one million
200 two hundred 2 000 000 two million
Nótese que en inglés entre la decena y la

unidad (“forty-five”, ‘cuarenta y cinco’) no se "Million", "thousand" y "hundred" son
emplea la conjunción "and" (‘y’) como ocurre en invariables, es decir, aparecen siempre en singular
español. También hay que tener en cuenta que aunque su traducción en español pueda ser plural.
después de “million”, "thousand" y "hundred" Sin embargo, sí que tienen forma de plural cuando
los números inferiores a cien deben ir se utilizan como sustantivos:
precedidos por la conjunción "and" (1 304, "one
thousand three hundred and four").
Examples:
English Spanish
Are there many books here? ¿Hay muchos libros aquí?
Yes, there are several hundreds. Sí, hay varios centenares.
4 1.-HOLIDAYS
(VACACIONES)
In Great Britain, Ireland and the United States 1) What do people celebrate on the 25th of
of America there are quite a few important
holidays. Families get together to celebrate these December?
important holidays. The 25th of December is
Christmas and the 31st of the same month New 2) What is the biggest party for Irish people?
Year's Eve. On St. Valentine's Day (14th of
February) some men give roses and presents to 3) What are the most important dates at Easter?
their girlfriends or wifes
In Ireland people celebrate St. Patrick's Day on

the 17th of March, for Irish people it is the biggest
party.
People don't work in bank holidays, Easter and

Mother's and Father's Day. The date of these
holidays changes every year. The most important
dates in Easter are: Festival of Passover, Good
Friday, Easter Day and Easter Monday.
In the United States of America people

celebrate the Independence Day on the 4th of
July and Thanksgiving Day in November.
-42-
MILITARY TERMS
1.-WEAPONS, SPECIALITIES AND ASSIGNMENTS
(ARMAS, ESPECIALIDADES Y DESTINOS)
English Spanish
light infantry infantería ligera
field artillery artillería de campaña
antiaircraft artillery artillería antiaérea light infantry
cavalry caballería field artillery

engineers ingenieros
sappers zapadores
signals/ communications transmisiones
recognisance reconocimiento cavalry
logistics logística
transportation transporte
electronic warfare guerra electrónica

engineers
army aviation FAMET (helicópteros del E.T.)
technical branch
maintenance team
especialidad técnica
equipo de mantenimiento
communications
4
supply unit unidad de abastecimiento
special operations operaciones especiales

army aviation
parachutist paracaidista
Spanish Legion Legión Española

APC
airborne operation operación aerotransportada
combat diver buceador de combate

APC BMR
(Armo(u)red Personnel Carrier) (transporte de personal)
parachutists
mechanised infantry infantería mecanizada
motorised unit unidad motorizada

vehicle
armoured acorazado
military police policía militar
bugle corneta [objeto]

special operations
bugler corneta [persona]
vehicle vehículo
Spanish Legion
-43-
What’s your
branch, Ramírez?
Full Corporal: What’s your branch, Ramírez?
Cabo Primero ¿Cuál es tu especialidad, Ramírez?
Corporal: Light Infantry, Sir. I’m posted in

the 3rd Rifle Company.
Cabo: Infantería Ligera, mi Primero. Estoy
destinado en la 3ª Compañía de Fusiles.
Light Infantry, Sir. Full Corporal: I need a driver for this recovery
I’m posted in the truck.
3rd Rifle Company Cabo Primero: Necesito un conductor para este
camión grúa.
Corporal: I’m sorry, Sir, I don´t have the

driving license.
Cabo: Lo siento, mi Primero, no tengo el
carnet de conducir.
Full Corporal: Don’t worry, I’ll look for a driver in

the Headquarters Company.
Cabo Primero: No te preocupes, buscaré a un conductor
I’m sorry, Sir, I don’t en la Compañía del Cuartel General.
I need a driver for
have the driving license
this recovery truck Corporal: Certainly, I should apply for the
driving course.
Cabo: La verdad es que debería solicitar el
Don’t worry, I’ll look for a Certainly, I should curso de conducción.
driver in the apply for the driving
Headquarters Company course
4
EXERCISES
1) FILL
EACH OF THE FOLLOWING GAPS BY USING 2) FILL EACH OF THE FOLLOWING GAPS BY USING THE
SUPERIORITY COMPARATIVES. SUPERLATIVE FORM OF THE ADJECTIVES.
a) (tall) Peter is taller than John. a) (good) Only you is the best song in the history
of music.
b) (happy) Sally is _____ than her sister. b) (old) My ______ brother is already married.
c) (difficult) This exam is _____ than the previous one. c) (intelligent) William is the ______ person in his class.
d) (strong) Peter is the ______ person in this

d) (good) My teacher is _____ than yours.
base.
e) (easy) This exercise is _____ than last one. e) (pretty) Sally is the ______ girl in this town.
f) (cheap) In this shop this book is _____. f) (brilliant) Shakespeare is the ______ writer of
English literature.
g) (bad) This year my grades are _____ than the g) (rich) Bill Gates is the ______ on earth.
year before.
h) (thin) Anna is the ______ girl in her class.
h) (old) I am four years _____ than you.
i) hot) August is the ______ month of the year.
-44-
3) FILLEACH OF THE FOLLOWING GAPS BY USING 6) FILL EACH OF THE BOXES OF COLUMN B BY
INFERIORITY COMPARATIVES. INSERTING THE NAMES OF THE MONTHS. ANSWER
THE QUESTIONS ACCORDING TO THE INFORMATION
a) (clever) Julian is less clever than you. SHOWN IN COLUMN C.
b) (happy) I am sure Judith is ______ than Mary. A B C
c) (angry) This morning I am ______ than yesterday. 1st month of the year January
d) (beautiful) Pekin is ______ than Tokyo.
5th month of the year William's interview
e) (blue) The sky in England is ______ than in Spain.
f) (cold) April is ______ than January.
11th month of the year
g) (clear) Things seem to be ______ with this book.
h) (clean) Jodie is ________than Mary. 3rd month of the year Spring begins
4) FILL
THE BOXES WITH THE SUITABLE FORM OF THE 8th month of the year
FOLLOWING ADJECTIVES.
4th month of the year Sally's holidays

hot hotter hottest 2nd month of the year
good
6th month of the year Summer begins
least
4
older 9th month of the year Peter's wedding
beautiful
12th month of the year
worst
green greenest 10th month of the year
dirtier
7th month of the year Julian's birthday
small
5) FILL EACH OF THE FOLLOWING GAPS WITH AN ADVERB. a) When is Peter's wedding?
a) Peter’s wedding is in September.
a) (aquí) The prices here are very expensive.
b) When is your birthday?
b) ____________________________.
b) (después) We'll go to the party ______ the cinema.
c) When is Julian's birthday?
c) (temprano) We have to get up ______ in the c) ____________________________.
morning to go to work.
d) When does Spring begin?
d) (casi) It is ______ two o'clock. d) ____________________________.
e) When is William's interview?

e) (lejos) Don't go too ______! We are having e) ____________________________.
lunch in half an hour.
f) When does summer begin?
f) (fuera) There were lots of people ______ of the building! f) ____________________________.
g) When are Sally's holidays?

g) (tarde) Last night I went to bed very ______.
g) ____________________________.
-45-
7) FILL
EACH OF THE FOLLOWING BOXES WITH THE CORRESPONDING NAME OF
MONTH AND/OR SEASON.
March
SPRING
September
November
June
SUMMER
December
8) MATCH WORDS 1) TO 10) WITH WORDS A) TO J).

1) technical branch a) equipo de mantenimiento
2) APC (Armo(u)red Personnel Carrier) b) Logística
3) maintenance team c) operaciones especiales
4) cavalry d) unidad motorizada
4
5) special operations e) FAMET (helicópteros del ET)
6) parachutist f) especialidad técnica
7) logistics g) acorazado
8) motorised unit h) caballería
9) armoured i) transporte de personal (BMR)
10) army aviation j) paracaidista
-46-
UNIT 5
GRAMMAR
1.-THE ADVERB II 2.-ADVERB DEGREES

(EL ADVERBIO II) (GRADOS DEL ADVERBIO)
1.1.-“-LY” ENDING ADVERBS Los adverbios en inglés, al igual que los
(ADVERBIOS TERMINADOS EN “-LY”) adjetivos calificativos, admiten los grados de
comparación. Los monosílabos y algunos
La mayor parte de los adverbios de modo y bisílabos forman el comparativo añadiendo la
de cantidad derivan de los adjetivos terminación “-er”, y el superlativo, añadiendo la
calificativos y participios pasados. La mayoría terminación “-est”.
de estos adverbios terminan en “-ly”,
equivalente a la terminación española “-mente”. Los polisílabos, categoría donde se incluyen
Para formar adverbios, se añade “-y” a los casi todos los adverbios terminados en “-ly”,
adjetivos que terminan en “-ll”; los adjetivos que forman el comparativo anteponiendo el
terminan en “-le” cambian la “e” por una “y”, así adverbio de cantidad “more” al adverbio
como los que terminan en “-ue” pierden la “e” comparado y colocando inmediatamente
antes de tomar la terminación “-ly”. después de éste la conjunción “than”. El grado
superlativo se consigue anteponiendo “the
Sin embargo hay adjetivos que no tienen que most” al adverbio.
sufrir modificación alguna para funcionar como
adverbios: Examples:
Examples:
English Spanish
English
Yesterday I ate sooner than last week.

5
proud/ proudly orgulloso/ orgullosamente
Spanish
Ayer comí más temprano que la semana pasada.

full/ fully completo/ completamente
noble/ nobly noble/ noblemente

English
He works harder than Mary.

true/ truly verdad/ verdaderamente
Spanish
friendly/ friendly amistoso/ amistosamente
Trabaja más duro que Mary.
daily/ daily diario/ diariamente
English
hard/ hard* duro/ duramente
I believe most honestly and strongly that...
*Nótese que el adverbio “hard”, para Spanish

referirse a “duramente” no añade la terminación
“-ly”, ya que cambiaría su significado por el de Creo de la manera más honesta y firme que...
‘apenas’.
-47-
ADVERB DEGREES Nótese que “far” puede ser tanto adjetivo
English calificativo como adverbio. En el primer
Positive Comparative Superlative supuesto (adjetivo), forma el comparativo en
“farther” y el superlativo en “farthest”. En el
wisely more wisely the most wisely segundo supuesto (adverbio), forma el
comparativo y superlativo como se muestra en
easily more easily the most easily
los ejemplos.
late later the latest
4.-ADVERBIAL PHRASES
near nearer the nearest (LOCUCIONES ADVERBIALES)
Algunas de las locuciones adverbiales más
ADVERB DEGREES comunes en inglés son:
Spanish
English Spanish
más lo más
prudentemente prudentemente prudentemente
morning esta mañana
lo más
fácilmente más fácilmente fácilmente
this afternoon esta tarde
tarde más tarde lo más tarde
cerca más cerca lo más cerca evening esta noche
3.-IRREGULAR FORMS morning por la mañana

(FORMAS IRREGULARES)
Algunos adverbios forman el comparativo y in the afternoon por la tarde
el superlativo de manera irregular:
evening por la noche
5
Examples:
morning mañana por la mañana
ADVERB DEGREES (IRREGULAR)
English tomorrow afternoon mañana por la tarde
evening mañana por la noche
well better the best
morning ayer por la mañana

badly worse the worst
yesterday afternoon ayer por la tarde

little less the least
evening ayer por la noche

much more the most
far further the furthest

English Spanish
last night anoche, ayer noche

ADVERB DEGREES (IRREGULAR)
Spanish at night por la noche
Positive Comparative Superlative in the night de noche
bien mejor lo mejor

óptimamente a week ago hace una semana
mal peor lo peor

pésimamente
two days ago hace dos días
poco menos lo menos
lo mínimo
in the day time de día
lo más by day durante el día
mucho más lo máximo
a mediodía
lejos más lejos lo más lejos at noon al mediodía
-48-
DAILY SPEAKING
1.-AT THE TRAVEL AGENCY
(EN LA AGENCIA DE VIAJES)
Travel agent: Good morning! Can I help you?

Agente: ¡Buenos días! ¿Puedo ayudarle?
Customer: Yes, please. I’d like to know if
there are any seats on the first
plane tomorrow to London. Good morning! Yes, please. I’d like to
Cliente: Sí, por favor. Me gustaría saber si Can I help you? know if there are any
hay alguna plaza en el primer avión seats on the first plane
de mañana a Londres. tomorrow to London
Let me check on the computer,
Travel agent: Let me check on the computer, there there are seats available. Would
you like smoking or non smoking?
are seats available. Would you like
smoking or non-smoking?
Agente: Déjeme comprobarlo en el ordenador, I’m afraid there are no
hay plazas disponibles. ¿Prefiere windows available
fumador o no fumador? I prefer non-smoking and,
if it’s possible, a window
Customer: I prefer non-smoking and, if it’s
possible, a window.
Cliente: Prefiero no fumador, y, si es posible, OK, an aisle will do
ventana.
Travel agent: I’m afraid there are no windows
available.
Agente: Me temo que no hay ventanas disponibles.
Customer: OK, an aisle will do.
Cliente: Bueno, me conformaré con el pasillo.
Can you give me your Teresa Smith. At what Travel agent: Can you give me your forename
forename and surname?
5
time does the plane and surname?
leave? Agente: ¿Me puede dar su nombre y apellido?
Customer: Teresa Smith. At what time does
the plane leave?
Cliente: Teresa Smith. ¿A qué hora sale el
avión?
Travel agent: At nine a.m., but you should be at the
airport at least one hour before take-off.
Agente: Alas nueve de la mañana, pero tiene que
Thank you very much estar en el aeropuerto al menos una hora
At nine a.m., but you should
be at the airport at least one antes del despegue.
hour before take-off Customer: Thank you very much.
Cliente: Muchas gracias.
You are welcome Travel agent: You are welcome.
Agente: De nada.
2..-ON THE PLANE

(EN EL AVIÓN)
Customer: Is there still a long way to go?
Cliente: ¿Falta mucho para llegar? Is there still a long
way to go? No, just ten minutes.
Are you feeling OK?
Air hostess: No, just ten minutes. Are you feeling OK?
Azafata: No, tan sólo diez minutos. ¿Se siente bien?
I’m feeling a bit sick Do you want a
Customer: I’m feeling a bit sick. sick bag?
Cliente: Me siento un poco mareado.
Air hostess: Do you want a sick bag?

Azafata: ¿Quiere una bolsa para el mareo?
Customer: No, thank you.

Cliente: No, gracias.
Air hostess: The plane is landing now, you will No, thank you The plane is landing now,
you will feel better in a
feel better in a few minutes. few minutes
Azafata: El avión esta aterrizando ahora, se
sentirá mejor en unos minutos.
-49-
CIVILIAN VOCABULARY
1.-MOODS
(ESTADOS DE ÁNIMO)
English Spanish
happy contento
sad triste
tired cansado
exhausted exhausto
hungry hambriento
thirsty sediento
happy sad angry awake despierto
asleep dormido
nervous nervioso
surprised sorprendido
interested interesado
angry enfadado
scared asustado
relaxed relajado
calm calmado
nervous scared surprised
terrified aterrorizado
Examples:
English Spanish
5
He makes me feel happy when I’m sad. (Él) me hace feliz cuando estoy triste.
I’m usually nervous before an exam. Normalmente me pongo nervioso antes de un examen.
She gets scared when she sees a big dog. (Ella) se asusta cuando ve un perro grande.
2.-WEATHER PHENOMENA AND NATURAL CATASTROPHES

(FENÓMENOS METEOROLÓGICOS Y CATÁSTROFES NATURALES)
English Spanish
What is the weather like? ¿qué tiempo hace?
rain lluvia
snow nieve
fog niebla
storm tormenta
wind viento
snowy
cloud nube
sun sol
tornado tornado
hurricane huracán
drought sequía
seaquake maremoto
earthquake terremoto
fire incendio
cloudy
-50-
English Spanish
rain llover
snow nevar
freeze helar
shine brillar
it’s rainy/ it’s raining está lluvioso/ lloviendo
it rains llueve
it’s snowy/ it’s snowing está nevado/ nevando
foggy it snows nieva
it’s foggy hay niebla
it’s stormy hay tormenta
it’s windy hace viento
it’s cloudy está nublado
it’s frozen/ freezing está helado/ helando
it’s sunny hace sol
it’s cold hace frío
it’s hot hace calor
freezing
Examples:
English Spanish
When it rains I always bring my umbrella. Cuando llueve siempre llevo mi paraguas.
Lots of people died in the earthquake. Mucha gente murió en el terremoto.
READING
1.-EL NIÑO AND LA NIÑA
COMPREHENSION
5
(EL NIÑO Y LA NIÑA) (CONTESTA LAS SIGUIENTES PREGUNTAS)
El Niño takes place in 1997-98. Peruvian
fishermen call this phenomenon El Niño -the
Spanish name for Christ child- because these 1) Why do Peruvian fishermen call this
effects on the Pacific Ocean occur around phenomenon El Niño?
Christmas.
2) What are the consequences of forest fires?
It is considered* extremely severe when it
causes drought in one country and rampant 3) What is the name of the opposite
floodings, in another. phenomenon to El Niño?
Other phenomena** observed with El Niño’s 4) What does La Niña consist of?
appearance include forest fires in Indonesia. These
fires create a cloud of smoke that chokes 20 million
people and affect Southeast Asian cities. In
Australia it causes droughts and bush fires.
In the late 1998, an episode of La Niña -a
cooling of those same tropical Pacific waters-
changes the weather conditions. Opposite to
El Niño, droughts occur in areas drenched by
El Niño***.
Climate historians speculate that many
significant events are linked**** to El Niño.
* Se considera.
** “Phenomena” es la forma de plural de “phenomenon”.
*** En zonas inundadas por El Niño.
**** Están relacionados.
-51-
MILITARY TERMS
1.-THE UNIFORM
(EL UNIFORME)
English Spanish
garrison cap gorra cuartelera
service cap gorra (tb gorro) de bonito
tab hombrera
badge parche, emblema
fatigue uniform uniforme de faena
boots botas
combat harness correaje de combate
beret
belt cinturón
buckle hebilla del cinturón
dress uniform uniforme de paseo
helmet casco canteen
beret boina
holster pistolera
chinstrap barbuquejo
flak jacket chaleco antifragmentación
mat esterilla tabs
combat pack mochila de combate
compass brújula
magazine pouch cartuchera del correaje
garrison cap
canteen cantimplora
poncho poncho
name tag tirilla del nombre
overall mono
5
jumper jersey
field jacket combat pack
chaquetón
parka
These boots are

very big for me
Private: These boots are very big for me.

Soldado: Estas botas son muy grandes para mí.
Private: Tell the Full Corporal about it, he’ll

change them for you.
Tell the Full Corporal
Soldado: Díselo al Cabo Primero, te las cambiará. about it, he’ll change
them for you
Private: What’s your size?
Soldado: ¿Qué número calzas?
Private: Normally, 8 ½.
Soldado: Normalmente, el 42. What’s your
size?
Private: I need a size 10. I’m going to tell the
Full Corporal about it. Normally,
Soldado: Necesito el número 44. Voy a decírselo al 8 1/2
Cabo Primero.
Private: That’s OK, he may solve your

problem. That’s OK,
Soldado: Muy bien, el Cabo Primero te puede I need a size 10. I’m
going to tell the Full He may solve
solucionar el problema. Corporal about it your problem
-52-
EXERCISES
1) FILL EACH OF THE FOLLOWING GAPS BY INSERTING 3) FILL THE BOX BY INSERTING THE SUITABLE FORMS
THE SUITABLE ADVERB IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE OF THE FOLLOWING ADVERBS.
ADJECTIVES IN BRACKETS.
a) (unfortunate) Unfortunately this year we don’t
have holidays. a) late later latest
b) (former) Do you know him ______?
c) (frequent) Lebanon is more ______
b) far
associated with civil war.
d) (perfect) I understand the book ______ well.
e) (cheap) The trip is done ______. c) recently
f) (easy) These exercises are ______ done.
g) (serious) I am ______ telling you that you
d) near
must stay here.
h) (real) He is ______ a good doctor.
e) well
2) FILL EACH OF THE FOLLOWING GAPS BY INSERTING THE
COMPARATIVE FORM OF THE ADVERBS IN BRACKETS.
f) easily
a) (far) I went as far as the house, not further.
b) (late) Six years ______ he got married.
g) little
c) (long) Today the palace is no ______ a royal
5
institution.
h) badly
d) (near) Madrid is ______ Barcelona than London.
e) (wise) Nowadays things are done ______ than i) early
years before.
f) (well) Today she is well but tomorrow she

will be ______. j) soon
g) (little) No ______ than 50 people came to the party.
4) MATCH WORDS 1) TO 9) WITH WORDS A) TO I).

1) in the morning(s) / afternoon/ evening a) ayer noche / anoche
2) this morning / afternoon / evening b) ayer por la mañana / tarde / noche
3) yesterday morning / afternoon / evening c) a /al mediodía
4) tomorrow morning / afternoon / evening d) de día / durante el día
5) last night e) esta mañana / tarde / noche
6) in the night / at night f) por la(s) mañana(s) / tarde / noche
7) a week ago / last week g) por la noche
8) in the day time / by day h) mañana por la mañana / tarde / noche
9) at noon i) hace una semana
-53-
5) FILLTHE FOLLOWING GAPS BY INSERTING THE 6) FILL EACH OF THE FOLLOWING GAPS BY
TRANSLATION INTO ENGLISH OF THE ADVERBS IN INSERTING THE SUITABLE STATE OF MIND.
BRACKETS.
a) When I won the prize I was very happy.
b) I want to drink, I am __________.

a) (ayer noche) I could not sleep last night.
c) Before an exam I get very __________.
d) At 8 o’clock I am still __________.

b) (esta mañana) _______ I got up at 8 o’clock.
e) After working for ten hours I was __________
or __________.
c) (mediodía) In Great Britain people eat _______. f) I want to learn lots of things about Biology, I
am quite __________ in that subject.
g) When I am in dark places I get __________.

d) (la semana pasada) I went to Málaga _______.
h) When I heard the bad news I was
__________.
7) TRANSLATE INTO ENGLISH THE FOLLOWING
e) (durante el día) I study _______ from Monday SENTENCES.
to Friday. a) En invierno nieva.
a) In winter it snows.
b) En verano hace calor.

f) (ayer por la mañana) _______ we went to b) ____________________________.
the beach.
c) Llueve.
5 g) (esta tarde) _______ there is a good film on tv.

c) ____________________________.
d) Hace un día nublado.

d) ____________________________.
e) ¿Qué tiempo hace?

e) ____________________________.
h) (mañana por la noche) _______ I work in that
old pub. f) El sol brilla.
f) ____________________________.
1) uniform a) cinturón
2) garrison cap b) uniforme de faena
3) belt c) brújula
4) chinstrap d) uniforme
5) fatigue uniform e) gorra cuartelera
6) combat harness f) correaje de combate
7) overall g) barbuquejo
8) compass h) mono
-54-
REVIEW
REVIEW FROM UNIT 1 TO UNIT 5
1) FILL EACH OF THE FOLLOWING GAPS WITH A 4) REWRITE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES BY USING
SUITABLE WORD. POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS.
a) Hello. What ______ ______ name? a) Sally's computer.

a) The computer is hers.
b) My ______ ______ Henry.
b) My text book.
c) How old ______ ______? b) ______________________________.
d) ______ ______ twenty ______ old. And ______? c) Your walkman.
c) ______________________________.
e) ______ ______ twenty-two ______ old.
f) What is ______ telephone ______? d) My dog and your dog.
d) ______________________________.
g) It ______ 063 14 86 25.
e) Paul's cat.
2) REWRITE THE FOLLOWING CARDINAL NUMBERS e) ______________________________.
BY USING WORDS.
f) Anne and Peter's novel.
a) 18 eighteen f) ______________________________.
b) 13 ____________________ 5) WHAT TIME IS IT?
REVIEW
c) 17 ____________________ a) 13:45 It is a quarter to two.
d) 19 ____________________ b) 17:20 _________________________.
e) 28 ____________________ c) 18:15 _________________________.
f) 23 ____________________ d) 20:30 _________________________.
g) 30 ____________________ e) 00:00 _________________________.
h) 25 ____________________ f) 08:35 _________________________.
3) TRANSLATE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES INTO g) 10:05 _________________________.

SPANISH.
6) FILL EACH OF THE FOLLOWING GAPS BY INSERTING
"THIS", "THESE", "THAT" OR "THOSE".
a) My oldest brother's name is John.
a) Mi hermano mayor se llama John. a) (Estas) These chairs are Paul's.
b) My grandmother is a lot older than my father. b) I am talking to (este) ______ boy.

b) ______________________________.
c) (Esa) ______ house is very beautiful.
c) What time is it? It is half past five. d) I don't like (aquellos) ______ boys.
c) ______________________________.
e) (Este) ______ dog lives in a kennel.
d) Unfortunately my cousin is not here.
f) (Estas) ______ letters are not for you.
d) ______________________________.
g) (Aquella) ______ giraffe is very tall.
e) On fridays I have breakfast in my cousin's bar.
h) (Ese) ______ computer is very expensive.
e) ______________________________.
-55-
7) WHAT IS THE PLURAL FORM OF THE FOLLOWING WORDS? 9) FILL EACH OF THE FOLLOWING GAPS BY USING
THE SUITABLE POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVE.
a) business businesses
a) This is (1st sg) my car.
b) orange ________________
c) class ________________ b) (3rd pl) _____ books are very long.
d) watch ________________ c) (2nd sg) _____ suitcase is very heavy.
e) duty ________________
f) hero ________________ d) (1st pl) _____ computers are very expensive.
g) day ________________ e) (3rd sg masc) _____ mobile phone takes
h) person ________________ pictures.
i) catch ________________ f) (2nd pl) _____ dictionaries are bilingual.
j) wolf ________________
k) fuss ________________ g) (3rd sg fem) _____ skirt is too short.
l) glory ________________ h) (3rd sg neutral)In the long run, _____ effects

m) fax ________________ are very dangerous.
n) city ________________
10) MAKE SENTENCES BY USING THE FOLLOWING
o) knife ________________ WORDS.
p) tornado ________________
q) tooth ________________ a) your /than /am /I /brother /taller
r) fly ________________ a) I am taller than your brother.
8) FILL EACH OF THE FOLLOWING GAPS BY INSERTING b) brother /uncle /my /My /is /mother's
THE PLURAL OF THE NOUNS IN BRACKETS.
REVIEW
b) ______________________________.
a) (strawberry) Do you like strawberries?
c) Physics /better /are /me /than /You /at
b) (child) My _______ are all grown up. c) ______________________________.
c) (fox, goose, cat, mouse) _______ catch

_______ and _______ catch _______. d) summer /colder /is /much /Winter /than
d) ______________________________.
d) (foot) My _______ hurt from walking.
e) not /boots /mine /These /are
e) (tomato) We are growing _______ in our
e) ______________________________.
garden.
f) (man, woman) _______ come from Mars, f) for /I /eggs /have /breakfast
_______ from Venus. f) ______________________________.
g) (book, box) I have all my _______ packed in

g) a /dinner /at /past /quarter /I /seven /have
_______.
g) ______________________________.
h) (city) New York is one of the most fascinating
_______ in the world. h) hers /is /My /not /book
h) ______________________________.
i) (ring) Suzanne always wears beautiful _______.
j) (tree, leaf) In winter most _______ lose their i) my /brother's /sister-in-law /My /wife /is
_______. i) ______________________________.
-56-
11) FILL EACH OF THE FOLLOWING GAPS WITH A 14) FILL EACH OF THE FOLLOWING GAPS BY USING
SUITABLE WORD FROM THE BOX. THE COMPARATIVE OF SUPERIORTY OF THE
ADJECTIVES IN BRACKETS.
Angry blue interested thirsty lunch June a) (near) This year I live nearer university than
the year before.
Fourth drink July half red Spring b) (clear) Things are much _____ now to me.
c) (happy) I couldn't be _____ than now.
a) I have lunch at _____ past one.
d) (good) Things are getting _____.
b) I am not _____ in that subject.
e) (interesting) The old films are _____ than the
c) I am _____. I need to drink. new ones.
d) She is so _____ that she doesn't talk to anyone. f) (strong) My father is _____ than me.
e) _____ begins in March and summer in _____. g) (busy) I am a lot _____ with my new job.
f) The sky is _____ and roses are _____. h) (fat) Eating chocolate makes me _____.
g) The _____ of _____ is a very important date
for Americans. 15) FILL EACH OF THE FOLLOWING GAPS BY USING THE
SUPERLATIVE FORM OF THE ADJECTIVES IN BRACKETS.
12) FILL EACHOF THE FOLLOWING GAPS ACCORDING
TO THE FAMILY RELATIONSHIP. a) (expensive) John has the most expensive car
in Barcelona.
a) My wife's mother is my mother-in-law. b) (rich) Julia Roberts is the ______ actress on
earth.
b) My sister's husband is my ______.
c) (cold) This is the ______ day I can remember.
c) My brother's daughter is my ______.
d) (bad) Paul is the ______ student in his class.
REVIEW
d) My daughter's son is my ______.
e) (wise) My grandfather is the ______ person I
e) My daughter's husband is my ______. have ever seen*.
f) My sister's son is my ______. f) (hot) Brazil is the ______ country.
g) My father's mother is my ______. g) (old) Julian is the ______ brother.
h) My son's daughter is my ______. h) (good) Gone with the wind is the ______ film I
have ever seen*.
i) My brother's wife is my ______.
i) (easy) This is the ______ exercise.
j) My son's wife is my ______.
*jamás haya visto.
k) My wife's father is my ______.
l) My daughter's sons and daughters are my ______. 16) FILL EACH OF THE FOLLOWING GAPS BY
INSERTING THE COMPARATIVE OF SUPERIORITY OF
13) FILL EACH OF THE FOLLOWING GAPS BY USING AN THE FOLLOWING ADVERBS.
INDEFINITE ("A", "AN") ARTICLE.
a) (soon) This year the crop will be harvested
sooner than the year before.
a) I have to call an ambulance. Peter is very ill.
b) (late) I call you ______.
b) _____ chair is _____ place to sit.
c) (little) Now I have to eat ______ than before
c) Is there _____ book on the floor? because I suffered a heart attack.
d) I ate* _____ hour ago. d) (early) I talked to him ______ this morning.
e) My uncle has _____ eagle in his house. e) (well) I know her ______ than you might think.
f) (far) Children are not allowed to go ______ the
f) That man is _____ teacher. main door.
g) In case of _____ emergency call the police. g) (long) Margaret Thatcher is no ______ the
h) Please, don't wear _____ skirt for the meeting. United Kingdom's Prime Minister.
h) (badly) The report was ______ written than
*comí expected.
-57-
UNIT 6
GRAMMAR
1.“THERE IS” AND “THERE ARE” SENTENCES AND PARTITIVES Examples:

(IMPERSONALES CON “THERE IS” Y “THERE ARE” Y PARTITIVOS)
English
1.1. “THERE IS” AND “THERE ARE” SENTENCES
(ORACIONES CON “THERE IS” Y “THERE ARE”) There are some children in the house.
Spanish
Algunas de las oraciones impersonales en
Hay algunos niños en la casa.
presente, que en español se forman con “hay” se
construyen en inglés utilizando “there is” (para
English
hacer referencia a la existencia de un objeto, ser,
etc.) o “there are” (para hacer referencia a la I have some friends at school.
existencia de más de un objeto, ser, etc.), en inglés, Spanish
a diferencia de lo que ocurre en español, el verbo
Tengo algunos amigos en el colegio.
de estas oraciones concuerda con el sujeto. En
español, sin embargo, se utiliza una misma forma
English
verbal (“hay”) para referirse a la existencia tanto de
uno como de varios objetos, seres, fenómenos, etc. Pay me some attention.
Spanish
Las oraciones interrogativas se construyen
anteponiendo la forma verbal “is” o “are” a
“there” y a continuación se colocan el sujeto y
Présteme un poco de atención.
6
English
los complementos si los hubiera.
He gave some credit to him.
Examples: Spanish
Le dio algún crédito.
Simple present
English En español es muy frecuente omitir las
Singular Plural palabras que expresan partición, sin embargo,
en inglés es muy frecuente el uso de “some”
Affirmative There is a boy. There are five boys.
para expresar esta idea; por lo tanto, en muchas
ocasiones cuando en inglés se usa “some” en
Negative There isn’t any boy. There aren’t five boys. español no se usa ningún tipo de partícula
partitiva.
Question Is there any boy? Are there five boys?
English Spanish
1.2.-THE USE OF “SOME” I shall take some wine. Tomaré vino.

(EL USO DE “SOME”)
“Some” equivale en español a “algo”, “un poco
de”, “una pequeña cantidad de”, “algún”,
“alguno(s)” “alguna(s)” o cualquier otra expresión Give me some bread. Dame pan.
que transmita la idea de partición indeterminada.
-59-
El uso de “some” suele restringirse a las Al igual que con “some”, puede que en la
oraciones afirmativas, sin embargo, también traducción hacia el español de una oración en
puede utilizarse en oraciones interrogativas la que se emplee “any”, esta partícula no se
cuando se espera una respuesta afirmativa, traduzca por nada.
como por ejemplo cuando se ofrece alguna
cosa, especialmente si la pregunta Examples:
interrogativa se formula de forma negativa.
Examples: English Do you need any help?
English Won’t you take some more tea?

Spanish ¿Necesitas ayuda?
.
Spanish ¿No vas a tomar algo más de té?
Asimismo, “any” puede emplearse en
oraciones afirmativas, pero entonces su
significado difiere del de “some” y debe
Won’t you take some time to think about
English the matter? traducirse por “cualquier(a)”.
¿No vas a tomarte algo de tiempo para Examples:

Spanish pensar sobre el asunto?
English Any day the war coud break out.
1.3.-THE USE OF “ANY” Spanish Cualquier día la guerra podría estallar.

(EL USO DE “ANY”)
6
“Any”, al igual que “some”, es un término
partitivo en inglés. “Any” se emplea en
oraciones negativas e interrogativas. En English Any upset could kill him.
español “any” puede traducirse por “ningún”,
“ninguno(s)”, “ninguna(s)”, “algún”, “alguno(s)”
o “alguna(s)”. Spanish Cualquier disgusto podría matarlo.
Examples:
English
English It’s true, ask any doctor.
There aren’t any cats in the kennel.
Spanish
Spanish Es cierto, pregúntale a cualquier médico.
No hay ningún gato en la perrera.
English Por lo tanto, después de explicar los usos de

Is there any teacher in the garden? “some” y “any”, podemos deducir que la
respuesta afirmativa a una oración interrogativa
Spanish
en la que se use “any” hará uso de “some”.
¿Hay algún profesor en el jardín?
English English Spanish
I don’t have any brother. Have you got any sister? ¿Tienes alguna hermana?
Spanish
Yes, I have got some. Si, tengo (algunas).
No tengo ningún hermano.
-60-
2.-QUANTITIES Muchos términos ingleses que hacen
(CANTIDADES) referencia a comidas son incontables, sin
embargo los envases que las contienen son
countable uncountable contables.
a lot(s) of a lot(s) of
(muchos/ as) (mucho/ a) Examples:
large (not) many (not) much
quantities ([no] muchos/ as) ([no] mucho/ a)
English How much water did they drink?
how many...? how much...?
(¿cuántos/ as...?) (¿cuánto/ a...?) Spanish ¿Cuánta agua bebieron?
a few a little
small (pocos/ as) (poco/a)
quantities very few very little English How many bottles of water did they drink?
(muy pocos/ as) (muy poco/ a)
Spanish ¿Cuántas botellas de agua bebieron?
A continuación vamos a ver algunos
ejemplos de las expresiones de cantidad más 2.1.-THE USE OF “TOO”, “TOO MUCH”, “TOO MANY”,
comunes en inglés: “ENOUGH”, “NOT ENOUGH”
(EL USO DE “TOO”, “TOO MUCH”, “TOO MANY”, “ENOUGH”,
Examples: “NOT ENOUGH”)
English How many apples do you have?

Para expresar la idea de que hay algo en
exceso utilizaremos este tipo construcciones:
Spanish ¿Cuántas manzanas tienes? Examples:
English I have only got a few tapes. + adjetivo

TOO + much + sustantivo incontable
Spanish Sólo tengo unas pocas cintas. + many + sustantivo contable
English They drank a lot of wine, not much

beer, and very little lemonade. Nótese que, frecuentemente, las connotaciones
de este tipo de oraciones son negativas ya que
6
Bebieron mucho vino, poca (no mucha) expresan una queja por ese exceso:
Spanish cerveza y muy poca limonada.
Examples:
English Were there many people?
English I don´t want to go out. I’m too tired.
Spanish ¿Había muchas personas?
Spanish No quiero salir. Estoy demasiado cansado.
English How much money do you have? English I’m stressed. I’ve got too much work.
Spanish Estoy estresado. Tengo demasiado trabajo.
Spanish ¿Cuánto dinero tienes?
English There are too many chairs in this room.
I have got a lot of books, but I haven´t Spanish Hay demasiadas sillas en esta habitación.
English got many CD’s.
Tengo muchos libros, pero no tengo “Enough” se escribe después del adjetivo
Spanish muchos compacts.
pero antes del sustantivo y expresa la idea de
English I have much money.
suficiencia, de tener todo lo que uno necesita.
Examples:
Spanish Tengo mucho dinero.
My screen is too small.

English Was there much noise? English I’d like a bigger one.
Mi pantalla es demasiado pequeña.
Spanish ¿Había mucho ruido? Spanish Me gustaría una más grande.
My house is too big.
English There are many people here. English I’d like a smaller one.
Mi casa es demasiado grande.
Spanish Aquí hay mucha gente. Spanish Me gustaría una más pequeña.
-61-
Examples: En inglés, al contrario que en español, no se
debe negar dos veces. Por lo tanto, se utilizan
los compuestos “anybody”, “anywhere” y
English Have you got enough money?
“anything” cuando anteriormente se ha
Spanish ¿Tienes suficiente dinero?
negado.
English The table isn’t big enough for six people.

Examples:
La mesa no es suficientemente grande
Spanish English
para seis personas.
English There isn’t enough food for everybody. I can’t see anything with this fog.
Spanish No hay suficiente comida para todos.
I can see nothing with this fog.
2.2.-“SOME”, “ANY” AND “NO” COMPOUNDS
(INDEFINIDOS CON “SOME”, “ANY” Y “NO”) Spanish
Estos términos, como se ve, son compuestos No puedo ver nada con esta niebla.
de “any” y “some”, por lo tanto, se emplearán
en frases negativas, afirmativas e interrogativas
(de acuerdo con lo que se ha visto
English
anteriormente) con la función de pronombres
indefinidos.
They are trapped, they can’t go anywhere.
Affirmative
They are trapped, they can go nowhere.
People somebody / someone
alguien Spanish
6 Things something Están atrapados, no pueden ir a ninguna parte.

algo
Places somewhere
alguna parte
English
There wasn’t anybody in the party.

Negative
nobody / no one There was nobody in the party.

People nadie
Spanish
Things nothing No había nadie en la fiesta.

nada
Places nowhere Examples:

ninguna parte
English Are you doing anything tonight?

Negative and question
Spanish ¿Vas a hacer algo esta noche?
People anybody / anyone
nadie, alguien, cualquier persona
English I met somebody interesting last night.
anything Spanish Anoche conocí a alguien interesante.

Things nada, algo, cualquier cosa
English Nobody turned up for the meeting.

Places anywhere
ninguna parte, alguna parte, cualquier parte Spanish Nadie apareció en la reunión.
-62-
DAILY SPEAKING
1.-AT THE HOTEL
(EN EL HOTEL)
Receptionist: Good evening, ladies! Can I help you?
Recepcionista: ¡Buenas noches, señoras! ¿Puedo
Good evening, ladies!
ayudarles en algo?
Can I help you? I’ve booked two single
rooms for Mrs. Smith and
Mrs. Johnson Customer: I’ve booked two single rooms for
Let me check on the Mrs. Smith and Mrs. Johnson.
computer. That’s right.
Would you like two single Cliente: He reservado dos habitaciones individuales
rooms with a bathroom? Yes, please a nombre de la Sra. Smith y Sra. Johnson.
How long are you going to Receptionist: Let me check on the computer.
stay at this hotel for? Would That’s right. Would you like two
you like half or full board?
single rooms with a bathroom?
Recepcionista: Déjeme comprobarlo en el ordenador.
We’re just going to stay
at this hotel for two days. Sí, así es. ¿Quieren dos habitaciones
We’d like to have half individuales con baño?
board
Customer: Yes, please.
Cliente: Sí, por favor.
Receptionist: How long are you going to stay at

this hotel for? Would you like half or
full board?
Recepcionista: ¿Cuánto tiempo van a quedarse en este hotel?
¿Quieren media pensión o pensión completa?
May I see your
passports, please?
Customer: We’re just going to stay at this hotel for
two days. We’d like to have half board.
Of course, here you are
Cliente: Tan sólo vamos a quedarnos en este hotel
dos días. Preferimos media pensión.
Do we have to fill in any
form?
Receptionist: May I see your passports, please?
Thank you very much

Recepcionista: ¿Me pueden enseñar sus pasaportes,
Customer:
por favor?
Of course, here you are.

6
No, I’ll do it for you
Cliente: Por supuesto, aquí los tiene.
You are welcome Customer: Do we have to fill in any form?

Cliente: ¿Tenemos que rellenar alguna hoja de
registro de entrada?
Receptionist: No, I’ll do it for you.

Recepcionista: No, lo haré yo por ustedes.
Customer: Thank you very much.

Cliente: Muchas gracias.
Receptionist: You are welcome.

Recepcionista: De nada.
Customer: Could you please wake us up at
seven a.m.?
Cliente: ¿Podría despertarnos a las siete de la Could you please wake
us up at seven a.m.?
mañana?
Receptionist: Of course, anything else?

Recepcionista: Por supuesto, ¿desean algo más?
Of course, anything else?
Customer: Could you change us pounds into
euros? What’s the exchange rate?
Cliente: ¿Podría cambiarnos libras por euros?
¿A cómo está el cambio?
Could you change us
Receptionist: The exchange rate is 1.3 euro to the pounds into euros?
What’s the exchange rate?
pound. How much would you like to
change?
The exhange rate is 1,3 euro to
Recepcionista: El cambio está a 1,3 euros por libra. the pound. How much would
¿Cuánto quieren cambiar? £50, please
you like to change?
Customer: £50, please.

Cliente: 50 libras, por favor.
-63-
CIVILIAN VOCABULARY
1.-PARTS OF THE HOUSE
(PARTES DE LA CASA)
English Spanish
window ventana
door puerta
floor suelo
roof tejado
wall pared
door
2.-ROOMS OF THE HOUSE

(HABITACIONES DE LA CASA)
English Spanish
bedroom dormitorio
bathroom cuarto de baño
kitchen cocina
living-room sala de estar
dining-room comedor
living-room garage garaje
toilet aseo
6
kitchen garden jardín
3.-FURNITURE
(MOBILIARIO)
English Spanish
armchair sillón
fridge nevera
curtains cortinas
cooker hornilla
table mesa
bed cama
alarm clock despertador
chair silla
sofa sofá
ashtray alarm-clock
television televisión
lamp lámpara
carpet alfombra
closet armario
vase florero
blanket manta
pillow almohada
sheets sábanas
bedside table mesita de noche lamp bed
ashtray cenicero
drawer cajón
matress colchón
-64-
4.-THE BATHROOM
(EL CUARTO DE BAÑO)
English Spanish
shower ducha
wash-basin lavabo
towel toalla
soap jabón
tap tap grifo

wash-basin sponge esponja
tooth brush cepillo de dientes
brush cepillo
comb peine
tooth brush lotion loción

comb
1.-THE HISTORY OF HARRODS 2.-ARE THESE SENTENCES TRUE (T) OR FALSE (F)?
(LA HISTORIA DE HARRODS) (DI SI ESTAS ORACIONES SON VERDADERAS O FALASAS)
The tale begins with Charles Henry Harrod

who is a grocery wholesaler and a tea merchant.
He buys this store in 1849, and in 1889 it
becomes a public limited company, which sells
a) Charles Henry Harrod is a grocery
wholesaler and tea merchant. T/F
6
food, furniture, perfumes, jewellery and glass. In b) The tale begins with Mohemend Al Fayed. T/F
1902 it becomes London’s biggest store and
remains like that throughout the 1920s and c) In 1889 it only sells food. T/F
1930s.
d) In 1902 it becomes London’s biggest
store. T/F
The Canadian Royal Navy and the Royal Air
Force use parts of the building during the
Second World War. e) The Canadian Royal Navy and the
Royal Air Force use parts of the T/F
building during the First World War.
In 1985, the famous businessman Mohamed
Al Fayed buys it and decides to prepare it for the
decades ahead. Nowadays, Harrods is probably f) In 1985 the famous businessman
Mohamed Al Fayed buys Harrods. T/F
the best and the most well known department
store in the world. Through constant innovation g) Since 1985 Harrods is the best and the
and evolution it is in the forefront of the changing most well known department store in T/F
trends.The stores motto is “everything for the world.
everyone everywhere”. If you are in London,
don’t miss the opportunity to come!
3.-ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS.

1) When does Charles Henry Harrod buy the store?

2) What is the name of the famous businessman
who buys Harrods in 1985?
3) What is the stores motto?
-65-
MILITARY TERMS
1.-LIGHT WEAPONRY
(ARMAMENTO LIGERO)
English Spanish
bayonet bayoneta
mortar mortero
pistol pistola
sword espada
knife cuchillo
revolver revólver
burst ráfaga pistol
round disparo knife-bayonet
machine gun ametralladora
rocket launcher lanzagranadas
bullet bala
blank cartridge cartucho de fogueo
live ammunition munición de guerra
shell granada de mortero
hand grenade granada de mano machine gun
rate of fire cadencia de fuego bullet
barrel cañón
bore ánima
chamber recámara
flash suppressor bocacha apagafuegos
6
trigger disparador
sub-machine gun subfusil
sub-machine gun
shoot disparar
Private: What are you doing?

Soldado: ¿Qué estás haciendo?
Private: I’m collecting ammunition for the I’m collecting ammunition

What are you doing? for the exercise we have
exercise we have tomorrow. tomorrow
Soldado: Estoy cogiendo munición para el ejercicio
que tenemos mañana. What kind of
exercise is it about?
Private: What kind of exercise is it about?
Soldado: ¿De qué tipo de ejercicio se trata?
Private: It’s a double action exercise, an

ambush drill. It’s a double action
Soldado: Es un ejercicio de doble acción, un exercise, an ambush
ejercicio de emboscada. drill
Will it be carried out
with live ammnuniton?
Private: Will it be carried out with live ammunition?
No, we’ll shoot blank
Soldado: ¿Se realizará con munición de guerra? cartridges. By the way, I
must prepare my
Private: No, we’ll shoot blank cartridges. By the magazines
way, I must prepare the magazines.
Soldado: No, usaremos cartuchos de fogueo. Por
cierto, tengo que preparar los cargadores.
-66-
EXERCISES
1) FILL EACH OF THE FOLLOWING GAPS WITH “THE”, 3) FILL EACH OF THE FOLLOWING GAPS WITH THE
“A” OR “AN”. SUITABLE FORM OF THE VERB “TO BE”.
a) There are twenty pupils in the room.

a) The door of the room is open. b) There _____ a big dog in the street.
c) There _____ two cats in the sofa.
b) You are _______ pupil but I am a teacher. d) There _____ too much paint in your painting.
e) There _____ some wine in the bottle.
c) I have _______ uncle in Russia. f) There _____ a lot of water in the swimming pool.
g) There _____ a couple of girls in the kitchen.
d) Day after day she sees ______old dog in the street. h) There _____ a table in the dining-room.
4) WHERE CAN YOU FIND THE FOLLOWING THINGS?
e) _______ colour of this watch is very nice. a) Sugar
a) In the kitchen
f) Anthony is _______ best boy in the world. b) Soap
b) __________________
g) William wants _______ car for his birthday. c) Water
c) __________________
d) Cheese
2) FILL EACH OF THE FOLLOWING GAPS WITH “MUCH” d) __________________
OR “MANY”.
e) Bed
6
e) __________________
a) How many people are there in this room? f) Rice

f) __________________
b) How _____ money do you have? g) Car

g) __________________
h) Television
c) How _____ chairs are there in the living-room? h) __________________
i) Matress
d) How _____ milk is there? i) __________________
j) Cooker
e) How _____ wine is there? j) __________________
k) Towel
f) How _____ books are there in the bedroom? k) __________________
5) MATCH WORDS 1) TO 8) WITH WORDS A) TO J).

1) flash suppressor a) cadencia de fuego
2) rate of fire b) ametralladora
3) light weaponry c) cañón
4) trigger d) granada de mortero
5) bullet e) bocacha de apagafuegos
6) machine gun f) disparo
7) shell g) armamento ligero
8) barrel h) bala
9) burst i) disparador
10) round j) ráfaga
-67-
6) FILL EACH OF THE FOLLOWING GAPS WITH 8) FILL EACH OF THE FOLLOWING GAPS WITH A
“SOME” OR “ANY”. SUITABLE WORD FROM THE BOX.
a) There is not any butter. curtains television bedroom yours

than shower fridge carpets
b) There is not _____ table in my bedroom. window toilets are a
sofas bathroom
c) There is _____ water in the bath.
a) My bedroom is bigger than yours.
d) There is _____ milk in your glass.
b) Peter’s house has a big bathroom and two little
_____.
e) There is not _____ chocolate in the fridge.
c) Please, Michael, open the _____ and draw the
f) There are _____ trees in the garden. _____.
g) There is _____ wine in Angelica’s glass. d) In the zoo there _____ many animals.
h) There are _____ medicines in the first-aid kit. e) Wasn’t she _____ very nice girl?
f) The bed is in the _____, the _____ in the

kitchen.
7) FILL EACH OF THE FOLLOWING GAPS WITH “SOME” OR
“ANY”, MAKING THE APPROPRIATE COMPOUNDS IF g) The _____ and the towel are in the _____.
NECESSARY (“SOMEBODY”, “ANYTHING”, “ANYONE”,
h) In Adrian’s living-room there are two _____,
“ANYBODY”, “SOMETHING”, “SOMEWHERE”, ETC.). three_____ and one _____.
a) There’s some milk in that jug. 9) MAKE SENTENCES USING THE FOLLOWING WORDS.
a) many /How /children /in/ are/ room /the /there?
b) I’m afraid there isn’t _______ coffee left; will a) How many children are there in the room?
6
you grind _______?.
b) sugar /any /not /There /is
b) ______________________________.
c) Is there _______ here who speaks Italian?
c) living-room /very /isn’t /Your /nice
c) ______________________________.
d) I’d like to buy you _______ new clothes but
don’t have _______ money. d) lamp /does / work /not / That
d) ______________________________.
e) Are there _______ letters for me? e) have /an /bed /We /old
e) ______________________________.
f) When would you like to come? _______ day
would suit me. 10)CHANGE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES INTO THE
INTERROGATIVE FORM.
g) _______ told me you’ve got _______ bad a) There is a boy in the garden.
news for me. a) Is there a boy in the garden?
b) There are two televisions in Thomas’ living-room.
h) I see you don’t have _______ maps. Would b) ______________________________
you like to borrow _______ of mine?
c) There isn’t any sugar.
c) ______________________________
i) Come and have supper with us if you aren’t
doing _______ tonight. d) There is some tea in the teapot.
d) ______________________________
j) Don’t let _______ in. I’m too busy to see e) There are many people here.
_______. e) ______________________________
f) There is a big bed in her living-room.
k) He lives _______ in France now. f) ______________________________
g) There is some coffee in the coffeepot.
l) Would you like _______ to drink? g) ______________________________
-68-
UNIT 7
GRAMMAR
1.-QUESTIONS 1.2.-THE VERB "TO BE"
(ORACIONES INTERROGATIVAS) (EL VERBO “TO BE” )
1.1.-AUXILIARY "TO DO" La forma interrogativa del verbo "to be" se
(AUXILIAR “TO DO”) constituye de la siguiente manera:
La forma interrogativa de las oraciones en presente TO BE (‘ser; estar’)

de indicativo para los verbos regulares es la siguiente: Simple present / Question form
REGULAR VERBS AM/ IS/ ARE + SUJETO + (complts.) ?

Simple present / Question form
DO + SUJETO + verbo en + (complts.) ?

INFINITIVO Examples:
English Spanish
La forma del auxiliar "to do" cambia para la
tercera persona del singular y adopta la forma de Am I tall? ¿Soy (yo) alto?
"does": ¿Eres (tú) listo?
¿Es (usted) listo?
REGULAR VERBS (3rd) Are you clever?
¿Sois (vosotros) listos?
Simple present / Question form
¿Son (ustedes) listos?
verbo en
DOES + SUJETO + INFINITIVO + (complts.) ? Is he a student? ¿Es (él) un estudiante?
Examples:
Is she intelligent? ¿Es (ella) inteligente? 7
Is it hard? ¿Es (eso) difícil?
English Spanish
Are we engaged? ¿Estamos (nosotros) comprometidos?
Do you like any sport? ¿Te gusta algún deporte?
Do they eat apples? ¿Comen (ellos) manzanas? Are they interesting? ¿Son (ellos) interesantes?
Does she go to class? ¿Va (ella) a clase?

Por lo general, en las oraciones interrogativo-
negativas "is not" se contrae en "isn´t" y "are
Todos los verbos, exceptuando los anómalos not" en "aren´t”:
o defectivos, se conjugan en su forma interroga-
tiva según el modelo anterior. TO BE (‘ser; estar’)
Simple present / Contracted negative question form
La forma interrogativo-negativa del auxiliar "to
do" suele contraerse en "don´t" y "doesn´t". Las ISN’T/ AREN’T + SUJETO + (complts.) ?
oraciones interrogativo-negativas se construyen
siguiendo el mismo orden de la forma
interrogativa en afirmativa: Examples:
Examples: English Spanish
Isn´t she pretty? ¿No es (ella) guapa?

English Spanish
Don’t you like English? ¿No te gusta el inglés? Aren´t they tall? ¿No son (ellos) altos?
Don’t they eat apples? ¿No comen (ellos) manzanas? Aren´t we brave? ¿No somos (nosotros) valientes?
Doesn’t she go to class? ¿No va (ella) a clase? Aren´t you blind? ¿No eres (tú) ciego?
- 69 -
Si no se usa esta contracción, la forma para ...
estas interrogativas es la siguiente:
English Spanish
Simple present / Negative question form in en; (a)dentro
near
AM/ IS/ ARE + SUJETO + NOT + (complts.) ? cerca de, junto a
next to
of de
Examples: off separado de; lejos de
English Spanish on sobre, en
Is she not pretty? ¿No es (ella) guapa? out fuera
Are they not tall? ¿No son (ellos) altos? over sobre; más allá de
Are we not brave? ¿No somos (nosotros)valientes? (a) round alrededor de
Are you not blind? ¿No eres (tú) ciego? since desde
till, until hasta
2.-PREPOSITIONS I through por; por medio de
(PREPOSICIONES I) to a, hacia; para
towards hacia
Las preposiciones inglesas más usadas son:
under debajo de, bajo
English Spanish up sobre, en lo alto de

underneath debajo de, bajo
above sobre
with con
about alrededor de; acerca de, sobre within entre; en el espacio de, dentro de
without sin; fuera de
7
across por medio de, a través de
against contra
Las siguientes preposiciones en español pueden
after después de, tras traducirse de varias formas. A continuación aparecen
las más comunes:
along a lo largo de
at en English Spanish
before delante de, ante; antes de a at [reposo]

to [movimiento]
behind tras; detrás de
por by [el agente]
for [la causa]
below debajo de
beneath debajo de sobre above (más elevado, arriba, superior)

on, upon [con apoyo]
beside al lado de
till, until [tiempo]
besides además de hasta as far as [espacio]
between entre
en into [cuando está expresado el lugar]
beyond más allá de, sobre
of [posesión]
by por; de; junto a de from [procedencia]
with [materia]
down abajo
under (debajo de)
during durante debajo below (más bajo de, inferior a)
beneath (más bajo de, inferior a)
for por; durante; para
fuera off (lejos de, quitado de)
from de; desde; por
entre among [más de dos]
between [dos]
...
- 70 -
DAILY SPEAKING
1.-IN THE RESTAURANT
(EN EL RESTAURANTE)
Good evening!
Where would you
like to sit?
Good evening!
Near the window,
please
Waiter: Good evening! Where would
you like to sit?
Camarero: ¡Buenas tardes! ¿Dónde desean
sentarse?
Customer: Good evening! Near the win-
dow, please.
Cliente: ¡Buenas tardes! Cerca de la
ventana, por favor.
Here you have the Waiter: Here you have the menu.
menu Camarero: Aquí tienen el menú.
Customer: Could you bring us whatever

you think is best on the
7
menu?
Cliente: ¿Podría traernos lo que más le
guste del menú?
Waiter: I'd go for veal cutlets and

French fries.
Could you bring us
whatever you think Camarero: Yo me tomaría unas chuletas de
is best on the ternera con patatas fritas.
menu?
Customer: That's wonderful. Which wine
do you recommend?
Cliente: Perfecto. ¿Qué vino nos
recomienda?
Waiter: I think you'd love a bottle of

I'd go for veal cutlets table wine.
and French fries Camarero: Creo que una botella de vino del
país les encantaría.
That's wonderful.
Which wine do you
recommend?
I think you'd love a

bottle of table wine
- 71 -
CIVILIAN VOCABULARY
1.-BREAKFAST
(DESAYUNO)
English Spanish
milk leche
egg huevo cereals
(fried egg, boiled egg) (huevo frito, huevo cocido)
jam
cheese queso
ham jamón
bread pan
sugar azúcar
salt sal tea
coffee
omelette tortilla
cereals cereales
butter mantequilla
jam mermelada
honey miel
tea té
fried eggs with ham
coffee café
7 2.-FRUITS, CEREALS AND VEGETABLES

(FRUTAS, CEREALES Y VERDURAS)
English Spanish
lemon limón
orange naranja
pear pera
grape uva
banana plátano
fig higo
plum ciruela
peach melocotón
lemons pears figs tomato tomate
potato patata
strawberry fresa
apple manzana
lettuce lechuga
watermelons carrot zanahoria
apples oranges
beans judías
onions cebollas
olives aceitunas
cucumber pepino
strawberries dates grapes flour harina
peas guisantes
watermelon melón
dates dátiles
rice arroz
pasta pasta
noodles fideos
- 72 -
3.-MEAT AND FISH 4.-DRINKS
(CARNE Y PESCADO) (BEBIDAS)
salami salchichón water agua
sausage salchicha beer cerveza
ham jamón
champagne champán
veal ternera
wine (white wine, red wine) vino (vino blanco, vino tinto)
beef buey
juice zumo
pork cerdo
chicken pollo whisky whisky
steak filete lemonade limonada
cutlet chuleta soda gaseosa

trout tucha rum ron
hake merluza gin ginebra
tuna atún
non-alcoholic drinks bebidas no alcohólicas
mussels mejillones
spirits bebidas alcohólicas
crab cangrejo
shrimp gamba
sword-fish pez espada
squid calamar
turkey pavo
hamburguer hamburguesa
beer
water
champagne 7
5.-DESSERTS 6.-THE TABLE
(POSTRES) (LA MESA)

ice-cream helado knife cuchillo
fork tenedor
yoghurt yogur spoon cuchara
sweets / candies caramelos teaspoon cucharilla
glass vaso
cake tarta
serviette servilleta
pudding pudin napkin servilleta
table cloth mantel
rice pudding arroz con leche
plate plato
chocolate chocolate caster vinagrera
salt cellar salero
custard natillas
vinegar vinagre
jelly gelatina pepper pimienta
oil aceite
tray bandeja
mug taza
toothpicks palillos de dientes
lay / set the poner la mesa
oven horno
yogohurt cake ice-cream cook cocinar
- 73 -
1.-BRITISH MEALS 2.- ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS.
(COMIDAS BRITÁNICAS) (CONTESTA LAS SIGUIENTES PREGUNTAS)
1) At least, how many meals do British people

have a day?
British people have at least three meals a day:
breakfast, lunch and dinner. Many people take an 2) Is British breakfast a more substantial meal
additional meal known as tea. Beakfast is usually than Spanish breakfast?
between half past seven and half past eight in the 3) When do British people have tea?
morning. It is a more substantial meal than the
Spanish breakfast. British people usually choose: 4) According to the text, what is the last meal
fruit, porridge, eggs (boiled or fried) bacon, ham, of the day?
fish, bread and butter or toast with jam or
marmalade, and coffee, tea or milk.
The second meal of the day is lunch. People
have lunch between midday and half past one. It
is a light meal consisting of a simple dish of hot or
cold meat, a vegetable, bread and butter and
pudding. Sometimes fruit and cheese too.
In the afternoon, at about four o'clock, it is tea
time. People eat bread and butter, toast, biscuits,
cake and tea.The last meal of the day is dinner.
This is the principal meal. It starts at seven o'clock
in the afternoon. In special occasions a full dinner
consists of several courses: soup, fish, meat or
7
poultry with potatoes and vegetables, pudding,
cheese and dessert.
MILITARY TERMS
1.-HEAVY WEAPONRY
(ARMAMENTO PESADO)
English Spanish
loader cargador
turret torreta
hatch escotilla
gun cañón
howitzer obús
turret
towed artillery artillería remolcada
self propelled gun cañón autopropulsado
guided weapon arma guiada

artillery piece pieza de artillería
crew tripulación
antitank weapon arma contracarro
howitzer
- 74 -
tank
missile
English Spanish
gunner tirador
tank carro de combate
missile misil
rocket cohete
antitank mine mina contracarro
explosive explosivo
caliber calibre
bombardment bombardeo
indirect fire fuego indirecto
7
barrage barrera
shrapnel metralla
gunner splinter esquirla
Sergeant: Did you check the track of the

tank?
Sargento: ¿Has comprobado la cadena del
carro de combate? Did you check the
track of the tank?
Private: Yes, Sir, everything was OK. Yes, Sir,
Soldado: Sí, mi Sargento, todo estaba correcto. everything was
OK
Sergeant: Don't forget to install the machine Don´t forget
gun on the turret. Don´t worry, Sir,
to install the it is already done
Sargento: No olvides instalar la ametralladora machine gun
en la torreta. on the turret
Private: Don't worry, Sir, it is already
done.
Soldado: No se preocupe, mi Sargento, ya
está hecho.
Did you already
Sergeant: Did you already refuel the tank? refuel the tank? Yes, this morning
Sargento: ¿Has repostado ya el carro? I went to the gas
station
Private: Yes, this morning I went to the
gas station.
Soldado: Sí, esta mañana fui a la gasolinera. You’re really
efficient Thanks, Sir
Sergeant: You're really efficient.
Sargento: Eres verdaderamente eficiente.
Private: Thanks, Sir.

Soldado: Gracias, mi Sargento.
- 75 -
EXERCISES
1) MAKE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES INTERROGATIVE 3) TRANSLATE INTO SPANISH THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES.
AND NEGATIVE.
a) You like apples. a) What city do you come from?

a) ¿De qué ciudad vienes?
a) Don't you like apples?
b) Put the glass on the table.
b) They want a car. b) __________________________________.
b) ______________________________
c) The road passes across the valley.
c) She plays the guitar. c) __________________________________.
c) ______________________________
d) The sun shines over the city.
d) __________________________________.
d) We buy some tickets for the theatre.
d) ______________________________ e) Stay by my side.
e) __________________________________.
e) I have a mobile.
e) ______________________________ f) The chair is between the door and the window.
f) __________________________________.
f) He takes several pictures. g) Don't leave until I tell you.

f) ______________________________ g) __________________________________.
g) You eat potatoes. h) Before going out, put your application on the table.
g) ______________________________ h) __________________________________.
7 2) MAKE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES (1) INTERROGATIVE

AND (2) INTERROGATIVE AND NEGATIVE.
4) TRANSLATE
SENTENCES.
INTO ENGLISH THE FOLLOWING
a) Cerca de mi casa hay un cine.

a) You are tall. a) There is a cinema near my house.
a) Are you tall?
a) Aren't you tall? b) Debajo de nuestra casa hay un cementerio.
b) __________________________________.
b) They are interested in Geography.
b) ______________________________
c) Hay un supermercado detrás de la escuela.
b) ______________________________
c) __________________________________.
c) She is a pretty girl.
c) ______________________________ d) En septiembre llueve mucho.
c) ______________________________ d) __________________________________.
d) We are Mary's best friends. e) El martes se casa John.

d) ______________________________ e) __________________________________.
d) ______________________________
f) Con un coche es suficiente.
e) I am five feet tall. f) __________________________________.
e) ______________________________
e) ______________________________ g) De Madrid a Granada hay 450 km.
g) __________________________________.
f) He is the best good-looking boy.
f) ______________________________
h) Después de cuatro horas estamos cansados.
f) ______________________________
h) __________________________________.
g) You are my sister-in-law's brother.
g) ______________________________ i) La guerra contra aquel país es un fracaso.
g) ______________________________ i) __________________________________.
- 76 -
5) FILL EACH OF THE FOLLOWING GAPS BY INSERTING 6) WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING WORDS DON'T FIT INTO
THE TRANSLATION INTO ENGLISH OF THE WORDS IN EACH COLUMN?
BRACKETS.
a) (pan, tomate, aceite de oliva) A B C D

I like bread with tomato and olive oil.
beer salami tea lemon

b) (cuchara, tenedor, cuchillo)
Chinese people don't use ______ ,______ nor ______.
c) (cocinar, pollo, horno) sugar sausage strawberry orange

I ______ the ______ in the ______, that way it
is very tasty!
wine ham apple tuna
d) (vinagre, pimienta)
I am allergic to ______ and ______.
juice veal lettuce grape
e) (azúcar, té)
I don't like ______ with ______.
whisky vinegar carrot banana

f) (pavo)
English people eat ______ at Christmas.
g) (ensalada, tomate, lechuga, cebolla) lemonade pork beans fig

I make ______ with ______ ,______ and ______.
7
7) MATCH TERMS 1) TO 8) SENTENCES A) TO H).
1) crew a) escotilla
2) indirect fire b) carro de combate
3) tank c) artillería remolcada
4) artillery piece d) tripulación
5) hatch e) arma contracarro
6) towed artillery f) pieza de artillería
7) antitank weapon g) fuego indirecto
8) splinter h) esquirla
- 77 -
UNIT 8
GRAMMAR
1.-SIMPLE PAST OF THE REGULAR VERBS b) Si termina en “y” precedida de consonante,

(PASADO SIMPLE DE LOS VERBOS REGULARES) al tomar la terminación “-ed” dicha “y” se
cambia por “i”; pero si en lugar de estar
1.1.-AFFIRMATIVE FORM precedida por consonante lo está por
(FORMA AFIRMATIVA) vocal, se sigue la regla general:
El pasado de los verbos regulares en inglés Examples:
se forma añadiendo la terminación "-ed" al
infinitivo sin la preposición "to". El pasado
simple en inglés equivale al pretérito imperfecto English to cry/ I cried
de indicativo español (e.g.: “I walked”, ‘andaba’; Spanish llorar/ (yo) lloraba; lloré
“I worked”, ‘trabajaba’) y al pretérito perfecto
simple de indicativo (e.g.: “I walked”, ‘anduve’;
“I worked”, ‘trabajé’). A diferencia de lo que
ocurre en presente, que se añade la English to play/ I played
terminación "-s" para formar la tercera persona Spanish jugar/ (yo) jugaba; jugué
del singular (e.g.: “he walks”, ‘[él] anda’), en
pasado simple existe una única forma verbal
para todas las personas, tanto en afirmativa, 1.2. NEGATIVE FORM
como en negativa, como en interrogativa. (FORMA NEGATIVA)
TO WALK (‘andar’) La forma negativa del pasado simple en

Simple past / Affirmative form
inglés de los verbos (salvo los verbos
anómalos), se construye (para todas las
8
English Spanish personas) anteponiendo la forma negativa del
pasado simple del auxiliar “to do” (“did not” o
1st S I walked (yo) andaba; anduve
“didn’t”) al verbo en infinitivo sin la partícula “to”.
(tú) andabas; anduviste TO WALK (‘andar’)
2nd S you walked Simple past / Negative form
(usted) andaba; anduvo English Spanish
I did not walk
3rd S he/ she/ it walked (él/ ella/ *ello) andaba; anduvo 1st S I didn’t walk (yo) no andaba; no anduve
(nosotros/ as) andábamos;

1st P we walked anduvimos (tú) no andabas; no anduviste
you did not walk
(vosotros/ as) andabais; 2nd S you didn’t walk
anduvisteis (usted) no andaba; no anduvo
2nd P you walked
(ustedes) andaban; anduvieron
he/ she/ it
did not walk (él/ ella/ *ello) no andaba;
3rd P they walked (ellos/ as) andaban; anduvieron 3rd S he/ she/ it no anduvo
didn’t walk
Para la adición de la terminación "-ed" hay

que tener en cuenta las siguientes reglas we did not walk (nosotros/ as) no andábamos;
1st P we didn’t walk no anduvimos
ortográficas:
(vosotros/ as) no andabais;
a) Si el infinitivo termina en "e", dicha "e" no anduvisteis
desaparece al añadir "-ed": you did not walk
2nd P you didn’t walk
(ustedes) no andaban;
Example: no anduvieron
English to live/ I lived
they did not walk (ellos/ as) no andaban;
3rd P they didn’t walk no anduvieron
Spanish vivir/ (yo) vivía; viví
-79-
1.3.-QUESTION FORM TO WALK (‘andar’)
(FORMA INTERROGATIVA) Simple past / Negative question form
La forma interrogativa del pasado simple en English Spanish
inglés se forma con el auxiliar "to do" en pasado did I not walk?
("did") -tal y como se explica en la unidad 7-, 1st S didn’t I walk? ¿no andaba; no anduve (yo)?
seguido del sujeto y del verbo en infinitivo sin la
partícula "to". La forma verbal es igual para ¿no andabas; no anduviste (tú)?
todas las personas, incluso para la tercera de did you not walk?
singular: 2nd S didn’t you walk?
¿no andaba; no anduvo (usted)?
TO WALK (‘andar’) did he/ she/ it

rd not walk? ¿no andaba; no anduvo
Simple past / Question form 3 S didn’t he/ she/ it (él/ ella/ *ello)?
English Spanish walk?
did we not walk? ¿no andábamos; no anduvimos

1st S did I walk? ¿andaba; anduve (yo)? 1st P didn’t we walk? (nosotros/ as)?
¿no andabais; no anduvisteis

¿andabas; anduviste (tú)? (vosotros/ as)?
did you not walk?
2nd P didn’t you walk?
¿no andaban; no anduvieron
2nd S did you walk? (ustedes)?
¿andaba; anduvo (usted)? did they not walk? ¿no andaban; no anduvieron
3rd P didn’t they walk? (ellos/ as)?
did he/ she/ it

3rd S walk? ¿andaba; anduvo (él/ ella/ *ello)?
2.-PAST SIMPLE OF THE IRREGULAR VERBS
(PASADO SIMPLE DE LOS VERBOS IRREGULARES)
8 1st P did we walk?

¿andábamos; aduvimos
(nosotros/ as)?
En inglés hay un gran número de verbos que
toman formas irregulares para las oraciones en
pasado simple afirmativas (ver lista de verbos
irregulares). En el resto de oraciones en pasado
¿andabais; anduvisteis simple (las negativas, las interrogativas y las
(vosotros/ as)? interrogativo-negativas) estos verbos se
comportan como verbos regulares:
2nd P did you walk?
¿andaban; anduvieron (ustedes)?

Examples:
3rd P did they walk? ¿andaban; anduvieron (ellos/ as)? English Spanish
When did you go to Madrid? ¿Cuándo fuiste a Madrid?

1.4.- NEGATIVE QUESTION
(FORMA INTERROGATIVO-NEGATIVA)
La forma interrogativo-negativa del pasado I went to Madrid last week. Fui a Madrid la semana pasada.
simple en inglés se forma con el auxiliar "to do"
en pasado y la partícula negativa "not" ("did
not" o "didn't") -tal y como se explica en la
unidad 7- seguida del verbo en infinitivo sin la
partícula "to". Existen dos maneras posibles Didn’t you go to Barcelona? ¿No fuiste a Barcelona?
para construir la forma interrogativo-negativa,
no obstante, es más común el uso de la forma
contraída (“didn’t”) que el de la forma no
contraída ("did not"). La forma verbal es igual No, I didn’t go to Barcelona. No, no fui a Barcelona.
para todas las personas, incluso para la tercera
de singular:
-80-
3.-SIMPLE PAST OF THE VERB “TO BE” 3.2.-NEGATIVE FORM
(PASADO SIMPLE DEL VERBO “TO BE”) (FORMA NEGATIVA)
(FORMA AFIRMATIVA)
Las formas verbales del pasado simple del
verbo “to be” en negativa son “was not”
El verbo “to be” es un verbo anómalo, por lo /“wasn’t” para la primera y tercera persona del
tanto para formar el pasado simple no hay que singular y “were not” /”weren’t” para el resto de
seguir las reglas que hemos visto con anteriori- las personas.
dad, sino que que hay que aprender las formas
irregulares. Para la primera y tercera persona
del singular la forma es “was”, para el resto de
las personas es “were”.
TO BE (‘ser; estar’) English Spanish
English Spanish
I was not (yo) no era; no fui
1st S I wasn’t (yo) no estaba; no estuve
(yo) era; fui
1st S I was (yo) estaba; estuve
(tú) no eras; no fuiste

(tú) no estabas; no estuviste
(tú) eras; fuiste
8
(tú) estabas; estuviste you were not
2nd S you weren’t
2nd S you were (usted) no era; no fue

(usted) no estaba; no estuvo
(usted) era; fue
(usted) estaba; estuvo
he/ she/ it was not (él/ ella/ *ello) no era; no fue

3rd S he/ she/ it wasn’t (él/ ella/ *ello) no estaba; no estuvo
he/ she/ it (él/ ella/ *ello) era; fue
3rd S was (él/ ella/ *ello) estaba; estuvo
we were not (nosotros/ as) no éramos; no fuimos

1st P we weren’t (nosotos/ as) no estábamos;
(nosotros/ as) éramos; fuimos no estuvimos
1st P we were (nosotos/ as) estábamos; estuvimos
(vosotros/ as) no erais; no fuisteis

(vosotros/ as) erais; fuisteis (vosotros/ as) no estabais;
(vosotros/ as) estabais; estuvisteis no estuvisteis
you were not
2nd P you weren’t
2nd P you were
(ustedes) no eran; no fueron
(ustedes) eran; fueron (ustedes) no estaban; no estuvieron
(ustedes) estaban; estuvieron
(ellos/ as) eran; fueron they were not (ellos/ as) no eran; no fueron
3rd P they were 3rd P they weren’t (ellos/ as) no estaban; no estuvieron
(ellos/ as) estaban; estuvieron
-81-
3.3. QUESTION FORM 3.4.- NEGATIVE QUESTION FORM
(FORMA INTERROGATIVA) (FORMA INTERROGATIVO-NEGATIVA)
Para construir oraciones interrogativo-
Como se ha visto en el punto 1.2. de la negativas en inglés con el verbo "to be" hay dos
unidad 7, el verbo "to be" en su forma posibilidades: (1) utilizar la forma contraída o (2)
interrogativa no hace uso del auxiliar "to do". utilizar la forma no contraída. Lo más común es
Para construir oraciones interrogativas en (como se ha visto en el punto 1.2. de la unidad
pasado simple con el verbo "to be" hay que 7) usar la forma contraída:
seguir el mismo patrón que se emplea para las
de presente simple, con la salvedad de que hay La forma contraída sigue esta estructura:
que cambiar las formas "am" e "is" por "was", y
la forma "are", por "were".
TO BE (‘ser; estar’) Simple past / Contracted negative question form
Simple past / Question form
WAS / + SUJETO + (complementos) ? WASN’T /
WERE WEREN’T + SUJETO + (complementos) ?
Simple past / Question form
English Spanish La forma no contraída sigue esta estructura:
¿era; fui (yo)? TO BE (‘ser; estar’)

1st S was I? ¿estaba; estuve (yo)? Simple past / Negative question form
WAS/
WERE + SUJETO + NOT + (complementos) ?
¿eras; fuiste (tú)?
8
¿estabas; estuviste (tú)?
2nd S were you? TO BE (‘ser; estar’)

Simple past / Negative question form
¿era; fue (usted)? English Spanish
¿estaba; estuvo (usted)?
wasn’t I? ¿no era; no fui (yo)?
1st S was I not? ¿no estaba; no estuve (yo)?
¿era; fue (él/ ella/ *ello)? ¿no eras; no fuiste (tú)?

3rd S was he/ she/ it? ¿estaba; estuvo (él/ ella/ *ello)?
¿no estabas; no estuviste (tú)?
weren’t you?
2nd S were you not?
¿no era; no fue (usted)?
¿no estaba; no estuvo (usted)?
¿éramos; fuimos (nosotros/ as)?
1st P were we? ¿estábamos; estuvimos (nosotros/ as)?
wasn’t he/ she/ it? ¿no era; no fue (él/ ella/ *ello)?
3rd S was he/she/it not? ¿no estaba; no estuvo
(él/ ella/ *ello)?
¿erais; fuisteis (vosotros/ as)? ¿no éramos; no fuimos

weren’t we? (nosotros/ as)?
¿estabais; estuvisteis (vosotros/ as)? 1st P were we not? ¿no estábamos; no estuvimos
(nosotros/ as)?
2nd P were you?
¿no erais; no fuisteis (vosotros/ as)?
¿no estabais; no estuvisteis
¿eran; fueron (ustedes)? (vosotros/ as)?
¿estaban; estuvieron (ustedes)? weren’t you?
2nd P were you not?
¿no eran; no fueron (ustedes)?
¿no estaban; no estuvieron
(ustedes)?
¿eran; fueron (ellos/ as)?
3rd P were they? ¿estaban; estuvieron (ellos/ as)? weren’t they?
¿no eran; no fueron (ellos/ as)?
3rd P were they not? ¿no estaban; no estuvieron
(ellos/ as)?
-82-
DAILY SPEAKING
1.-IN THE TRAIN STATION
(EN LA ESTACIÓN DE TREN)
Miguel and Teresa: Hi! How are you?

Miguel y Teresa: ¡Hola! ¿Qué tal?
Itziar: Hi! Fine, thanks, and you?

Itzíar: ¡Hola! Bien, gracias, ¿y
vosotros? Hi! How are you? Hi! Fine, thanks, and
you?
Miguel and Teresa: Fine.
Miguel y Teresa: Bien. Fine What are you doing
here?
Itziar: What are you doing here?
Itzíar: ¿Qué estáis haciendo aquí?
Miguel: We’re about to take a train to
our family’s city. We’re about to
take a train to
Miguel: Estamos a punto de coger un In fifteen our family’s city And, when does
tren que nos lleve a la ciudad minutes your train leave?
de nuestra familia.
Itziar: And, when does your train

leave?
Itzíar: Y, ¿cuándo sale el tren?
Teresa: In fifteen minutes.
Teresa: Dentro de quince minutos.
Do you know where

the platform four is?
At the back of the
8
station, I go with you Miguel: Do you know where the platform
four is?
Miguel: ¿Sabes dónde está el andén
cuatro?
Itziar: At the back of the station, I

go with you.
Itzíar: Al final de la estación, os
acompaño.
Thank you very much Miguel and Teresa: Thank you very much.
Miguel y Teresa: Muchas gracias.
Bye! Bye!
Have a good
journey!
Miguel and Teresa: Bye!

Miguel y Teresa: ¡Adiós!
Itziar: Bye! Have a good journey!
Itzíar: ¡Adiós! ¡Buen viaje!
-83-
CIVILIAN VOCABULARY
1.-COUNTRIES AND NATIONALITIES
(PAÍSES Y NACIONALIDADES)
COUNTRIES NATIONALITIES
Australia Australia Australian australiano
Austria Austria Austrian austriaco
Belgium Bélgica Belgian belga Africa Europe
England Inglaterra English inglés
France Francia French francés
Germany Alemania German alemán
Greece Grecia Greek griego

Asia
Holland Holanda Dutch holandés
India India Indian hindú
Ireland Irlanda Irish irlandés

America Oceania
Italy Italia Italian italiano
8 Irak
Japan
Iraq
Japón
Iraqi
Japanese
iraquí
japonés
CONTINENTS
English Spanish
NATIONALITIES
English Spanish
Norway Noruega Norwegian noruego Africa África African africano
Portugal Portugal Portuguese portugés America América American americano
Russia Rusia Russian ruso

Asia Asia Asiatic asiático
Spain España Spanish español
Europe Europa European europeo
Switzerland Suiza Swiss suizo
Turkey Turquía Turk turco Oceania Oceanía Oceanic oceánico
En inglés, al igual que en español, los Los gentilicios en inglés, al igual que ocurre
topónimos se consideran nombres propios y, en la mayoría de los casos en español, también
por lo tanto, su inicial se escribe con letra sirven para referirse al idioma del país. Así, "él
mayúscula(Spain, España; England, Inglaterra). habla ruso" se traduce por "he speaks
Sin embargo, y a diferencia de lo que ocurre en Russian" (los nombres de los idiomas en inglés
español, en inglés los gentilicios también también se escriben con mayúscula.)
reciben este tratamiento (Spanish, español;
English, inglés).
Examples:
English Spanish
Where are you from? ¿De dónde eres?
I’m from England, I’m English. Soy de Inglaterra, soy inglés.
Where are they from? ¿De dónde son?
They are from Switzerland, they are Swiss. Son de Suiza, son suizos.
-84-
1.-PREJUDICES
(PREJUICIOS)
There are a lot of prejudices according to and to have the best European food. Spanish
nationalities. As Albert Einstein said, it is easier to people are thought to be brave and party lovers
split an atom than to erase prejudices. For and to like bullfights too. British people are
example, Danish people are thought to be blond believed to be snobs, to be always on time and to
and to row in Viking boats, drinking a lot of beer; drink tea; people think that British people do the
German people are considered to drink too much opposite things European people do in the
beer, to eat frankfurters and to have a straight mind continent, for example, driving on the left side.
(everything must go the right way); European Italian mothers are thought to wear the trousers at
people think that Swiss people do things very home and to cook a lot of pasta and pizza. Italian
slowly; people from Russia are consided to drink men are considered to love football and to live at
too much vodka. Normally, French people are their parents’ house until the age of thirty.
considered to be arrogant about their language

1) What did Albert Einstein say about prejudices?

2) What do people think about English people?
3) What do people think about Russian people?
4) What do people think about Italian mothers?
MILITARY
1.-THE NAVY AND THE AIR FORCE
TERMS
8
(LA ARMADA Y EL EJERCITO DEL AIRE)
English Spanish
seaman marinero
warship barco de guerra
vessel buque
warjet avión de combate
combat aircraft avión de combate
warjet / combat aircraft helicopter / chopper helicóptero
submarine submarino
helicopter / chopper wine sweeper dragaminas
frigate fragata
aircraft carrier portaaviones
wings alas
deck cubierta
air-to-surface missile misil aire-tierra
warship air-to air missile misil aire-aire
tanker plane avión nodriza
surveillance flight vuelo de reconocimiento
aircraft aeronave
helipad helipuerto
pilot piloto
airport aeropuerto
aircraft carrier prow proa
submarine port puerto
-85-
Did you see that warjet?

Private: Did you see that warjet?
Yes, that one flying over Soldado: ¿Ha visto ese avión de combate?
the city
Full Corporal: Yes, that one flying over the city.
Cabo Primero: Sí, aquel que sobrevuela la ciudad.
Private: What kind of warjet is it?
Soldado: ¿Qué clase de avión de combate es?
Full Corporal: I think that it is an F-18.

What kind of warjet is it? I think that it is an Cabo Primero: Creo que es un F-18.
F-18
Private: Really beautiful, isn’t it?
Soldado: Realmente bonito, ¿verdad?
Really beautiful,
isn’t it?
Look at that helicopter
Full Corporal: Look at that helicopter.

Cabo Primero: Mira aquel helicóptero.
Private: Oh, yes! It’s an American APACHE.
Soldado: ¡Oh, sí! Es un APACHE americano.
8 Oh, yes! It’s an American

APACHE
EXERCISES
1) WRITETHE FOLLOWING SENTENCES BY USING THE
PAST TENSE.
a) I go to school. h) She speaks slowly.

a) I went to school. h) ______________________________.
b) She likes oranges but she does not like lemons. i) He leaves that house at six o’clock.
b) ______________________________. i) ______________________________.
c) Peter goes to work by bus. j) I usually pay him £5.

c) ______________________________. j) ______________________________.
d) I meet her on Tuesday. k) He rides every day.
d) ______________________________. k) ______________________________.
e) Anke is my best German friend. l) I lie down after lunch.

e) ______________________________. l) ______________________________.
f) Europe is the cradle of civilization. m) We sleep badly.

f) ______________________________. m) ______________________________.
g) Andrea is less beautiful than Joan.
g) ______________________________.
-86-
2) FILL EACH OF THE FOLLOWING GAPS BY INSERTING
THE SUITABLE WORD. h) We want those carpets.
a) I am from England, I am English. h) ______________________________.

h) ______________________________.
b) I am from __________, I am German.
i) I watch television at home.
c) I am from __________, I am Australian.
i) ______________________________.
d) I am from France, I am __________. i) ______________________________.
e) I am from __________, I am Dutch. 4) REWRITE THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS BY USING

NEGATIVE QUESTIONS.
f) I am from Italy, I am __________.
a) I don’t like apples.
g) I am from Norway, I am __________. a) Didn’t I like apples?
h) I am from __________, I am Turk.
i) I am from Spain, I am __________. b) I go to Scotland.

3) REWRITE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES BY USING b) ______________________________
NEGATIVE PAST TENSE.
a) I like apples.
a) I did not like apples. c) She is my best friend in London.
a) I didn’t like apples. c) ______________________________
b) I go to Scotland.
b) ______________________________. d) I drive my car all night long.
8
b) ______________________________. d) ______________________________
c) She is my best friend in London.

c) ______________________________. e) My parents drink beer.
c) ______________________________. e) ______________________________
d) I drive my car all night long.

d) ______________________________. f) I don’t see her.
d) ______________________________. f) ______________________________
e) My parents drink beer.

e) ______________________________. g) Peter loses his job.
e) ______________________________. g) ______________________________
f) I see her.
f) ______________________________. h) We don’t want those carpets.
f) ______________________________. h) ______________________________
g) Peter loses his job.

g) ______________________________. i) I watch television at home.
g) ______________________________. i) ______________________________
-87-

1) chopper a) submarino
2) submarine b) avión de combate
3) frigate c) cubierta
4) combat aircraft d) helicóptero
5) deck e) fragata
6) prow f) avión nodriza
7) tanker plane g) aeronave
8) aircraft h) proa
6) FILL EACH OF THE FOLLOWING GAPS WITH A 7) ANSWER THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES IN THE
SUITABLE WORD OF THE BOX. AFFIRMATIVE AND NEGATIVE FORM.
a) Did they have eggs for breakfast?

didn’t I am went a) Yes, they had eggs for breakfast.
a) No, they didn’t have eggs for breakfast.
where were Greek Did
b) Did he want a new coat?
Is She ate from
b) ______________________________.
Do much did French b) ______________________________.
8 a) Alice went to Ireland last year. ________ liked

c) Did they have to work hard?
c) ______________________________.
it very ________. c) ______________________________.
d) Did he have a heart attack?

b) ________ you like baseball? Yes, ________ do. d) ______________________________.
d) ______________________________.
c) They ________ in Mario’s restaurant last e) Did they do their homework after dinner?
week, and they ________ very well. e) ______________________________.
e) ______________________________.
f) Did you see us?

d) ________ are you ________? I ________
f) ______________________________.
from France, I am ________.
f) ______________________________.
g) Did Mary know the way?

e) ________ you enjoy yourself yesterday? No, I g) ______________________________.
________. g) ______________________________.
h) Did you see the difference?

f) ________ your mother from Greece? Yes, she h) ______________________________.
is ________. h) ______________________________.
i) Did he come every day?

g) Did you see my sister? Yes, I ________. i) ______________________________.
i) ______________________________.
-88-
UNIT 9
GRAMMAR
1.-QUESTIONS II "Which" sirve para distinguir entre varias
(ORACIONES INTERROGATIVAS II) personas o cosas. "What" para preguntar sobre
la naturaleza, calidad, etc. de un ser. "What" en
1.1.-WH QUESTIONS sentido absoluto significa también "¿qué?",
(INTERROGATIVAS PARCIALES) "¿qué cosa?". Con el verbo "to be" sirve para
preguntar la profesión, el estado, etc. de alguien.
Hasta el momento hemos visto formas de
construir oraciones interrogativas basadas en la Examples:
inversión del orden de los elementos y/o en la
utilización del auxiliar "to do". Estas oraciones
interrogativas se conocen en español como English Spanish
interrogativas totales y en inglés como Where are you from? ¿De dónde eres?
"yes/no questions"; esto quiere decir que la Where is she? ¿Dónde está?
oración se contesta con una afirmación o con
una negación. When is your birthday? ¿Cuándo es tu cumpleaños?
When did they eat? ¿Cuándo comieron?
Examples: How are you? ¿Cómo estás?
How is your house? ¿Cómo es tu casa?
English Spanish
Isn't she pretty? ¿No es guapa?
Yes, she is. Sí, lo es. 1.2. HOW TO FORM WH QUESTIONS
(FORMACIÓN DE LAS WH QUESTIONS)
Do you like football? ¿Te gusta el fútbol?
9
No, I don't. No, no me gusta. a) Para formar este tipo de oraciones
interrogativas en pasado y presente simple con
A continuación vamos a ver las verbos no anómalos (es decir, que no sean, por
interrogativas parciales. Otra forma de ejemplo, el verbo "to be"), lo único que hay que
construir oraciones en inglés que se basa, hacer es anteponer una partícula interrogativa a
además de en la inversión y en la utilización del una oración construida con el auxiliar " to do"
auxiliar "to do", en el uso de pronombres (tal y como se ha visto en el punto 1.1 de la
interrogativos (“what”, “who”, “which”, etc.) unidad 7 y en el punto 1.3. de la unidad 8):
Debido a que la gran mayoría de los
pronombres interrogativos ingleses empiezan Wh questions
con las letras "wh", este tipo de oraciones
interrogativas se llaman "wh questions". Las PARTÍCULA AUXILIAR “TO DO”
oraciones interrogativas que hasta el momento INTERROGATIVA
+
habíamos visto, se contestaban afirmativa o (what, which, who, (conjugado en
negativamente (e.g.: “Do you like apples? Yes, I where, …) presente o pasado)
do/ No, I don't”), sin embargo, las "wh +
questions" necesitan otro tipo de respuesta Verbo en
(e.g.: “Where did you go? I went home”). Las INFINITIVO
partículas interrogativas con las que se SUJETO + sin la particula + (complementos) ?
construyen este tipo de oraciones son las “TO”
siguientes:
Examples:
English Spanish
English Spanish
what qué
qué Where do they go? ¿A dónde van?
which
cuál / cuáles
What do you do? ¿Qué haces?
who quién / quienes
where dónde When did you see Mary? ¿Cuándo viste a Mary?
when cuándo Why does she want to do it? ¿Por qué quiere hacer eso?
how cómo
why por qué How did you find it? ¿Cómo lo encontraste?
-89-
b) Hay ocasiones en las que para formar 2.-HOW TO WRITE A LETTER IN ENGLISH
oraciones interrogativas parciales con verbos (CORRESPONDENCIA EN INGLÉS)
no anómalos en presente y pasado simple no se
utiliza el auxiliar "do". Estas oraciones son 2.1.-DATE AND PLACE OF ORIGIN
aquellas en las que las partículas interrogativas (FECHA Y DIRECCIÓN DEL REMITENTE)
"who" o "which" hacen referencia al sujeto que
lleva a cabo la acción. La partícula "which" va Según el lugar de procedencia del remitente, la
acompañada por un sustantivo y conjuntamente fecha y dirección de éste se ubicarán en un lugar
ejercen la función de sujeto, mientras que "who" o en otro de la carta. Por un lado, los norteamericanos
es en sí el sujeto, por esta misma razón no es (estadounidenses y canadienses) colocan la
necesario que vaya acompañado por un dirección del remitente en el ángulo superior
sustantivo. La forma de construir este tipo de izquierdo de la carta. Ésta va seguida de la fecha,
oraciones es la siguiente: que puede ir tanto a la derecha como a la
izquierda. Por otro lado, en Gran Bretaña la
Wh questions dirección del remitente se coloca en el ángulo
Verbo superior derecho de la carta. La fecha se coloca
Partícula o bien debajo de ésta o bien debajo de la
interrogativa + SUST. + CONJUGADO
en presente o + (complmnts.)?
WHICH dirección del destinatario a la izquierda.
pasado simple
2.2.-OPENING A LETTER
Wh questions (SALUDO)
verbo
Partícula CONJUGADO Las fórmulas más comunes son:
interrogativa + en presente o + (complementos)?
WHO pasado simple
· Dear
Examples:
English Spanish · Dear Mrs Smith
Who cares? ¿A quién le importa?
9
· Dear Sir
Who opened the door? ¿Quién abrió la puerta?
Who ate here? ¿Quién comió aquí? · Dear Madam
Which girl takes a picture? ¿Qué chica hace la foto?
· Dear Sir or Madam
Which boy answered the ¿Qué chico contestó la
question? pregunta? · Dear Sir / Madam
c) Para formar las wh questions con el · Dear Sirs

verbo anómalo "to be" en presente o pasado
simple se debe seguir este orden:
Cuando en la carta se emplea el formato
Wh questions with the verb “to be” tradicional con sangría, estas fórmulas van
seguidas de una coma. Por lo tanto:
PARTÍCULA Verbo
INTERROGA- “TO BE”
TIVA + (conjugado + SUJETO + (complementos)?
(what, which, en presente
who, where,...) o pasado) · Dear Ms Smith,
Examples:
En el inglés norteamericano también se
English Spanish utilizan los dos puntos. Por lo tanto:
Where are you from? ¿De dónde eres?
What is it? ¿Qué es esto? · Dear Madam:
When were you at home? ¿Cuándo estuviste en casa?
Why am I so nervous? ¿Por qué soy tan nervioso? Cuando se trata de cartas en formato sin
sangría, existe una tendencia cada vez más
How was she? ¿Cómo estaba? generalizada a no emplear puntuación ni en el
encabezamiento ni en la fórmula de despedida.
-90-
2.3.-CLOSING A LETTER Cuando el destinatario es un amigo o un
(FÓRMULA DE DESPEDIDA) pariente cercano se emplean las siguientes
fórmulas:
Las fórmulas más usadas en inglés
norteamericano son "Sincerely yours" y
· Love,
"Sincerely". Los británicos se inclinan por el
uso de "Yours sincerely", no obstante, utilizan · Love from,
la fórmula "Yours faithfully" en cartas formales · With love from,
dirigidas a un destinatario que no se conoce. · Much love,
Ésta es la fórmula que debe emplearse cuando
· Love from all of us,
el encabezamiento de la carta es "Dear Sir",
"Dear Madam" o "Dear Sir or Madam". · Love to all,
· All my love,
Si no se tiene confianza con la persona a la
que va dirigida la carta, ésta puede concluirse O, cuando el destinatario no es una persona
con las fórmulas que a continuación se citan: tan allegada:
· Best wishes, · As always, (AmE)

· Regards, · Yours ever, (BrE)
· Yours, (BrE) · As ever, (AmE)
· With best wishes from, · Affectionately, (AmE)
· Truly yours, (AmE) · Fondly, (AmE)
· Very truly yours, (AmE)
· Kind /Kindest regards, (BrE)
· Warm / Warmest regards, (AmE)
· Fond / Fondest regards,
9
-91-
DAILY SPEAKING
1.-RENT A CAR
(ALQUILAR UN COCHE)
Agent: Good morning, can I help you?
Agente: Buenos días, ¿puedo ayudarle en algo?
Good morning,
can I help you? Customer: Yes, please. We’d like to rent a car.
How old are Cliente: Sí, por favor. Nos gustaría alquilar un coche.
you?
Yes, please. We’d
like to rent a car Agent: How old are you?
Agente: ¿Cuántos años tiene?
Customer: I’m 23 years old.
I’m 23 years old Cliente: Tengo 23 años.
Agent: Can I see your ID or passport?

Agent: ¿Me puede enseñar su carnet de
identidad o pasaporte?
Agent: I'm afraid you’ll have to pay an

additional fee for being under 25.
Can I see your ID
Agente: Me temo que tendrá que pagar un coste
or passport? Really? adicional por tener menos de 25 años.
How much is it?
Customer: Really? How much is it?
Cliente: ¿De verdad? ¿Cuánto es?
Agent: Around € 10 per day.

Agente: Sobre unos 10 € por día.
9
Agent: Which car would you like to rent? This
is the list, there are several groups and
I’m afraid you’ll have to pay an models, but the cheapest one is the
additional fee for being under 25 model Fiat Seiscento.
Around €10 per day Agente: ¿Qué coche le gustaría alquilar? Ésta es la
lista, hay varios grupos y modelos, pero el
más barato es el modelo Fiat Seiscento.
Which car would you like to rent? This is the

Customer: Is there an additional driver fee? list, there are several groups and models, but
Cliente: ¿Existe algún suplemento por the chepest one is the model Fiat Seiscento
conductor adicional?
Is there an
additional
Agent: No, but there is limited mileage of driver fee?
187.5 miles per day.
Agente: No, pero existe un kilometraje limitado No, but there is limited
de 300 km por día. mileage of 187.5 miles
per day
Customer: That's fine. We’d like to rent the Fiat
Seiscento for a couple of days.
Cliente: Está bien. Nos gustaría alquilar el Fiat That’s fine. We’d like to
Seiscento por un par de días. rent the Fiat Seiscento for
a couple of days
Customer: How much is it in total?

Cliente: ¿Cuánto es en total? € 80. But I need a credit card with at least €
500 for a deposit on the rental car. The price
Agent: € 80. But I need a credit card with at How much is it includes fully comprehensive insurance policy,
in total? but there is not air conditioning nor stereo
least € 500 for a deposit on the system
rental car. The price includes fully
comprehensive insurance policy,
but there is not air conditioning nor
stereo system.
Agente: 80 €. Pero necesito una tarjeta de
crédito con al menos 500 € para el
depósito del alquiler del coche. El
precio incluye seguro a todo riesgo,
pero no hay ni aire acondicionado ni
radiocasete.
-92-
CIVILIAN VOCABULARY
1.-“DO” OR “MAKE”? When to use “make”
(¿"DO" O "MAKE"?) English Spanish
make (a) noise hacer (un) ruido
Tanto "to make" como "to do" aluden a la make the bed hacer la cama
acción de hacer, producir, crear, etc. No existen make a note anotar
unas pautas gramaticales fijas que estipulen hecho en
cuándo debe utilizarse uno u otro. En este made* in
sentido, tendremos que echar mano de nuestra made of hecho de
memoria y, en función del complemento directo make a mistake equivocarse, cometer un error
que vaya modificando a estas formas, utilizar un
make a deal hacer un trato
verbo u otro.
make a right girar a la derecha
make a left girar a la izquierda
make a speech pronunciar un discurso
make a suggestion hacer un sugerencia
make money hacer / ganar dinero
make a profit ganar dinero
make a loss perder dinero
make trouble causar problemas
he makes an appointment make an appointment concertar una cita

desordenar, ensuciar;
make a mess hacer algo mal, hacer una
chapuza, arruinar
9
make a phone call hacer una llamada,
llamar [por teléfono]
make a decision tomar una decisión, decidir
make a face poner mala cara
make peace hacer las paces
make war estar en guerra
make an attempt / an effort hacer un intento, intentar
they make peace
make coffee / tea hacer café / té
make an excuse poner una excusa
make an offer hacer una oferta, ofrecer
hacer un descubrimiento,
make a discovery descubrir
make a will hacer el testamento
make a compliment halagar, hacer un cumplido
make preparations hacer preparativos
* “made” (‘hecho’) es el participio pasado de “to make” (‘hacer’).

he makes a phone call
Examples:
English Spanish
That old jar is made in China. Esa jarra vieja está hecha en China.
John made a mess of his life. John arruinó su vida.
The president made a speech in the White House. El presidente pronunció un discurso en la Casa Blanca.
Someone who never makes a mistake never makes a Alguien que nunca se equivoca nunca hace un
discovery. descubrimiento.
-93-
When to use “do”
English Spanish
do the homework hacer los deberes
do the housework hacer las tareas domésticas
do the nails / hair arreglarse la uñas / el pelo
do films hacer peliculas
do drugs drogarse
do a favour hacer un favor
do work hacer un trabajo
do research investigar
do an exercise hacer un ejercicio
do harm hacer daño

she does a service
do (a lot of) damage hacer (mucho) daño
do good hacer el bien
do business hacer un negocio, trabajar
do honours in licenciarse en
do the cleaning limpiar
9 do the washing-up
do the dishes
hacer la colada
fregar los platos
do an examination hacer un examen, examinarse he does work
hacer reformas/ arreglos,

do repairs reparar, arreglar
do a service ofrecer, prestar un servicio
do right hacer bien
do wrong hacer mal
do miracles hacer milagros
they do repairs
Examples:
English Spanish
Anna does her homework every morning. Anna hace sus deberes todas las mañanas.
Alfred Hitchcock did very famous films. Alfred Hitchcock hizo películas muy famosas.
She did me a favour. Me hizo un favor.
Philip did honours in French. Philip se licenció en Francés.
-94-
1.-WRITING A LETTER IN BRITISH ENGLISH 2.-ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS.
(CORRESPONDENCIA EN INGLÉS) (CONTESTA LAS SIGUIENTES PREGUNTAS)
15 Kensington Road
London 1) Is it a formal or an informal letter?
E15 KOR
8th June 2004
Julia García 2) When did Pedro arrive in London?
Gran Vía 45, 2º A
16932 Madrid
Spain 3) Where did Pedro eat a very nice meal with his
Dear Julia, friend Julian?
I arrived in London last Sunday. On Monday I visited
a lot of old buildings and museums like the National
Gallery and the British Museum.
I really liked Buckingham Palace and its gardens.
On Tuesday I listened to a beautiful concert. Last
night I ate a very nice meal with my friend Julian in a
restaurant in Covent Garden.
On Wednesday I went to Portobello in Notting Hill
Gate to buy some clothes and now I am ready to go back
to Spain!
See you soon!
Love,
Pedro
MILITARY TERMS
1.-IN THE OFFICE
9
(EN LA OFICINA)
English Spanish
computer ordenador
printer impresora
hard disk disco duro
keyboard
screen pantalla
keyboard teclado
mouse ratón
report informe
SITREP informe de situación
(Situation Report)
INTREP
(Intelligent Report) informe de inteligencia
report
MEDEVAC REP informe de evaluación médica
(Medical Evaluation Report)
file archivo, archivo informático
to file archivar
submit remitir, enviar
application form impreso de solicitud
to apply for solicitar
copy copia
send enviar coded
receive recibir message
coded message mensaje cifrado
personnel records hoja de servicios
deadline fecha límite
-95-
2.-ON THE MANEUVERS
(EN MANIOBRAS)
English Spanish
tent tienda de campaña
sleeping bag saco de dormir
campsite campamento
training instrucción
drill ejercicio
trainer instructor firing range
APC
(Armo(u)red Personnel Carrier) vehículo de combate
trail, path camino, senda
patch bache
parking place aparcamiento
firing range campo de tiro
FIBUA combate en localidades
(Fight In Build-Up Areas)
combate en localidades, tent
urban combat
combate urbano
marksman tirador selecto
Training Centre Centro de Instrucción
simulation simulación
9 march
mined / contaminated zone

marcha
zona minada
campsite
obstacle obstáculo
warning order orden preparatoria
headquarters cuartel general
Staff Estado Mayor
riot alboroto
safe-conduct salvoconducto
APC
raid golpe de mano (Armo(u)red Personnel Carrier)
3.-FORMED IN PARADE
(FORMACIÓN DE PARADA) English Spanish
fall in a formar
on one rank en un fila
tense firmes
at ease descanso
call the roll pasar lista
left-face (left turn) izquierda
right-face (right turn) derecha
about-face (about turn) media vuelta
forward-march (march off) de frente
halt alto
at ease-march paso de maniobra
shoulder arms sobre el hombre
formed in parade fall out rompan filas
-96-
Operator A: What’s the position of your unit? Over.

Operador A: ¿Cuál es la posición de su unidad? Cambio.
What’s the position of
Operator B: We’re deployed in a deep ravine in the your unit? Over
grid 23-34. Over.
Operador B: Estamos desplegados en una vaguada Say it again. Over
profunda en la cuadrícula 23-34. Cambio.
Roger. Move on up the
Operator A: Say it again. Over. next emplacement. Over
Operador A: Confirme repitiendo. Cambio.
Once there, open fire and
Operator B: Grid 23-34, close to the hill “The Hawk”. Over. fix the target. Over
Operador B: Cuadrícula 23-34, cerca de la colina “El
Halcón”. Cambio.
Operator A: Roger. Move on up to the next We’re deployed in a deep

emplacement. Over. ravine int the grid 23-34. Over
Operador A: Recibido. Continúe hasta el próximo
emplazamiento. Cambio. Grid 23-34, close to the hill
“The Hawk”. Over
Operator B: We’ll be there within 30 minutes. Over.
Operador B: Estaremos allí en 30 minutos. Cambio. We’ll be there within 30
minutes. Over
Operator A: Once there, open fire and fix the target. Over.
Operador A: Una vez allí, abran fuego y fijen el Roger. Out
objetivo. Cambio.
Operator B: Roger. Out.

Operador B: Recibido. Fin.
EXERCISES 9
1) WRITE
A SUITABLE QUESTION FOR EACH OF THE 2) TRANSLATE INTO ENGLISH THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES.
FOLLOWING SENTENCES.
a) I take my bus at nine o’clock. a) ¿Te gusta el fútbol?
a) At what time do you take your bus? a) Do you like football?
b) She likes football and tennis. b) ¿Cuándo vas a la escuela?

b) ______________________________ b) ______________________________
c) I am fine, thank you. c) ¿Cómo os llamáis?
c) ______________________________ c) ______________________________
d) They are from Holland. d) ¿Quién se comió las naranjas?

d) ______________________________ d) ______________________________
e) Yes, he speaks Greek. e) ¿Cuándo compraste tu coche?
e) ______________________________ e) ______________________________
f) I go to work every morning. f) ¿Cuántos alumnos hay en esta clase?
f) ______________________________ f) ______________________________
g) We are twenty-two years old. g) ¿Cómo se llama tu suegra?
g) ______________________________ g) ______________________________
h) My favourite meal is Spanish omelet. h) ¿Ganaron Hellen y William el partido?
h) ______________________________ h) ______________________________
i) Cervantes wrote “El Quijote”. i) ¿Qué comes hoy?
i) ______________________________ i) ______________________________
j) We don’t eat this kind of fish. j) ¿Hablas ruso?

j) ______________________________ j) ______________________________
-97-
3) MAKE SENTENCES WITH THE FOLLOWING WORDS. 5) FILL EACH OF THE FOLLOWING GAPS WITH THE
VERBS “DO” OR “MAKE” IN THE PRESENT TENSE.
a) you /today /Do /work /?
a) Do you work today? a) If you want to buy that car, I’m sure we can
make a deal.
b) see /you /Didn’t /they /yesterday /?
b) ______________________________ b) Excuse me, could you ________ me a favour
and watch my bags for a moment?
c) father’s /When /your /is /birthday /? c) Timmy! Don’t ________ a mess in the living
c) ______________________________ room.
d) you /How/ spell /do /it /? d) I’m afraid I can’t come. I’m going to ________
d) ______________________________ my homework after school.
e) study /they /did /when /? e) How much money does your father
e) ______________________________ ________?
f) ate /but /didn’t /I /I /potatoes /eat /meat. f) Tom has to ________ a phone call to the
f) ______________________________ United States
g) He really doesn’t want to ________ that
g) you /some /for /Did /breakfast /take /milk /? decision.
g) ______________________________
4) WRITE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES BY USING THE h) I like to ________ business with Jack.
PAST TENSE.
i) I can’t sleep at night because the cars
a) Do you eat meat? ________ a lot of noise.
a) Did you eat meat?
6) FILL EACH OF THE FOLLOWING GAPS WITH THE
VERBS “DO” OR “MAKE” IN THE PAST TENSE.
b) When is your sister’s birthday?
b) ______________________________ a) I made an appointment to visit my doctor
9
yesterday.
c) Are they friendly?
c) ______________________________ b) How much profit did your company _______
last quarter?
d) How do you make the bed?
d) ______________________________ c) Sue cooked and I _______ the dishes.
d) I _______ the cleaning last Saturday.
e) Why does she sing this song?
e) ______________________________ e) She _______ a face because she didn’t like
my cooking.
f) Who are they? f) Julian _______ his bed yesterday morning.
f) ______________________________
g) Last year they _______ a lot of money with
g) Which computer do you prefer? that business.
g) ______________________________
h) Peter _______ honours in French.
h) Does he play the piano? i) She had a lot of problems because she
h) ______________________________ _______ drugs.

1) sleeping bag a) combate en localidades
2) path b) Estado Mayor
3) urban combat c) saco de dormir
4) trainer d) marcha
5) Staff e) alboroto
6) march f) orden preparatoria
7) riot g) senda
8) warning order h) instructor
-98-
8) TRANSLATE INTO SPANISH THE FOLLOWING 9) ACCORDING TO THE NEXT SENTENCES WRITE WH
SENTENCES. QUESTIONS.
a) Who discovered America?
a) ¿Quién descubrió América? 1) Charles sees Séverine.
b) Did they understand the lesson? a) When does Charles see Séverine?
b) ______________________________
b) How ______________________?
c) When did she go to Mary’s house? c) Why ______________________?
c) ______________________________
d) Where ____________________?
d) How did you find her?
d) ______________________________ 2) Charles bought his new car.
e) When did Michael read my letter? a) What did Charles buy?
e) ______________________________
b) Where ____________________?
f) Who makes the speech? c) When ______________________?
f) ______________________________
d) Why ______________________?
g) Does it rain? e) How ______________________?
g) ______________________________
10) ACCORDING TO THE GRAMMAR, SAY IF THE

FOLLOWING DATES AND PLACES OF ORIGIN ARE
BRITISH OR AMERICAN.
Letter A
9
96 South Street
Santa Rosa, CA 06698
September 14, 1998
John Harrington
16 Beacon Street
Chicago, IL 59962
Letter B
59 Telephone Road
London
N89 8GK
5 July 2001
Barclays Bank
36, High Street
Guildford
Surrey
-99-
UNIT 10
GRAMMAR
1.-HOW TO FORM THE GERUND e) Los verbos monosílabos (aquellos
(FORMACIÓN DEL GERUNDIO) compuestos por una sola sílaba) acabados en
consonante precedida de vocal corta*, duplican
Para construir el presente y pasado continuo dicha consonante final delante de la terminación
(tiempos verbales que se verán en la presente “-ing”:
unidad) es necesario saber cómo se forma el
gerundio:
Examples:
How to form the gerund
Verbo en infinitivo + -ING
sin “TO”
English Spanish
A continuación aparecen algunas de las con- stop / stopping parar / parando
sideraciones que hay que tener en cuenta para
la formación del gerundio de determinados ver- put / putting poner / poniendo
bos.
swim / swimming nadar / nadando
a) Los verbos que terminan en consonante
simplemente añaden la terminación “-ing”: drop / dropping caerse / cayéndose
Examples:
English Spanish *Se entiende por vocal corta la existencia de
10
una única vocal (stop, cut), por el contrario,
eat / eating comer / comiendo nótese que “meet” también es un verbo monosi-
think / thinking pensar / pensando
lábico, sin embargo, está compuesto por dos
vocales.
b) Si el infinitivo termina en “e”, se omite dicha

“e” y se añade “-ing”: f) Los verbos de dos o tres sílabas que
acaban en consonante + vocal + consonante,
Examples: duplican dicha conosnante final delante de la
English Spanish
terminación “-ing” si el acento recae en la última
sílaba.
write / writing escribir / escribiendo
come / coming venir / viniendo
Examples:
c) Si termina en “ie”, al añadir “-ing” se cam-

bia dicha “ie” por “y”: English Spanish
Examples: refer / referring referir / refiriendo
occur / occurring ocurrir / ocurriendo
English Spanish
lie / lying mentir / mintiendo
g) Los verbos terminados en “l” precedidos
d) Si termina en “y” precedida de consonante, de vocal, duplican la “l” delante de la termina-
se conserva dicha “y” al añadir “-ing”: ción “-ing”, excepto en el inglés americano.
Examples:
English Spanish
English Spanish
travel / travelling viajar / viajando
study / studying estudiar / estudiando
fly / flying volar / volando counsel / counselling aconsejar / aconsejando
-101-
2.-PRESENT CONTINUOUS Examples:
(PRESENTE CONTINUO)
English I am not eating an apple.
I’m not eating an apple.
(FORMA AFIRMATIVA) Spanish No estoy comiendo una manzana
Este tiempo verbal en inglés, al igual que en English He is not learning.
español, expresa una acción que se está des- He isn’t learning.
arrollando, que no está terminada. También Spanish No está aprendiendo inglés.
puede indicar un futuro inmediato. La diferencia
de uso entre este tiempo verbal y el presente They are not watching tv.
English They aren’t watching tv.
simple es que este último se emplea para
expresar un hábito, una costumbre o una ver- Spanish No están viendo la televisión.
dad universal.
Present simple 3.-PAST CONTINUOUS
(PASADO CONTINUO)
English Birds fly.
Spanish Los pájaros vuelan. El pasado continuo en inglés se forma de la

misma manera que el presente pero con el
Present continuous verbo auxiliar “to be” conjugado en pasado
English A bird is flying over the house. simple (tal y como se ve en el punto 3.1 de la
unidad 8.)
Spanish Un pájaro está volando por encima de la casa.
La forma verbal afirmativa del presente conti- (FORMA AFIRMATIVA)
nuo en inglés se forma de la siguiente manera:
La forma afirmativa del pasado continuo se
Present continuous / Affirmative Form construye de la siguiente manera:
Verbo
“TO BE” Past continuous / Affirmative form
GERUNDIO
10 SUJETO + conjugado en + del verbo + (complts.) Verbo

presente GERUNDIO
principal “TO BE”
(forma contraída SUJETO + conjugado + del verbo + (complts.)
en
o no contraída) principal
pasado simple
Examples: Examples:
English Spanish
English I was eating an apple.
I am eating an apple. Estoy comiendo una manzana.
I’m eating an apple. Spanish Estaba comiendo una manzana.
He is learning English. English He was learning English.
Está aprendiendo inglés.
He’s learning English.
Spanish Estaba aprendiendo inglés.
They are watching tv. Están viendo la televisión.
They’re watching tv. English They were watching tv.
Spanish Estaban viendo la televisión.
2.2.-NEGATIVE FORM English We were discussing the matter.

Spanish Estábamos tratando el asunto.
(FORMA NEGATIVA)
Para conjugar el presente continuo en nega- 3.2.-NEGATIVE FORM

tiva lo único que hay que hacer es conjugar en (FORMA NEGATIVA)
presente simple y en negativa el verbo “to be”
(tal y como se ve en el punto 2 de la unidad 1). La forma negativa se forma de la siguiente
manera:
Present continuous / Negative form Past continuous / Negative form
Verbo
Verbo TO BE
TO BE GERUNDIO conjugado en GERUNDIO
conjugado en del SUJETO + pasado simple y en + del + (complts.)
SUJETO + presente + + (complts.)
y en negativa verbo negativa verbo
(forma contraída o no principal (forma contraída o no principal
contraída) contraída)*
-102-
* La forma del pasado simple en negativa del Examples:
verbo “to be” se construye de acuerdo con lo
indicado en el punto 3.2. de la unidad 8.
English Was I eating an apple?
Spanish ¿Estaba comiendo una manzana?

Examples:
English Is he learning English?
Spanish ¿Está aprendiendo inglés?

I was not eating an apple.
English I wasn’t eating an apple. English Were they watching tv?
Spanish No estaba comiendo una manzana. Spanish ¿Estaban viendo la televisión?
English Are you having fun?

He was not learning English.
English He wasn’t learning English. Spanish ¿Te lo estás pasando bien?
Spanish No estaba aprendiendo inglés. 4.2.-NEGATIVE QUESTION FORM

(FORMA INTERROGATIVO-NEGATIVA)
They were not watching tv.
English They weren’t watching tv. Para negar las oraciones interrogativas
también existen dos formas posibles, la
Spanish No estaban viendo la televisión. contraída y la no contraída. No obstante, la
forma contraída es mucho más común en el
discurso oral. Por lo tanto:
We were not discussing the matter.
English We weren’t discussing the matter.
Wasn’t I eating an apple?
English Was I not eating an apple?
Spanish No estábamos tratando el asunto.
10
Spanish ¿No estaba comiendo una manzana?
4.-PRESENT AND PAST CONTINUOUS QUESTION Isn’t he learning English?

English Is he not learning English?
(FORMA INTERROGATIVA DEL PRESENTE Y PASADO CONTINUO)
Spanish ¿No está aprendiendo inglés?
Para formar oraciones interrogativas en pasa-
do o presente continuo se siguen las reglas sin- Weren’t they watching tv?
English
tácticas que hemos visto anteriormente, es Were they not watching tv?
decir, se va a hacer uso de la inversión y, si es
necesario, de las partículas interrogativas de las Spanish ¿No estaban viendo la televisión?
“wh questions”. Sin embargo, hay que tener en
cuenta que las formas continuas del verbo están English
Aren’t you having fun?
compuestas por dos elementos (el verbo auxiliar Are you not having fun?
“to be” conjugado y el verbo principal en gerun-
dio) y que la construcción de las oraciones inte- Spanish ¿No te lo estás pasando bien?
rrogativas va a variar en algunos aspectos con
respecto a la de las formas simples (como el
presente y el pasado simple). Como se puede observar en los ejemplos, no
se utiliza el auxiliar “to do” para realizar la inver-
4.1.-QUESTION FORM sión de las oraciones interrogativas. Esto se
(FORMA INTERROGATIVA) debe a que el presente y pasado continuo ya tie-
nen su propio auxiliar (“to be”), que es el que
usan para la inversión.
La forma interrogativa del presente y pasado
continuo sigue esta estructura:
4.3.-WH QUESTIONS WITH PRESENT AND PAST CONTINUOUS
(INTERROGATIVAS PARCIALES EN PRESENTE Y PASADO CONTINUO)
Present and past continuous / Question form Las oraciones interrogativas parciales en
Verbo presente y pasado simple se construyen con
“TO BE” GERUNDIO partículas interrogativas como “which”, “how”,
conjugado + SUJETO + del verbo + (complts.) ? “who”, etc. Estas oraciones interrogativas
en pasado principal parciales con presente y pasado continuo
o presente siguen esta estructura:
-103-
Present and past continuous / Wh questions Examples:
Verbo
PARTÍCULA “TO BE” GERUNDIO
INTERROGATIVA conjuga- del
(what, which, who, + do en + SUJETO + verbo + (complts.)? English How far is your house from here?
where,...) presente principal
o pasado
Spanish ¿A cuánta distancia está tu casa de aquí?
(*¿Cómo de lejos está tu casa desde aquí?)
La única mención que debería hacerse al
respecto es que emplean como auxiliar el verbo
“to be” en lugar de “to do”. English How heavy is your suitcase?
Examples: ¿Cuánto pesa tu maleta?

Spanish (*¿Cómo de pesada es tu maleta?)
English When was I eating? English How high did you jump?
Spanish ¿Cuándo estaba comiendo? ¿Hasta qué altura saltaste?

Spanish (*¿Cómo de elevado saltaste?)
English How is he learning English?

English How tall are you?
Spanish ¿Cómo está aprendiendo inglés?

Spanish ¿Cuánto mides?
(*¿Cómo de alto eres?)
English Where were they watching tv?
English How often do you go to the cinema?
Spanish ¿Dónde estaban viendo la televisión?
Spanish ¿Con qué frecuencia vas al cine?
10
(*¿Cómo de a menudo vas al cine?)
English Why are you having fun?
English How big were your cars?
Spanish ¿Por qué te lo estás pasando bien?
Spanish ¿Cómo eran de grandes tus coches?
(*¿Cómo de grande eran tus coches?)
English What am I doing?
English How long do you want it?
Spanish ¿Qué estoy haciendo?
Spanish ¿Cómo lo quieres de largo?

(*¿Cómo de largo lo quieres?)
5.-QUESTIONS WITH “HOW”
(PREGUNTAS CON “HOW”)
English How big is your dog?
Como se vio en el punto 2 de la unidad 6, se
pueden construir oraciones interrogativas Spanish ¿Cómo es de grande tu perro?
parciales combinando “how” con los adverbios (*¿Cómo de grande es tu perro?)
de cantidad “much” y “many” (e.g.: “How many
apples did he eat?”, ‘¿Cuántas manzanas
comió?’; “How much money do you have?”,
‘¿Cuánto dinero tienes?’). A continuación vamos Como se puede observar la estructura de
a ver cómo “how” puede combinarse, además este tipo de preguntas en inglés difiere en gran
de con “much” y “many”, con otros adverbios medida de la estructura usada en español; por lo
(e.g.: “often”, ‘a menudo’; “far”, ‘lejos’) y con tanto, aunque las traducciones literales del
adjetivos calificativos (e.g.: “heavy”, ‘pesado’; cuadro de ejemplos (que aparecen entre
“high”, ‘elevado’; “tall”, ‘alto’; “wide”, ‘ancho’; paréntesis, con letra de menor tamaño y
“long”, ‘largo’; “big”, ‘grande’). precedidas por un asterisco) reflejen la
estructura en inglés, a la hora de encontrar en
Estas oraciones interrogativas son nuestra lengua equivalentes para este tipo de
simplemente “wh questions” (ver el punto 1.2 de preguntas, deberemos decantarnos por
la unidad 9) encabezadas por la partícula estructuras propias del español (como lo son las
interrogativa “how” seguida de un adverbio o de traducciones del cuadro de ejemplos que no
un adjetivo calificativo. aparecen entre paréntesis.)
-104-
DAILY SPEAKING
1.-HOW TO MAKE AN APPOINTMENT TO SEE THE DOCTOR
(CÓMO SOLICITAR UNA CITA MÉDICA)
Itzíar: Could I make an appointment to see
Secretary: I'm afraid next Tuesday is the
the doctor?
soonest you can get. Do you have
Itzíar: Me gustaría pedir cita para el médico.
any medical insurance?
Secretaria: Me temo que hasta el martes que viene
Secretary: Next Tuesday would suit you?
no podrá atenderle ¿Tiene algún segu-
Secretaria: ¿Le vendría bien el martes que viene?
ro médico?
Itzíar: Well, I’d like to see the doctor as
Itzíar: No, I'm afraid I will have to pay for it.
soon as possible.
Itzíar: No, me temo que tendré que pagar.
Itzíar: Bueno, me gustaría ver al doctor lo
antes posible.
Could I make an
appointment to Next Tuesday
see the doctor? would suit you?
Well, I’d like to see

the doctor as soon
as possible
I'm afraid next Tuesday is
the soonest you can get.
Do you have any medical
No, I'm afraid I insurance?
will have to pay
for it
CIVILIAN VOCABULARY
1.-ANIMALS AND PLANTS
(ANIMALES Y PLANTAS)
10
ANIMALS PLANTS
dog perro forest bosque
cat gato giraffe rose tree árbol
mouse ratón bush arbusto
pig cerdo cactus cactus
horse caballo carnation clavel
rat rata geranium geranio
dog water lily
goat cabra daisy margarita
bear oso rose rosa
sheep oveja tulip tulipán
bird pájaro orchid orquídea
seagull cigüeña pine tree pino
elephant cactus
eagle águila palm tree palmera
lion león chestnut tree castaño
giraffe jirafa oak tree roble
elephant elefante eucalyptus eucalipto
hippopotamus hipopótamo water lily nenúfar
bear daisy
Examples:
English Spanish
I love carnations and daisies. Me encantan los claveles y margaritas.
Human beings come from the monkey. Los seres humanos proceden del mono.
Eagles have very beautiful feathers. Las águilas tienen unas plumas muy bonitas.
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2.-PARTS OF THE HEAD
(PARTES DE LA CABEZA)
Head
English Spanish
eyebrow
head cabeza
face cara forehead
forehead frente
eyes ojos hair
nose nariz nose
lips labios
tooth / teeth diente / dientes
tongue lengua
lips
eyebrow ceja
eyelashes pestañas ear
ear oreja
eyelid párpado
hair pelo
chin
chin barbilla
3.-PARTS OF THE BODY

(PARTES DE LA CUERPO)
The body
shoulder hombro liver hígado
throat garganta kidneys riñones
neck cuello lungs pulmones
10
armpit axila heart corazón
arm brazo stomach estómago
elbow codo hip cadera
finger dedo waist cintura
knuckle nudillo thigh muslo
nail uña leg pierna
wrist muñeca foot / feet pie / pies
chest pecho calf pantorrilla
breasts senos knee rodilla
ribs costillas ankle tobillo
navel ombligo toes dedos de los pies
foot shoulder
knee
elbow
neck
arm
finger
ankle thigh hip nail
Examples:
English Spanish
When I am nervous I bite my nails. Me como las uñas cuando estoy nervioso.
My fingers are too small to play the jazz bass. Tengo los dedos demasiado pequeños para tocar el bajo.
Her eyes are very expressive. Sus ojos son muy expresivos.
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1.-CLIMATIC CHANGE 2.-ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS.
(CAMBIO CLIMÁTICO) (CONTESTA LAS SIGUIENTES PREGUNTAS)
Nowadays, people and environment are
experiencing the consequeces of the worst 1) What is this climatic change mainly due to?
environmental problem: the climatic change. This
change is mainly due to the use of fossil fuels (oil, 2) What do renewable energy sources offer?
coal and gas) and consists of a global warming.
3) What should corporations and governments do
People are changing the climate, and the in developing countries?
results are disastrous, there are extreme weather
events: droughts and floods, disruption of water
supplies, melting Polar regions, rising sea levels, 3.-ARE THESE SENTENCES TRUE (T) OR FALSE (F)?
loss of coral reefs and much more. (DI SI ESTAS ORACIONES SON VERDADERAS O FALSAS)
Scientists and governments a) Oil, coal and gas are fossil fuels. T/F
worldwide agree on the
latest and starkest evidence
b) The results of the climatic change are very
of human-induced climate positive for the environment. T/F
change, its impacts and the
predictions for the future. c) Droughts and floods are extreme
weather events. T/F
But it is not too late to slow down global
warming and to avoid the climate catastrophe, the d) It is too late to slow down global
T/F
solutions exist. Renewable energy sources (wind warning.
energy, solar energy,…) offer abundant clean
energy that is safe for the environment and good e) Wind energy is a renewable energy
source. T/F
10
for the economy. Corporations and governments
should invest in renewable energies, particularly
f) Renewable energy sources are
in developing economies. Clean energies should dangerous for the enviroment. T/F
replace fossil fuel developments.
MILITARY TERMS
1.-IN THE TRAINING
(EN LA INSTRUCCIÓN)
English Spanish
crawl gatear
creep reptar
shooting range campo de tiro
grazing fire fuego rasante
cover cubierta
minefield
concealment abrigo
minefield campo de minas
trail senda
landmark referencia en el terreno
guerrilla guerrilla
patrol patrulla
friendly fire fuego amigo night vision
rush avanzar rápidamente
night vision visión nocturna rush
-107-
English Spanish
drag arrastrar
camouflage camuflaje
advance avanzar
terrain terreno
ground suelo
maneuvers
caution prudencia
movement movimiento
assault asalto
defense defensa
ambush emboscada
shell crater cráter de granada
NBC war guerra NBQ
(Nuclear, Bacteriological (Nuclear, Bacteriológica y
and Chemical) Química) NBC war
(Nuclear, Bacteriological and Chemical)
mask máscara
PoW prisionero de guerra

(Prisoner of War)
message mensaje
10
survival supervivencia
maneuvers maniobras
camouflage
Sergeant: Private, what’s the first thing you have

to do in an NBC attack? Private, what’s the first
Sargento: Soldado, ¿qué es lo primero que thing you have to do in To put the mask
tienes que hacer en un ataque NBQ? an NBC attack? on, Sir
Private: To put the mask on, Sir.

Soldado: Ponerme la máscara, mi Sargento.
Sergeant: And, after that?
Sargento: Y, ¿después de eso?
Private: To find a good concealment to avoid

being affected by the radiations.
Soldado: Encontrar un buen refugio para que And, after that?
no me afecten las radiaciones. To find a good
concealment to avoid
Exactly, Pérez. That’s it being affected by the
Sergeant: Exactly, Pérez. That’s it. radiations
Sargento: Exactamente, Pérez. Así es.
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EXERCISES
1) PUT THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES INTO THE 3) FILL IN THE GAPS WITH THE SUITABLE FORM OF THE PAST
PRESENT CONTINUOUS. SIMPLE, PRESENT OR PAST CONTINUOUS IN THE
AFFIRMATIVE OR NEGATIVE FORM OF THE VERBS IN
a) I (spend) £10 a week on cigarretes. BRACKETS, MORE THAN ONE FORM COULD BE POSSIBLE .
a) I am spending £10 a week on cigarretes.
a) Last week that old man (wear) was wearing
very conventional clothes and I (wonder) if he
b) This week Julian (work) in a factory in Manchester.
(be) ________ a policeman.
b) ________________________________.
b)I (walk) ________ along Picadilly when I
c) They (put) in new electronic points. (realize) ________ that a man with a ginger
bear (follow) ________ me.
c) ________________________________.
c) To my surprise Sally (come) ________ to my
d) She (leave) next week. last birthday.
d) ________________________________.
d) Last night you (play) ________ cards while I
(read) ________ a book.
e) She (use) the car today to take Tom to the dentist.
e) ________________________________. e) Once Peter (travel) ________ by car when he
(pass) ________ a field he (see) ________
that there (be) ________ only one woman.
f) We like the coat you (wear).
f) ________________________________. f) Today, we (have) ________ a lesson. We (sit)
________ at our desks listening to what the
teacher (tell) ________ us.
g) I am sure she (lie).
g) ________________________________. g) Look, it (rain) ________ !, that is why the boys
h) Those men in the corner (talk) about football

h) ________________________________.
(shut) ________ the windows.
h) The day before yesterday I (work) ________

10
while my sister (learn) ________ her lessons.
2) FILL IN THE GAPS WITH THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS 4) PUT THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES INTO THE
OF THE FOLLOWING VERBS. INTERROGATIVE AND NEGATIVE FORM.
a) You are listening to your teacher.
catch have put a) Are you listening to your teacher?
a) You are not (aren’t) listening to your teacher.
stand close give b) The neighbours are coming in to watch tv.
b) ________________________________.
b) ________________________________.
a) A bus is standing at the bus stop just beside
me. c) Your sister is studying at home.
c) ________________________________.
c) ________________________________.
b) He ________ one lecture a week.
d) It is raining now.
d) ________________________________.
c) Look! He ________ a ticket in William’s car. d) ________________________________.
e) Jones and Co. are having a sale at the moment.

e) ________________________________.
d) I’m afraid we ________, madam. e) ________________________________.
f) I am meeting Thomas at 5:30.

e) It’s 8:30, Tom and Sally ________ breakfast. f) ________________________________.
f) ________________________________.
f) I ________ a plane to New York in three hours’ g) They are thinking of going to the party.
time. g) ________________________________.
g) ________________________________.
-109-
5) FILLEACH OF THE FOLLOWING GAPS WITH THE 7) FILL EACH OF THE GAPS WITH THE FOLLOWING
APPROPRIATE ADVERB OR ADJECTIVE. WORDS.
far high tall carnations giraffe tulip
roses lion elephant

often long big
seagulls dog cactuses
a) How often do you go to the cinema? About a) I love my dog because it is the most faithful
animal in the farmyard.
twice a week.
b) In the desert you will find lots of
_____________.
b) How ________ is Pau Gasol? He is 6 feet tall.
c) In Saint Valentine’s Day lovers give
_____________ to each other.
c) How ________ does it take to go from d) The _____________ is one of the national
symbols of Holland.
Barcelona to Paris by plane? About an hour
and a half. e) When I am in Madrid I miss the sound of the

______________ flying in the sky.
f) The animal with the longest neck is the

d) How ________ can you climb? ____________.
g) The ___________symbolises strength and

power.
10
e) How ________ is Madrid from London?
h) When I was little the trunk of the

____________scared me.
f) How ________ is your house? Someone told
me ten people could live there. i) I don’t like ______________ because they are
very close related to death.
6) MATCH WORDS 1) TO 15) WITH WORDS A) TO L).

a) lips 1) costillas
b) nose 2) nudillos
c) shoulder 3) nariz
d) elbow 4) pecho
e) wrist 5) rodilla
f) ribs 6) codo
g) kidneys 7) dedos de los pies
h) toes 8) muñeca
i) knee 9) hombro
j) throat 10) axila
k) lungs 11) riñones
l) armpit 12) labios
m) chest 13) garganta
n) knuckles 14) pulmones
o) eyebrow 15) ceja
-110-

1) terrain a) combate nocturno
2) camouflage b) campo de tiro
3) PoW c) prisionero de guerra
4) night combat d) maniobras
5) shooting range e) terreno
6) guerrilla f) reptar
7) grazing fire g) campo de minas
8) maneuvers h) camuflaje
9) creep i) fuego rasante
10) minefield j) guerrilla
10
-111-
REVIEW
1) FILL EACH OF THE FOLLOWING GAPS WITH 4) FILL EACH OF THE FOLLOWING GAPS WITH AN
"MUCH" OR "MANY". APPROPRIATE COMPOUND OF "SOME" , "ANY" OR
"NO" FROM THE BOX.
a) How many pupils are there in the classroom?
nowhere somewhere Anyone
b) How ______ cheese do you eat per week?
anyone Somebody something
c) How ______ computers are there?
anywhere nothing Nobody anything
d) How ______ rice did Paul eat?
e) How ______ people attended the conference? a) There is something amazing about the film.
b) ______ could be the winner.
f) How ______ pears did you count?
c) He works ______ between Main Street and
g) How ______ money do you have in your bank Regeant Street.
account? d) ______ is allowed in this building.
2) FILL EACH OF THE FOLLOWING GAPS WITH A e) Please, don't tell ______ to ______.
SUITABLE FORM OF THE VERB "TO BE".
REVIEW
f) ______ told me you left school.
a) There are some books on the table.
g) You can't go ______ without your passport.
b) There _____ a dictionary on the shelf.
h) You can go ______ without your passport.
c) There _____ a couple of days gap between exams.
i) I can do ______ without his support.
d) There _____ nothing I can do about it.
e) There _____ two t-shirts in your wardrobe. 5) MAKE SENTENCES USING THE FOLLOWING WORDS.
f) There _____ some wine in the bottle. a) much /How /too /is /much /?
a) How much is too much?
g) There _____ two new soldiers in the barracks.
b) to /Saturday /Nobody /do /exam /on /wanted /an
3) FILL EACH OF THE FOLLOWING GAPS WITH b) ______________________________.
"SOME" OR "ANY".
c) people /lot /Fortunately, /a /came /party /of /to /the
a) I couldn't see any of your pictures in the exhibition. c) ______________________________.
b) There is ______ beer in the fridge. d) not /enough /for /This /is /people /car /five /big
d) ______________________________.
c) I can't read ______ of Paul's books, there are e) in /country /are /too /There /fat /many /people /this
too difficult for me. e) ______________________________.
d) There is not ______ wine left in the bottle. f) goes /Anywhere /she /finds /she /friends
f) ______________________________.
e) There are ______ pencils in the office.
g) home /is /There /nowhere /like
f) I agree with ______ remarks he made during g) ______________________________.
the presentation.
h) without /can't /you / do /I /anything
g) ______ day I am going to London. h) ______________________________.
-113-
6) MAKE QUESTIONS WITH THE SENTENCES GIVEN. 9) TRANSLATE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES INTO ENGLISH.
a) Él conducía ese coche viejo.

a) I play the guitar. a) He drove that old car.
a) Do you play the guitar?
b) She doesn't drink orange juice. b) Ellos se sentían muy mal.
b) _______________________________ b) _______________________________
c) They are very tall.
c) _______________________________ c) No encontré las llaves en tu casa.
c) _______________________________
d) He is in Manchester.
d) _______________________________ d) No perdieron el partido.
e) We don't study very hard. d) _______________________________
e) _______________________________
f) I write very long poems. e) ¿Alquilaron su (de ella) casa?
f) _______________________________ e) _______________________________
g) She is in her classroom. f) ¿No vendían rosas en esa tienda?
g) _______________________________ f) _______________________________
h) He reads more than two books per week.
h) _______________________________ g) ¿Cantó ella en el concierto?
g) _______________________________
i) She doesn't drink alcohol.
i) _______________________________ h) ¿No robaron los ladrones un famoso cuadro?
h) _______________________________
7) MAKE QUESTIONS USING THE FOLLOWING WORDS.
10) FILL EACH OF THE FOLLOWING GAPS WITH A
a) literature /you /Aren't /interested /in? SUITABLE WORD FROM THE CHART.
a) Aren't you interested in Literature?
b) speak /Doesn't /he /French?
paid from went Did didn’t
b) _______________________________
after lied Does for Dutch
c) my /Do /near /house /you/ live?
REVIEW
c) _______________________________ ate hear much French

d) the /dictionary /on /Is /table /the ?
d) _______________________________ a) Last year I went to Ireland _____ holidays.
e) for /the/she /this /position/ Isn't /right /person?
b) People _____ Holland are _____.
e) _______________________________
f) perfect /Does /know /English /she ? c) You _____ to me. You _____ tell me the truth.
f) _______________________________
d) _____ she know how to speak _____?
8) TRANSLATE INTO ENGLISH THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES.
e) She _____ the bills _____ leaving her house.
a) Hay una guerra contra Italia. f) I _____ too _____ cheese.
a) There is a war against Italy.
g) _____ you _____ that strange sound?
b) Debajo de la mesa hay un libro.
b) _______________________________
11) FILL EACH OF THE FOLLOWING GAPS BY USING
c) Estudio de 5 a 7. THE APPROPRIATE NATIONALITY OR COUNTRY.
c) _______________________________
a) I am from Spain, I am Spanish.
d) ¿Almuerza ella en un restaurante cerca de mi casa?
d) _______________________________ b) Paul is from Ireland, he is ________.
c) Panos is from _______, he is Greek.
e) Ceno a las 7 en punto.
e) _______________________________ d) Michela is from Italy, she is _________.
e) Sonia is from _________, she is Dutch.
f) Después de la cena vamos a la discoteca.
f) _______________________________ f) Victor is from Russia, he is __________.
g) Mette is from _________, she is Norwegian
g) Siempre desayuno antes de mediodía.
g) _______________________________ h) François is from France, he is _________.
i) Charles is from ________, he is English.
h) Este regalo es para ti.
h) _______________________________ j) Nina is from Scotland, she is _________.
k) We all are from Europe, we are __________.
-114-
12) WRITE A SUITABLE QUESTION FOR EACH OF THE 14) MAKE QUESTIONS WITH THE FOLLOWING WORDS AND
FOLLOWING SENTENCES BY USING WH QUESTIONS. THEN WRITE THESE QUESTIONS IN THE PAST TENSE.
a) I had lunch at 1 o'clock.

a) When did you have lunch? a) a/Do /have /car /you ?
a) Do you have a car?
b) I am fine. a) Did you have a car?
b) _______________________________
b) she /drive /How /does?
c) I did it because I wanted. b) _______________________________
c) _______________________________ b) _______________________________
d) Paul and Anne went to the party. c) plays /guitar /Who /the?
(preguntar quién fue a la fiesta) c) _______________________________
d) _______________________________ c) _______________________________
e) I am from Japan.
e) _______________________________ d) married /When /do /get /they?
d) _______________________________
f) My name is Thomas. d) _______________________________
f) _______________________________
e) for /does /holidays /Where /go /she?
g) It is raining. e) _______________________________
g) _______________________________ e) _______________________________
h) Last week she went to Poland. f) you /upset /Why /are /so?
(preguntar a dónde fue) f) _______________________________
h) _______________________________
f) _______________________________
i) I go to work by bus.
(preguntar cómo se desplaza al trabajo) g) one /take /Which /do /you?
i) _______________________________ g) _______________________________
g) _______________________________
13) TRANSLATE INTO ENGLISH THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS.
REVIEW
15) FILL EACH OF THE FOLLOWING GAPS WITH THE VERBS
a) ¿Quién fue al concierto? "DO" OR "MAKE" IN THE PRESENT OR PAST TENSE.
a) Who went to the concert?
a) Students are asked to make suggestions.
b) ¿Cuándo te despiertas?
b) _______________________________ b) I failed the exam because I ______ lots of mistakes.
c) ¿Comes fresas? c) Could you ______ me a favour? Could you
c) _______________________________ turn down the volume?
d) ¿Quién trajo estos libros? d) Last year Peter ______ a lot of money with his
d) _______________________________ new business.
e) ¿Hablas inglés?
e) _______________________________ e) Researchers ______ research.
f) ¿Por qué te fuiste a Escocia? f) Once a week I go to the launderette to ______

f) _______________________________ the washing.
g) ¿Dónde compraste esta camiseta? g) If you want to go to the doctor's, you need to
g) _______________________________ ______ an appointment.
h) ¿De dónde eres? h) Claire ______ honours in Media Studies ten

h) _______________________________ years ago.
i) ¿Qué dijiste? i) Please, ______ an effort and study this
i) _______________________________ textbook.
j) ¿Qué coche prefieres? j) Some people think Christ ______ miracles.
j) _______________________________
k) ¿Cómo era tu perro? k) Charles was expelled from school because he
k) _______________________________ ______ a lot of trouble.
l) ¿Tienes hermanos o hermanas? l) I have to go now, I have to ______ an urgent

l) _______________________________ phone call.
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16) FILL EACH OF THE FOLLOWING GAPS WITH THE PRESENT 17) TRANSLATE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES INTO
AND PAST CONTINUOUS IN THE AFFIRMATIVE, NEGATIVE ENGLISH BY USING QUESTIONS WITH HOW.
AND INTERROGATIVE FORM OF THE FOLLOWING VERBS.
a) ¿A cuánta distancia está Londres de Barcelona?
a) How far is London from Barcelona?
study shine leave rain write
give have look eat b) ¿Cuánto mide tu padre?

b) ______________________________.
a) Last week I was writing my lesson when your c) ¿Con qué asiduidad vas de compras?
brother phoned me.
c) ______________________________.
b) Mary ______ apples, she doesn't like apples.
d) ¿Cuánto pesa tu mesa?
c) ______ you ______ Geography when he came? d) ______________________________.
d) Yesterday all students ______ at the blackboard
while the teacher ______ the lecture. e) ¿Qué anchura tiene el lago?
e) ______________________________.
e) Peter ______ the room when his friend came in.
f) Today the sun ______ and it is very hot. f) ¿Qué longitud tiene la playa?
f) ______________________________.
g) ______ you ______ an English lesson now?
h) Today it is sunny, I am sure ______. g) ¿Cuánto tiempo lleva llegar a Manchester?

g) ______________________________.
REVIEW
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UNIT 11
GRAMMAR
1.-FUTURE TENSE 1.2-NEGATIVE FORM AND QUESTION FORM
(EL TIEMPO FUTURO) (FORMA NEGATIVA E INTERROGATIVA)
1.1.-AFFIRMATIVE FORM Existen dos maneras posibles para construir
(FORMA AFIRMATIVA) la forma negativa: (1) intercalando el adverbio
de negación “not” entre el auxiliar (“will”) y el
En inglés el futuro de los verbos se forma verbo principal en infinitivo sin la partícula “to”; o
anteponiendo el auxiliar “will” al verbo en (2) con la forma contraída (“won’t”) de la suma
infinitivo sin la partícula “to”. Esta forma (“will”) del auxiliar y de la partícula de negación. La
se puede contraer en “’ll”. Para la primera forma interrogativa se obtiene invirtiendo el
persona del plural y del singular también se orden del sujeto y del auxiliar. Por lo tanto:
puede utilizar el auxiliar “shall”. Por lo tanto:
TO BE (‘ser; estar’) Future / Negative and contracted negative form

Future / Affirmative form
English Spanish
I will be Verbo principal en
1st S I’ll be (yo) seré; estaré SUJETO +
WILL NOT /
+ INFINITIVO
I shall be WON’T
sin “TO”
you will be (tú) serás; estarás
2nd S you’ll be
(usted) será; estará
he/ she/ it will be
3rd S he’ll/ she’ll/ it’ll be (él/ ella/ *ello) será; estará
we will be
1st P we’ll be
we shall be
(nosotros/ as) seremos; estaremos
Future / Question form
11
(vosotros/ as) seréis; estaréis Verbo principal
you will be
2nd P you’ll be WILL + SUJETO + en + (complementos)?
(ustedes) serán; estarán INFINITIVO
sin “TO”
they will be
3rd P they’ll be (ellos/ as) serán; estarán
Future / Negative and contracted negative form Future / Question form
I will not be
will I be?
1st S I won’t be (yo) no seré; no estaré 1st S shall I be? ¿seré; estaré (yo)?
I shall not be
(tú) no serás; no estarás ¿serás; estarás (tú)?
you will not be
2nd S you won’t be 2nd S will you be?
(usted) no será; no estará ¿será; estará (usted)?
he/ she/ it will not be

3rd S he/ she/ it won’t be (él/ ella/ *ello) no será; no estará 3rd S will he/ she/ it be? ¿será; estará (él/ ella/ *ello)?
we will not be (nosotros/ as) no seremos; will we be? ¿seremos; estaremos

1st P we won’t be no estaremos 1st P shall we be? (nosotros/ as)?
we shall be
(vosotros/ as) no seréis;
no estaréis ¿seréis; estaréis (vosotros/as)?
you will not be
2nd P you won’t be 2nd P will you be?
(ustedes) no serán; no estarán ¿serán; estarán (ustedes)?
they will not be

3rd P they won’t be (ellos/ as) no serán; no estarán 3rd P will they be? ¿serán; estarán (ellos/ as)?
-117-
1.3.-NEGATIVE QUESTION Este futuro expresa proximidad, es decir, que
(FORMA INTERROGATIVO-NEGATIVA) la acción que se va a realizar (o que se realizó)
se encuentra (o se encontraba) próxima a un
Para construir oraciones interrogativo- momento determinado en el tiempo, en caso de
negativas en futuro tenemos dos opciones: (1) usar el verbo “to be” en presente, la acción que
hacer uso de la forma negativa contraída se va a llevar a cabo está cercana al momento
(“won’t”) que es más común a nivel oral; (2) o presente, y en caso de usar el verbo “to be” en
hacer uso de la forma negativa no contraída pasado la acción que se va llevar a cabo está
(“will not”). cercana a un momento pasado.
Future / Contracted negative question form Examples:

Verbo principal
WON’T + SUJETO + en + (complementos) ? English I am not going to eat at home.
INFINITIVO
sin “TO”
Spanish No voy a comer en casa.
Future / Negative question form English He is going to read a book.

Verbo en
WILL + SUJETO + NOT + INFINITIVO + (compts.) ? Spanish Va a leer un libro.
sin “TO“
English They are going to drink some water.
TO BE (‘ser; estar’) Spanish Van a beber agua.

Future / Negative question form
and English He was going to play the piano.
contracted negative question form
English Spanish Spanish Iba a tocar el piano.
will I not be?
1st S won’t I be? ¿no seré; no estaré (yo)? English They were not going to study the lesson.
11
¿no serás; no estarás (tú)? Spanish No iban a estudiar la lección.
will you not be?
2nd S won’t you be?
¿no será; no estará (usted)? English I was going to go to Ireland.
will he/she/it not be?
3rd S won’t he/she/it be? ¿no será; no estará (él/ella/*ello)? Spanish Iba a ir a Irlanda.
will we not be? ¿no seremos; no estaremos

1st P won’t we be? (nosotros/ as)? 1.5- DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE FUTURE WITH
“GOING TO” AND THE SIMPLE
¿no seréis; no estaréis ( DIFERENCIAS DE USO ENTRE EL FUTURO CON
will you not be? (vosotros/ as)? “ GOING TO ” Y EL FUTURO SIMPLE )
2nd P won’t you be?
¿no serán; no estarán
(ustedes)? La diferencia de uso entre el futuro próximo y
el futuro con “will” radica en la intención del
will they not be? ¿no serán, no estarán (ellos/ as)? hablante. Por lo tanto, se usurá “will” cuando
3rd P won’t they be?
uno se ofrezca como voluntario para hacer algo
o cuando se haya tomado una decisión;
1.4.-FUTURE WITH “GOING TO” asimismo, se hará uso del futuro con “going to”
(FUTURO PRÓXIMO) a la hora de referirse a algo que ya está
planeado y organizado de antemano.
En inglés también se puede expresar futuro
con la partícula “going to”, precedida del verbo Examples:
“to be” (conjugado en pasado o en presente) y
seguida del verbo en infinitivo sin “to”. Por lo
tanto: English I am going to meet some friends at the café.
Future with “going to” Spanish Voy encontrarme con unos amigos en la cafetería
[es un hecho que ya está planeado]
Verbo Verbo principal
“TO BE” English I will call you as soon as I arrive in Dublin.
en
SUJETO + conjugado + “GOING TO” + INFINITIVO
en pasado o sin “TO“ Te llamaré en cuanto llegue a Dublín.
en presente Spanish [he tomado la decisión de llamarte y lo haré]
-118-
2.-FIRST TYPE CONDITIONAL SENTENCES El pretérito perfecto compuesto expresa:
(ORACIONES CONDICIONALES DE PRIMER TIPO) 1)Una acción finalizada en el momento en el
que se está comunicando y relacionada de
Las oraciones condicionales de primer tipo alguna manera con el momento presente.
siguen esta estructura:
2)Una acción que todavía continúa en el
momento presente, pero relacionada con
First type conditional sentences una forma adverbial anterior.
Oración en Oración en 3)Una acción que tuvo lugar en el pasado,
Partícula “IF” + PRESENTE + FUTURO sin referencia a un tiempo concreto.
SIMPLE SIMPLE
English I have seen your car on my way here.

If I go to London it will rain 1
[Presente Simple] [Futuro simple] Spanish He visto tu coche de camino aquí.
English I have been in Wales since last week.

Examples:
Spanish Desde la semana pasada he estado en Gales.
English If I go it will rain.
2
English I have had this pen for a month.
Spanish Si voy lloverá.
Spanish He tenido esta pluma desde hace un mes.
English If you drink too much you will get drunk.
English I have played that song.
Spanish Si bebes demasiado te emborracharás. 3
Spanish He tocado esa canción.
English If he plays they will win.
Spanish Si juega ganarán.
La forma interrogativa se obtiene invirtiendo
el orden del sujeto y auxiliar (“Have I walked?”,
3.-PRESENT PERFECT ‘¿He andado?’). La forma negativa se consigue
(PRETÉRITO PERFECTO COMPUESTO) intercalando el adverbio de negación “not” entre
el auxiliar y el participio (“I have not walked”,
El pretérito perfecto compuesto se forma con ‘No he andado’). Nótese que también se puede
11
el verbo “to have” conjugado en presente (para abreviar ésta en “haven’t”, y en “hasn’t” para la
la tercera persona del singular “has” o su tercera persona del singular.
contracción “’s”; para el resto de las personas
“have” o su contracción “’ve”) y el verbo TO WALK (andar)
principal en participio pasado. Por lo tanto:
Present perfect / Negative form
Present perfect / Affirmative form and
contracted negative form
Verbo
“TO HAVE” PARTICIPIO
SUJETO + conjugado en + PASADO English Spanish
presente del verbo principal
I have not walked
1st S I haven’t walked (yo) no he caminado
you have not walked (tú) no has caminado
Present perfect / Affirmative form 2nd S you haven’t walked
English Spanish (usted) no ha caminado
I have walked he/ she/ it
1st S I’ve walked (yo) he caminado has not walked (él/ ella/ *ello)
3rd S he/ she/ it no ha caminado
you have walked (tú) has caminado
2nd S you’ve walked hasn’t walked
(usted) ha caminado
he/she/it has walked we have not walked (nosotros/ as)
3rd S he/she/it’s walked (él/ ella/ *ello) ha caminado 1st P we haven’t walked no hemos caminado
we have walked (nosotros/ as) (vosotros/ as)

1st P we’ve walked hemos caminado
you have not walked no habéis caminado
(vosotros/ as) 2nd P you haven’t walked
you have walked habéis caminado (ustedes) no han caminado
2nd P you’ve walked
(ustedes) han caminado
they have not walked
they have walked 3rd P they haven’t walked (ellos/ as) no han caminado
3rd P they’ve walked (ellos / as) han caminado
-119-
TO WALK (andar) Por el contrario, el pasado simple hace
Present perfect / Question form referencia a una acción que ocurrió en el
English Spanish pasado y que excluye toda relación con el
1st S have I walked? ¿he caminado (yo)? tiempo actual.
¿has caminado (tú)? Examples:
2nd S have you walked?
¿ha caminado (usted)?
rd
3 S has he/ she/ it walked? ¿ha caminado (él/ ella/ ello*) English I went to England last summer.
¿hemos caminado Spanish Fui a Inglaterra el verano pasado.
1st P have we walked? (nosotros/ as)? English He drank too much wine.
¿habéis caminado
(vosotros/ as)? Spanish Bebió demasiado vino.
2nd P have you walked?
¿han caminado (ustedes)?
rd 4.-USE OF “SINCE” AND “FOR”
3 P have they walked? ¿han caminado (ellos/ as)? (USO DE “SINCE” Y “FOR”)
Las preposiciones inglesas “since” y “for”
significan ‘desde’, ‘desde hace’ y ‘durante’.
Present perfect / Contracted negative question form
English Spanish La diferencia de uso entre “since” y “for”
1st S haven’t I walked? ¿no he caminado (yo)? radica en que “since” se emplea cuando se
¿no has caminado (tú)? hace referencia a un momento concreto, es
2nd S haven’t you walked? decir, “since” precede a una expresión temporal
¿no ha caminado (usted)?
que hace referencia a un momento concreto en
hasn’t he/ she/ it ¿no ha caminado (él/ ella/
3rd S walked? *ello)? el pasado (e.g.: “my birthday”, “1976”, “I saw
¿no hemos caminado
you”, “last week”, etc.).
1st P haven’t we walked? (nosotros/ as)?
¿no habéis caminado
“For” se emplea cuando se hace referencia a
(vosotros/ as)? un periodo de tiempo, es decir, “for” precede a
nd
2 P haven’t you walked? ¿no han caminado una expresión temporal que hace referencia un
periodo de tiempo y no a un momento concreto
11
(ustedes)?
rd haven’t they walked? ¿no han caminado (ellos/ as)?
(e.g.: “five days”, “one year”, “a moment”, etc.).
3 P
Para obtener la interrogativa negativa (no English Peter hasn’t talked to me for one week.
contraída), que es menos común en el discurso
hablado que la contraída, se sigue este orden:
Spanish Peter no me ha hablado durante una semana.
Present perfect / Negative question
Verbo PARTICIPIO English Peter hasn’t talked to me since last summer.

“TO HAVE” + SUJETO + NOT + PASADO + (compts.) ?
en presente del verbo
principal Spanish Peter no me habla desde el verano pasado.
Por lo tanto: English I had a very bad pain in my chest for seven
months.
Tuve un dolor muy fuerte en el pecho
Present perfect / Negative question form Spanish durante siete meses.
English Spanish
English I haven’t had any pain in my chest since January.
1st S Have I not walked? ¿No he caminado (yo)?
¿No has caminado (tú)? No he tenido ningún dolor en el pecho desde
2nd S Have you not walked? Spanish
enero.
¿No ha caminado (usted)?
¿No ha caminado
3rd S Has he/she/it not walked? (él/ ella/ ello*)? English
This is the first time I meet Anne since last
year.
¿No hemos caminado
1st P Have we not walked? (nosotros/ as)? Esta es la primera vez que me encuentro
Spanish con Anne desde el año pasado.
¿No habéis caminado
(vosotros/ as)?
2nd P Have you not walked? ¿No han caminado English This is the first time I meet Anne for two months.
(ustedes)?
¿No han caminado Esta es la primera vez que me encuentro
3rd P Have they not walked? (ellos/ as)?
Spanish con Anne desde hace dos meses.
-120-
DAILY SPEAKING
1.-ASKING THE WAY
(CÓMO PREGUNTAR DIRECCIONES)
Tourists: Excuse me, is Gains Road far from here?

Turistas: Disculpe, ¿está la calle Gains lejos de
aquí? Yes, it is rather far. I’m afraid
Excuse me, is Gains
Road far from here? you migh need to take a bus to
Carlos: Yes, it is rather far. I’m afraid you might need the city centre
to take a bus to the city centre. The bus stop is quite near.
Carlos: Sí, está bastante lejos. Me temo que Where can we take
this bus? Go straight on along this street until
tendrán que coger un autobús al centro de you get to the traffic lights, then
la ciudad. take the third turning on the left
Tourists: Where can we take this bus?

Turistas: ¿Dónde podemos coger este autobús?
Carlos: The bus stop is quite near. Go straight

on along this street until you get to the
traffic lights, then take the third turning
on the left.
Carlos: La parada de autobús está bastante cerca.
Sigan esta calle hasta que lleguen al
semáforo, después cojan la tercera calle a
mano izquierda.
Could you show us in Of course

the map?
11
Tourists: Could you show us in the map?
How often are
I think every
Turistas: ¿Nos lo podría mostrar en el mapa?
there buses
to the city ten minutes
centre?
Carlos: Of course.
Carlos: Por supuesto.
Tourists: How often are there buses to he city

centre?
Turistas: ¿Con qué frecuencia hay autobuses al
centro de la ciudad?
Carlos: I think every ten minutes.
Carlos: Creo que cada diez minutos.
Tourists: And, how long does this route take? And, how long does About fifteen minutes. And, if
this route take? you ask the driver, he will tell
Turistas: Y, ¿cuánto tiempo dura el trayecto?
you where to get off
Carlos: About fifteen minutes. And, if you ask the Thank you very much
for your help
driver, he will tell you where to get off. You are welcome
Carlos: Sobre unos quince minutos. Y, si le
preguntan al conductor, él les indicará
dónde tienen que bajarse.
Tourist: Thank you very much for your help.

Turistas: Muchas gracias por su ayuda.
Carlos: You are welcome.

Carlos: De nada.
-121-
CIVILIAN VOCABULARY
1.-MEANS OF TRANSPORT
(MEDIOS DE TRANSPORTE)
English Spanish
train (by ~) tren (en ~)
ticket billete bicycle
return ticket billete de ida y vuelta
luggage equipaje
window (at the ~) ventanilla (en la ~)
station estación
car (by ~) coche (en ~)
plane (by ~) avión (en ~) car
boat (by ~) barco (en ~)
bicycle (by ~) bicicleta (en ~)
coach (by ~) autocar (en ~)
tram (by ~) tranvía (en ~)
underground, tube (by ~) train
subway (AmE) (by ~) metro (en ~)
bus (by ~) autobús (en ~)

get into subir a
2.-CLOTHES
(ROPA)
11 overcoat
English
abrigo
Spanish
jacket chaqueta
hat sombrero
boots botas
hat underpants calzoncillos
bag
shirt camisa
tie corbata
belt cinturón
cap gorra
gloves guantes
blouse blusa
gloves shoes
bag bolso
panties bragas
skirt falda
jersey jersey
stocking medias
handkerchief pañuelo
tie cap socks calcetines
-122-
3.-THE SIZES AND THEIR EQUIVALENCES
(LAS TALLAS Y SUS EQUIVALENCIAS)
Dress (vestido) / Overcoat (abrigo) / Trousers (pantalón)
USA
UK 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46
EUROPE 40 42 44 46 48 50 52 54 56
Shirt (camisa)
USA
UK 14 15 151/2 16 161/2 17 171/2 18
EUROPE 36 38 39 41 42 43 44 45
Shoes (zapatos)
USA
UK 5 6 7 8 81/2 9 91/2 10 11
EUROPE 38 39 40 41 42 43 43 44 44
4.-THE CITY
(LA CIUDAD)
city
English
ciudad
Spanish
11
town pueblo; ciudad
avenue avenida
square plaza
gardens jardines street lamp
fountain fuente
road carretera; calzada
pavement (BrE) buildin
acera g
sidewalk (AmE)
bus stop parada de autobús
underground station (BrE)
tube station (BrE) estación de metro
subway station (AmE)
town hall
pedestrian crossing (BrE)
crosswalk (AmE) paso de peatones
traffic lights semáforo garde

ns
building edificio
consulate consulado
street lamps farolas
shop window escaparate
sewer alcantarilla
town hall ayuntamiento
local authority diputación cro
pedes sswalk (A
trian c m
rossin E)
church g (BrE
)
-123-
English Spanish
telephone booth cabina de teléfonos
embassy embajada
the post and telegraph oficina de correos y
office telégrafos
museum museo
hospital hospital
church iglesia
marke bank banco
t
chemist’s (BrE) farmacia
drugstore (AmE)
booth prison cárcel
telephone hotel hotel
shop tienda
police station comisaría de policía
cinema cine
theatre teatro
castle castillo
night club discoteca
travel agency agencia de viajes
hairdresser’s peluquería
market mercado
hairdre
sser ’s
hotel
11 1.-THE UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND 2.-ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS.
(EL REINO UNIDO DE GRAN BRETAÑA E IRLANDA DEL NORTE) (CONTESTA LAS SIGUIENTES PREGUNTAS)
The United Kingdom is 1) What does the United Kingdom consist of?
situated in the north-west coast
of Europe across the English 2) What is the name of the capital of Wales?
Channel. It consists of two large
islands (Great Britain and 3) Does Northern Ireland belong to Great Britain or
Northern Ireland) and about to the United Kingdom?
5000 smaller ones. Its
neighbours are Ireland to west 4) Why is the Isle of Man different?
and France to south-east.
The United Kingdom consists 5) What does Great Britain include?
of four nations: England (London
capital), Scotland (Edinburgh 6) What is the name of the most populated nation
capital), Wales (Cardiff capital) of the United Kingdom?
and Northern Ireland (Belfast
capital). Each of these nations has a very distinct identity 3.-ARE THESE SENTENCES TRUE (T) OR FALSE (F)?
and you should not call a Welshman “English” and vice (DI SI ESTAS ORACIONES SON VERDADERAS O FALSAS)
versa.
a) The United Kingdom is situated in the
Great Britain is often incorrectly used to refer to the north-east coast of Europe. T/F
United Kingdom. It is the largest of the British Isles, an
archipielago that also includes Ireland (Republic of b) Northern Ireland belongs to the United
Kingdom. T/F
Ireland and Northern Ireland), the Faroe Islands
(Denmark) and the Isle of Man. This means that Northern c) The people that come from the Isle of
Man are British. T/F
Ireland belongs to the United Kingdom but not to Great
Britain. The Isle of Man is an internally self-governing d) The United Kingdom consists of four
dependency of the British Crown and its people are nations. T/F
British citizens. Great Britain includes the main island
(Wales, Scotland, England) and some islands such as e) Edinburgh is the capital of England. T/F
Anglesey, the Isle of Wight, the Hebrides, the Orkney f) Great Britain is a synonym for United
Islands and the Shetland Islands. Kingdom. T/F
England is the largest and the most densely g) The Republic of Ireland doesn't belong
populated of the nations that make up the United to the British Isles. T/F
Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. The
name "England" is derived from "land of the Angles". It is h) The Faroe Islands are Danish. T/F
often incorrectly used as a synonym for Great Britain or i) The Faroe Islands belong to the British
the United Kingdom, which is inaccurate and can be Isles. T/F
offensive.
-124-
MILITARY TERMS
1.-PARTS OF THE RIFLE, MACHINE GUN & PISTOL
(PARTES DEL FUSIL, AMETRALLADORA Y PISTOLA)
English Spanish
barrel cañón
butt culata
trigger gatillo hammer
barrel / bore
pistol empuñadura
rear sight alza rear sight
front sight punto de mira front sight
forearm guardamanos
ejection port
tripod trípode
bipod bípode
sling portafusa
feed cover teja
feed tray bandeja
charging handle palanca de montar
buffer muelle recuperador
chamber recámara
magazine cargador
bore ánima
trigger guard guardamontes
flash suppressor apagallamas
ejection port ventana de expulsión
bayonet bayoneta
firing pin percutor
trigger pistol magazine
hammer martillo
extractor extractor
11
Ramírez, show me your Yes, Sir
rifle
Yes, Sir. I have a cartridge
in the chamber
Do you have any problem

with your weapon?
I did it but it’s still stuck

Pull the charging
handle down and take
it out
Sergeant: Ramírez, show me your rifle. Private: Yes, Sir. I have a cartridge in the chamber.
Sargento: Ramírez, enséñame el rifle. Soldado: Sí, mi Sargento. Tengo un cartucho en la
recámara.
Private: Yes, Sir.
Soldado: Sí, mi Sargento. Sergeant: Pull the charging handle down and take it
out.
Sergeant: Do you have any problem with your Sargento: Baja la palanca de montar y sácalo.
weapon?
Sargento: ¿Tienes algún problema con el arma? Private: I did it but it’s still stuck.
Soldado: Lo he hecho pero sigue atascado.
-125-
EXERCISES
1) INSERT “SINCE” OR “FOR”. 3) WRITE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES BY USING THE

“BE GOING TO” FORM.
a) He has been in prison for a year.
a) I go to the cinema this evening.
b) I have been taking driving lessons ______ last a) I am going to go to the cinema this evening.
August.
c) She has driven the same car ______ 1975. b) She buys one ticket to Berlin.
b) ________________________________.
d) My life has changed ______ I was a girl.
e) We have been waiting for you ______ two c) They run for one hour.
hours! c) ________________________________.
f) I’ve been very patient with you ______ several

years. d) He walks along the street.
d) ________________________________.
g) You haven’t spoken to me ______ the last
committee meeting.
e) You are the president.
h) They have been under water ______ half an
hour. e) ________________________________.
2) FILL THE FOLLOWING BOX BY INSERTING THE PAST

FORM AND THE PAST PARTICIPLE OF EACH VERB. f) The party starts very soon.
11 Present Past Past

Participle
f) ________________________________.
g) Dalila is my wife’s best friend.

a) look looked looked
g) ________________________________.
b) love
h) She has twins.
c) see h) ________________________________.
d) eat i) They try to win the game.

i) ________________________________.
e) understand
j) We play football and baseball.

f) be
j) ________________________________.
g) want
k) Lissa plays the piano.
h) wear k) ________________________________.
i) bite
l) Mary buys a book for her father.
l) ________________________________.
j) kiss
k) watch m) They send her a present.

m) ________________________________.
-126-
4) WRITE
THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES BY USING THE 5) WRITE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES BY USING THE
PRESENT PERFECT TENSE. PAST TENSE OF THE “BE GOING TO” FORM.
a) I go to the cinema. a) I go to the cinema this evening.

a) I have gone to the cinema. a) I was going to go to the cinema this evening.
b) She buys one ticket to Berlin. b) She buys one ticket to Berlin.
b) ______________________________. b) ______________________________.
c) They run for one hour. c) They run for one hour.
c) ______________________________. c) ______________________________.
d) He walks along the street. d) He walks along the street.

d) ______________________________. d) ______________________________.
e) You are the president. e) You are the president.

e) ______________________________. e) ______________________________.
f) The party starts very soon. f) The party starts very soon.
f) ______________________________. f) ______________________________.

g) ______________________________.
g) ______________________________.
11
h) She has twins. h) She has twins.
h) ______________________________. h) ______________________________.
i) They try to win the game. i) They try to win the game.
i) ______________________________. i) ______________________________.
j) We play football and baseball. j) We play football and baseball.

j) ______________________________. j) ______________________________.
k) Lissa plays the piano. k) Lissa plays the piano.

k) ______________________________. k) ______________________________.
l) Mary buys a book for her father. l) Mary buys a book for her father.
l) ______________________________. l) ______________________________.
m) They send her a present. m) They send her a present.

m) ______________________________. m) ______________________________.
-127-
6) WRITE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES BY USING THE 7) MAKE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES NEGATIVE.
FUTURE SIMPLE TENSE.
a) I am going to see my boyfriend.
a) I go to the cinema. a) I am not going to see my boyfriend.
a) I will go to the cinema.
b) I will ask you some questions.

b) She buys one ticket to Berlin. b) ______________________________.
b) ______________________________.
c) Will you come to my party tonight?
c) They run for one hour. c) _______________________________
c) ______________________________.
d) She was going to study the lesson.
d) He walks along the street. d) ______________________________.
d) ______________________________.
e) They have been in Madrid for five months.
e) ______________________________.
e) You are the president.
e) ______________________________.
f) They will speak English.
f) ______________________________.
f) The party starts very soon.
f) ______________________________.
g) Are you going to sell your car?
11 g) Dalila is my wife’s best friend.

g) ______________________________.
g) _______________________________
h) Have they come soon?

h) _______________________________
h) She has twins.
h) ______________________________. i) It is going to rain.
i) ______________________________.
i) They try to win the game.
i) ______________________________. j) They were going to write a letter.
j) ______________________________.
j) We play football and baseball.
j) ______________________________. k) Has she gone to our school this morning?
k) _______________________________
k) Lissa plays the piano.

l) Will you stay here in winter?
k) ______________________________.
l) _______________________________
l) Mary buys a book for her father.

m) I will finish my work tomorrow.
l) ______________________________.
m) ______________________________.
m) They send her a present.

n) It will be a very nice summer.
m) ______________________________. n) ______________________________.
-128-
8) MAKE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES INTERROGATIVE. 9) PUT THE VERBS IN BRACKETS INTO THE CORRECT FORM.
a) They were going to write a letter.

a) If I see him I will give him a lift.
a) Were they going to write a letter?
(to give)
b) You have taken some eggs for breakfast. b) The table will collapse if you _____ on it.
b) _______________________________ (to stand)
c) Anna will meet Peter tomorrow at half past one. c) If he _____ all that he will be ill.
c) _______________________________ (to eat)
d) If I find your passport I _____ you at once.

d) He is an English teacher. (to telephone)
d) _______________________________
e) The police _____ him if they catch him.
e) You told me the truth. (to arrest)
e) _______________________________
f) If he _____ in bad light he will ruin his eyes.
(to read)
f) She has studied French since 1985.
f) _______________________________ g) Someone _____ your car if you leave it unlocked.
(to steal)
g) They weren’t going to come.
g) _______________________________ h) What will happen if my parachute _____?
(not to open)
h) Her birthday is on October the 14th. i) If he _____ my car I will give him £10.
h) _______________________________ (to wash)
i) I won’t go with you to the zoo. j) I will be very angry if you _____ any more mistakes.
i) _______________________________
j) Michael is not going to read your article.

(to make)
k) If you give my dog a bone he _____ it at once.

11
(to bury)
j) _______________________________

1) pistol grip a) bayoneta
2) barrel b) recámara
3) sling c) empuñadura
4) bore d) portafusa
5) bayonet e) ánima
6) rear sight f) cañón
7) chamber g) guardamanos
8) forearm h) alza
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UNIT 12
GRAMMAR
1. THE CONDITIONAL TENSE Examples:
(EL TIEMPO CONDICIONAL)
English I would give you my car.
1.1. AFFIRMATIVE FORM
(FORMA AFIRMATIVA) Spanish Te daría mi coche.
La forma condicional afirmativa del verbo en English You’d take a taxi.

inglés se obtiene de manera muy parecida a
como se construye la del futuro simple: Spanish Cogerías un taxi.
Conditional / Affirmative form English We would like to go to France.
Spanish Nos gustaría ir a Francia.

SUJETO + WOULD + verbo en INFINITIVO
sin “TO”
English They’d meet my mother.
Spanish Conocerían a mi madre.

El auxiliar “would” es invariable para todas
las personas, es decir, no tiene una forma English She would read this book.
“especial” para la tercera persona del singular
como ocurre, por ejemplo, en el presente Spanish Leería este libro.
simple. La forma “would” se puede contraer en
“’d”.
1.2. NEGATIVE FORM
Conditional / Affirmative form
(FORMA NEGATIVA)
La forma negativa del condicional en inglés

12
English Spanish se construye con la forma “would not” o su
contracción “wouldn’t” más el infinitivo del
I would walk
verbo que se desea poner en condicional sin la
1st S I’d walk (yo) andaría preposición “to”.
Conditional / Negative form

(tú) andarías
SUJETO + WOULD
you would walk NOT/ + Verbo en INFINITIVO
2nd S you’d walk WOULDN’T sin “TO”
(usted) andaría
he/ she/ it would walk
3rd S he’d/ she’d/ it’d walk (él /ella/ *ello) andaría Conditional / Negative form
English Spanish
I would not walk
1st S I wouldn’t walk (yo) no andaría
we would walk
1st P we’d walk (nosotros/ as) andaríamos
(tú) no andarías
you would not walk
2nd S you wouldn’t walk
(usted) no andaría
(vosotros/ as) andaríais
he/ she/ it would not walk
you would walk 3rd S he/ she/ it wouldn’t walk (él /ella/ *ello) no andaría
2nd P you’d walk
we would not walk
(ustedes) andarían 1st P we wouldn’t walk (nosotros/ as) no andaríamos
(vosotros/ as) no andaríais

you would not walk
2nd P you wouldn’t walk
they would walk (ustedes) no andarían
3rd P they’d walk (ellos /as) andarían
they would not walk
3rd P they wouldn’t walk (ellos/ as) no andarían
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1.3.-QUESTION FORM Examples:
(FORMA INTERROGATIVA)
Para construir oraciones interrogativas en English Wouldn’t you lend me your car?
tiempo condicional en inglés no se emplea el Would you not lend me your car?
auxiliar “ to do”, sino que se hace uso de
“would”, cuya forma es invariable para todas las
personas. Spanish ¿No me dejarías tu coche?
Conditional / Question form
Verbo en English Wouldn’t they go to England?

WOULD + SUJETO + INFINITIVO + (complts.) ? Would they not go to England?
sin “TO”
Spanish ¿No irían a Inglaterra?

Conditional / Question
English Spanish
1st S would I walk? ¿andaría (yo)? 2. THE IMPERATIVE

(EL IMPERATIVO)
¿andarías (tú)?
2nd S would you walk? El imperativo en inglés se construye
¿andaría (usted)?
simplemente con la forma de infinitivo del
verbo sin la partícula “to” y, a diferencia de otras
3rd S would he/ she/ it walk? ¿andaría (él/ ella /*ello)? formas verbales que necesitan el pronombre
personal explícito (“I eat”; “you would like”;
1st P would we walk? ¿andaríamos (nosotros/ as)? “they have seen”, etc.), el imperativo en inglés
no lo requiere. En inglés se emplea esta única
12
¿andaríais (vosotros/ as)?
forma para la segunda persona del singular y
2nd P would you walk? del plural (“you”, ‘tú’, ‘vosotros’, ‘usted’,
¿andarían (ustedes)?
‘ustedes’) cuando en español se necesitan
3rd P would they walk? ¿andarían (ellos/ as)? cuatro formas distintas:
Examples:
1.4. NEGATIVE QUESTION FORM
(FORMA INTERROGATIVO-NEGATIVA) English Spanish
Para construir oraciones interrogativo- Hazlo (tú) / Hacedlo (vosotros/ as)

negativas en condicional tenemos dos
opciones: (1) hacer uso de la forma negativa Do it
contraída (“wouldn’t”) que suele ser lo más Hágalo (usted) / Háganlo (ustedes)
común, o (2) hacer uso de la forma negativa no
contraída (“would not”).
Come (tú) / Comed (vosotros/ as)
Conditional / Contracted negative question form
Eat
Coma (usted) / Coman (ustedes)
Verbo en
WOULDN’T + SUJETO + INFINITIVO + (complts.) ?
sin “TO”
Estudia (tú) / Estudiad (vosotros/ as)
Study
Estudie (usted) / Estudien (ustedes)
Conditional / Negative question form
Ven (tú) / Venid (vosotros/ as)

Verbo en
WOULDN’T + SUJETO + INFINITIVO (complts.) ? Come
sin “TO”
Venga (usted) / Vengan (ustedes)
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Para la forma negativa del imperativo se Para formular órdenes o sugerencias que,
emplea el auxiliar “to do” en su forma negativa: además de a otras personas, incluyan al propio
“do not”, que se emplea en contextos formales, hablante, en inglés se utilizan los “let’s
y “don’t”, que se emplea en contextos más commands”. Se forman de la siguiente manera:
informales:
Let’s commands / Affirmative firm
Examples:
Verbo en
English Do not do it LET’S + INFINITIVO + (complts.) ?
sin “TO”
No lo hagas (tú) / No lo hagáis (vosotros)
Spanish
No lo haga (usted) / No lo hagan (ustedes)
La forma negativa de este tipo de
English Don’t be a fool construcciones imperativas sería la siguiente:
No seas (tú) tonto / No seáis (vosotros) tontos Let’s commands / Negative form
Spanish
No sea (usted) tonto / No sean (ustedes) tontos Verbo en
LET’S + NOT + INFINITIVO + (complts.) ?
sin “TO”
El auxiliar “do” también se emplea en la forma
afirmativa del imperativo cuando se quiere
enfatizar la orden: Examples:
Examples:
English Let’s eat pizza.
English Do eat
Come (tú) / Comed (vosotros) Spanish Comamos pizza.
Spanish
Coma (usted) / Coman (ustedes)
12
English Do study this lesson English Let’s not go to the store.
Estudia (tú) / Estudiad (vosotros) esta lección

Spanish Spanish No vayamos a la tienda.
Estudie (usted) / Estudien (ustedes) esta lección
DAILY SPEAKING
1.-CUSTOMS
(LA ADUANA)
Customs officer: Where are you from?
Where are you I’m Spanish Aduanero: ¿De dónde es usted?
from?
Teresa: I’m Spanish.
Yes, here it is Teresa: Soy española.
Do you have an
entry permit? Customs officer: Do you have an entry permit?
Aduanero: ¿Tiene un permiso de entrada?
Teresa: Yes, here it is.
Teresa: Sí, aquí está.
Customs officer: How long are you going to stay in the
How long are you country for?
going to stay in the Two months Aduanero: ¿Cuánto tiempo va a permanecer en el país?
country for?
Teresa: Two months.
Teresa: Dos meses.
Customs officer: And, what’s the purpose of your journey?

Aduanero: Y, ¿cuál es el motivo de su viaje? And, what’s I’m going to take a
the purpose French course at
Teresa: I am going to take a French course at of your University of Paris.
the University of Paris. Do I have to journey? Do I have to open
open my suitcase? my suitcase?
Teresa: Voy a estudiar en la Universidad de París No. Thank you very
un curso de francés. ¿Tengo que abrir la much
maleta?
You are welcome
Customs officer: No. Thank you very much.
Aduanero: No. Muchas gracias.
Teresa: You are welcome.
Teresa: De nada.
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CIVILIAN VOCABULARY
1.-SPORTS AND LEISURE TIME
(DEPORTES Y TIEMPO LIBRE)
English Spanish
draughts damas
chess ajedrez
athletics atletismo
basketball baloncesto
handball balonmano
volleyball voleibol
mountaineering alpinismo riding
billiards billar
cycling ciclismo tennis
skiing esquí
football fútbol
golf golf
riding hípica
ice hockey hockey sobre hielo
swimming natación
skating patinaje
rugby rugby swimming rugby
tennis tenis
12
English Spanish
fishing pesca
theatre teatro
cinema cine
opera ópera
dance danza
play the harp go for a stroll

pasear
go for a walk
go for jogging ir a correr
reading leer
hiking senderismo
fishing
hobby pasatiempo
reading play a musical instrument tocar un instrumento musical

(play the guitar/ the violin/ the (tocar la guitarra/ el violín/ el
piano/ the harp) piano / el arpa)
Examples:
English Spanish
What do you do in your free time? ¿Qué haces en tu tiempo libre?
When I was a child I used to ride horses. Cuando era pequeño solía montar a caballo.
Draughts and chess are intellectual games. Las damas y el ajedrez son juegos intelectuales.
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1.-TERRORIST ATTACK
(ATAQUE TERRORISTA)
- remain calm and be patient;

- follow the advice of local emergency officials;
- listen to your radio or television for news and
instructions;
Because of the terrorist attacks on the World Trade
Center and the Pentagon in 2001, there are many - if the disaster occurs near you, check for injuries;
people concerned about the possibility of future give first aid and get help for seriously injured
incidents and their potential impact. As a result of this people;
kind of devastating acts there is a great uncertainty - if the disaster occurs near your home and you are
about the future and stress levels are increasing. there, check for damage using a flashlight; do not
Nevertheless, there are things you can do to prepare light matches or candles or turn on electrical
for the unexpected and to reduce the stress. For switches; check for fires, fire hazards and other
example, you can create an emergency household hazards; sniff for gas leaks, starting at
communications plan, you can establish a meeting the water heater; and, if you smell gas or suspect a
place, you can assemble a disaster supplies kit or leak, turn off the main gas valve, open windows,
check on the school emergency plan of any school-age and get everyone outside quickly;
children you may have. And in the event that disaster
strikes, you have to: - shut off any other damaged utilities;
- call your family contact, do not use the telephone
again unless it is a life-threatening emergency;
- check on your neighbours, especially those who are
elderly or disabled.

1) When did the terrorist attacks on the World

Trade Center and the Pentagon take place? 12
2) What can you do in order to prepare yourself
for a terrorist attack?
MILITARY TERMS
1.-COMMUNICATIONS
(COMUNICACIONES)
English Spanish
signal transmisiones
information source fuente de información
signal report informar; informe
message mensaje
tactical communications transmisiones tácticas
radio communications transmisiones radio
wireless sin cable
antenna
antena
aerial
wire cable
fax fax
operator operador
call sign indicativo
code cifrar
interference
interferencia
jamming
marcar un número
dial a number [de teléfono]
operator channel canal
wave onda
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2.-FIRST AID
(PRIMEROS AUXILIOS)
English Spanish
wound herida; herido
fracture fractura
shock shock
burn quemadura
frostbite congelación
sunstroke golpe de calor
blister ampolla leg bandage
arm bandage vendaje de brazo
leg bandage vendaje de pierna
plaster escayola
stretcher camilla
casualty baja
fever fiebre
bruise magulladura bruise
pill pastilla
severe injury herida grave
light injury herida leve
evacuation evacuación severe injury
12 Hello, Pérez! Do you know

what happened to Corporal
Martínez yesterday?
Yes, he was wounded
on his leg
How was it? A shell explosion.

Mortar shrapnel
No, it wasn’t serious
Was it a severe injury?
Private: Hello, Pérez! Do you know what

happened to Corporal Martínez Private: A shell explosion. Mortar shrapnel.
yesterday? Soldado: La explosión de una granada. Metralla de
Soldado: ¡Hola, Pérez! ¿Sabes qué le pasó al Cabo mortero.
Martínez ayer?
Private: Was it a severe injury?
Private: Yes, he was wounded on his leg. Soldado: ¿Fue una herida grave?
Soldado: Sí, se hirió una pierna.
Private: No, it wasn’t serious.
Private: How was it? Soldado: No, no fue grave.
Soldado: ¿Cómo fue?
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EXERCISES
1) WRITETHE FOLLOWING SENTENCES BY USING THE 3) WRITE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES BY USING THE
CONDITIONAL TENSE. NEGATIVE OF THE CONDITIONAL TENSE.
a) I speak French. a) I speak French.
a) I would speak French. a) I would not speak French.
b) We go to the hotel this morning. b) We go to the hotel this morning.

b) ______________________________. b) ______________________________.
c) Paul meets his girlfriend this afternoon. c) Paul meets his girlfriend this afternoon.
c) ______________________________. c) ______________________________.
d) Hellen comes from Scotland. d) Hellen comes from a Scotland.

d) ______________________________. d) ______________________________.
e) Peter’s best friend plays basketball. e) Peter’s best friend plays basketball.
e) ______________________________. e) ______________________________.
f) We eat meat twice a week. f) We eat meat twice a week.

f) ______________________________. f) ______________________________.
g) They have breakfast at half past seven. g) They have breakfast at half past seven.
g) ______________________________. g) ______________________________.
h) You buy this vase. h) You buy this vase.

h) ______________________________. h) ______________________________.
i) I write my curriculum.
i) ______________________________.
2) WRITE
THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES BY USING THE
i) I write my curriculum.
i) ______________________________.
4) MAKE SENTENCES WITH THE FOLLOWING WORDS.
12
CONTRACTION OF CONDITIONAL TENSE.
a) I speak French. a) you /my new house /? /go to /Would
a) I’d speak French. a) Would you go to my new house?
b) We go to the hotel this morning.

b) __________________________________. b) piano /not /play /they /Would /the /?
b) ______________________________
c) Paul doesn’t meet his girlfriend this afternoon.
c) __________________________________.
c) a mistake /would /You /make
d) Hellen doesn’t come from Scotland. c) ______________________________
d) __________________________________.
d) for you /I /tonight /’d /cook
e) Peter’s best friend doesn’t play basketball. d) ______________________________
e) __________________________________.
f) We eat meat twice a week. e) wouldn’t /go /Michael /a walk /for

f) __________________________________. e) ______________________________
g) They have breakfast at half past seven.

g) __________________________________. f) like to /me /see /She /not /would
f) ______________________________
h) You buy this vase.
h) __________________________________.
g) She‘d /like to /book /read /good /a
i) I write my curriculum. g) ______________________________
i) __________________________________.
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5) MAKE INTERROGATIVE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES. 7) PUT THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES INTO THE NEGATIVE FORM.
a) I wouldn’t visit my grandmother. a) Go home.
a) Wouldn’t I visit my grandmother? a) Don’t go home. /Do not go home.
b) He would like to be in France. b) Play this song.
b) ______________________________ b) ______________________________.
c) They wouldn’t have a better job. c) Smoke.
c) ______________________________ c) ______________________________.
d) Martha’s father would find a good place. d) Open the door.
d) ______________________________ d) ______________________________.
e) He wouldn’t drive faster. e) Sit down.
e) ______________________________ e) ______________________________.
f) My legs would hurt very much. f) Stop.
f) ______________________________ f) ______________________________.
g) Louise would not study in China. g) Let’s count the money.
g) ______________________________ g) ______________________________.
h) I’d borrow your chair. h) Let’s work together.
h) ______________________________ h) ______________________________.
i) My mother wouldn’t make any suggestion. i) Let’s begin now.
i) ______________________________ i) ______________________________.
6) MAKE IMPERATIVE SENTENCES WITH THE FOLLOWING WORDS. a) Write a letter to your cousin.
a) Do write a letter to your cousin.
b) ______________________________.
12
Subject Verb Complements
b) ______________________________.
you write a letter to your cousin c) ______________________________.
c) ______________________________.
we study for one hour
d) ______________________________.
you make peace d) ______________________________.
you come here right now e) ______________________________.
e) ______________________________.
we go to the cinema
f) ______________________________.
you say it
f) ______________________________.
g) ______________________________.
we play a song for her g) ______________________________.
we start the work h) ______________________________.
h) ______________________________.

1) operator a) interferencia
2) wire b) indicativo
3) radio commnications c) operador
4) report d) antena
5) jamming e) marcar un número [de teléfono]
6) dial a number f) transmisiones radio
7) aerial g) informe
8) call sign h) cable
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UNIT 13
GRAMMAR
1. MODAL VERBS En las oraciones negativas la partícula
(VERBOS MODALES) negativa “not” va siempre detrás del verbo.
Examples:
Los verbos modales son un conjunto de
verbos anómalos que poseen una serie de Can he?
English
características comunes: Could he?
Spanish ¿Puede?
a) Tienen la misma forma verbal invariable ¿Pudo / podría?
para todas las personas, excepto “have (got) English
He cannot (can’t).
to”, que tiene “has” en la tercera persona del He could not (couldn’t).
singular. Spanish No puede.
No pudo / no podría.
Examples: English Couldn’t she speak louder?
Could she not speak louder?
Spanish ¿No podría hablar más alto?
English He can sing.
Nótese que “cannot”, a diferencia del resto
de los verbos modales, va todo junto en la
Spanish Puede cantar. forma negativa.
c) Cuando acompañan a un verbo en
English She has to sing. infinitivo, siempre lo preceden en las oraciones
afirmativas y negativas.
Spanish Tiene que cantar. Examples:
English He can write.

13
b) En las oraciones interrogativas se invierte Spanish Puede escribir.
el orden del sujeto y del verbo modal, mientras
que en los verbos no modales se usa el auxiliar English He might do it later.
“to do” (las oraciones interrogativas con verbos
modales se construyen de una forma similar a Spanish Puede que lo haga más tarde.
como se construyen las oraciones con el verbo
“to be”, tal y como se explica en la unidad 1). English You shouldn’t take it so seriously.
Aquellos modales que aceptan la forma Spanish No deberías tomártelo tan a pecho.
negativa contraída tienen dos maneras para
formar oraciones interrogativas: d) Cuando el verbo modal acompaña a un
verbo en infinitivo, dicho infinitivo aparece sin la
Modal verbs / Negative question form partícula “to”, salvo con los verbos modales
“ought to” y “have to”
Verbo Examples:
Verbo + SUJETO + NOT
modal [ + en
infinitivo
sin “TO”
+ (complts.)
] ?
English He can write.
Spanish Puede escribir.
Modal verbs / Contracted negative question form English He could do it better.
Spanish Lo podría / lo pudo hacer mejor.

Verbo Verbo
modal en + SUJETO
negativa
contraído
[ en
+ infinitivo
sin “TO”
+ (complts.)
] ? English
Spanish
She has to go to Hannover.
Tiene que ir a Hannover.
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1.1.-CAN
La perífrasis verbal “to be able to” se usa
El verbo modal “can” significa ‘poder’, ‘tener para expresar capacidad en los tiempos
la capacidad o la habilidad para llevar a cabo verbales en los que “can” no puede conjugarse,
una acción’. También se puede utilizar para por ejemplo, en futuro o pasado. Por lo tanto, la
expresar permiso, posibilidad, imposibilidad o forma negativa hará referencia a la falta de
petición. La forma negativa de “can” (“cannot” o capacidad. No obstante, “to be able to” puede
“can’t”) expresa deducción. Las formas “can”, conjugarse en todos los tiempos que hasta el
“cannot” y “can’t” sólo se utilizan en presente. momento hemos visto en este libro:
Can
English Spanish
Ability: He can write. Capacidad: Puede escribir.
Permission: Can I go with you? Permiso: ¿Puedo ir contigo?
Possibility/Impossibility: Albert can become rich and famous if Posibilidad/Imposibilidad: Alberto puede hacerse rico y famoso si
he knows the right people. conoce a la gente adecuada.
Request: Can I have a glass of water? Petición: ¿Puedo tomarme un vaso de agua?
They cannot (can’t) be at home. Deducción: No pueden estar en casa.

Deduction: The lights are off. Las luces están apagadas.
to be able to
English Spanish
Ability in the future: I will be able to speak English. Capacidad en futuro: Podré hablar inglés.
13 Inability in the future: I will not (won’t) be able to come Incapacidad en futuro:
tomorrow.
No podré venir mañana.
He was able to read a whole book Capacidad en pasado: Pudo leer un libro entero en un solo día.
Ability in the past: in one day.
1.2.-COULD
“Could” expresa habilidad en el pasado; con para pedir algo educadamente o para expresar
la forma negativa, imposibilidad en el pasado. críticas. “Could” se refiere tanto al tiempo
También se puede usar para hacer pasado (‘pude’) como al condicional (‘podría’.)
sugerencias, especulaciones (como “might”),
Could
English Spanish
My father could speak French when Habilidad en Mi padre podía hablar francés cuando
Skill in the past: he was ten years old. pasado: tenía diez años.
Could you repeat that again, please? Solicitar algo

Polite request: ¿Podría repetir eso de nuevo, por favor?
educadamente:
Impossibility in the I was so nervous I could not (couldn’t) Imposibilidad en Estaba tan nervioso que no pude
past: remember anything. pasado: recordar nada.
Suggestion: We could go to the cinema. Sugerencia: Podríamos ir al cine.
Criticism: You could have told me the truth. Crítica: Podrías haberme dicho la verdad.
-140-
1.3.-MUST que, “must” implica un mayor grado de
obligación que “have to”. Asimismo, “have to”
El verbo “must” expresa obligación también podrá utilizarse en tiempo presente
ineludible de hacer algo. Asimismo, puede con ese mismo matiz de obligación.
expresar deducción de un hecho, prohibición
(en su forma negativa) o una sugerencia. “Have to” no es un verbo modal propiamente
dicho ya que no posee la mayoría de las
Ya que “must” es un verbo defectivo y no características de los verbos modales
puede conjugarse en determinados tiempos expuestas anteriormente. Esto quiere decir
verbales (e.g., pasado, futuro, etc.); nos vemos que, se comporta como el resto de los verbos a
obligados a utilizar “have to” en el tiempo la hora de hacer preguntas o a la hora de negar
oportuno para expresar este tipo de obligación. (con el auxiliar “to do”). Además, para la
Por lo tanto, la forma negativa de “have to” tercera persona del singular ha de emplearse la
expresará esa ausencia de obligación. Nótese forma “has”. Veamos algunos ejemplos:
Must
English Spanish
Obligation They must study to pass the exam. Must Obligación Deben estudiar para aprobar el examen.
they study to pass the exam? ¿Deben estudiar para aprobar el examen?
Deduction The rumour must be true. Deducción: El rumor debe de ser verdad.
Prohibition: You must not (mustn’t) come back late Prohibición: No debes volver tarde.
You must see the British Museum! It’s ¡Deberías ver el Museo Británico! ¡Es
Suggestion: wonderful! Sugerencia: maravilloso!
Have to
English Spanish
Obligation I have to go to class. Obligación Tengo que ir a clase.
in the present: I must go to class. en presente: Debo ir a clase.
13
Obligation Obligación
in the past: They had to study. en pasado: Tuvieron / tenían que estudiar
Lack of obligation She did not (didn’t) have to study. Ausencia de obligación No tuvo / tenía que estudiar.
in the past: en pasado:
Obligation He will have to go to London. Obligación en futuro: Tendrá que ir a Londres.
in the future:
Lack of obligation Ausencia de obligación No tendré que volver temprano.
I will not (won’t) have to come soon.
in the future: en futuro:
Examples: Examples:
English They need not (needn’t) take it unless they want to.
English Do you have to wear a uniform?
Spanish No necesitan cogerlo a no ser que quieran.
Spanish ¿Tienes que llevar uniforme?
English They don’t need to take it unless they want to.
English Did she have to bring an umbrella? Spanish No necesitan cogerlo a no ser que quieran.
Spanish ¿Tuvo que llevar paraguas? English Need you go?
English You don’t have to read the whole book. Spanish ¿Necesitas irte?
English Do you need to go?
Spanish No tienes que leer todo el libro.
Spanish ¿Necesitas irte?
English She doesn’t have to drive.
English Need he go so soon?
Spanish No tiene que conducir.
Spanish ¿Necesita irse tan temprano?
English Does he need to go so soon?
1.4.-NEED Spanish ¿Necesita irse tan temprano?
El verbo “need” expresa necesidad. “Need” English I need to study harder.

es un verbo semi-modal, esto significa que Spanish Necesito estudiar más duro.
puede comportarse como modal o no, es decir,
que puede adquirir (o no) las propiedades English She needs to be loved.
estructurales de los verbos modales. Spanish Necesita ser amada.
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Nótese que el verbo “need” se comporta modal, mientras que para la forma interrogativa
como modal en las tablas sombreadas en no modal de hace uso del auxiliar “to do” como
amarillo. Esto quiere decir que para la forma se ha explicado en unidades anteriores.
negativa, se intercala la partícula de negación
“not” entre “need” y el verbo en infinitivo sin la 1.5.-MAY
partícula “to” (también puede contraerse en El modal “may” expresa permiso y
“needn’t”), mientras que para la forma negativa posibilidad. También es utilizado para hacer
no modal, se antepone la partícula “don’t” al especulaciones. Por lo tanto:
verbo “need”, seguida del verbo en infinitivo
con la partícula “to”. Para la forma interrogativa Nótese que la forma negativa de “may” no
se invierte el orden del sujeto y del verbo se abrevia.
May
English Spanish
Permission: May I go? Permiso: ¿Puedo ir?
Possibility It may rain tomorrow. Posibilidad: Es posible que llueva mañana.
That may be the man who won the Especulación: Puede que ése sea el hombre al que le
Speculation: lottery. tocó la lotería.
1.6.-MIGHT
Con el verbo modal “might” sirve para La forma “might not” no se contrae.
expresar posibilidad, así como para hacer
especulaciones. Por lo tanto:
Might
13
English Spanish
She might be the winner. Puede que sea la ganadora.
Possibility: Posibilidad:
She might not be the winner. Puede que no sea la ganadora.
Might she be the winner? ¿Puede que sea la ganadora?
Speculation: They might come into the house through an Especulación: Puede que entren en la casa a través de
open window. una ventana abierta.
1.7 SHOULD / OUGHT TO
Los verbos modales “should” y “ought to” *Nótese que para criticar acciones pasadas el
pueden: expresar obligación moral, servir para verbo principal debe ir en infinitivo compuesto
dar consejos, así como para criticar acciones (have + participio de pasado) o en infinitivo
pasadas. La forma negativa contraída de simple.
“should not” es “shouldn’t”. Por lo tanto:
Should / Ought to
English Spanish
I should read more. Debería leer más.
I ought to read more.
Moral obligation: Obligación moral:
Should I read more? Debería leer más?
Ought I to read more?
You should be more responsible.
Deberías ser más responsable.
You ought to be more responsible.
Advice / Suggestion: Consejo / Sugerencia:
You should not (shouldn’t) drink so much.
No deberías beber tanto.
You ought not to drink so much.
He shouldn’t (should not) have lied.*
Criticism: He ought not to have lied. Crítica: No debería haber mentido.
-142-
DAILY SPEAKING
1.-SHOPPING. BUYING FOOD
(DE COMPRAS. COMPRANDO COMIDA)
Could I have Which one do you
Customer: Could I have some of that cheese, some of that want? The
please? cheese, please? Camembert?
Cliente: ¿Me podría dar un poco de ese
queso, por favor?
Shop assistant: Which one do you want? The
Camembert?
Dependiente: ¿Cuál quiere? ¿El Camembert?
Customer: Yes, the Camembert will do. How Yes, the £9 a pound
Camembert will do.
much is it? How much is it?
Cliente: Sí, el Camembert está bien. ¿Cuánto
cuesta?
Shop assistant: £9 a pound. I’ll have half a Here you are
Dependiente: 9 libras por libra. pound
Customer: I’ll have half a pound.
Cliente: Quiero media libra.
Shop assistant: Here you are.
Dependiente: Aquí tiene.
Customer: Thank you very much. You are
Thank you very
Cliente: Muchas gracias. much welcome
Shop assistant: You are welcome.
Dependiente: De nada.
2.-SHOPPING. BUYING CLOTHES

(DE COMPRAS. COMPRANDO ROPA)
Look at that sweater!

Isn’t it nice? Why don’t
we come in?
13
Teresa: Look at that sweater! Isn’t it nice? Why
don’t we come in?
Teresa: ¡Mira ese jersey! ¿A que es bonito? ¿Por
qué no entramos?
Miguel: Ok, let’s come in.

Ok, let’s come in Miguel: Vale, entremos.
Miguel: I’ll take it, I love it.

Miguel: Me lo llevo, me encanta.
I’ll take it,
I love it
Teresa: Do it! This colour really goes with your
complexion.
Teresa: ¡Hazlo! Este color te sienta muy bien a la cara.
Teresa: Oh, I like very much these trousers too!

Please, Miguel, try them on.
Teresa: ¡Oh, estos pantalones también me gustan
mucho! Por favor, Miguel, pruébatelos.
Do it! This colour
really goes with Miguel: Ok, I will, but I need a smaller size...
your complexion
these are fine, I’ll take them.
Miguel: Vale, me los probaré, pero necesito una
Oh, I like very much these Ok, I will, but I need a talla más pequeña... éstos me van bien, me
trousers too!. Please, smaller size... these are
Miguel, try them on los llevo.
fine, I’ll take them
Teresa: Anyway, I think that if you have any
problems, you can change them for
other trousers or get the money back.
Teresa: De todas formas, creo que si tienes algún
problema puedes cambiarlos por otros pan-
Anyway, I think that if you talones o te devuelven el dinero.
have any problems, you can
change them for other
trousers or get the money
back
-143-
CIVILIAN VOCABULARY
1.-LENGTH
(LONGITUD)
Anglo-Saxon Metric System European Metric System
(Sistema Métrico Anglosajón) (Sistema Métrico Decimal)
1 inch
1 pulgada 2,54 cm
12 inches = 1 foot
12 pulgadas = 1 pie 30,48 cm
3 feet = 1 yard 91,4 cm

3 pies = 1 yarda
220 yards = 1 furlog 201,17 m

220 yardas = 1 estadio
8 furlongs = 1 mile
8 estadios = 1 milla
1.609 km
1,760 yards = 1 mile
1.760 yardas = 1 milla
2.-WEIGHT
(PESO)

1 ounce
28,35 g
13
1 onza
16 ounces = 1 pound 454 g
16 onzas = 1 libra
14 pounds = 1 stone 6,35 kg
14 libras
112 pounds = 1 hundredweight 50,8 kg
112 libras
2,000 pounds = 1 short ton 907 kg
20 hundredweights
= 1 ton / long ton 1.016 kg
2,240 pounds
Examples:
English Spanish
She weighs 129 pounds. (AmE) Pesa 58,66 kg.
She weighs 9 stone 3 pounds. (BrE) Pesa 58,66 kg.
3.-CAPACITY
(CAPACIDAD)

1 fluid ounce
1 onza fluida 2,84 cl
20 fluid ounces = 1 pint 0,568 l

20 onzas fluidas = 1 pinta
2 pints = 1 quart 1,136 l

2 pintas = 1 cuarto
4 quarts = 1 gallon 4,546 l

4 cuartos = 1 galón
-144-
1.-DAVID BOWIE 2.-ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS.
David Robert Jones was born on 8th January, 1947, in
London (England, United Kingdom). David Jones 1) What happened to David's eye a long time ago?
started playing the saxophone at the age of 13, and
he left Bromley Technical High School (where a friend 2) Why did he change his name to David Bowie?
paralyzed David's left pupil in a fight) to work as a
commercial artist three years later. 3) Was his acting career successful?
In 1966, he changed his name to David Bowie to 4) What was his wedding present to his wife?
avoid confusion with the Monkees' Davy Jones.
He married the American-born Angela Barnett on 20th 3.-ARE THESE SENTENCES TRUE (T) OR FALSE (F)?
March, 1970. They had a son in June 1971. The (DI SI ESTAS ORACIONES SON VERDADERAS O FALSAS)
couple divorced in 1980.
Bowie's tribute to the New York City of Andy Warhol,
the Velvet Underground and Bob Dylan, included his a) David Bowie was born in 1947. T/F
theme song "Changes".
He produced albums for Lou Reed ("Transformer" b) He started playing the saxophone at the age of 15. T/F
and its hit "Walk on the wild side") and wrote and
produced Mott the Hoople's anthem "All the Young c) A friend paralyzed his left pupil in a fight. T/F
Dudes".
d) He changed his name to David Bowie
Bowie revitalized Iggy Pop's career by producing because he liked it more. T/F
"The Idiot" and "Lust for life" (both in 1977).
Bowie had no luck in his acting career: "Into the e) In 1972 he married Angela Barnett. T/F
Night" (1985), "Absolute Beginners" (1986);
"Labyrinth" (1986), "The Linguini Incident" (1992) and f) His song “Changes” was a tribute to New York. T/F
"Twin Peaks". None of these films were commercial
successes. g) He produced the album “Transformer” for
Lou Reed. T/F
In 1992 Bowie married Somalian supermodel Iman.
His wedding present to his wife was an album called h) “Labyrinth” was a very famous album. T/F
13
"Black Tie White Noise", which received positive
reviews. i) The supermodel Iman became his wife in 1992. T/F
MILITARY TERMS
1.-OPERATIONS, OFFENSIVE
(OPERACIONES, OFENSIVA)
English Spanish
task misión
attack atacar; ataque
assault asalto
enemy enemigo
combat combate
hand-to-hand combat combate cuerpo a cuerpo
endurance march marcha de endurecimiento
aim at
platoon position posición de sección
approaching avenue avenida de aproximación English Spanish
advanced vanguardia landing zone zona de lanzamiento
rearguard retaguardia departure line línea de partida
flank flanco aim at apuntar a
body grueso destroy destruir
suppress neutralizar target objetivo
impact
impactar; impacto
hit
seize an objective tomar un objetivo
assembly area zona de reunión
coordination line línea de coordinación
counterattack contraataque
pursue perseguir
encircle rodear
siege sitiar
assault
-145-
It’s behind that hill. The

attack will be performed Captain: Lieutenant, cross the departure
Lieutenant, once you receive the order
by radio line at 7 am.
cross the
departure line Capitán: Teniente, cruce la línea de partida a
at 7 am las 7 am.
The mortars will support Lieutenant: That’s right, Sir. After that, my platoon
your assault will advance up to that river but…
Where is the enemy position?
Teniente: De acuerdo, mi Capitán. Después de
eso, mi sección avanzará sobre
aquel río pero… ¿Dónde se
encuentra la posición enemiga?
Captain: It’s behind that hill. The attack will
be performed once you receive
the order by radio.
Capitán: Está detrás de aquella colina. El
ataque tendrá lugar una vez haya
recibido la orden por radio.
That’s right, Sir. After that, my
platoon will advance up to that river Lieutenant: We will need fire support after
but... Where is the enemy position? crossing the departure line.
Teniente: Necesitaremos fuego de apoyo
después de cruzar la línea de partida.
We will need fire support after Captain: The mortars will support your assault.
crossing the departure line Capitán: Los morteros apoyarán el asalto.
13 EXERCISES
1) TRANSLATE INTO ENGLISH THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES. 2) REWRITE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES BY USING
THE FUTURE SIMPLE TENSE.
a) ¿Puedes hacer esto ahora? No, ahora no puedo. a) I can play a song for you with a guitar.
a) Can you do it now? No, now I can’t. a) I will be able to play a song for you with a guitar.
b) La próxima semana no tendré que venir. b) I must study to pass my exam.

b) __________________________________. b) __________________________________.
c) Tienes que estudiar la lección tercera. c) She can’t say it louder.

c) __________________________________. c) __________________________________.
d) Alex y Raúl deben comprar sus libros. d) I need my pills.

d) __________________________________. d) __________________________________.
e) Sus (de ella) explicaciones deben ser ciertas. e) James must do an assignment.
e) __________________________________. e) __________________________________.
f) ¿Podría darme el nombre de la escuela? f) You must pronounce perfectly.

f) __________________________________. f) __________________________________.
g) Deberías ir a Londres, es una ciudad muy bonita. g) You can’t understand these sentences.
g) __________________________________. g) __________________________________.
h) ¿Necesitas llevar falda? h) I can´t see your eyes.

h) __________________________________. h) __________________________________.
-146-
3) PUT THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES INTO THE 5) FILL EACH OF THE FOLLOWING GAPS WITH
INTERROGATIVE FORM. “MIGHT”, “SHOULD” AND “MUST” IN THE
AFFIRMATIVE OR NEGATIVE FORM.
a) I can play a song for you.
a) Can I play a song for you?
a) Nancy said you didn’t need to buy her
b) He must study to pass his exam. anything for her birthday, but I really think you
b) __________________________________ should at least get her some flowers or a nice
bottle of wine.
c) She can’t act like a queen.
c) __________________________________ b) Nina said she would come over right after
work, so she _______ be here by 6:00.
d) They need to go on holidays.
d) __________________________________ c) Oh, my God, he is unconscious. Don’t move
him, he _______ have internal injuries.
e) James could walk for hours. Somebody call an ambulance.
e) __________________________________
d) You _______ be kidding! That can’t be true.
f) He should do better at Physics.
f) __________________________________ e) We should invite Sally and her husband to
come to the picnic on Saturday. We haven’t
g) You can’t understand these sentences. seen them in weeks,and they _______ really
g) __________________________________ enjoy a nice day at the beach.
h) She will be able to attend lectures during pregnancy. f) You _______ worry so much. It doesn’t do you
h) __________________________________
any good.
i) She couldn’t speak Russian.
i) __________________________________ g) I would love to go on the cruise to Tahiti with
Robin and Michelle. But such a luxurious trip
_______ cost a fortune.
13
4) REWRITE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES IN THE
SIMPLE PAST TENSE. 6) FILL EACH OF THE FOLLOWING GAPS WITH THE
SUITABLE FIGURE.
a) She can’t read your article.
a) She couldn’t read your article / Length
She was not able to read your article.
a) 91,4 cm = 1 yard = ____ feet = ____ inches.
b) 76,2 cm = ____ feet = ____ inches.
b) My cousins can dance flamenco.
c) 182,8 cm = ____ yards = ____ feet = ____ inches.
b) ________________________________.
d) 121,92 cm = ____ feet = ____ inches.
c) I must do my homework. e) 201,17 m = ____ furlong = ____ yards = ____ feet =
____ inches.
c) ________________________________.
f) 4.827 km = ____ miles = ____ furlongs = ____ yards =
____ feet = ____ inches.
d) We need to be accepted.
d) ________________________________. Weight
a) 454 g = ____ pound = ____ ounces.
e) Our questions must be answered. b) 908 g = ____ pounds = ____ ounces.
e) ________________________________. c) 3,175 kg= ____ stone = ____ pounds = ____ ounces.
d) 6,35 kg = ____ stone = ____ pounds = ____ ounces.
f) Do you need to take music lessons?
e) 101,6 kg = ____ hundredweights = ____ stones =
f) ________________________________. ____ pounds = ____ ounces.
f) 907 kg = ____ short ton = ____ hundredweights =
g) They need not study at home. ____ stones = ____ pounds = ____ ounces.
g) ________________________________.
Capacity
h) They can be right. a) 5,68 cl = ____ fluid ounces.
h) ________________________________. b) 28,4 cl = ____ fluid ounces = ____ pints.
c) 1,133 l = ____ fluid ounces = ____ pints = ____ quart.
i) I must not do this exam. d) 9,092 l = ____ fluid ounces = ____ pints = ____ quarts =
i) __________________________________. ____ gallon.
-147-
7) FILL IN THE GAPS BY INSERTING THE RIGHT MODAL 8) CORRECT THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES IF NECESSARY.
VERB FROM THE BOX IN THE AFFIRMATIVE OR
NEGATIVE FORM, YOU CAN USE MODAL VERBS
MORE THAN ONCE. a) I don’t might go to the cinema.
a) I might not go to the cinema.
can could have to
must might should b) Hellen don’t must be late.

b) __________________________________.
a) Ted’s flight from Amsterdam took more than 11
hours. He might be exhausted after such a
long flight. He _______ prefer to stay in
tonight and get some rest. c) We don’t can do this exercise, it is very difficult.
c) __________________________________.
b) Hiking the trail to the peak _______ be
dangerous if you are not well prepared for
dramatic weather changes. d) I have not to go to Sally’s office this afternoon.
d) __________________________________.
c) When you have a small child in the house, you
_______ leave small objects lying around.
d) _______ you hold your breath for more than e) Does Mary must pass this exam?
a minute? e) __________________________________
e) Jenny’s engagement ring is enormous!. It

_______ have cost a fortune. f) Won’t you must work this afternoon?
f) __________________________________
f) Please make sure to water my plants while I
13
am gone. If they don’t get enough water, they
_______ die.
g) They can to swim but they don’t can to play football.
g) I _______ speak Arabic fluently when I was a g) __________________________________.
child and we lived in Egypt.
h) The book is optional. My professor said we h) He not cans be there next week.
_______ read it if we needed extra credit. But h) __________________________________.
we _______ read it if we don’t want to.
i) You _______ take your umbrella along with

you today. The weatherman on the news said i) I don’t need to study that much.
there is a storm north of here and it _______ i) __________________________________.
rain later on this afternoon.
j) Do you _______ chew with your mouth open j) He have work hard.
like that? It is making me sick watching you
eat that piece of pizza. j) __________________________________.

1) endurance march a) tomar un objetivo
2) departure line b) sitiar
3) hand-to-hand combat c) línea de partida
4) seize an objective d) retaguardia
5) assembly area e) marcha de endurecimiento
6) to siege f) zona de lanzamiento
7) landing zone g) combate cuerpo a cuerpo
8) rearguard h) zona de reunión
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UNIT 14
GRAMMAR
1.-PASSIVE VOICE Examples:
(VOZ PASIVA)
Future
English The jewell won’t be stolen.
La formación de la oración pasiva en inglés Spanish La joya no será robada.
es similar a la del español, es decir, en la
oración pasiva la persona o cosa que recibe English Won’t the jewel be stolen?
la acción del verbo en la oración activa pasa a Spanish ¿No será robada la joya?
ser el sujeto paciente del verbo pasivo (e.g.:
“María ve un árbol” / “Un árbol es visto por Present perfect
María”), mientras que el sujeto de la oración English The jewel has been stolen.
activa pasa a ser el complemento agente de la Spanish La joya ha sido robada.
oración pasiva (“María ve un árbol” / “Un árbol
English Has the jewel been stolen?
es visto por María”). La forma verbal de la voz
pasiva se construye de la siguiente manera: Spanish ¿Ha sido robada la joya?
- se utiliza el verbo “to be” (acepción ‘ser’) Present continuous

como verbo auxiliar, conjugado en la persona,
el número y tiempo oportunos; English The jewel is being stolen.
Spanish La joya está siendo robada.
- el auxiliar va acompañado por el participio English Is the jewel being stolen?
pasado del verbo principal.
Spanish ¿Está siendo robada la joya?
14
Subject Verb Complements Past continuous
English The jewel was being stolen.
English Peter bebe un vaso de agua Spanish La joya estaba siendo robada.
Active
voice English Was the jewel being stolen?
Spanish Peter drinks a glass of water
Spanish ¿Estaba siendo robada la joya?
English un vaso de agua es bebido por Peter Simple past
Passive
voice
Spanish a glass of water is drunk by Peter English The jewel was stolen.
Spanish La joya fue robada.
English Was the jewel stolen?
Spanish ¿Fue robada la joya?
English Spanish Conditional
English The jewel would be stolen.
I am loved
1st S I’m loved (yo) soy amado/ a Spanish La joya sería robada.
English Would the jewel be stolen?
(tú) eres amado/ a Spanish ¿Sería robada la joya?
you are loved
2nd S you’re loved
(usted) es amado/ a Future with “going to” (present)
he/ she/ it is loved English The jewel is going to be stolen.
3rd S he/ she/ it’s loved (él/ ella/ *ello) es amado/ a Spanish La joya va a ser robada.
English Is the jewel going to be stolen?
we are loved
1st P we’re loved (nosotros/ as) somos amados/ as Spanish ¿Va a ser robada la joya?
Future with “going to” (past)

(vosotros/ as) sois amados/ as
you are loved
2nd P you’re loved English The jewel was going to be stolen.
(ustedes) son amados/ as Spanish La joya iba ser robada.
they are loved English Was the jewel going to be stolen?
3rd P they’re loved (ellos/ as) son amados/ as Spanish ¿Iba a ser robada la joya?
-149-
En inglés, el uso de la voz pasiva es mucho más A la hora de transformar una oración activa
frecuente que en español. Por ejemplo, la voz en la que la función de sujeto está siendo
pasiva se emplea en inglés para construir cierto ejercida por un pronombre personal (“I”, “you”,
tipo de oraciones impersonales cuando en español “he”, “she”, “it”, “we” o “they”), hay que tener en
no se utiliza este modo, sino que se emplean cuenta que este sujeto activo será el
estructuras con la forma impersonal “se”: complemento agente de la oración pasiva y que
las formas anteriormente mencionadas (“I”,
Examples: “you”, “he”, “she”, “it”, etc.) se convertirán en
“me”, “you”, “him”, “her”, “it”, “us” y “them”,
respectivamente.
English It is said that she is a teacher.
Active voice
Subject Verb Complements

Spanish Se dice que (ella) es profesora.
(1) He saw Michael
English He is often seen with your sister. (2) They bring some friends
(3) She has bought your books

Spanish Se le ve (a él) a menudo con tu hermana.
(4) We will send a letter
English It is believed that she needs a doctor.

Passive voice
Subject Verb Agent

Spanish Se cree que (ella) necesita un médico.
(1) Michael was seen by him
14 (2)
(3)
Some friends are brought
Your books have been bought

by them
by her
En inglés (a diferencia de lo que ocurre en
español que sólo el objeto directo [DO] puede
ser el sujeto paciente de la oración pasiva) el (4) A letter will be sent by us
objeto indirecto [IO] en cierto tipo de oraciones
también puede ser el sujeto paciente de la voz
pasiva: Existe la posibilidad de que en las oraciones
pasivas no aparezca el complemento agente, bien
porque no se sepa quién o qué es, bien porque
Active voice: resulte irrelevante. Cuando el sujeto de la oración
Michael gave a book to the boys for their birthdays. activa es “they”, en la oración pasiva se suele
[subject] [verb] [DO] [IO] [complement] omitir el complemento agente (“by them”).
Suject Verb Complements

(1) Passive voice (subject: DO):
A book was given to the boys for their birthdays by Michel. English They cut a tree
Active
voice
(2) Passive voice (subject: IO): Spanish Ellos cortaron un árbol
The boys were given a book for their birthdays by Michel.
English A tree was cut (by them)

Nótese que el verbo auxiliar “to be” siempre
concordará con el sujeto paciente, así en (1) Passive
adopta la forma “was” (ya que el sujeto paciente voice
es singular, “a book”), mientras que en (2) Spanish Un árbol fue cortado (por ellos)
adopta la forma “were” (ya que el sujeto
paciente es plural, “the boys”).
-150-
2.-PREPOSITIONS II
(PREPOSICIONES II)
A continuación vamos a ver una lista de las
preposiciones más usadas en inglés:
Preposition Translation Examples
The sky is above.
ABOVE arriba, sobre [superioridad, ya sea física o El firmamento está en lo alto.
moral] The Captain is above the Lieutanant.
El Capitán está por encima del Teniente.
The lamp is over the table.
La lámpara está encima de la mesa.
sobre, encima [posición de un objeto I overreacted to his remarks.
OVER encima de otro sin contacto directo; Mi reacción frente a sus observaciones fue exagerada.
repetición; exceso]
Read this over again.
Lee esto otra vez.
I left the book on the table.
Dejé el libro encima de la mesa.
sobre, encima [posición de un objeto
ON sobre otro en contacto directo; tiempo On New Year’s day.
UPON determinado; estado] El día de Año Nuevo.
The house is on fire.
La casa está ardiendo.
I am in the room.
Estoy en la habitación.
Come in!
en, dentro de [movimiento hacia ¡Entra!
IN dentro; lapso de tiempo; modo] In a minute.
En un minuto.
In a bad temper.
De mal humor.
I walked into the shop.
14
dentro [movimiento de fuera adentro; Entré en la tienda.
INTO
división] The glass was broken into a hundred of pieces.
El vaso se rompió en cien pedazos.
I come from London.
Vengo de Londres.
Butter comes from milk.
La mantequilla es un derivado de la leche.
de, desde [punto de partida espacial o I’ll be there from 2 to 3.
FROM temporal; origen, causa] Estaré allí de 2 a 3.
He died from a heart attack.
Murió de un ataque al corazón.
I received a letter from your sister.
Recibí un carta de tu hermana.
The door of the room.
de [relación de un objeto con otro; La puerta de la habitación.
OF posesión; causa] I’m afraid of ghosts.
Tengo miedo a los fantasmas.
The Lieutenant is below the Captain.
BELOW El Teniente está por debajo del Capitan.
BENEATH inferioridad [en cualquier sentido]
Below the sun.
Debajo del sol.
The dog is lying under the table.
El perro está tumbado debajo de la mesa.
UNDER bajo, debajo [posición opuesta a “on”]
The paper is under the book.
El papel está debajo del libro.
I live at 15 Green Street.
Vivo en la calle Green, número 15.
en, a [situación en reposo; tiempo; I am at home.
AT dirección] Estoy en casa.
He came at three o’clock.
Vino a las tres en punto.
I wrote to her.
Le escribí.
a, para [movimiento hacia o hasta un This train goes to London.
TO lugar; finalidad] Este tren va a Londres.
I came to see sports.
Vine para ver los deportes.
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Preposition Translation Examples
a través de, al otro lado de The Post Office is just across the street.
ACROSS [movimiento de una parte a otra] La oficina de correos está al otro lado de la calle.
He jumped through the window.
por, a través de; por completo Saltó por/a través de la ventana.
THROUGH [paso de una parte a otra] It is raining hard and I am wet through.
Está lloviendo mucho y estoy completamente mojado.
This book was written by Bernard Shaw.
Este libro fue escrito por Bernard Shaw.
BY por [complemento agente; modo; She sat by the fire.
proximidad] Estaba sentada junto al fuego.
I like travelling by car.
Me gusta viajar en coche.
This book is for you.
Este libro es para ti.
FOR por; para [finalidad, duración en el They walked for miles in the woods.
tiempo o en el espacio] Anduvieron durante horas en el bosque.
I sat there for an hour.
Estuve sentado allí durante una hora.
DAILY SPEAKING
1.-AT THE DOCTOR’S
(EN EL MÉDICO)
Itziar: Good morning! May I come in? Itziar: No, I’m not.
Itzíar: ¡Buenos días! ¿Se puede? Itzíar: No, no lo soy.
Doctor: Good morning! Of course. What’s the
Doctor: Ok, you have to take these pills, and don’t
14
matter?
Médico: ¡Buenos días! Por supuesto. ¿Qué le ocurre? eat hot food.
Médico: De acuerdo, tiene que tomar estas pastillas y
no coma comida picante.
Itziar: Hummm... I don’t feel very good, lately my
head hurts very much.
Itzíar: Hummm... No me encuentro muy bien, Itziar: How often do I have to take them?
últimante me duele mucho la cabeza. Itzíar: ¿Cada cuánto tengo que tomarlas?
Doctor: Twice a day, before breakfast and lunch.
Doctor: How is this pain like? Médico: Dos veces al día, antes del desayuno y la
Médico: ¿Cómo es el dolor?
comida.
Itziar: It’s an acute and constant pain. Itziar: Thank you very much.
Itzíar: Es un dolor agudo y continuo. Itzíar: Muchas gracias.
Doctor: That’s right, are you allergic to any
medicine? Doctor: You are welcome.
Médico: Bien, ¿es alérgica a algún medicamento? Médico: De nada.
Ok, you have to take these

¡Good moorning! pills, and don’t eat hot food
May I come in?
¡Good moorning!
Of course. Hummm... I don’t feel
What’s the matter? very good, lately my
head hurts very much How is this pain like?
It’s an acute and How often do I have

constant pain to take them?
Twice a day, before
breakfast and lunch
Thank you very much
You are welcome
No, I’m not That’s right, are you

allergic to any
medicine?
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CIVILIAN VOCABULARY
1.-DISEASES AND PAINS
(ENFERMEDADES Y DOLENCIAS)
English Spanish
headache dolor de cabeza
stomachache dolor de estómago
heart attack ataque al corazón
earache dolor de oído
sore throat garganta dolorida
sore arms brazos doloridos
sore eyes ojos doloridos
sore lips labios resecos
sore fingers dedos doloridos
sore feet pies doloridos sore eyes
AIDS sida
hepatitis hepatitis
syphilis sífilis
gonorrhea gonorrea
diarrhoea diarrea to take the blood pressure
laxative laxante
sedative sedante
downer
painkiller analgésico
analgesic
temperature fiebre
cough
resfriado
cold
burning pain ardor sore throat
medicine medicamento
cough toser
14
sneeze estornudar
sting escocer sore arms
take the blood pressure tomar la tensión
En inglés la estructura gramatical para expresar que

a alguien le duele algo difiere bastante de la que se my (part of the body) hurts
English my (part of the body) aches
emplea en español. En inglés se pueden utilizar dos
verbos, "to hurt" y "to ache". Cuando la oración está en
presente simple y se quiere decir que duele una parte Spanish me duele el/la...
del cuerpo ("leg", 'pierna'; "arm", 'brazo'; "foot", 'pie';
etc.) estos verbos se conjugan en tercera persona del my (parts of the body) hurt
singular (hay que añadirles -s); pero cuando lo que English my (parts of the body) ache
duelen son varias partes del cuerpo ("legs", 'piernas';
"arms", 'brazos'; "feet", 'pies'; etc.) los verbos Spanish me duelen los/las...
anteriormente mencionados se conjugan en tercera
persona del plural (no hay que añadirles -s).
Cuando en inglés se quiere expresar que a quien le

English Spanish duele algo no es a uno mismo, en lugar de utilizar el
His leg hurts. adjetivo posesivo "my", se utilizan los adjetivos
Le duele (a él) la pierna. posesivos correspondientes al resto de las personas (la
His leg aches. (*Su pierna [de él] duele.)
traducción que aparece entre paréntesis, con letra más
His legs hurt. Le duelen (a él) las piernas. pequeña y encabezada por un asterisco es la
His legs ache. (*Sus piernas [de él] duelen.) traducción literal, pero no es la gramaticalmente
correcta en español; la correcta es la que aparece
Her arm hurts. Le duele (a ella) el brazo. encima de la literal y con letras de tamaño "normal").
Her arm aches. (*Su brazo [de ella] duele].)
Her arms hurt. Le duelen (a ella) los brazos.
Her arms ache. (*Sus brazos [de ella] duelen.)
Te duele (a ti) el pie.

Your foot hurts. (*Tu pie [de ti] duele.)
Your foot aches. Le duele (a usted) el pie.
(*Tus pies [de usted] duele.)
Te duelen (a ti) los pies.

Your feet hurt. (*Tus pies [de ti] duelen.)
Your feet ache. Te duelen (a ti) los pies.
(*Tus pies [de ti] duelen.) His arm hurts His leg aches
-153-
Hay que tener en cuenta que cuando el sujeto a quien
le duele algo es plural ("they" [‘ellos /as’], "we" [‘nosotros English Their right legs hurt.
Their right legs ache.
/as’] o "you" [acepción 'vosotros /as' o 'ustedes']) los
verbos "to hurt" y "to ache" siempre van a estar Spanish Les duele (a ellos/as) la pierna derecha.
(*Sus piernas derechas [de ellos/as] duelen.)
conjugados en tercera persona del plural, porque
siempre serán varias las partes del cuerpo que duelan.
English Our left arms hurt.
Our left arms ache.
Spanish Nos duele (a nosotros/as) el brazo izquerdo.

(*Nuestos brazos izquierdos [de nosotros/as] duelen.)
Your heads hurt.

English Your heads ache.
Os duele (a vosotros/as) la cabeza.

(*Vuestras cabezas [de vosotros/as] duelen.)
Spanish
Les duele (a ustedes) la cabeza.
Their heads hurt (*Sus cabezas [de ustedes] duelen.)
Their heads ache
Examples:
English Spanish
I got up with a headache. Me levanté con dolor de cabeza.
I have a temperature. Tengo fiebre.
My right foot hurts. Me duele el pie derecho.
I have an acute pain in the stomach. Siento dolor muy fuerte en el estómago.
I have a very bad cold. Estoy muy resfriado.
How often do I have to take the medicine? ¿Cada cuánto tiempo tengo que tomar el medicamento?
14 1.-THE EURO 2.-ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS.
(EL EURO) (CONTESTA LAS SIGUIENTES PREGUNTAS)
1) When did the euro become the European single

Since the 1st of January 2002, the euro is currency?
the European single currency. The euro has 2) Can you say the names of several European
replaced the former national currencies of countries that have replaced their former
several European countries located in the
European Union (Spanish peseta, French national currency?
franc, German mark, Italian lira, etc.) 3) Is the euro able to compete with any of the
However nowadays there are still European currencies of the world?
countries that do not want to join the Euro
(Norway, Sweden, United Kingdom, etc.)
Despite the fact that the euro is the single
currency in several European countries,
each country has chosen its own design for
one of the faces of the coin (for example,
Spanish coins bear the portrait of Juan
Carlos I.) The euro is a strong currency and
its entry has meant a considerable effort for
the countries, for people and for
governments. But despite this fact, the euro
entry has yielded a great many advantages,
now it is not necessary to exchange national
money to pay along the most of the
countries of Europe and we have a currency
able to compete with any of the currencies
of the world.
-154-
MILITARY TERMS
1.-OPERATIONS, DEFENSIVE
(OPERACIONES, DEFENSIVA)
English Spanish
entrenchment fortificación
trench trinchera
foxhole pozo de tirador
minefield campo de minas
booby trap trampa explosiva
barbed wire alambrada
defensive defensiva
defeat derrota
demolition demolición
firing position posición de tiro
firing position posición de fuego
pillbox casamata
bunker búnker
withdraw retirarse
withdrawal retirada
reinforce reforzar
barbed wire reinforcement refuerzos
entrenchment replacement relevo
stronghold punto fuerte, fortaleza
fortify fortificar
sapper zapador
14
break through abrir brecha
replacement blow up explotar
ditch zanja
Watch that cord!!

What’s it, Sir?
It’s a booby trap.
Sergeant: Watch that cord!! Take care
Sargento: ¡¡Cuidado con ese cable!!
That’s right, I’ll be
Private: What’s it, Sir? waiting here
Soldado: ¿Qué es, mi Sargento?
Sergeant: It’s a booby trap. Take care.

Sargento: Es una trampa explosiva. Ten cuidado.
Private: Sir, I come back to the trench to
report by radio to the Lieutenant.
Soldado: Mi Sargento, vuelvo a la trinchera
para informar por radio al Teniente. Sir, I come back to the
trench to report by
Sergeant: That’s right, I’ll be waiting here. radio to the Lieutenant
Sargento: De acuerdo, estaré esperando aquí.
-155-
EXERCISES
1) FILL EACH OF THE FOLLOWING GAPS BY INSERTING 3) MAKE PASSIVE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES
THE PASSIVE FORM OF THE VERBS IN BRACKETS. MAINTAINING EACH TENSE.
1) (past) When he (move) was moved from one a) We never saw him in the dining room.
a) He was never seen in the dining room by us.
prison to another, he escaped.
b) The watchman called the police.
2) (simple past) I (not introduce) __________ to b) __________________________________.
her mother.
c) Tom had a slight injury.
c) __________________________________.
3) (simple past) Last year the town (destroy)
__________ by an earthquake. d) The court found him guilty.
d) __________________________________.
4) (simple past) Umbrellas and sticks (leave) e) She hasn’t paid me for the work.
__________ in the cloakroom. e) __________________________________.
5) (present) Tenants (ask) __________ not to f) They have brought the children in Italy.
f) __________________________________.
play their radios loudly after midnight.
g) They won’t take him to prison.
6) (future) The books (give) __________ by g) __________________________________.
tomorrow.
h) He hasn’t watched tv.
14
h) __________________________________.
7) (simple past) The “For Sale” notice (take)
__________ recently. i) Anne often takes him for his brother.
i) __________________________________.
2) REWRITE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES BY USING 4) TRANSLATE INTO SPANISH THE FOLLOWING
THE PASSIVE TENSE. SENTENCES.
a) The milkman brings the milk to my door. a) It is said that he is the best football player.
a) The milk is brought to my door by the a) Se dice que es el mejor futbolista.
milkman.
b) It is believed that he is a bad student.
b) Joan and Julian steal things from supermarkets b) __________________________________.
every day.
b) __________________________________. c) It is thought that Charles is a good private.
c) __________________________________.
c) An ambulance takes the sick man to hospital.
c) __________________________________. d) It is considered that we are rich.
d) __________________________________.
d) The postman clears these boxes three times a
day. e) It was found that they were guilty.
d) __________________________________. e) __________________________________.
e) Dogs guard the warehouse. f) It is kown that the story is false.

e) __________________________________. f) __________________________________.
f) A Japanese firm makes these television sets. g) It is said that his girlfriend is from Japan.
f) __________________________________. g) __________________________________.
g) The crowd shout him down. h) It is believed that John loves her.
g) __________________________________. h) __________________________________.
-156-
5) INSERT “AT”, “TO”, “IN”, “ON”, “INTO”, “WITH” OR “BY”. 6) INSERT “FROM”, “IN”, “OVER”, “WITH”, “TO”,
“FOR”, “BY”, “OF”, “OUT”, “AT”, “ON”.
a) Could I speak to Tom? a) There is a parcel of books ______ you ______ the
table. They must be ______ my brother. He always
b) Are you going _____ bus?
sends me books ______ my birthday.
c) Turn right _____ the end of this street and
you’ll see it _____ front of you. b) How do I get ______ the Public Library? Go ______
the end ______ this street and turn right.
d) I’m going to Bath _____ Monday _____ Tom.
Would you like to come _____ us?
c) Although we were ______ a hurry she insisted
e) Children get presents _____ Christmas and ______ stopping to look for it.
_____ their birthdays.
f) He arrived _____ London _____ six o’clock d) ______ the beginning of a textbook there is a
_____ a foggy November day. preface, and ______ the end there is an index.
g) He started going _____ school _____ the age of five.

e) Are you ______ your own? No, I’m ______ a
h) We arrived _____ the airport _____ good time friend ______ mine.
for the plane.
f) The rows are lettered ______ A to T, beginning
i) The children jumped _____ the river _____
shouts of delight. ______ the row nearest the stage.
7) MATCH WORDS 1) TO 8) WITH WORDS A) TO H). 14

1) defeat a) demolición
2) demolition b) retirarse
3) minefield c) casamata
4) barbed wire d) alambrada
5) stronghold e) derrota
6) sapper f) zapador
7) pillbox g) campo de minas
8) withdraw h) punto fuerte
-157-
UNIT 15
GRAMMAR
1.-PHRASAL VERBS 1.1.-HOW TO FORM PHRASAL VERBS
(VERBOS CON PARTÍCULAS) (FORMACIÓN DE VERBOS CON PARTÍCULAS)
En la mayoría de los “phrasal verbs”, si el
objeto es un sustantivo, éste puede colocarse
Los “phrasal verbs” son verbos con entre el verbo y la preposición (o adverbio) o
partículas que están compuestos por un verbo despúes de la preposición (o adverbio). Por lo
y una preposición o un adverbio. Éstos tanto:
adquieren un nuevo significado (diferente de
aquel compuesto por la suma de sus
componentes) es decir, que no debemos Example:
guiarnos por nuestra intuición y debemos Put on your coat.
aprendérnoslos de memoria dentro del contexto English or
Put your coat on.
de cada situación
Spanish Ponte tu abrigo.
Algunos de los “phrasal verbs” más utilizados
en inglés son: Sin embargo, si el objeto es un pronombre,
éste siempre va entre el verbo y la preposición
(o adverbio). Por lo tanto:
Verb Preposition Translation
Example:
15
on encender [un aparato eléctrico] Put it on. right
English
Put on it. wrong
off apagar [un aparato eléctrico] Spanish Póntelo.
turn Recuerde que el objeto de algunos “phrasal

up subir [el volumen]; presentarse verbs” siempre va después de la preposición
o adverbio, es decir, que no es posible
intercalar el objeto entre el verbo y la
down bajar [el volumen]
preposición (o adverbio). Tal es el caso de los
verbos sombreados en amarillo en la tabla de la
izquierda.
off quitarse [ropa]; despegar [avión]
I looked after the children while their
English parents were away.
take
out sacar Cuidé a los niños mientras sus padres
Spanish estaban fuera.
put on ponerse [ropa] English She looked for the keys for more than two
hours.
Buscó las llaves durante más de dos

dejar, abandonar, renunciar a Spanish horas.
give up [un hábito, vicio]
English I have decided to give up smoking.
fill in rellenar [un impreso, solicitud]
Spanish He decidido dejar de fumar.
after cuidar
All applicants have to fill in an application
English
look form.
for buscar Todos los candidatos tienen que rellenar

Spanish una solicitud.
-159-
2.-“SO” / “NEITHER DO I”
(PARTÍCULAS PARA MOSTRAR ACUERDO O DESACUERDO)
2.1.-“SO” So
(PARTÍCULA PARA MOSTRAR ACUERDO) VERBO AUXILIAR
SO + en el tiempo oportuno + SUJETO
Para mostrar acuerdo con lo que un interlocutor
ha dicho.
Oración del interlocutor afirmativa, respuesta
afirmativa. Por lo tanto:
English Spanish
Simple present Presente simple
Yo también
So am I (soy inteligente)
I am very intelligent. Soy muy inteligente.
So is she Ella también
(es inteligente)
A mí también
So do I (me gusta el pollo)
I like chicken. Me gusta el pollo.
So does she A ella también
(le gusta el pollo)
Simple past Pasado simple
Yo también
So was I (estuve en clase de Tom)
I was in Tom’s class. Estuve en clase de Tom.
Ella también
So was she (estuvo en clase de Tom)
Yo también
So did I (vi la película)
I saw the film. Vi la película.
15
Ella también
So did she (vio la película)
Present perfect Presente perfecto
So have I Yo también
(he leído un libro)
I have read a book. He leído un libro.
Ella también
So has she (ha leído un libro)
Yo también
So have I (te he visto en la discoteca)
I have seen you in the disco. Te he visto en la discoteca.
Ella también
So has she (te ha visto en la discoteca)
Present perfect (passive voice) Presente perfecto (voz pasiva)
A mí también
So have I (me han dicho que...)
I have been told that... Me han dicho que...
A ella también
So has she (le han dicho que...)
Present continuous Presente continuo
Yo también
So am I
I am studying the whole Estoy estudiando toda la (estoy estudiando toda la lección)
lesson. lección Ella también
So is she
(está estudiando toda la lección)
Past continuous Pasado continuo
Yo también
So was I (estaba estudiando toda la lección)
I was studying the whole Estaba estudiando toda la
lesson. lección Ella también
So was she (estaba estudiando toda la lección)
Future Futuro
Yo también
So will I (haré los deberes)
I will do my homework. Haré los deberes.
So will she Ella también
(hará los deberes)
-160-
English Spanish
Conditional Condicional
Yo también
So would I (le diría la verdad)
I would tell her the truth. Le diría la verdad.
Ella también
So would she (le diría la verdad)
Future with “going to” (present) Futuro Próximo
So am I Yo también
Peter is going to work in Peter va a trabajar en esa (voy a trabajar en esa empresa)
that firm. empresa. Ella también
So is she
(va a trabajar en esa empresa)
Future with “going to” (past) Pasado Próximo
Yo también
So was I
Peter was going to work in Peter iba a trabajar en esa (iba a trabajar en esa empresa)
that firm. empresa. Ella también
So was she (iba a trabajar en esa empresa)
Nótese que para saber cuál es la partícula que contrario, si el verbo en presente es el verbo "to be",
hay que utilizar en la respuesta, primero hay que la respuesta será con "are", "is" o "am". A lo largo
prestar atención al tiempo verbal en el que se de todo el libro se han visto detalladamente este tipo
expresa la oración y, a continuación, el auxiliar que de cuestiones, en consecuencia, si existen dudas
rige a ésta. Por lo tanto, si el verbo de la oración de qué auxiliar es el que rige a una oración en
principal está en presente y no es un verbo anómalo futuro, condicional, presente continuo… sería
(es decir, un verbo que no sea el verbo "to be"), la necesario remitirse a la unidad en la que se explican
respuesta deberá hacerse con "do" o "does". Por el todos estos aspectos.
2.2.-“NEITHER”
15
(PARTÍCULA PARA MOSTRAR ACUERDO) Neither
NEITHER + VERBO AUXILIAR + SUJETO

Oración del interlocutor negativa, respuesta en el tiempo oportuno
negativa (reafirma esa negación mostrando
acuerdo.) Por lo tanto:
English Spanish
Yo tampoco
Neither am I (soy inteligente)
I am not very intelligent. No soy muy inteligente.
Ella tampoco
Neither is she (es inteligente)
A mí tampoco
Neither do I (me gusta el pollo)
I do not (don’t) like chicken. No me gusta el pollo.
A ella tampoco
Neither does she (le gusta el pollo)
Yo tampoco
Neither was I
I was not (wasn’t) in Tom’s (estuve en clase de Tom)
No estuve en clase de Tom.
class. Ella tampoco
Neither was she (estuvo en clase de Tom)
Yo tampoco
Neither did I (vi la película)
I did not (didn’t) see the film. No vi la película.
Ella tampoco
Neither did she (vio la película)
Yo tampoco
Neither have I
I have not (haven’t) read a (he leído un libro)
No he leído un libro.
book. Ella tampoco
Neither has she (ha leído un libro)
Yo tampoco
Neither have I
I have not (haven’t) seen No te he visto en la (te he visto en la discoteca)
you in the disco. discoteca. Ella tampoco
Neither has she (te ha visto en la discoteca)
-161-
English Spanish
A mí tampoco
Neither have I (me han dicho que...)
I have not (haven’t) been No me han dicho que...
told that...
A ella tampoco
Neither has she (le han dicho que...)

Yo tampoco
Neither am I (estoy estudiando toda la
lección)
I am not studying the whole No estoy estudiando toda la
lesson. lección.
Ella tampoco
Neither is she (está estudiando toda la
lección)
Yo tampoco
Neither was I (estaba estudiando toda la
lección)
I was not (wasn’t) studying No estaba estudiando toda la
the whole lesson. lección
Ella tampoco
Neither was she (estaba estudiando toda la
lección)
Future Futuro
Yo tampoco
Neither will I (haré los deberes)
I will not (won’t) do my
No haré los deberes.
15
homework.
Ella tampoco
Neither will she (hará los deberes)
Neither would I Yo tampoco

(le diría la verdad)
I would not (wouldn’t) tell No le diría la verdad.
her the truth.
Ella tampoco
Neither would she (le diría la verdad)
Future with “going to” (present) Futuro próximo
Yo tampoco
Neither am I (voy a trabajar en esa empresa)
Peter is not (isn’t) going to Peter no va a trabajar en
work in that firm. esa empresa.
Ella tampoco
Neither is she (va a trabajar en esa empresa)
Future with “going to” (past) Pasado próximo
Yo tampoco
Neither was I (iba a trabajar en esa empresa)
Peter was not (wasn’t) going to Peter no iba a trabajar en
work in that firm. esa empresa.
Ella tampoco
Neither was she (iba a trabajar en esa empresa)
Recuerde que la partícula "neither", al igual que libro, la mayoría de los auxiliares en la forma
"not", expresa negación. Por lo tanto, como en negativa pueden contraerse ( "wouldn't", "won't",
inglés nunca se niega dos veces, no es neceseario "don't", "aren't"…); nótese que "I am not" se
añadir ninguna partícula adicional de negación. Por contrae en “I’m not”.
otro lado, tal y como se ha visto a lo largo de este
-162-
2.3.-GRAMMATICAL CONSTRUCTIONS TO DESAGREE WITH SOMEONE
(CONSTRUCCIONES GRAMATICALES PARA MOSTRAR DESACUERDO)
VERBO AUXILIAR Partícula de
a) En este tipo de oraciones, a diferencia de lo SUJETO + en el tiempo oportuno + negación NOT
que ocurre en las anteriores, uno de los
interlocutores hace una afirmación ( e.g. "I live in
Madrid", 'Vivo en Madrid') y el otro muestra Oración del interlocutor afirmativa, respuesta
desacuerdo con éste ( e.g. " I don't", 'Yo no (vivo en negativa. Por lo tanto:
Madrid’.) Por lo tanto:
English Spanish
I am not (’m not) Yo no

(soy inteligente)
I am very intelligent. Soy muy inteligente.
Ella no
She is not (isn’t) (es inteligente)
I do not (don’t) A mí no
(me gusta el pollo)
I like chicken. Me gusta el pollo.
A ella no
She does not (doesn’t) (le gusta el pollo)
Yo no
I was not (wasn’t) (estuve en clase de Tom)
I was in Tom’s class. Estuve en clase de Tom.
Ella no
She was not (wasn’t) (estuvo en clase de Tom)
Yo no
I did not (didn’t) (vi la película)
15
I saw the film. Vi la película.
Ella no
She did not (didn’t) (vio la película)
I have not (haven’t) Yo no

(he leído un libro)
I have read a book. He leído un libro.
She has not (hasn’t) Ella no
(ha leído un libro)
Yo no
I have not (haven’t) (te he visto en la discoteca)
I have seen you in the disco. Te he visto en la discoteca.
She has not (hasn’t) Ella no
(te ha visto en la discoteca)
I have not (haven’t) A mí no

(me han dicho que...)
I have been told that... Me han dicho que...
A ella no
She has not (hasn’t) (le han dicho que...)
Yo no
I am not (’m not)
I am studying the whole Estoy estudiando toda la (estoy estudiando toda la lección)
lesson. lección. Ella no
She is not (isn’t) (está estudiando toda la lección)
Yo no
I was not (wasn’t)
I was studying the whole Estaba estudiando toda la (estaba estudiando toda la lección)
lesson. lección. Ella no
She was not (wasn’t) (estaba estudiando toda la lección)
Future Futuro
Yo no
I will not (won’t) (haré los deberes)
I will do my homework. Haré los deberes.
Ella no
She will not (won’t) (hará los deberes)
-163-
English Spanish
Yo no
I would not (wouldn’t) (le diría la verdad)
I would tell her the truth. Le diría la verdad.
Ella no
She would not (wouldn’t) (le diría la verdad)
Yo no
I am not (’m not)
Peter is going to work in Peter va a trabajar en esa (voy a trabajar en esa empresa)
that firm. empresa. Ella no
She is not (isn’t) (va a trabajar en esa empresa)
I was not (wasn’t) Yo no

Peter was going to work in Peter iba a trabajar en esa (iba a trabajar en esa empresa)
that firm. empresa. Ella no
She was not (wasn’t) (iba a trabajar en esa empresa)
Nótese que también se pueden contraer los

auxiliares en la forma negativa.
b) Oración del interlocutor negativa, respuesta

afirmativa (e.g. “I don’t live in Madrid”, ‘No vivo en VERBO AUXILIAR
Madrid’) y el otro muestra desacuerdo con éste (e.g. “I SUJETO +
en el tiempo oportuno
do”, ‘Yo sí (vivo en Madrid)’. Por lo tanto:
English Spanish
Yo sí
15
I am
(soy inteligente)
I am not very intelligent. No soy muy inteligente.
Ella sí
She is (es inteligente)
A mí sí
I do (me gusta el pollo)
I do not (don’t) like chicken. No me gusta el pollo.
A ella sí
She does (le gusta el pollo)
I was Yo sí
(estuve en clase de Tom)
I was not (wasn’t) in Tom’s class. No estuve en clase de Tom.
Ella sí
She was (estuvo en clase de Tom)
Yo sí
I did (estuve en clase
I did not (didn’t) see the film. No vi la película.
Ella sí
She did (vio la película)
Yo sí
I have (he leído un libro)
I have not (haven’t) read a book. No he leído un libro.
Ella sí
She has (ha leído un libro)
Yo sí
I have
I have not (haven’t) seen No te he visto en la (te he visto en la discoteca)
you in the disco. discoteca. Ella sí
She has
(te ha visto en la discoteca)
A mí sí
I have (me han dicho que...)
I have not (haven’t) been
told that... No me han dicho que...
She has A ella sí
(le han dicho que...)
Yo sí
I am
I am not studying the No estoy estudiando toda la (estoy estudiando toda la lección)
whole lesson. lección. Ella sí
She is (está estudiando toda la lección)
-164-
English Spanish
I was Yo sí
I was not (wasn’t) studying No estaba estudiando toda la (estaba estudiando toda la lección)
the whole lesson. lección Ella sí
She was (estaba estudiando toda la lección)
Future Futuro
I will Yo sí
I will not (won’t) do my (haré los deberes)
No haré los deberes.
homework. Ella sí
She will (hará los deberes)
Yo sí
I would
I would not (wouldn’t) tell (le diría la verdad)
No le diría la verdad.
her the truth. Ella sí
She would (le diría la verdad)
Yo sí
I am
Peter is not (isn’t) going to Peter no va a trabajar en (voy a trabajar en esa empresa)
work in that firm. esa empresa. Ella sí
She is
(va a trabajar en esa empresa)
Yo sí
I was (iba a trabajar en esa empresa)
Peter was not (wasn’t) going to Peter no iba a trabajar en
work in that firm. esa empresa. Ella sí
She was
(iba a trabajar en esa empresa)
3.-VERB + “-ING” (= GERUND)

(USO DE LOS VERBOS EN GERUNDIO)
a) Después de los verbos que expresan gustos y
preferencias (like, love, enjoy, mind, prefer) 15
El gerundio de los verbos en inglés se utiliza en b) Después de preposiciones
los siguientes supuestos:
c) Al utilizar un verbo como sujeto de una oración
English Spanish
After verbs of preference Después de verbos de preferencia
I don’t mind cooking. No me importa cocinar.

I hate ironing. Odio planchar.
After prepositions Después de preposiciones
I am good at finding bargains. Soy bueno para encontrar gangas.

Thank you you for giving me a hand Gracias por echarme una mano.
Verb as a subject Verbo como sujeto
Buying clothes often takes me a long time. Por lo general comprar ropa me lleva mucho tiempo.
Writing a personal letter is very hard for me. Escribir una carta personal es muy duro para mí.
En caso de dudas de cómo formar los gerundios,

remitirse al apartado 1 de la unidad 10.
-165-
DAILY SPEAKING
1.-CALLING THE INSURANCE COMPANY
(LLAMANDO A LA ASEGURADORA)
Itziar: My car’s broken down. Could you tow it

away?
Itzíar: Mi coche se ha averiado. ¿Podría remolcarlo? My car’s broken down.
Could you tow it away?
Operator: Where are you? Where are you?
Operador ¿Dónde se encuentra usted?
I’m in Fawcett Road
Itziar: I'm in Fawcett Road.
Itzíar: Estoy en la calle Fawcett.
Can you give
My name’s me your name?
Operator: Can you give me your name?
Operador: ¿Puede decirme su nombre? Itziar Johnson
Itziar: My name’s Itziar Johnson.

Itzíar: Me llamo Itzíar Johnson.
Operator: What’s your insurance company?

Operador: ¿Cuál es su compañía de seguros? What’s your Alliance
insurance Insurance
company? Company
Itziar: Alliance Insurance Company.
Itzíar: Alliance Insurance Company.
Could
Operator: Could you please wait there?, we’ll tow you please
your car away in fifteen minutes. wait there?,
we’ll tow your
Operador: ¿Podría esperar allí?, remolcaremos su car away in
coche en quince minutos. fifteen minutes.
Itziar: Thank you very much. Thank you very

You are
Itzíar: Muchas gracias. welcome
much.
15 Operator:
Operador:
You are welcome.
De nada.
CIVILIAN VOCABULARY
1.-DIFFERENCES BETWEEN BRITISH AND AMERICAN ENGLISH
(DIFERENCIAS ENTRE EL INGLÉS BRITÁNICO Y EL AMERICANO)
El inglés británico y el americano son la misma lengua tavelled, travelling (BrE)
en esencia, no obstante, el inglés británico difiere en traveled, traveling (AmE)
bastantes aspectos respecto al americano (o viceversa.)
En primer lugar, la producción del inglés americano y
británico son diferentes en lo que el acento se refiere. En
segundo lugar, pueden darse situaciones en las que se
utilicen palabras diferentes para referirse a la misma
realidad ( e.g. "Autumn" (BrE), "Fall" (AmE), 'otoño'.) colour (BrE)
Finalmente, la ortografía también puede variar ( e.g. color (AmE)
"centre" (BrE), "center" (AmE), 'centro'.)
Use of different spelling (Uso de una ortografía diferente)
British English American English Spanish
analyse analyze analizar
centre center centro
colour color color
favour favor favor
fibre fiber fibra
flavour flavor sabor
glamour glamor glamour
maneuver manoeuvre maniobra
neighbour neighbor vecino
travelled (pas & pas. part.), travelling (gerund) traveled, traveling viajado, viajando
counselled (pas & pas. part.), counselling (gerund) counseled, counseling aconsejado, aconsejando
controlled (pas & pas. part.), controlling (gerund) controled, controling controlado, controlando
grey gray gris
-166-
Use of different words
(Uso de diferentes palabras para referirse a la misma realidad)
British English American English Spanish
sweets candies caramelos
biscuits cookies galletas
underground subway metro
petrol gasoline, gas gasolina
petrol station gas station gasolinera
road (BrE) / highway (AmE)
chemist's drugstore farmacia
road highway carretera
bill check cuenta, factura
pavement sidewalk acera
lorry truck camión
lift elevator ascensor
flat apartment apartamento
holidays vacation vacaciones
French fries chips patatas fritas
film movie película lorry (BrE) / truck (AmE)
boot trunk maletero
bonnet hood capó
note bill billete
shop assistant salesman, salewoman, dependiente /a
clerk, salesclerk
trousers pants pantalones
llamada a cobro
reverse charge call collect call revertido
letter box mail box buzón
15
tyre tire neumático
holidays (BrE) / vacation (AmE)
1.-STONEHENGE 2.-ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS.

The most famous Neolithic monument of 1) Where is Stonehenge situated?
England, Stonehenge, was built in several phases
on a sacred site on the Salisbury Plain from 2750
2) What does Stonehenge symbolize?
BC to 1500 BC. In form, Stonehenge consists of a 3) When was Stonehenge built?
series of concentric rings of standing stones around
an altar stone at the center. Stonehenge is surely
3.-ARE THESE SENTENCES TRUE (T) OR FALSE (F)?
Britain's greatest national icon, it symbolizes
(DI SI ESTAS ORACIONES SON VERDADERAS O FALSAS)
mystery, power and endurance. Its original purpose a) Stonehenge was built in several phases.
T/F
is unclear to us, but some
people believe that it was a b) At the center of a series
temple made for the worship of
of concentric rings there is T/F
an altar.
ancient earth deities. It is
c) It is doubtful that
considered to be an Stonehenge is Britain's T/F
astronomical observatory for national icon.
marking significant events on
d) Nowadays its original
the prehistoric calendar (a
purpose is very clear to us. T/F
powerful cult of sun worship
seems to have dominated this e) An a s t r o n o m i c a l
monument.) Nevertheless other people think that it observatory for marking
significantevents onthe prehistoric calendar is one
was a sacred site for the burial of ancient of the most probable hypothesis about its original T/F
highranking citizens from the societies. In any case, purpose.
the ancient participant in the rites of Stonehenge
would experience a deep connection with nature. f) There is certainly a strong connection between
the ancient participant in the rites of this T/F
monument and nature.
-167-
MILITARY TERMS
1.-PEACEKEEPING MISSIONS
(MISIONES DE PAZ)
English Spanish
UN ONU
(United Nations) (Organización de Naciones Unidas)
NATO OTAN
(North Atlantic Treaty Organization) (Organización del Tratado del Atlántico Norte)
NGO ONG
(Non Governmental Organization) (Organización No Gubernamental)
IO OI
(International Organization) (Organización Internacional)
RC (Red Cross) Cruz Roja
UNHCR ACNUR
(United Nations High Commission for Refugees) (Alto Comisionado de las Naciones Unidas para los Refugiados)
UNMO Observador Militar de las Naciones Unidas
(United Nations Military Observer)
15 NATO
(North Atlantic Treaty Organization) RC (Red Cross)
English Spanish
checkpoint puesto de control
sniper francotirador
convoy convoy refugees
humanitarian aid ayuda humanitaria
deliver rations distribuir raciones
shelter contenedor
ethnical cleansing limpieza étnica
agreement acuerdo
cease-fire alto el fuego
arson incendio
loot saquear; saqueo
refugee refugiado
returnee retornado
convoy
DP (Displaced People) desplazado
facilities instalaciones
warehouse almacén
political asylum asilo político
papers documentación humanitarian aid
General Elections Elecciones Generales
polling station colegio electoral
murder asesinato
warrior factions bandos combatientes
-168-
My Unit is in a peacekeeping
mission abroad Corporal: My Unit is in a peacekeeping mission
Where are they?
abroad.
Cabo: Mi Unidad está en una misión de paz
They are operating in Kosovo en el extranjero.
Hot spot, isn't it? Private: Where are they?
Yes, there still are lots of snipers Soldado: ¿Dónde están?
in the cities
What Organization is leading Corporal: They are operating in Kosovo.
this Operation? Cabo: Están operando en Kosovo.
UN is in charge, but next month
NATO will be in command Private: Hot spot, isn't it?
Soldado: Zona conflictiva, ¿verdad?
Corporal: Yes, there still are lots of snipers

in the cities.
Cabo: Sí, todavía hay muchos
francotiradores en las ciudades.
Private: What Organization is leading this

Operation?
Soldado: ¿Qué Organización está liderando la
Operación?
Corporal: UN is in charge, but next month

NATO will be in command.
Cabo: La ONU está al frente, pero el mes
que viene tomará el mando la OTAN.
EXERCISES
15
1) FILL
EACH OF THE FOLLOWING GAPS BY USING 2) FILL EACH OF THE FOLLOWING GAPS WITH A
ONE OF THE GIVEN PREPOSITIONS. PHRASAL VERB IN THE RIGHT TENSE.
after up off on
in out up a) The music was too loud, so she turned down
the volume.
a) I can’t hear the radio. Can you turn it up,
please?
b) A babysitter is a person who ________
b) My neighbour has left the city and we’re children when their parents are away.
looking ________ his cat.
c) I’m ________ my glasses. I can’t find them

c) The room was dark so she turned ________
anywhere.
the lights.
d) I am determined to give ________ smoking. d) When Jim gets home from work, he ________
his suit and ________ his pijamas.
e) He took ________ his jacket and tie, and put
________ a sweater.
e) Can you ________ the number of the bus
f) Are you going to take my money ________ of station in the phone book?
the bank?
g) I filled ________ the insurance forms. f) Could you ________ this application form?
-169-
3) AGREE WITH THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS. 5) PUT THE VERBS IN BRACKETS INTO THE CORRECT
FORM (GERUND OR INFINITIVE).
a) I am from Italy.
a) So I am.
a) (come) Would you like to come to a party with
me tonight?
b) I don’t eat vegetables.
b) ______________________________.
b) (go) Oh yes, I love ________ to parties.
c) I have never been to New York.
c) ______________________________. c) (work, get up) I don't want ________ in an
office because I hate ________ early.
d) I have eaten in that Chinese restaurant
d) ______________________________. d) (study) ________ the night before the exam
makes me nervous.
e) I swim a lot every day.
e) ______________________________. e) (buy, live) Joe would like ________ a flat
because he doesn't like ________ with his
parents.
f) I din’t find you in the party.
f) ______________________________.
f) (travel, fly) I love ________ but I'm afraid of
g) Last year I was unemployed. ________ so I always go by train or bus.
g) ______________________________.
g) (go)I enjoy ________ to funfairs.
h) I have never liked onions.
h) ______________________________. h) (jog, swim) Do you like ________? I think
________ is better.
i) When I was child I went to Rome.
15
i) ______________________________. i) (think, have) Just ________ of ________ to
study makes me sad.
j) I was going to forgive her.
j) ______________________________. 6) PUT THE VERBS IN BRACKETS INTO THE CORRECT
k) I will not tell the teachers about Jim’s problem.
k) ______________________________. a) (have) He dreads having to retire.
l) I would not expect her to come.

l) ______________________________. b) (not speak) My mother told ________ to
4) FILL EACH OF THE FOLLOWING GAPS WITH A GERUND. anyone about it.
a) (iron) I'm quite good at ironing.

c) (meet) I arranged ________ them there.
b) (cook) I'm not very good at ________.

d) (leave, say)He surprised us all by ________
the room without ________ "goodbye".
c) (read) When I'm on my own, I really enjoy
________.
e) (explain, listen) He tried ________ it but she
refused ________.
d) (walk) I think that ________ is very relaxing.
f) (telephone, ask, look) I suggest ________ the
hospitals before ________ the police
e) (swim) ________ is my favourite holiday activity. ________ for him.
f) (do the washing up) The job I most hate in the g) (hear, not enter) After ________ the conditions
house is ________. I decided ________ for the competition.
-170-
7) FILL EACH OF THE FOLLOWING GAPS WITH A WORD 8) FILL EACH OF THE FOLLOWING GAPS WITH A WORD
USED IN BRITISH ENGLISH. OR WORDS USED IN AMERICAN ENGLISH.
a) The telephone bill was too high for me to pay. a) Peter was so stressed out that he needed to
take a vacation.
b) I went to Covent Garden by ________ b) It was difficult to fit three suitcases in the
________ of the car.
c) People buy medicines in the ________ c) I paid the chair with one hundred dollar
________.
d) My house is half a mile down the ________
d) Paul had no money and desperately needed to
make a phone call, that's why me made a
e) Fortunately, there is a ________ in that ________.
ten-storey building, otherwise I couldn't walk up.
e) When buying ice-creams, chocolate and
f) I own a very nice ________ in the ________ of vanilla are my favourite ________.
London. f) Pedestrians walk on the ________.

1) RC a) Organización Internacional
2) checkpoint b) distribuir raciones
c) observador militar
3) deliver rations (de las Naciones Unidas)
4) IO d) ACNUR
5) UN e) puesto de control
6)
7)
agreement
UNMO
f)
g)
acuerdo
Cruz Roja
15
8) UNHCR h) ONU
10) WHAT
DO THESE ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS STAND FOR IN ENGLISH?
WHAT IS THE TRANSLATION IN SPANISH?
Abbreviation It stands for Spanish translation

a) UN United Nations Organización de Naciones Unidas (ONU)
b) NATO
c) NGO
d) IO
e) RC
11) COMPLETE THE CHART.
Sentences Agree Disagree

a) I really like classical music. So do I I don't
b) I don't like mushrooms. Neither do I
c) I have a microwave.
d) I don't speak German.
e) I went to the beach today.
f) I didn't watch TV last night.
g) I haven't been to Venice.
h) I'm going to stay in tonight.
i) I have been disappointed by Peter.
j) I will see him in his birthday.
k) I would not eat that piece of cake.
l) I was going to take part in the meeting.
-171-
REVIEW
1) FILL THE FOLLOWING CHART WITH SINCE OR FOR
ACCORDING TO THE SENTENCE GIVEN.
a) for two months.

b) January.
c) the beginning of the year.
d) about 10 minutes.
e) I was a child in Elementary School.
f) six weeks.
g) a long time.
I have studied English… h) three days.
I) I was 14 years old.
j) a year ago.
k) a year.
l) twelve days.
m) 1997.
n) I came to America.
o) 3 hours a day, for the last two years.
REVIEW
2) PUT THE FOLLOWING VERBS IN BRACKETS INTO THE 3) FILL EACH OF THE FOLLOWING GAPS BY USING
PRESENT PERFECT AND THEN INSERT SINCE OR FOR. THE FUTURE WITH “GOING TO” OF THE VERBS IN
BRACKETS IN THE PRESENT TENSE.
a) Where (be, you) have you been ?I (not see)

haven’t seen you for ages. a) (not attack) The lion is not going to attack you.
b) It (not snow) ____________ in Athens b) (rain, it) ______ tomorrow?

____________ 1941.
c) We (buy) ______ him a pen for his birthday.

c) I’m hungry, I (not eat) ____________ anything
____________ breakfast.
d) I (not win) ______ the race.
d) He (not cut) ____________ his hair

____________ seven months.
e) (eat, we) ______ bacon tomorrow at dinner?
e) I (work) ____________ without a break

____________ 13 hours. f) She (not buy) ______ any more chocolate.
f) You (change) ____________ a lot g) (have, they) ______ a party next week?
____________ I last saw you.
-173-
4) FILL EACH OF THE FOLLOWING GAPS BY USING 6) FILL EACH OF THE FOLLOWING GAPS BY USING
THE FUTURE WITH “GOING TO” OF THE VERBS IN THE PRESENT PERFECT OR THE PAST SIMPLE OF
BRACKETS IN THE PAST TENSE. THE VERBS IN BRACKETS.
a) Yesterday I (write) was going to write my a) Did you like the movie “Star Wars”? I don’t
lesson, but in the end I decided to watch a film. know. I (see, never) have never seen that
movie.
b) I (not buy) ______________ her a present, but
in the last minute she invited me to her b) (be, you) ____________ up to late?
birthday.
c) (not hear, you) ____________ the news yet? I
c) (spend, they) ______________ a week in got married last July. Claudia and I (decide)
Germany? ____________ to get married spontaneously.
We (not do) ____________ even organize a
d) Paul (give) ______________ the lecture, party, because the wedding took place in Las
however, he had an accident. Vegas.
e) (marry, she) ______________ you last year? d) Hey Paul. I (not see) ____________ you for
ages!
f) (travel, you) ______________ to Ireland last
January? e) Jim (arrive) ____________ in Las Vegas a
week ago.
g) We (not buy) ______________ new clothes
for our aniversary, but the clothes we had were f) My best friend and I (know) ____________
not the appropriate to the occasion. each other for over fifteen years. We still get
together once a week.
SIMPLE FUTURE OR THE FUTURE WITH “GOING
g) Sally is a fantastic writer. She (write)
TO”.
____________ ten very creative short stories
in the last year.
REVIEW
a) Why are you holding a piece of paper? h) I (not have) ____________ this much fun
I (write) am going to write a letter to my since I (be) ____________ a kid.
friends back home in Texas.
i) Listen Jessica, I don’t care if you (miss)
____________ the bus this morning. You (be)
b) I’m about to fall asleep. I need to wake up! ____________ late to work too many times.
I (get) ____________ you a cup of coffee. You are fired!
That will wake you up.
j) Peter is from Missouri, which is hundreds of
miles from the coast, so he (see, never)
c) I can’t hear the television! ____________ the ocean. He should come
I (turn) ____________ it up so you can hear it. with us to Miami.
k) How sad! George (dream) ____________ of

going to California before he died, but he
d) We are so excited about our trip next month to didn’t do it. He (see, never) ____________ the
France. We (visit) ____________ Paris, Nice
and Nantes. ocean.
l) In the last hundred years, travelling (become)

____________ much easier and very
e) Hillary (come) ____________ to the party. comfortable. In the 19th century, it (take)
John (be) ____________ there as well. ____________ two or three months to cross
North America by wagon. The trip (be)
____________ very rough and often
f) After I graduate, I (attend) ____________ dangerous. Things (change) ____________ a
medical school and become a doctor. I have great deal in the last hundred and fifty years.
wanted to be a doctor all my life. Now you can fly from New York to Los Angeles
in a matter of hours.
g) Excuse me, I need to talk to someone about m) Charles, I can’t believe how much you
our hotel room. I am afraid it is simply too (change) ______________ since the last time
small for four people. I (see) ______________ you. You (grow)
That man at the service counter (help) ______________ at least a foot!
____________ you.
-174-
7) FILL EACH OF THE FOLLOWING GAPS WITH THE 9) FILL EACH OF THE FOLLOWING GAPS BY USING
SIMPLE PRESENT OR THE FUTURE WITH “GOING TO”. THE VERBS IN BRACKETS IN THESE FIRST TYPE
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES.
a) Today after I (get) get out of class, I (go)
______ to a movie with some friends. a) Here is Peter’s number. I am sure he (help)
will help you if you (ask) ask him.
b) Do you know what you want to do after you
(graduate) ______ ?
c) If it (snow) ______ this weekend, we (go)

______ skiing near Lake Tahoe. b) You (get) ________ wet if you (not take)
________ your umbrella.
d) She (make) ______ some major changes in
her life. She (quit) ______ her job and go back
to school. After she (finish) ______ studying,
she (get) ______ a better paid job and buy a c) If it (be) ________ nice tomorrow, we (go)
house. She is going to improve her life! ________ for a walk.
e) Tom (call) ______ when he (arrive) ______ in

Manchester. He (stay) ______ with you for two
or three days until his new apartment (be) d) If I (tell) ________ you the truth, (believe, you)
______ available. ________ me?

SIMPLE PRESENT OR THE SIMPLE FUTURE.
e) She (come) ________ to your party if you
(invite) ________ her.
a) When you (arrive) arrive in Oslo, call my
friend Jonas. He (show) ________ you around
the city and help you get situated.
REVIEW
f) He (go) ________ if he (have) ________ time.
b) If the people (not stop) ________ cutting down

trees in the rain forest, we (experience) 10) FILL IN THE GAPS BY USING THE CONDITIONAL
________ huge changes in the environment TENSE OF THE FOLLOWING VERBS.
during the twenty-first century.
c) I promise that I (not tell) ________ your secret travel live be know
to anybody. Even if somebody (ask) ________
me about what happened that day, I (not
reveal) ________ the truth to a single person.
not get stay own eat
d) After you (leave) ________ work, will you

please drop by the grocery store and pick up
some milk and bread?
No problem, I (pick) ________ up the If I could choose, I (a) would be a famous actress. I
groceries and be, at home by 6 o’clock.
Great. You will probably get home before I (do) (b)________ in Beverly Hills. Everybody
________.
(c)________ me and I (d)________ a big house with
e) I (call) ________ you as soon as I arrive in
Dublin. a garden and maids and I (e)________ up early. I
If I am not there when you (call) ________,
make sure to leave a message. (f)_______ around with my dog and I (g)________ at
I will. And please don’t forget to water my
plants and feed the cat. the fanciest hotels and I (h)________ at the best
I promise I (take) ________ care of everything
while you are in Ireland. restaurants.
-175-
11) MAKE SENTENCES WITH THE FOLLOWING WORDS. 13) REWRITE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES BY USING
THE FUTURE SIMPLE TENSE.
a) I can eat a whole large pizza.
a) to /I /invitation /say /? /Would /your /no a) I will be able to eat a whole large pizza.
a) Would I say no to your invitation?
b) I must say the truth.
b) ______________________________.
b) an /not /for /answer /I /take /would /no
b) ______________________________. c) Can you repeat the sentence?
c) _______________________________
c) not /do /letters /in /Please /, /capital /write
d) Must he study the whole lesson?
c) ______________________________. d) _______________________________
e) He can’t read my mind.

d) they /What /say /? /would
e) ______________________________.
d) _______________________________
f) Can’t they take a joke?
e) be /come /? /he /to /Wouldn’t /able f) _______________________________
e) _______________________________ g) I can’t explain why.
g) ______________________________.
f) your /’ /d /to /house /I /go
h) I can dance ballet.
f) ______________________________. h) ______________________________.
g) party /go /I /wouldn’t /to /Why /?/your i) Mustn’t she invite her parents to dinner?
i) _______________________________
g) _______________________________
j) We mustn’t waste time.
REVIEW
h) would /like /he /? /What /look j) ______________________________.

h) _______________________________
14) REWRITE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES IN THE
SIMPLE PAST TENSE.
12) TRANSLATE INTO ENGLISH THE FOLLOWING a) Can’t we take criticism?

SHORT SENTENCES.
a) Couldn’t we take criticism? /
Weren’t we (Were we not) able to take criticism?
a) Jugaría al fútbol. b) Must I paint you a picture?

b) _______________________________
a) I would play football.
c) They must hand in their assignments.
b) ¿Jugarías al fútbol? c) ______________________________.
b) _______________________________ d) Their reasons must be explained carefully.
d) ______________________________.
c) ¿Te gustaría jugar al fútbol?
e) Do you need a visa?
c) _______________________________ e) _______________________________
d) Haz los deberes. f) You mustn’t speak during the exam.

f) ______________________________.
d) ______________________________.
g) Applicants need to call 1-800-486-624 for
e) No comas naranjas. further information.
g) ______________________________.
e) ______________________________.
h) You can make yourself.
f) ¿Qué escribirían ellos? h) ______________________________.
f) _______________________________ i) Mustn’t we follow their example?
i) _______________________________
g) ¿Por qué no se lo diría (ella) a sus abuelos? j) Can he play the piano?
g) _______________________________ j) _______________________________
-176-
15) PUT THE FOLLOWING WORDS INTO THE RIGHT 17) FILL EACH OF THE FOLLOWING GAPS WITH THE
ORDER SO THEY MAKE SENSE. MODAL VERBS GIVEN IN BRACKETS IN THE
a) might /She /to Paris /go /not
a) She might not go to Paris.
a) (Can’t/May) May I make a call on your mobile?
b) be /I /the book /not /will /read /able to
b) ______________________________. b) Do you know if Mark (can/may) ________ sing?
c) your /tell /surname /Could /me /you?

c) _______________________________ c) (Can’t/May) ________ I sit here, please?
d) have to /clothes /did /They /not /new /buy d) Caroline, your friends (can/could) ________
d) ______________________________. stay the night if they want to. They are
perfectly welcome.
e) so /Need /you /fast /drive?
e) _______________________________
e) I’m sorry but you (can’t/may) ________ use
f) the whole /She /not /lesson /need /study the computer until after I’ve finished.
f) ______________________________.
f) (May/Could) ________ you lend me 40 euros
g) not / have come /ought /He /to until Monday?
g) ______________________________.
h) Should /I /go /should /or /stay /I? g) Listen, please. Students (may/could)
h) _______________________________ ________ study in the library from five to nine
in the evening.
MODAL VERBS GIVEN IN BRACKETS IN THE
REVIEW
h) The exam (can’t/might) ________ be easy.
You never know.
a) They (can/might) might be away for the

i) Claire reckons she is from America, but I think
weekend but I’m not sure.
she (can’t/might) ________ be from
Scandinavia.
b) Listen, please. You (may not/might not)
________ speak during this exam.
j) I (can’t/might) ________ go to the party but I’m
c) You (may/might) ________ leave now if you not sure yet.
wish.
k) This (must/could) ________ be the right
d) They (can’t/may not) ________ still be out! answer but we’ll have to check with your
teacher to make sure.
e) (Could/May) ________ you open the window
a bit, please?
l) She (can’t/could) ________ steal things from
f) He (can/could) ________ be from shops. She is rich and famous.
Manchester, judging by his accent.
m) I really think Real Madrid (can’t/could)
g) (May/Can) ________ you swim? ________ lose the final of the King’s Cup.
h) You (couldn’t/might not) ________ smoke on n) She’s been revising 10 hours a day for 3
the bus.
weeks. She (could/must) ________ be
exhausted.
i) With luck, tomorrow (can/could) ________ be
a cooler day.
o) He (can’t/may) ________ be from the USA.
j) You (can/might) ________ be right but I’m He doesn’t speak English.
going back to check the times.
-177-
18) FILL EACH OF THE FOLLOWING GAPS WITH 20) CORRECT THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES IF
“NEEDN’T” OR “MUSTN’T”. NECESSARY.
a) I don’t mind at all. You needn’t apologize.

a) Sally don’t must miss lectures.
b) It’s a secret. You ________ tell anybody. a) Sally mustn’t miss lectures.
c) It’s not urgent. You ________ do it now.
d) You can type those letters later. You ________ b) Does she need to go to London?
do it now. b) ________________________________.
e) I can find my own way there. You ________
wait for me. c) Wont’ he must study a little bit harder?
f) If I show you my new hat, you ________ laugh. c) ________________________________.
g) Keep quiet. You ________ talk so loudly in

here. People are trying to work. d) He have to earn a living.
d) ________________________________.
h) I’m not deaf. You ________ shout.
i) You ________ drive at more than 70 mph in the UK.
e) He not cans tell you his secret.
j) I’ll do everything. You ________ do anything e) ________________________________.
unless you really want to.
k) If you want an explanation for this grammar f) She might plays the guitar in the concert.
point, you ________ do a thing. I’ll send you
one automatically. f) ________________________________.
19) FILL EACH OF THE FOLLOWING GAPS WITH g) Will they can understand the language?
“COULDN’T” OR “MIGHT NOT”.
g) ________________________________.
REVIEW
a) Unfortunately, James and Michelle had

already made plans, so they couldn’t come
with us to the exhibition at the Museum of h) Peter didn’t could stand the weather.
Contemporary Art. h) ________________________________.
b) We should call Tom before we go over to his
house; he __________ be there. I don’t want i) Martha don’t can run faster.
to drive all the way there for nothing.
i) ________________________________.
c) I know Susan wants to go to the ballet with us,
but we’d better call her before we get her
ticket. She works Wednesday nights, and she j) Humans ought to have equal rights.
__________ be able to get time off that j) ________________________________.
evening.
d) Victoria __________ hear the speaker
because the crowd was shouting so loudly. k) I should to ask you to do me a favour.
e) It __________ be a bad idea to take some k) ________________________________.
snacks along while we’re hiking. Last time, we
got so hungry we had to come back early l) Might she to call the fire department?
without finishing the hike.
l) ________________________________.
f) Peter might be angry, or he __________. You
never know with him because he is so
temperamental. m) I have not to get up early tomorrow morning.
g) I heard the band is really popular, and tickets m) ________________________________.
sell out quickly. You __________ get tickets if
you wait too long.
n) I need not to get up early tomorrow morning.
h) That __________ possibly be Mr. Jones. He’s
lost so much weight that he looks like a n) ________________________________.
completely different person.
i) Charles __________ be angry at me. I have o)Needs he say anything else?
never done anything to upset him. o) ________________________________.
-178-
21) REWRITETHE FOLLOWING SENTENCES BY USING 23) MAKE IMPERSONAL THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES.
THE PASSIVE VOICE. a) They say she wears a long blue dress.
a) They had to carry the injured man. a) She is said to wear a long blue dress.
a) The injured man had to be carried. a) It is said that she wears a long blue dress.
b) They were going to tape our conversation. b) They believed he was one of the three
b) ______________________________. greatest mathematicians.
b) ______________________________.
c) They will ask him many questions. b) ______________________________.
c) ______________________________.
c) They think Susan is in her mid fifties.
d) He hasn’t returned the books yet. c) ______________________________.
d) ______________________________. c) ______________________________.
e) People spend less money on school books nowadays. d) They consider Peter is quite social.
e) ______________________________. d) ______________________________.
d) ______________________________.
f) Vandals damaged most paintings.
f) ______________________________. e) They found him dead.
e) ______________________________.
g) The computer corrects all sentences. e) ______________________________.
g) ______________________________.
f) They told me his secrets.
h) They are repairing her car at the moment. (solamente poner a “me” como sujeto de la oración)
h) ______________________________. f) ______________________________.
i) They will punish you severely for this. g) They gave her her birthday present.
i) ______________________________. (solamente poner a “her” como sujeto de la oración)
g) ______________________________.
22) REWRITETHE FOLLOWING SENTENCES BY USING h) They know him as Peter Smith.
THE PASSIVE VOICE.
(solamente poner a “him” como sujeto de la oración)
h) ______________________________.
REVIEW
a) The terrible news shocked everybody. 24) FILL IN THE GAPS WITH A SUITABLE PASSIVE CONSTRUCTION.
a) Everybody was shocked by the terrible news. a) Nobody has ever called me “stupid”!
a) I have never been called “stupid”!
b) That company will publish a new book next year.
b) ______________________________. b) They have planted thousands of tress.
b) Thousands of tress __________.
c) He has forgot our address. c) They will crown him sportsman of the year.
c) ______________________________. c) He __________ sportsman of the year.
d) They introduced the secretary to her new boss. d) They have to work out a publicity campaign to
d) ______________________________. restore the image of the Prime Minister.
d) A publicity campaign has to __________ to
restore the image of the Prime Minister.
e) The members of the committee are
considering our plan. e) They would do everything to bring war
e) ______________________________. criminals to justice.
e) Everything __________ to bring war criminals
to justice.
f) They will give a prize to whoever solves this
problem. f) I haven’t decided anything yet.
f) ______________________________. f) Nothing __________ yet.
g) We require suitable candidates to be bilingual.
g) The executive committee would approve the g) Suitable candidates __________ to be
new policy. bilingual.
g) ______________________________.
h) The boss asked John to remain in charge for
h) They have altered this notice. another year.
h) John __________ by the boss to remain in
h) ______________________________. charge for another year.
i) Paul gave her my telephone number. i) The policemen are interviewing him right now.
i) ______________________________. i) He __________ by the policemen right now.
-179-
25) FILL EACH OF THE FOLLOWING GAPS WITH “IN”, 26) AGREE WITH THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS BY
“ON” OR “AT”. USING “SO” OR “NEITHER”.
a) I like Peter.
a) He will see his friend in the evening.
a) So do I.
b) Several people visited my school _______ Friday. b) I didn’t enjoy the film.
b) ______________________________.
c) Our language class usually begins _______ 8
o’clock. c) I don’t like living in the city.
c) ______________________________.
d) The best part of Halloween begins _______
midnight. d) I am not going to go to London.
d) ______________________________.
e) The English Test will be given _______
December 13 and December 15. e) I have never been to Paris.
e) ______________________________.
f) The weather is usually warm _______ August.
f) I will make you laugh.
g) The weather is colder _______ winter. f) ______________________________.
g) I would go out with Sally.

h) I will pick you up _______ 1:45 p.m.
g) ______________________________.
i) He woke up _______ 4 o’clock _______ the h) I am going to buy a new car.

morning. h) ______________________________.
REVIEW
j) After Christmas vacation, I will see you i) Last year I visited the British Museum.
_______ January 17. i) ______________________________.
k) Did they start the show _______ noon? 27) AGREE WITH THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS BY
USING “SO” OR “NEITHER”.
l) My dream will probably come true _______ a) I would love to see you sometime.
the future. a) So would I.
b) I need a vacation.
m) _______ the past, we always went to school _______ b) ______________________________.
Monday _______ the morning _______ 8:30.
c) I don’t like butter.
c) ______________________________.
n) What will you do _______ Christmas Eve?
d) I have been to Asia.
o) _______ 2010 we will be 35. Imagine that! d) ______________________________.
e) I was sick yesterday.

p) _______ three years time he will be at e) ______________________________.
university.
f) I spent the whole evening reading a book.
f) ______________________________.
q) I saw him _______ Peter’s birthday party
_______ April 17th. g) I didn’t know that you won the championship.
g) ______________________________.
r) The plane lands _______ 3:45 p.m. _______
London. h) I hate carrots.
h) ______________________________.
s) Will you wait for me _______ the bus stop? i) I would like to visit the Greek Islands.
i) ______________________________.
t) Do you live _______ the city or _______ the j) I am going out tonight.
country? j) ______________________________.
-180-
28) PUT THE VERBS IN BRACKETS INTO THE CORRECT
a) (see) I look forward to seeing you again.

b) (do) Do you know what ______ in case of an
accident.
c) (go) Are you thinking of ______ to London?
d) (write) I enjoy ______ picture postcards.
e) (not buy) We decided ______ a new car.
f) (play) Do you like ______ tennis?
g) (read) ______ Hamlet is a difficult task to
accomplish.
h) (pay) Bill promised ______ George the money
he owed him.
i) (sing) Would you like ______ with me in the
concert.
j) (not tell) My mother told me ______ the secret
to anyone.
k) (study)I recommend ______ three hours every
night.
l) (learn) I am quite good at ______ new words.
REVIEW
-181-
VERBS
REGULAR VERBS
PREFACE
A continuación se ofrece el modelo de conjugación para los verbos regulares de

los tiempos verbales que se ven en el libro. El presente anexo aparece dividido en
dos partes principales: la conjugación activa (active voice) y la conjugación pasiva
(passive voice). A su vez cada parte cuenta con tres bloques:
En el primer bloque están recogidas las formas afirmativas (affirmative form),

negativas (negative form) e interrogativas (question form*) de los siguientes
tiempos verbales:
el presente simple de indicativo (simple present)
el pretérito perfecto de indicativo (present perfect)

el presente continuo de indicativo (present continuous)
el pretérito imperfecto y el pretérito indefinido de indicativo (simple past)
REGULAR
VERBS
el pasado continuo de indicativo (past continuous)
el futuro simple de indicativo (future)
el futuro próximo de indicativo (future with “going to” [present])

el pasado próximo de indicativo (future with “going to” [past])
y el condicional simple de indicativo (conditional)
En el segundo bloque se recogen las formas afirmativas y negativas del

imperativo (imperative).
Por último, en el tercer bloque se presentan las formas conocidas en español

como “no personales del verbo”, a saber, el infinitivo (infinitive), el participio pasado
(past participle) y el gerundio (gerund).
* Cabe señalar que por defecto se ofrece la forma interrogativa para la segunda persona del singular
(“you”, ‘tú’, ‘usted’) y del plural (“you”, ‘nosotros/ as’, ‘ustedes’) ya que esta forma suele coincidir con
el resto de las formas verbales para el mismo tiempo a excepción, claro está, del pronombre personal
que sirve como sujeto (“you”, “we”, “they”, etc.). En el caso de que dicha forma verbal sea diferente
para otra persona (como suele ocurrir con la primera y tercera del singular [“I”, ‘yo’; “he/ she/ it”, ‘él/
ella/ *ello’]) dicha forma también aparece recogida.
-183-
ACTIVE VOICE
AFFIRMATIVE FORM
Simple present Present perfect

I have loved
1st S I love (yo) amo 1st S I’ve loved (yo) he amado
(tú) amas you have loved (tú) has amado

2nd S you’ve loved
2nd S you love (usted) ha amado
(usted) ama
he/ she/ it has loved
3rd S he/ she/ it loves (él/ ella/ *ello) ama 3rd S he’s/ she’s/ it’s loved (él/ ella/ *ello) ha amado
1st P we love (nosotros/ as) amamos we have loved

1st P we’ve loved (nosotros/ as) hemos amado
(vosotros/ as) amáis
you have loved (vosotros/ as) habéis amado
2nd P you love 2nd P you’ve loved
(ustedes) aman (ustedes) han amado
they have loved
3rd P they love (ellos/ as) aman 3rd P they’ve loved (ellos/ as) han amado
Present continuous Simple past

I am loving 1st S I loved (yo) amaba; amé
1st S I’m loving (yo) estoy amando
you are loving (tú) estás amando (tú) amabas; amaste

2nd S you’re loving 2nd S you loved
REGULAR
(usted) está amando (usted) amaba; amó

VERBS
he/ she/ it is loving 3rd S he/ she/ it loved (él/ ella/ *ello) amaba; amó
3rd S he’s/ she’s/ it’s loving (él/ ella/ *ello) está amando
1st P we loved (nosotros/ as) amábamos; amamos

we are loving
1st P we’re loving (nosotros/ as) estamos amando
(vosotros/ as) amabais;
you are loving (vosotros/ as) estáis amando 2nd P you loved amasteis
2nd P you’re loving
(ustedes) están amando (ustedes) amaban; amaron
they are loving
3rd P they’re loving (ellos/ as) están amando 3rd P they loved (ellos/ as) amaban; amaron
Past continuous Future

1st S I was loving (yo) estaba amando I will love
1st S I’ll love (yo) amaré
(tú) estabas amando (tú) amarás
2nd S you were loving you will love
2nd S you’ll love
(usted) estaba amando (usted) amará
he/ she/ it was
3rd S loving (él/ ella/ *ello) estaba amando he/ she/ it will love
3rd S he’ll/ she’ll/ it’ll love (él/ ella/ *ello) amará
1st P we were loving (nosotros/ as) estábamos amando

we will love
1st P we’ll love (nosotros/ as) amaremos
(vosotros/ as) estabais amando
2nd P you were loving you will love (vosotros/ as) amaréis
2nd P you’ll love
(ustedes) estaban amando (ustedes) amarán
they will love
3rd P they were loving (ellos/ as) estaban amando 3rd P they’ll love (ellos/ as) amarán
-184-
Future with “going to” (present) Future with “going to” (past)
I am going to love 1st S I was going to love (yo) iba a amar
1st S I’m going to love (yo) voy a amar
(tú) ibas a amar
you are going to love (tú) vas a amar 2nd S you were going to love
2nd S you’re going to love (usted) iba a amar
(usted) va a amar
he/ she/ it is going to love 3rd S he/ she/ it was going to love (él/ ella/ *ello) iba a amar
3rd S he’s/ she’s/ it’s going to love (él/ ella/ *ello) va a amar
we are going to love 1st P we were going to love (nosotros/ as) íbamos a amar
1st P we’re going to love (nosotros/ as) vamos a amar
you are going to love (vosotros/ as) vais a amar (vosotros/ as) ibais a amar
2nd P you’re going to love 2nd P you were going to love
(ustedes) van a amar (ustedes) iban a amar
they are going to love 3rd P they were going to love (ellos/ as) iban a amar
3rd P they’re going to love (ellos/ as) van a amar
Conditional
English Spanish
I would love
1st S I’d love (yo) amaría
you would love (tú) amarías

2nd S you’d love
(usted) amaría
he/ she/ it would love

3rd S he’d/ she’d/ it’d love (él/ ella/ *ello) amaría
REGULAR
VERBS
we would love
1st P we’d love (nosotros/ as) amaríamos
you would love (vosotros/ as) amaríais

2nd P you’d love
(ustedes) amarían
they would love
3rd P they’d love (ellos/ as) amarían
ACTIVE VOICE
NEGATIVE FORM

I do not love I have not loved
1st S I don’t love (yo) no amo 1st S I haven’t loved (yo) no he amado
you have not loved (tú) no has amado

you do not love (tú) no amas 2nd S you haven’t loved
2nd S you don’t love (usted) no ha amado
(usted) no ama
he/ she/ it does not love he/ she/ it has not loved
3rd S he/ she/ it doesn’t love (él/ ella/ *ello) no ama 3rd S he/ she/ it hasn’t loved (él/ ella/ *ello) no ha amado
we do not love we have not loved

1st P we don’t love (nosotros/ as) no amamos 1st P we haven’t loved (nosotros/ as) no hemos amado
(vosotros/ as) no amáis you have not loved (vosotros/ as) no habéis amado
you do not love 2nd P you haven’t loved
2nd P you don’t love
(ustedes) no aman (ustedes) no han amado
they do not love they have not loved

3rd P they don’t love (ellos/ as) no aman 3rd P they haven’t loved (ellos/ as) no han amado
-185-
I am not loving I did not love
1st S I’m not loving (yo) no estoy amando 1st S I didn’t love (yo) no amaba; no amé
you are not loving (tú) no estás amando (tú) no amabas; no amaste
2nd S you aren’t loving you did not love
(usted) no está amando 2nd S you didn’t love
(usted) no amaba; no amó
he/ she/ it is not loving he/ she/ it did not love (él/ ella/ *ello) no amaba; no
3rd S he/ she/ it’ isn’t loving (él/ ella/ *ello) no está amando 3rd S he/ she/ it didn’t love amó
we are not loving (nosotros/ as) no estamos we did not love (nosotros/ as) no amábamos;
1st P we aren’t loving 1st P we didn’t love no amamos
amando
(vosotros/ as) no estáis amando (vosotros/ as) no amabais;
you are not loving you did not love no amasteis
2nd P you aren’t loving 2nd P you didn’t love
(ustedes) no están amando
(ustedes) no amaban; no amaron
they are not loving
3rd P they aren’t loving (ellos/ as) no están amando they did not love (ellos/ as) no amaban; no
3rd P they didn’t love amaron

I was not loving I will not love
1st S I wasn’t loving (yo) no estaba amando 1st S I won’t love (yo) no amaré
you were not loving (tú) no estabas amando you will not love (tú) no amarás
2nd S you weren’t loving 2nd S you won’t love
(usted) no estaba amando (usted) no amará
REGULAR
he/ she/ it was not loving (él/ ella/ *ello) no estaba

3rd S he/ she/ it wasn’t loving amando
VERBS
he/ she/ it will not love

3rd S he/ she/ it won’t love (él/ ella/ *ello) no amará
we were not loving (nosotros/ as) no estábamos
1st P we weren’t loving amando we will not love
1st P we won’t love (nosotros/ as) no amaremos
(vosotros/ as) no estabais
you were not loving amando you will not love (vosotros/ as) no amaréis
2nd P you weren’t loving 2nd P you won’t love
(ustedes) no estaban (ustedes) no amarán
amando
they were not loving (ellos/ as) no estaban they will not love
3rd P they weren’t loving 3rd P they won’t love (ellos/ as) no amarán
amando
Future with “going to” (past) Future with “going to” (present)
I was not going to love I am not going to love
1st S I wasn’t going to love (yo) no iba a amar 1st S I’m not going to love (yo) no voy a amar
(tú) no ibas a amar

you were not going to love
2nd S you weren’t going to love you are not going to love (tú) no vas a amar
2nd S you aren’t going to love
(usted) no iba a amar (usted) no va a amar
he/ she/ it was not going to love he/ she/ it is not going to love
3rd S he/ she/ it wasn’t going to love (él/ ella/ *ello) no iba a amar 3rd S he/ she/ it isn’t going to love (él/ ella/ *ello) no va a amar
we were not going to love (nosotros/ as) we are not going to love (nosotros/ as)
1st P we weren’t going to love no íbamos a amar 1st P we aren’t going to love no vamos a amar
(vosotros/ as) no ibais a amar (vosotros/ as)

you were not going to love you are not going to love
2nd P you weren’t going to love 2nd P you aren’t going to love no vais a amar
(ustedes) no iban a amar (ustedes) no van a amar
they were not going to love they are not going to love
3rd P they weren’t going to love (ellos/ as) no iban a amar 3rd P they aren’t going to love (ellos/ as) no van a amar
-186-
Conditional
English Spanish
I would not love
1st S I wouldn’t love (yo) no amaría
you would not love (tú) no amarías

2nd S you wouldn’t love
(usted) no amaría
he/ she/ it would not love

3rd S he/ she/ it wouldn’t love (él/ ella/ *ello) no amaría
we would not love

1st P we wouldn’t love (nosotros/ as) no amaríamos
you would not love (vosotros/ as) no amaríais

2nd P you wouldn’t love
(ustedes) no amarían
they would not love
3rd P they wouldn’t love (ellos/ as) no amarían
ACTIVE VOICE
QUESTION FORM
Simple present
English Spanish
¿amas (tú)?;
¿ama (usted)?
Affirmative do you love?
¿amáis (vosostros/ as)?;
REGULAR
¿aman (ustedes)?
VERBS
¿no amas (tú)?;
¿no ama (usted)?
do you not love?
Negative don’t you love?
¿no amáis (vosostros/ as)?;
¿no aman (ustedes)?
Affirmative does he/ she/ it love? ¿ama (él/ ella/ *ello)?
does he/ she/ it not love?

Negative ¿no ama (él/ ella/ *ello)?
doesn’t he/ she/ it love?
Present perfect
English Spanish
¿has amado (tú)?;
¿ha amado (usted)?
Affirmative have you loved?
¿habéis amado (vosostros/ as)?;
¿han amado (ustedes)?
¿no has amado (tú)?;

¿no ha amado (usted)?
have you not loved?
Negative haven’t you love?
¿no habéis amado (vosostros/ as)?;
¿no han amado (ustedes)?
Affirmative has he/ she/ it loved? ¿ha amado (él/ ella/ *ello)?
has he/ she/ it not love?

Negative hasn’t he/ she/ it love? ¿no ha amado (él/ ella/ *ello)?
-187-
Present continuous
English Spanish
Affirmative am I loving? ¿estoy amando (yo)?
Negative am I not loving? ¿no estoy amando (yo)?
¿estás amando (tú)?;
¿está amando (usted)?
Affirmative are you loving?
¿estáis amando (vosotros/ as);
¿están amando (ustedes)?
¿no estás amando (tú)?;
are you not loving? ¿no está amando (usted)?
Negative aren’t you loving? ¿no estáis amando (vosotros/ as);
¿no están amando (ustedes)?
Affirmative is he/ she/ it loving? ¿está amando (él/ ella/ *ello)?
is he/ she/ it not loving?
Negative ¿no está amando (él/ ella/ *ello)?
isn’t he/ she/ it loving?
Simple past
English Spanish
¿amabas; amaste (tú)?;
¿amaba; amó (usted)?
Affirmative did you love?
¿amabais; amasteis (vosostros/ as)?;
¿amaban; amaron (ustedes)?
¿no amabas; no amaste (tú)?;

¿no amaba; no amó (usted)?
did you not love?
Negative didn’t you love?
¿no amabais; no amasteis (vosostros/ as)?;
¿no amaban; no amaron (ustedes)?
REGULAR
VERBS
Past continuous
English Spanish
Affirmative was I loving? ¿estaba amando (yo)?
was I not loving?
Negative wasn’t I loving? ¿no estaba amando (yo)?
¿estabas amando (tú)?;
¿estaba amando (usted)?
Affirmative were you loving?
¿estabais amando (vosotros/ as);
¿estaban amando (ustedes)?
¿no estabas amando (tú)?;
were you not loving? ¿no estaba amando (usted)?
Negative weren’t you loving? ¿no estabais amando (vosotros/ as);
¿no estaban amando (ustedes)?
Affirmative was he/ she/ it loving? ¿estaba amando (él/ ella/ *ello)?
Negative was he/ she/ it not loving? ¿no estaba amando (él/ ella/ *ello)?
wasn’t he/ she/ it loving?
Future
English Spanish
¿amarás (tú)?;
¿amará (usted)?
Affirmative will you love?
¿amaréis (vosostros/ as)?;
¿amarán (ustedes)?
¿no amarás (tú)?;

¿no amará (usted)?
Negative will you not love?
won’t you love?
¿no amaréis (vosostros/ as)?;
¿no amarán (ustedes)?
-188-
Future with “going to” (present)
English Spanish
Affirmative am I going to love? ¿voy a amar (yo)?
Negative am I not going to love? ¿no voy a amar (yo)?
¿vas a amar (tú)?;
¿va a amar (usted)?
Affirmative are you going to love?
¿vais a amar (vosotros/ as);
¿van a amar (ustedes)?
¿no vas a amar (tú)?;
are you not going to love? ¿no va a amar (usted)?
Negative aren’t you going to love? ¿no vais a amar (vosotros/ as);
¿no van a amar (ustedes)?
Affirmative is he/ she/ it going to love? ¿va a amar (él/ ella/ *ello)?
is he/ she/ it not going to love?
Negative ¿no va a amar (él/ ella/ *ello)?
isn’t he/ she/ it going to love?

English Spanish
Affirmative was I going to love? ¿iba a amar (yo)?
was I not going to love?
Negative wasn’t I going to love? ¿no iba a amar (yo)?
¿ibas a amar (tú)?;

¿iba a amar (usted)?
REGULAR
Affirmative were you going to love?
VERBS
¿ibais a amar (vosotros/ as);
¿iban a amar (ustedes)?
¿no ibas a amar (tú)?;
were you not going to love? ¿no iba a amar (usted)?
Negative
weren’t you going to love? ¿no ibais a amar (vosotros/ as);
¿no iban a amar (ustedes)?
Affirmative was he/ she/ it going to love? ¿iba a amar (él/ ella/ *ello)?
was he/ she/ it not going to love?
Negative ¿no iba a amar (él/ ella/ *ello)?
wasn’t he/ she/ it going to love?
Conditional
English Spanish
¿amarías (tú)?;
¿amaría (usted)?
Affirmative would you love?
¿amaríais (vosostros/ as)?;
¿amarían (ustedes)?
¿no amarías (tú)?;

¿no amaría (usted)?
Negative would you not love?
wouldn’t you love?
¿no amarías (vosostros/ as)?;
¿no amarían (ustedes)?
-189-
ACTIVE VOICE ACTIVE VOICE
IMPERATIVE FORM INFINITIVE / PAST PARTICPLE / GERUND FORM
Imperative English Spanish
English Spanish
Infinitive to love amar

ama (tú); ame (usted)
Affirmative love
amad (vosostros/ as);
amen (ustedes)
no ames (tú); Past Participle loved amado/ a, amados/ as

no ame (usted)
do not love
Negative don’t love
no améis (vosostros/ as);
no amen (ustedes)
Affirmative let’s love amemos (nosotros/ as) Gerund loving amando
Negative let’s not love no amemos (nosotros/ as)
PA S S I V E V O I C E
AFFIRMATIVE FORM
I am loved I have been loved
1st S I’m loved (yo) soy amado/ a 1st S I’ve been loved (yo) he sido amado/ a
REGULAR
(tú) eres amado/ a (tú) has sido amado/ a

VERBS
you are loved you have been loved

2nd S you’re loved 2nd S you’ve been loved
(usted) es amado/ a (usted) ha sido amado/ a
he/ she/ it is loved he/ she/ it has been loved

3rd S 3rd S he’s/ she’s/ it’s been loved (él/ ella/ *ello) ha sido amado/ a
he’s/ she’s/ it’s loved (él/ ella/ *ello) es amado/ a
we have been loved (nosotros/ as)
we are loved 1st P we’ve been loved hemos sido amados/ as
1st P we’re loved (nosotros/ as) somos amados/ as
(vosotros/ as)
(vosotros/ as) sois amados/ as you have been loved habéis sido amados/ as
you are loved 2nd P you’ve been loved
2nd P you’re loved
(ustedes) son amados/ as (ustedes)
han sido amados/ as
they are loved they have been loved
3rd P they’re loved
(ellos/ as) son amados/ as 3rd P they’ve been loved (ellos/ as) han sido amados/ as

I am being loved 1st S I was loved (yo) era; fui amado/ a
1st S I’m being loved (yo) estoy siendo amado/ a
(tú) estás siendo amado/ a (tú) eras; fuiste amado/ a

you are being loved 2nd S you were loved
2nd S you’re being loved
(usted) está siendo amado/ a (usted) era; fue amado/ a
he/ she/ it is being loved (él/ ella/ *ello) 3rd S he/ she/ it was loved (él/ ella/ *ello) era; fue amado/ a
3rd S he’s/ she’s/ it’s being loved está siendo amado/ a
(nosotros/ as)
we are being loved (nosotros/ as) 1st P we were loved éramos; fuimos amados/ as
1st P we’re being loved estamos siendo amados/ as
(vosotros/ as) (vosotros/ as)
estáis siendo amados/ as erais; fuisteis amados/ as
you are being loved 2nd P you were loved
2nd P you’re being loved
(ustedes) (ustedes)
están siendo amados/ as eran; fueron amados/ as
they are being loved (ellos/ as) (ellos/ as)
3rd P they’re being loved 3rd P they were loved eran; fueron amados/ as
están siendo amados/ as
-190-
1st S I was being loved (yo) estaba siendo amado/ a I will be loved
1st S I’ll be loved (yo) seré amado/ a
(tú) estabas siendo amado/ a (tú) serás amado/ a
2nd S you were being loved you will be loved
2nd S you’ll be loved
(usted) estaba siendo amado/ a (usted) será amado/ a
(él/ ella/ *ello) he/ she/ it will be loved
3rd S he/ she/ it was being loved estaba siendo amado/ a 3rd S he’ll/ she’ll/ it’ll be loved (él/ ella/ *ello) será amado/ a
(nosotros/ as) we will be loved (nosotros/ as)
1st P we were being loved estábamos siendo amados/ as 1st P we’ll be loved seremos amados/ as
(vosotros/ as) (vosotros/ as)
estabais siendo amados/ as you will be loved seréis amados/ as
2nd P you were being loved 2nd P you’ll be loved
(ustedes) (ustedes)
estaban siendo amados/ as serán amados/ as
(ellos/ as) they will be loved
3rd P they were being loved estaban siendo amados/ as 3rd P they’ll be loved (ellos/ as) serán amados/ as
1st S I was going to be loved (yo) iba a ser amado/ a I am going to be loved
1st S I’m going to be loved (yo) voy a ser amado/ a
(tú) ibas a ser amado/ a you are going to be loved (tú) vas a ser amado/ a
2nd S you were going to be loved 2nd S you’re going to be loved
(usted) iba a ser amado/ a (usted) va a ser amado/ a
he/ she/ it is
REGULAR
he/ she/ it
VERBS
3rd S was going to be loved (él/ ella/ *ello) iba a ser amado/ a going to be loved
3rd S he’s/ she’s/ it’s (él/ ella/ *ello) va a ser amado/ a
(nosotros/ as) going to be loved
1st P we were going to be loved íbamos a ser amados/ as
we are going to be loved (nosotros/ as)
1st P we’re going to be loved vamos a ser amados/ as
(vosotros/ as)
ibais a ser amados/ as (vosotros/ as)
2nd P you were going to be loved you are going to be loved vais a ser amados/ as
2nd P you’re going to be loved
(ustedes) iban a ser amados/ as (ustedes)
van a ser amados/ as
they are going to be loved
3rd P they were going to be loved (ellos/ as) iban a ser amados/ as 3rd P they’re going to be loved (ellos/ as) van a ser amados/ as
Conditional
English Spanish
I would be loved
1st S I’d be loved
(yo) sería amado/ a
(tú) serías amado/ a

you would be loved
2nd S you’d be loved
(usted) sería amado/ a
he/ she/ it would be loved
3rd S he’d/ she’d/ it’d be loved (él/ ella/ *ello) sería amado/ a
we would be loved
1st P we’d be loved (nosotros/ as) seríamos amados/ as
(vosotros/ as) seríais amados/ as

you would be loved
2nd P you’d be loved
(ustedes) serían amados/ as
they would be loved
3rd P they’d be loved (ellos/ as) serían amados/ as
-191-
NEGATIVE FORM

I am not loved I have not been loved
1st S I’m not loved (yo) no soy amado/ a 1st S I haven’t been loved (yo) no he sido amado/ a
you are not loved (tú) no eres amado/ a you have not been loved (tú) no has sido amado/ a
2nd S you aren’t loved 2nd S you haven’t been loved
(usted) no es amado/ a (usted) no ha sido amado/ a
he/ she/ it
he/ she/ it is not loved has not not been loved (él/ ella/ *ello) no ha sido
3rd S he/ she/ it isn’t loved (él/ ella/ *ello) no es amado/ a 3rd S he/ she/ it amado/ a
hasn’t been loved
we are not loved we have not been loved (nosotros/ as) no hemos sido
1st P we aren’t loved (nosotros/ as) no somos amados/ as 1st P we haven’t been loved amados/ as
(vosotros/ as) no habéis sido
you are not loved (vosotros/ as) no sois amados/ as you have not been loved amados/ as
2nd P you aren’t loved nd
2 P you haven’t been loved
(ustedes) son no amados/ as (ustedes) no han sido
amados/ as
they are not loved
3rd P they aren’t loved (ellos/ as) son no amados/ as they have not been loved (ellos/ as) no han sido
3rd P they haven’t been loved amados/ as

I am not being loved (yo) no estoy siendo I was not loved
1st S I’m not being loved amado/ a 1st S I wasn’t loved (yo) no era; no fui amado/ a
(tú) no estás siendo (tú) no eras; no fuiste
nd you are not being loved amado/ a amado/ a
2 S you aren’t being loved
REGULAR
(usted) no está siendo you were not loved

2nd S you weren’t loved
VERBS
amado/ a (usted) no era; no fue

amado/ a
he/ she/ it is not being
loved (él/ ella/ *ello) no está he/ she/ it was not loved (él/ ella/ *ello) no era; no
3rd S he/ she/ it isn’t being 3rd S he/ she/ it wasn’t loved fue amado/ a
siendo amado/ a
loved we were not loved (nosotros/ as) no éramos; no
we are not being loved (nosotros/ as) no estamos 1st P we weren’t loved fuimos amados/ as
1st P we aren’t being loved siendo amados/ as
(vosotros/ as) no erais; no
(vosotros/ as) no estáis fuisteis amados/ as
siendo amados/ as you were not loved
you are not being loved 2nd P you weren’t loved
2nd P you aren’t being loved (ustedes) no eran; no
(ustedes) no están
siendo amados/ as fueron amados/ as
they are not being loved (ellos/ as) no están they were not loved (ellos/ as) no eran; no
3rd P they aren’t being loved siendo amados/ as 3rd P they weren’t loved fueron amados/ as

I was not being loved (yo) no estaba siendo I will not be loved
1st S I wasn’t being loved amado/ a 1st S I won’t be loved (yo) no seré amado/ a
(tú) no estabas siendo
you were not being loved amado/ a (tú) no serás amado/ a
2nd S you weren’t being loved you will not be loved
(usted) no estaba siendo 2nd S you won’t be loved
amado/ a (usted) no será amado/ a
he/ she/ it was not being
loved (él/ ella/ *ello) no estaba he/ she/ it will not be loved
3rd S 3rd S he/ she/ it won’t be loved (él/ ella/ *ello) no será amado/ a
he/ she/ it wasn’t being siendo amado/ a
loved
we will won’t be loved (nosotros/ as) no seremos
we were not being loved (nosotros/ as) no estábamos 1st P we won’t be loved amados/ as
1st P we weren’t being loved siendo amados/ as
(vosotros/ as) no estabais (vosotros/ as) no seréis amados/ as
you will not be loved
you were not being loved siendo amados/ as 2nd P you won’t be loved
2nd P you weren’t being loved (ustedes) no estaban (ustedes) no serán amados/ as
siendo amados/ as
they were not being loved (ellos/ as) no estaban they will not be loved (ellos/ as) no serán amados/ as
3rd P 3rd P they won’t be loved
they weren’t being loved siendo amados/ as
-192-
I was not going to be loved I am not going to be loved
1st S I wasn’t going to be loved (yo) no iba a ser amado/ a 1st S I’m not going to be loved (yo) no voy a ser amado/ a
you were not going to be loved (tú) no ibas a ser amado/ a you are not going to be loved (tú) no vas a ser amado/ a
2nd S you aren’t going to be loved
2nd S you weren’t going to be loved
(usted) no iba a ser amado/ a (usted) no va a ser amado/ a
he/ she/ it was not going he/ she/ it is not going to
to be loved (él/ ella/ *ello) no iba a ser be loved (él/ ella/ *ello) no va a ser
3rd S he/ she/ it wasn’t going 3rd S he/ she/ it isn’t going to amado/ a
amado/ a
to be loved be loved
we were not going to be loved (nosotros/ as) no íbamos a we are not going to be loved (nosotros/ as) no vamos a
1st P we weren’t going to be loved 1st P we aren’t going to be loved ser amados/ as
ser amados/ as
(vosotros/ as) no ibais a (vosotros/ as) no vais a
you were not going to be loved ser amados/ as you are not going to be loved ser amados/ as
nd
2 P you weren’t going to be loved 2nd P you aren’t going to be loved
(ustedes) no iban a ser (ustedes) no van a ser
amados/ as amados/ as
they were not going to be loved (ellos/ as) no iban a ser they are not going to be loved (ellos/ as) no van a ser
3rd P they weren’t going to be loved amados/ as 3rd P they aren’t going to be loved amados/ as
Conditional
English Spanish
I would not be loved
1st S I wouldn’t be loved (yo) no sería amado/ a
(tú) no serías amado/ a

you would not be loved
2nd S you wouldn’t be loved
(usted) no sería amado/ a
he/ she/ it would not be loved
3rd S he/ she/ it wouldn’t be loved (él/ ella/ *ello) no sería amado/ a
REGULAR
VERBS
we would not be loved
1st P we wouldn’t be loved (nosotros/ as) no seríamos amados/ as
(vosotros/ as) no seríais amados/ as

you would not be loved
2nd P you wouldn’t be loved
(ustedes) no serían amados/ as
they would not be loved
3rd P they wouldn’t be loved (ellos/ as) no serían amados/ as
QUESTION FORM
Simple present
English Spanish
Affirmative am I loved? ¿soy amado/ a (yo)?
Negative am I not loved? ¿no soy amado/ a (yo)?
¿eres amado/ a (tú)?;
¿es amado/ a (usted)?
Affirmative are you loved?
¿sois amados/ as (vosotros/ as);
¿son amados/ as (ustedes)?
¿no eres amado/ a (tú)?;
are you not loved? ¿no es amado/ a (usted)?
Negative aren’t you loved? ¿no sois amados/ as (vosotros/ as);
¿no son amados/ as (ustedes)?
Affirmative is he/ she/ it loved? ¿es amado/ a (él/ ella/ *ello)?
is he/ she/ it not loved?
Negative ¿no es amado/ a (él/ ella/ *ello)?
isn’t he/ she/ it loved?
-193-
Present perfect
English Spanish
¿has sido amado/ a (tú)?;
¿ha sido amado/ a (usted)?
Affirmative have you been loved?
¿habéis sido amados/ as (vosostros/ as)?;
¿han sido amados/ as (ustedes)?
¿no has sido amado/ a (tú)?;

¿no ha sido amado/ a (usted)?
have you not been loved?
Negative haven’t you been love?
¿no habéis sido amados/ as (vosostros/ as)?;
¿no han sido amados/ as (ustedes)?
Affirmative has he/ she/ it been loved? ¿ha sido amado/ a (él/ ella/ *ello)?
has he/ she/ it not been love?

Negative hasn’t he/ she/ it been love? ¿no ha sido amado/ a (él/ ella/ *ello)?
Present continuous
English Spanish
Affirmative am I being loved? ¿estoy siendo amado/ a (yo)?
Negative am I not being loved? ¿no estoy siendo amado/ a (yo)?
¿estás siendo amado/ a (tú)?;

¿está siendo amado/ a (usted)?
Affirmative are you being loved?
REGULAR
VERBS
¿estáis siendo amados/ as (vosotros/ as);

¿están siendo amados/ as (ustedes)?
¿no estás siendo amado/ a (tú)?;
are you not being loved? ¿no está siendo amado/ a (usted)?
Negative aren’t you being loved? ¿no estáis siendo amados/ as (vosotros/ as);
¿no están siendo amados/ as (ustedes)?
Affirmative is he/ she/ it being loved? ¿está siendo amado/ a (él/ ella/ *ello)?
Negative is he/ she/ it not being loved? ¿no está siendo amado/ a (él/ ella/ *ello)?
isn’t he/ she/ it being loved?
Simple past
English Spanish
Affirmative was I loved? ¿era; fui amado/ a (yo)?
was I not loved?
Negative wasn’t I loved? ¿no era; no fui amado/ a (yo)?
¿eras; fuiste amado/ a (tú)?;

¿era; fue amado/ a (usted)?
Affirmative were you loved?
¿erais; fuisteis amados/ as (vosotros/ as);
¿eran; fueron amados/ as (ustedes)?
¿no eras; no fuiste amado/ a (tú)?;
were you not loved? ¿no era; no fue amado/ a (usted)?
Negative weren’t you loved? ¿no erais; no fuisteis amados/ as (vosotros/ as);
¿no eran; no fueron amados/ as (ustedes)?
Affirmative was he/ she/ it loved? ¿era; fue amado/ a (él/ ella/ *ello)?
was he/ she/ it not loved?
Negative ¿no era; no fue amado/ a (él/ ella/ *ello)?
wasn’t he/ she/ it loved?
-194-
Past continuous
English Spanish
Affirmative was I being loved? ¿estaba siendo amado/ a (yo)?
was I not being loved?
Negative ¿no estaba siendo amado/ a (yo)?
wasn’t I being loved?
¿estabas siendo amado/ a (tú)?;
¿estaba siendo amado/ a (usted)?
Affirmative were you being loved?
¿estabais siendo amados/ as (vosotros/ as);
¿estaban siendo amados/ as (ustedes)?
¿no estabas siendo amado/ a (tú)?;
were you not being loved? ¿no estaba siendo amado/ a (usted)?
Negative
weren’t you being loved? ¿no estabais siendo amados/ as (vosotros/ as);
¿no estaban siendo amados/ as (ustedes)?
Affirmative was he/ she/ it being loved? ¿estaba siendo amado/ a (él/ ella/ *ello)?
Negative was he/ she/ it not being loved? ¿no estaba siendo amado/ a (él/ ella/ *ello)?
wasn’t he/ she/ it being loved?
Future
English Spanish
¿serás amado/ a (tú)?;

¿será amado/ a (usted)?
Affirmative will you be loved?
REGULAR
¿seréis amados/ as (vosostros/ as)?;
VERBS
¿serán amados/ as (ustedes)?
¿no serás amado/ a (tú)?;

¿no será amado/ a (usted)?
Negative will you not be loved?
won’t you be loved?
¿no seréis amados/ as (vosostros/ as)?;
¿no serán amados/ as (ustedes)?
Future with “going to” (present)

English Spanish
Affirmative am I going to be loved? ¿voy a ser amado/ a (yo)?
Negative am I not going to be loved? ¿no voy a ser amado/ a (yo)?
¿vas a ser amado/ a (tú)?;

¿va a ser amado/ a (usted)?
Affirmative are you going to be loved?
¿vais a ser amados/ as (vosotros/ as);
¿van a ser amados/ as (ustedes)?
¿no vas a ser amado/ a (tú)?;
are you not going to be loved? ¿no va a ser amado/ a (usted)?
Negative aren’t you going to be loved? ¿no vais a ser amados/ as (vosotros/ as);
¿no van a ser amados/ as (ustedes)?
Affirmative is he/ she/ it going to be loved? ¿va a ser amado/ a (él/ ella/ *ello)?
is he/ she/ it not going to be loved?
Negative ¿no va a ser amado/ a (él/ ella/ *ello)?
isn’t he/ she/ it going to be loved?
-195-
English Spanish
Affirmative was I going to be loved? ¿iba a ser amado/ a (yo)?
was I not going to be loved?
Negative ¿no iba a ser amado/ a (yo)?
wasn’t I going to be loved?
¿ibas a ser amado/ a (tú)?;
¿iba a ser amado/ a (usted)?
Affirmative were you going to be loved?
¿ibais a ser amados/ as (vosotros/ as);
¿iban a ser amados/ as (ustedes)?
¿no ibas a ser amado/ a (tú)?;
were you not going to be loved? ¿no iba a ser amado/ a (usted)?
Negative weren’t you going to be loved? ¿no ibais a ser amados/ as (vosotros/ as);
¿no iban a ser amados/ as (ustedes)?
Affirmative was he/ she/ it going to be loved? ¿iba a ser amado/ a (él/ ella/ *ello)?
Negative was he/ she/ it not going to be loved? ¿no iba a ser amado/ a (él/ ella/ *ello)?
wasn’t he/ she/ it going to be loved?
Conditional
English Spanish
¿serías amado/ a (tú)?;

¿sería amado/ a (usted)?
Affirmative would you be loved?
¿seríais amados/ as (vosostros/ as)?;
¿serían amados/ as (ustedes)?
REGULAR
VERBS
¿no serías amado/ a (tú)?;

¿no sería amado/ a (usted)?
would you not be loved?
Negative wouldn’t you be loved?
¿no seríais amados/ as (vosostros/ as)?;
¿no serían amados/ as (ustedes)?
PA S S I V E V O I C E PA S S I V E V O I C E
IMPERATIVE FORM INFINITIVE / PAST PARTICPLE / GERUND FORM
Imperative English Spanish

English Spanish
sé amado/ a (tú);
sea amado/ a (usted) Infinitive to be loved ser amado/ a, amados/ as
Affirmative be loved
sed amados/ as (vosostros/ as);
sean amados/ as (ustedes)
no seas amado/ a (tú);

no sea amado/ a (usted)
Negative do not be loved Past Participle been loved sido amado/ a, amados/ as
don’t be loved
no seáis amados/ as (vosostros/ as);
no sean amados/ as (ustedes)
Affirmative let’s be loved seamos amados/ as (nosotros/ as)

Gerund being loved siendo amado/ a, amados/ as
Negative let’s not be loved no seamos amados/ as (nosotros/ as)
-196-
IRREGULAR VERBS
PRESENT SIMPLE PAST PAST PARTICIPLE SPANISH

arise arose arisen levantarse
awake awoke awoke(n) despertar
be was, were been ser; estar
beat beat beaten golpear
become became become llegar
begin began begun empezar
bend bent bent doblar
bind bound bound atar, amarrar
bite bit bitten morder
bleed bled bled sangrar
blow blew blown soplar
break broke broken romper
bring brought brought traer
build built built construir
burn burnt burnt quemar
burst burst burst estallar
buy bought bought comprar
can could could poder
catch caught caught coger
choose chose chosen escoger
come came come venir
cost cost cost costar
creep crept crept trepar
cut cut cut cortar
dig dug dug cavar
do did done hacer
IRREGULAR
arrastrar, tirar;
VERBS
draw drew drawn dibujar
dream dreamt dreamt soñar
drink drank drunk beber
drive drove driven conducir
eat ate eaten comer
fall fell fallen caer
feed fed fed alimentar
feel felt felt sentir
fight fought fought luchar
find found found encontrar
flee fled fled escapar, huir
fling flung flung arrojar
fly flew flown volar
forbid forbade forbidden prohibir
forget forgot forgotten olvidar
forgive forgave forgiven perdonar
freeze froze frozen helar
got (BrE)
get got gotten (AmE) lograr, alcanzar
go went gone ir
grow grew grown crecer
hang hung hung colgar
have had had tener
hear heard heard oír
hide hid hidden esconder
hit hit hit golpear
hold held held sujetar, agarrar
hurt hurt hurt herir, dañar
keep kept kept gardar, mantener
know knew known saber
lay laid laid poner, colocar
lead led led conducir, guiar
lean leant leant apoyarse
-197-
PRESENT SIMPLE PAST PAST PARTICIPLE SPANISH
leave left left dejar, abandonar
lend lent lent prestar
let let let dejar
lie lay lain echarse, tumbarse
lie lied lied mentir
light lit lit encender
lose lost lost perder
make made made hacer
mean meant meant significar
meet met met encontrarse
pay paid paid pagar
put put put poner
read read read leer
rent rent rent alquilar
montar [caballo,
ride rode ridden bicicleta]
ring rang rung sonar
rise rose risen levantarse; elevarse
run ran run correr
say said said decir
see saw seen ver
seek sought sought buscar
sell sold sold vender
send sent sent enviar
set set set colocar
shake shook shaken temblar, agitar
shine shone shone brillar
shoot shot shot disparar
show showed shown mostrar
IRREGULAR
shut shut shut cerrar

VERBS
sing sang sung cantar

sink sank sunk hundir
sit sat sat sentarse
sleep slept slept dormir
slide slid slid resbalar
smell smelt smelt oler
speak spoke spoken hablar
speed sped sped aligerar
spell spelt spelt deletrear
spend spent spent gastar; pasar tiempo
spill spilt spilt derramar
split split split dividir
spoil spoilt spoilt estropear
spread spread spread derramar
spring sprang sprung brotar
sostenerse,
stand stood stood estar en pie
steal stole stolen robar
sting stung stung picar [insecto]
swear swore sworn jurar
sweep swept swept barrer
swell swelled swollen hinchar, inflamar
swim swam swum nadar
take took taken tomar
teach taught taught enseñar
tell told told decir
think thought thought pensar
throw threw thrown arrojar
understand understood understood comprender
wake woke woke(n) despertar
wear wore worn llevar puesto [ropa]
win won won ganar
write wrote written escribir
-198-
GLOSSARIES
PREFACE
En los siguientes glosarios están recogidos todos los términos de la lengua

inglesa que aparecen en el presente libro. Dichos términos están ordenados
alfabéticamente y vienen acompañados por su equivalencia en español.
Además de su equivalencia en español, de cada término se ofrece

información a cerca de su categoría gramatical en inglés y, en el caso de que sea
necesario, si dicho término pertenece al inglés usado en Reino Unido o en
América (ver neighbour; neighbor). Además, para evitar confusiones, las
equivalencias en español que puedan resultar ambiguas vienen acompañadas
por una aclaración entre corchetes (ver wear).
Para facilitar la consulta del glosario, las equivalencias en español de los

adjetivos en inglés se dan únicamente en la forma masculina singular, a pesar de
que dicha forma inglesa también equivalga a las formas del femenino singular y
plural y del masculino plural en español. Así, en la entrada African aparece como
equivalente en español africano, pero ha de sobreentenderse que también puede
PREFACE
equivaler a africana, africanos y africanas. Los participios pasados recogidos en
el glosario también reciben este tratamiento.
Bajo una misma entrada inglesa pueden aparecer:
1. Varias acepciones separadas entre sí por punto y coma. En este caso

las diferentes acepciones hacen referencia a términos en español que, aunque
puedan ser parecidos, no son equivalentes (ver bite).
2. Varias acepciones separadas entre sí por coma. Las diferentes
acepciones hacen referencia a términos que se pueden considerar sinónimos
entre sí en español (ver brilliant).
3. Además de las equivalencias en español, pueden aparecer términos
compuestos o derivados del término en inglés que se ofrece como entrada (ver
board) o locuciones de uso frecuente en la que dicho término aparece (ver
chemist).
Puede haber dos o más entradas en inglés idénticas. Esto se debe a que
determinadas palabras en inglés, dependiendo de su uso, funcionan con
diferentes categorías gramaticales, existiendo entre sus significados una evidente
relación (ver act1; act2) o no (ver can1; can2), o a que al menos una de ellas
pertenece al inglés británico o al americano (ver bill1; bill2).
-199-
ABBREVIATIONS
adj .......................................................... adjetivo

adv .......................................................... adverbio
AmE .......................................................... inglés americano

art .......................................................... artículo
BrE .......................................................... inglés británico

comp .......................................................... comparativo
conj .......................................................... conjunción
dem .......................................................... demostrativo

esp .......................................................... especialmente
etc .......................................................... etcétera

fem .......................................................... femenino
indet .......................................................... indeterminado
inf .......................................................... infinitivo

ABBREVIATIONS
int .......................................................... interrogativo

interj .......................................................... interjección
mod .......................................................... modal
p .......................................................... participio
pas .......................................................... pasado
pers .......................................................... personal
pos .......................................................... posesivo

prep .......................................................... preposición
pres .......................................................... presente
pron .......................................................... pronombre

reflex .......................................................... reflexivo
rel .......................................................... relativo

semimod .......................................................... semimodal
super .......................................................... superlativo

sust .......................................................... sustantivo
tb .......................................................... también
v .......................................................... verbo
-200-
CIVILIAN GLOSSARY
ENGLISH SPANISH ENGLISH SPANISH
a art indet un, una; (~ bit of) un American adj americano
poco de; (~ few) unos pocos, American-born adj americano
unas pocas, algunos, algunas; among prep entre
(~ little of) un poco de; (~ an art indet un, una
long way) mucho tiempo; (~ analgesic sust analgésico
lot of) un montón de, mucho analyse (BrE) v analizar; valorar, evaluar
abbreviation sust abreviatura analyze (AmE) v analizar; valorar, evaluar
above prep arriba; sobre ancient adj antiguo
abroad adv en el extranjero Angle sust anglo
absolute adj absoluto angry adj enfadado
accepted p pas de accept aceptado animal sust animal
ache v doler ankle sust tobillo
acronym sust sigla answer1 sust respuesta
across prep a través; al otro lado de answer2 v responder
act1 sust acto anthem sust himno
act2 v actuar any pron alguno, alguna, algunos,
active adj activo algunas
activity sust actividad any adj algún, alguna, algunos,
acute adj agudo algunas; (in ~ case) en
advice sust consejo cualquier caso
aeroplane sust aeroplano anybody pron nadie; alguien, cualquier
affected p pas de affect afectado persona
afraid adj asustado; (to be ~) temer, anyone pron nadie; alguien, cualquier
tener miedo persona
Africa sust África anything pron nada; algo, cualquier
African adj africano cosa
GLOSSARY
CIVILIAN
after1 adv después anyway adv de todos modos, de todas
after2 prep después de, tras formas
afternoon sust tarde; (good ~) buenas anywhere adv ninguna parte; alguna
tardes parte, cualquier parte
against prep contra apartment (AmE) sust apartamento
agency sust agencia; (travel ~) appearance sust aparición
agencia de viajes appendices sust pl anexos
agent sust agente; (travel ~) agente appendix sust anexo
de viajes appetite sust apetito
ago adv (five days ~) hace cinco apple sust manzana
días application sust formulario
agree v estar de acuerdo appointment sust cita; (to make an ~)
agree on v ponerse de acuerdo en concertar una cita
AIDS April sust abril
(Acquired Immune archipielago sust archipiélago
Deficiency Syndrome) sust sida arm sust brazo
air sust aire armchair sust sillón
air conditioning sust aire acondicionado armpit sust axila
airport sust aeropuerto around prep alrededor de
aisle sust pasillo [avión] arrange v organizar; fijar, concertar
alarm clock sust despertador arrest v detener
album sust álbum arrive v llegar
all pron todo; (~ right) todo bien, arrogant adj arrogante
de acuerdo article sust artículo
allergic adj alérgico artist sust artista
almost adv casi as conj como; tan; cuando,
along prep a lo largo de mientras
already adv ya ash sust ceniza
altar sust altar ashtray sust cenicero
although conj aunque Asia sust Asia
always adv siempre Asian adj asiático [esp India y
amazing adj increíble, asombroso Paquistán]
ambulance sust ambulancia Asiatic adj asiático
America sust América ask v preguntar
-201-
Civilian Glossary

asleep adj dormido beef sust ternera
assemble v montar, organizar, reunir beer sust cerveza
assignment sust misión; nombramiento before prep delante de, ante; antes
assistant sust dependiente, empleado de, antes
astronomical adj astronómico begin v comenzar
at prep a; en; (~ least) por lo beginner sust principiante
menos; (~ once) de una vez; beginning sust comienzo, principio
(~ the back) al fondo de; (~ behind prep tras, detrás de
the chemist’s) (BrE) en la being sust ser
farmacia; (~ the moment) en Belgian adj belga
este momento Belgium sust Bélgica
athletics sust atletismo believe v creer
atom sust átomo belly button sust ombligo
attack sust ataque belong v pertenecer
attempt sust intento; (to make an ~) below prep debajo de
hacer un intento, intentar belt sust cinturón
attend v asistir bench sust banco
attention sust atención beneath prep debajo de; por debajo de
August sust agosto Berlin sust Berlín
aunt sust tía beside prep al lado de
Australia sust Australia besides prep además de
Australian adj australiano best1 adj super mejor
Austria sust Austria best2 adv mejor
Austrian adj austríaco better1 adj comp mejor
autumn (BrE) sust otoño better2 adv mejor
auxiliarity adj auxiliar between prep entre
available adj disponible beyond prep más allá de; sobre
avenue sust avenida bibliography sust bibliografía
avialable adj disponible bicycle sust bicicleta
GLOSSARY
CIVILIAN
avoid v evitar big adj grande

awake adj despierto bill1 (AmE) sust billete
babysitter sust canguro, niñera bill2 (BrE) sust cuenta; factura
back sust fondo; (at the ~) al fondo billiards sust pl billar
de Biology sust biología
bacon sust bacon, panceta bird sust pájaro
bad adj malo birthday sust cumpleaños
badly adv mal biscuit (BrE) sust galleta
bag sust bolso bit sust pedazo, trozo; (a ~ of)
ball sust pelota; (tennis ~) pelota un poco de
de tenis bite v morder; comer
banana sust plátano black adj negro
bank sust banco blanket sust manta
bargain sust ganga blind adj ciego
base sust base blond adj rubio
baseball sust béisbol blood pressure sust tensión arterial
basketball sust baloncesto blouse sust blusa
bath sust bañera blue adj azul
bathroom sust cuarto de baño board sust pensión;(full ~) pensión
be v ser; estar; (~ afraid) temer, completa; (half ~) media
tener miedo; (~ in a hurry) pensión
tener prisa; (may ~) puede boat sust barco
ser; (~ sure) estar seguro body sust cuerpo
be able v ser capaz, poder boil v hervir
beach sust playa boiled p pas de boil hervido; (~ egg)
bean sust judía huevo pasado por agua;
bear v llevar, portar; aguantar, huevo duro
resistir bone sust hueso
beautiful adj guapo; bonito bonnet (BrE) sust capó
bed sust cama;(to go to ~) irse a book1 sust libro; (~ stall) quiosco de
la cama, acostarse; (to make prensa; (phone ~) agenda de
the ~) hacer la cama teléfonos; guía telefónica
bedroom sust dormitorio; habitación book2 v reservar
bedside table sust mesita de noche boot1 sust bota
-202-
Civilian Glossary

boot2 (BrE) sust maletero career sust carrera
booth sust cabina carnation sust clavel
borrow v coger prestado carpet sust alfombra
both adj ambos carrot sust zanahoria
bottle sust botella carry out v llevar a cabo, realizar
box sust caja cartoon sust dibujos animados
boxing sust boxeo case sust caso; (in any ~) en
boy sust chico; niño cualquier caso; (just in ~)por
boyfriend sust novio si acaso
bracket sust paréntesis caster sust espolvoreador
brave adj valiente castle sust castillo
bread sust pan cat sust gato
break down v averiarse catastrophe sust catástrofe
breakfast sust desayuno catch v agarrar, coger
breast sust seno cause v causar
breath sust aliento CD (Compact Disk) sust CD, compact, compacto
brilliant adj brillante, genial cell sust celda
bring v traer cemetery sust cementerio
brother sust hermano center (AmE) sust centro
brother-in-law sust cuñado centre (BrE) sust centro
brown adj marrón cereal sust cereal
brush sust cepillo certainly adv ciertamente
building sust edificio chair sust silla
bullet sust bala change1 sust cambio
bullfight sust corrida de toros change2 v cambiar
burial sust entierro charge v cobrar
burning adj ardiente, abrasador; (~ chart sust cuadro
pain) ardor [estómago] cheap adj barato
burning pain sust ardor check1 (AmE) sust cuenta, factura
GLOSSARY
CIVILIAN
bury v enterrar check2 v comprobar
bus sust autobús; (~ stop) parada cheese sust queso
de autobús chemist (BrE) sust farmacéutico; (at the ~’s)
bush sust arbusto en la farmacia
business sust negocio; (to do ~) hacer chemist’s sust farmacia
un negocio; trabajar chess sust ajedrez
busy adj ocupado chest sust pecho
but conj pero chestnut tree sust castaño
butter sust mantequilla chew v mastica
by prep por; en; mediante; de; chicken sust pollo
junto a; (~ day) durante el día; child sust niño
(~ the way) por cierto children sust pl hijos; niños
bye interj adiós chin sust barbilla
cactus sust cactus China sust China
cake sust pastel, tarta Chinese adj chino
calendar sust calendario chocolate sust chocolate
calf sust ternero; pantorrilla chocolate pudding sust crema de chocolate
call v llamar choke v asfixiar
call back v volver a llamar, devolver una choose v elegir
llamada Christ sust Cristo
calm1 adj tranquilo, en calma Christmas sust Navidad
calm2 sust calma church sust iglesia
can1 sust lata cigarrete sust cigarro, cigarrillo
can2 v mod poder cinema sust cine
candid adj abierto; sincero citizien sust ciudadano
candle sust vela city sust ciudad
candy (AmE) sust caramelo, dulce civilian adj civil
cap sust gorra civilization sust civilización
capacity sust capacidad class sust clase
capital sust capital classical adj clásico
capitalist adj capitalista clean adj limpio
car sust coche clean up v limpiar
card sust tarjeta; carta, naipe cleaning sust limpieza; (to do the~)
cardinal adj cardinal hacer la limpieza
-203-
Civilian Glossary

clear adj claro continent sust continente
clerk (AmE) sust dependiente continuous adj continuo
clever adj inteligente, listo past continuous sust pasado continuo
climate sust clima present continuous sust presente continuo
climatic adj climático contracted p pas de contract contraído
climb v escalar contraction sust contracción
cloakroom sust guardarropa controled (AmE) p pas de control controlado
close1 adj cercano, próximo controlled (BrE) p pas de control controlado
close2 v cerrar conventional adj tradicional, clásico;
closet sust armario convencional
cloth sust tela, tejido; (table ~) conversation sust conversación
mantel cook1 sust cocinero
clothes sust pl ropa cook2 v cocinar
cloudy adj nublado cooker (BrE) sust cocina, hornillo
coach sust autocar cooking sust cocina, comida, forma de
coal sust carbón cocinar
coat sust abrigo cooky (AmE) sust galleta
cod sust bacalao cooling sust corriente de agua fría
coffee sust café; (to make a ~) coral sust coral
hacer un café corner sust rincón; esquina
coffee-house sust cafetería corporation sust empresa
coffeepot sust cafetera correct adj correcto
coin sust moneda cost v costar
Coke® sust Coca-Cola® cough1 sust tos
cold1 adj frío cough2 v toser
cold2 sust resfriado could v mod p pas de can
collapse v derrumbarse, desplomarse counsel v aconsejar
collect v recoger, recolectar; coger count v contar
collect call (AmE) sust llamada a cobro revertido countable adj contable
GLOSSARY
CIVILIAN
color (AmE) sust color country sust país

colour (BrE) sust color couple sust pareja; par
column sust columna course sust curso; plato; (of ~) por
comb sust peine supuesto
come v venir; llegar court sust tribunal
come back v volver, regresar cousin sust primo
commercial adj comercial crab sust cangrejo
committee sust comité cradle sust cuna
communication sust comunicación create v crear
comparative adj comparativo credit sust crédito
compete v competir crosswalk (AmE) sust paso de peatones
competition sust competición crowd sust muchedumbre, multitud;
complement sust complemento (a ~ of) un montón de
compliment sust cumplido; (to make a ~) cruise sust crucero
hacer un cumplido cry v llorar
computer sust ordenador cucumber sust pepino
concentric adj concéntrico cult sust culto
concerned p pas de concern cup sust taza; (tea ~) taza de té
preocupado currency sust moneda, unidad
concert sust concierto monetaria
condition sust condición curriculum sust currículo
conditional adj condicional curtain sust cortina
confusion sust confusión custard sust crema; natillas
conjugation sust conjugación customer sust cliente
connection sust conexión customs sust aduana; (~ officer)
consequence sust consecuencia empleado de la aduana
consider v considerar, creer cut v cortar
considerable adj considerable cutlet sust chuleta
consist v consistir; (~ of) consistir en cycling sust ciclismo
consisting adj consistente daily1 adj diario
constant adj continuo, constante daily2 adv diariamente
consulat sust consulado daisy sust margarita
contact sust contacto damage sust daño; (to do a ~) causar
content sust contenido un daño
-204-
Civilian Glossary

dance sust danza, baile do v hacer; (~ a business) hacer
dangerous adj peligroso un negocio; (~ a damage)
Danish adj danés causar un daño; (~ a favour)
dark adj oscuro hacer un favor; (~ a work)
date sust fecha; cita hacer un trabajo; (~ an exam)
daughter sust hija hacer un examen; (~ an
daugther-in-law sust nuera exercise) hacer un ejercicio;
day sust día; (~ off) día libre; (by (~ drugs) drogarse; (~ films)
~) durante el día; (in the ~ hacer películas; (~ good)
time) de día hacer el bien; (~ harm) hacer
deal sust trato; (to make a ~) daño; (~ honours in)
hacer un trato licenciarse en; (~ miracles)
dear adj querido, estimado obrar milagros, hacer
death sust muerte milagros; (~ repairs) hacer
December sust diciembre arreglos, hacer reformas;
decide v decidir reparar; (~ research)
decision sust decisión investigar; (~ right) hacer
declare v declarar bien; (~ the cleaning) hacer
deep adj profundo la limpieza; (~ the dishes)
degree sust grado fregar los platos; (~ the hair)
deity sust deidad arreglarse el pelo; (~ the
delight sust placer homework) hacer los
demonstrative sust demostrativo deberes; (~ the housework)
Denmark sust Dinamarca hacer la tareas domésticas; (~
densely sust densamente the nails) arreglarse las uñas;
dentist sust dentista (~ the washing-up) hacer la
deposit sust depósito colada; (~ wrong) hacer mal
design sust diseño doctor sust médico; doctor
desk sust escritorio, pupitre dog sust perro
GLOSSARY
CIVILIAN
despite prep a pesar de doll sust muñeca
dessert sust postre dollar sust dólar
destroy v destruir done1 adj hecho
determined p pas de determine done2 p pas de do hecho
determinado, decidido door sust puerta
devastating adj devastador doubtful adj dubitativo, indeciso
developing adj en vías de desarrollo down prep abajo
development sust desarrollo downer sust sedante
diarrhea (AmE) sust diarrea dramatic adj dramático; drástico
diarrhoea (BrE) sust diarrea draughts sust pl damas
die v morir draw v correr; descorrer
difference sust diferencia drawer sust cajón
difficult adj difícil dread1 sust temor, pavor
dining room sust comedor, salón dread2 v temer, tener terror a
dinner sust cena drench v empapar; inundar
dinosaur sust dinosaurio dress sust vestido
direction sust dirección drink1 sust bebida
directly adv directamente drink2 v beber
dirty adj sucio drive v conducir
disable adj incapacitado driver sust conductor
disagree v estar en desacuerdo drop v dejar caer
disappointed p pas de disappoint drought sust sequía
decepcionado drug sust droga; (to do ~s)
disaster sust desastre drogarse
disastrous adj desastroso drugstore (AmE) sust farmacia
discover v descubrir drunk adj borracho
discovery sust descubrimiento; (to make due adj (~ to) debido a
a ~) hacer un descubrimiento duo sust dúo
dish sust plato; fuente; (to do the during prep durante
~es) fregar los platos Dutch adj holandés
disruption sust trastorno duty sust responsabilidad,
distinct adj bien diferenciado obligación
divorce v divorciarse each pron cada
eagle sust águila
-205-
Civilian Glossary

ear sust oreja examination sust examen; (to do an ~)
earache sust dolor de oído hacer un examen
early adv temprano example sust ejemplo
earth sust tierra; la Tierra exchange v cambiar
earthquake sust terremoto excuse1 sust excusa; (to make an ~)
easier adj comp más fácil poner una excusa
east sust este excuse2 v disculpar, perdonar
Easter sust Semana Santa exercise sust ejercicio; (to do an ~)
Easter Day sust Domingo de Pascua, hacer un ejercicio
Domingo de Resurrección exhausted adj exhausto
Easter Monday sust Lunes de Pascua exist v existir
easy adj fácil expect v esperar, suponer
eat v comer expensive adj caro
economy sust economía experience1 sust experiencia
effect sust efecto experience2 v experimentar
effort sust esfuerzo; (make an ~) explain v explicar
intentar explore v explorar
egg sust huevo; (boiled ~) huevo expressive adj expresivo
pasado por agua; huevo duro; extra adj extra
(fried ~) huevo frito extreme adj extremo
Egypt sust Egipto extremely adv extremadamente
elbow sust codo eye sust ojo
elder adj comp mayor eyebrow sust ceja
elderly adj anciano eyelash sust pestaña
eldest adj super de más edad eyelid sust párpado
electrical adj eléctrico face sust cara; (to make a ~)
electronic adj electrónico poner mala cara
elephant sust elefante fact sust hecho
elevator (AmE) sust ascensor factory sust fábrica
GLOSSARY
CIVILIAN
elf sust duende failure sust fracaso

else adv lo demás fairtale sust cuento de hadas
embassy sust embajada faithful adj fiel; digno de confianza
emergency sust urgencia faithfully adv atentamente
end sust fin; final fall (AmE) sust otoño
ending adj terminado en false adj falso
endurance sust resistencia family sust familia; (~ tree) árbol
energy sust energía genealógico
engaged adj comprometido, prometido far adv lejos
England sust Inglaterra farmyard sust corral
English adj inglés father sust padre
English Channel sust el Canal de la Mancha father-in-law sust suegro
enjoy v disfrutar, gustar favor (AmE) sust favor
enough adv suficiente, bastante favour (BrE) sust favor (to do a ~) hacer
enter v entrar un favor
entry sust entrada favourite adj favorito
environment sust medio ambiente feather sust pluma
environmental adj medioambiental February sust febrero
episode sust episodio fee sust suma de dinero
escape v escapar feel v sentir; sentirse
establish v establecer feet sust pl pies
eucalyptus sust eucalipto Festival of Passover sust Pascua Judía o Pesah
euro sust euro few pron pocos, pocas; (a ~) unos
Europe sust Europa pocos, unas pocas, algunos,
European adj europeo algunas
European Union sust Unión Europea fiber (AmE) sust fibra
evening sust tarde; (good ~) buenas fibre (BrE) sust fibra
tardes; buenas noches field sust campo
event sust acontecimiento; caso; (in fig sust higo
the ~) en el caso fill v llenar; completar
every adj cada; todo fill in v rellenar
everybody pron todos, todo el mundo film (BrE) sust película; (to do ~s)
evidence sust prueba hacer películas
exam sust examen find v encontrar
-206-
Civilian Glossary

fine adj magnífico, muy bueno friendly2 adv amistosamente
finger sust dedo from prep de; desde; por
finish v acabar front sust frente, fachada; (in ~) en
fire sust incendio frente
fireplace sust chimenea fruit sust fruta
firm sust empresa fry v freír
first adj primero fuel sust combustible
first aid sust primeros auxilios full adj completo; (~ board)
fish sust pescado pensión completa
fisherman sust pescador fully adv completamente,
fishing sust pesca totalmente; (~
fit v colocar; quedar bien comprehensive insurance
flag sust bandera policy) seguro a todo riesgo
flamenco sust flamenco fun sust diversión; (to have ~)
flashlight sust linterna pasárselo bien
flat (BrE) sust apartamento funfair sust parque de atracciones
flavor (AmE) sust sabor furlong sust estadio
flavour (BrE) sust sabor furniture sust mobiliario
flight sust vuelo future1 adj futuro
flood sust inundación future2 sust futuro
floor sust suelo; piso gallery sust galería
flour sust harina gallon sust galón
flower sust flor game sust juego
fluently adv con fluidez gap sust espacio, hueco
fluid adj fluido; (~ ounce) onza fluida garage sust garaje
fly v volar garden sust jardín
fog sust niebla gas sust gas; (~ station) (AmE)
foggy adj de niebla, nebuloso gasolinera; estación de
following adj siguiente servicio
GLOSSARY
CIVILIAN
fond adj cariñoso gasoline (AmE) sust gasolina
fondest adj super el más cariñoso, gate sust puerta
cariñosísimo geese sust pl gansos
fondly adv cariñosamente Geography sust geografía
food sust comida geranium sust geranio
fool adj tonto German adj alemán
foot sust pie Germany sust Alemania
football sust fútbol; pelota de fútbol gerund sust gerundio
for prep por; durante; para; get v ponerse
desde; (~ sale) en venta get along with v llevarse bien con
forehead sust frente get back v devolver
forest1 adj forestal get into v subir a; entrar en
forest2 sust bosque get married v casarse
fork sust tenedor get off v bajarse
form sust forma; formulario, get through v comunicarse; estar con
impreso get up v levantarse
former adj anterior; antiguo ghost sust fantasma
fortunately adv afortunadamente gin v ginebra
fortune sust fortuna ginger1 adj color zanahoria
fossil adj fósil ginger2 sust jengibre
fountain sust fuente giraffe sust jirafa
franc sust franco girl sust chica; niña
France sust Francia girlfriend sust novia
frankfurter sust salchicha de Frankfurt give v dar; (~ a hand) echar una
Frech fries sust pl patatas fritas mano
freeze v helar; helarse give up v dejar, abandonar; renunciar
French adj francés a
frequent adj frecuente glamor (AmE) sust glamour
Friday sust viernes glamour (BrE) sust glamour
fridge sust nevera, frigorífico glass sust vaso
fried p pas de fry frito; (~ egg) glasses sust pl gafas
huevo frito global adj global
friend sust amigo glossary sust glosario
friendly1 adj amistoso glove sust guante
-207-
Civilian Glossary

go v ir harm sust daño; (to do ~) hacer
go away v irse daño
go back v volver hat sust sombrero
go for a walk v pasear hate v odiar
go on v seguir, continuar have v tener; haber; tomar; (~ fun)
go out v salir pasárselo bien
goat sust cabra have breakfast v desayunar
golf sust golf have dinner v cenar
gonorrhea (AmE) sust gonorrea have lunch v almorzar
gonorrhoea (BrE) sust gonorrea have to v tener que
Good Friday sust Viernes Santo hazard sust peligro, riesgo
good looking adj guapo he pron pers él
good1 adj bueno; (~ afternoon) head sust cabeza
buenas tardes; (~ evening) headache sust dolor de cabeza
buenas tardes; buenas hear v oír
noches; (~ morning) buenos heart sust corazón
días heart attack sust ataque al corazón
good2 sust bien; (to do ~) hacer el heavy adj pesado
bien height sust altura
goodbye1 interj adiós hello interj hola
goodbye2 sust adiós help v ayudar
goose sust ganso hepatitis sust hepatitis
government sust gobierno her adj pos su, sus [de ella]
grade sust nota, calificación here adv aquí
grades sust pl notas, calificaciones hero sust héroe
grammar sust gramática hers pron pos suyo, suya, suyos,
grandchildren sust nietos, nietas suyas [de ella]
granddaughter sust nieta hi interj hola
grandfather sust abuelo high adj alto, elevado
GLOSSARY
CIVILIAN
grandmother sust abuela high school sust instituto

grandparent sust abuelo, abuela high-ranking adj alto rango
grandson sust nieto highway (AmE) sust carretera
grape sust uva hiking sust senderismo
gray (AmE) adj gris him pron pers él
Great Britain sust Gran Bretaña hip sust cadera
Greece sust Grecia hippopotamus sust hipopótamo
Greek adj griego his1 adj pos su, sus [de él]
green adj verde his2 pron pos suyo, suya, suyos,
greeting sust saludo suyas [de él]
grey (BrE) adj gris historian sust historiador
grind v moler History sust historia
guard v defender hobby sust pasatiempo
guilty adj culpable holiday (BrE) sust día festivo, vacaciones
guitar sust guitarra Holland sust Holanda
hair sust pelo; (to do the ~) home sust hogar, casa
arreglarse el pelo homework sust tarea, deberes; (to do
hairdresser’s sust peluquería the ~) hacer los deberes
hake sust merluza honey sust miel
half adj medio; (~ board) media honour sust honor; (to do ~s in)
pensión licenciarse en
ham sust jamón York hood (AmE) sust capó
hamburger sust hamburguesa hope v esperar, desear
hand sust mano; (to give a ~) horse sust caballo
echar una mano hospital sust hospital
handball sust balonmano hot adj caliente; cálido
handkerchief sust pañuelo hotel sust hotel
hang v colgar hour sust hora
happen v pasar, suceder, ocurrir house sust casa
happy adj feliz, contento household sust casa
hard1 adj duro housework sust tarea doméstica; (to do
hard2 adv duramente ~) hacer las tareas
harder adv comp más duramente domésticas
how adv int cómo
-208-
Civilian Glossary

human adj humano Iraqi adj iraquí
human being sust ser humano Ireland sust Irlanda
human-induced adj provocado por el hombre Irish adj irlandés
hungry adj hambriento iron v planchar
hurricane sust huracán irregular adj irregular
hurry sust prisa; (to be in a ~) tener isle sust isla
prisa it pron pers *ello
hurt v doler Italian adj italiano
husband sust marido, esposo Italy sust Italia
hypothesis sust hipótesis its1 adj pos su, sus [de *ello]
I pron pers yo its2 pron pos suyo, suya, suyos,
ice hockey sust hockey sobre hielo suyas [de *ello]
ice-cream sust helado jacket sust chaqueta; cazadora
icon sust icono jam sust mermelada
ID (Identity Card) sust carnet de identidad January sust enero
identity sust identidad Japan sust Japón
idol sust ídolo Japanese adj japonés
ill adj enfermo jazz bass sust bajo
immediately adv inmediatamente jelly sust gelatina
impact sust impacto jersey sust jersey
impersonal adj impersonal jewel sust joya
in prep en; dentro; dentro de; job sust trabajo, empleo
adentro; (~ any case) en jog v correr, hacer footing
cualquier caso; (~ late 1998) join v unirse
a finales de 1998; (~ the journey sust viaje
event) en el caso; (~ total) en jug sust taza
total juice sust zumo
inaccurate adj inapropiado July sust julio
inch sust pulgada jump v saltar
GLOSSARY
CIVILIAN
incident sust incidente June sust junio
include v incluir just adv sólo; (~ in case) por si
incorrectly adv incorrectamente acaso
increase v incrementar kennel sust perrera
indefinite adj indefinido key sust llave; clave
Independence Day sust Día de la Independencia kid v bromear
index sust índice kidney sust riñón
India sust India kind1 adj agradable; amable
Indian adj hindú kind2 sust clase, categoría
Indonesia sust Indonesia kindest adj super el más amable,
infinitive sust infinitivo amabilísimo
information sust información kiss v besar
injured par pas de injure herido kit sust equipo, set
injury sust herida kitchen sust cocina
insert v insertar knee sust rodilla
insist v insistir knife sust cuchillo
institution sust institución know v conocer; saber
instruction sust instrucción knuckle sust nudillo
insurance sust seguro labyrinth sust laberinto
insurance form sust registro de seguro lamb sust cordero
intellectual adj intelectual lamp sust lámpara; (street ~) farola
intelligent adj inteligente land v aterrizar
interested adj interesado large adj grande
interesting adj interesante last name sust apellido
internal adj interno last night adv anoche
internally adv internamente last1 sust último; pasado
interrogative adj interrogativo last2 v durar
interview sust entrevista late adv tarde; (in ~ 1998) a
into prep en finales de 1998
introduce v presentar law sust ley
introduction sust presentación laxative sust laxante
invest v invertir lay v poner; extender; (~ the
invite v invitar table) poner la mesa
Irak sust Iraq
-209-
Civilian Glossary

lay around v estar esparcido, estar en look at v mirar
desorden look for v buscar
lay down v echarse, tumbarse lorry (BrE) sust camión
lazy adj perezoso lose v perder
leak sust escape loss sust pérdida; (to make a ~)
learn v aprender perder dinero
least1 adj super el más pequeño, lot sust montón; (a ~ of) un
pequeñísimo montón de, mucho
least2 adv super lo menos; (at ~) lotion sust loción
por lo menos lottery sust lotería
leave1 sust hoja loud adj alto, elevado
leave2 v partir, marcharse, salir; louder adv comp más fuerte, más
abandonar alto
lecture sust clase; conferencia loudly adv fuerte, en voz alta
left1 adj izquierdo love1 sust amor
left2 sust izquierda love2 v amar, querer; encantar
leg sust pierna lover sust enamorado; amante
leisure sust tiempo libre luck sust suerte
lemon sust limón luggage sust equipaje
lemonade sust limonada lunch sust almuerzo
length sust longitud lung sust pulmón
less1 adj comp menor lust sust lujuria
less2 adv comp menos luxurious adj lujoso
lesson sust lección madam sust señora
let v dejar, permitir made p pas de make hecho; (~ in)
letter v grabar; estampar hecho en; (~ of) hecho de
letter box (BrE) sust buzón mail box (AmE) sust buzón; casillero
lettuce sust lechuga mailman (AmE) sust cartero
level sust nivel mailwoman (AmE) sust fem cartera
GLOSSARY
CIVILIAN
library sust biblioteca main adj principal

license sust permiso mainly adv principalmente
lie v mentir maintain v mantener
lie down v tumbarse make v hacer; cometer; (~ a coffe)
life-threatening adj de vida o muerte hacer un café; (~ a
compliment) hacer un
lift (BrE) sust ascensor; impulso cumplido; (~ a deal) hacer un
light1 adj claro; ligero trato; (~ a discovery) hacer
light2 sust luz un descubrimiento; (~ a face)
light3 v encender poner mala cara; (~ a loss)
like v gustar perder dinero; (~ a mess)
desordenar; ensuciar; hacer
limited p pas de limit limitado algo mal; hacer una chapuza;
linked p pas de link relacionado; (~ arruinar; (~ a mistake)
to) relacionado con cometer un error, equivocarse;
lion sust león (~ a money) ganar dinero,
lip sust labio; (sore ~s) labios hacer dinero; (~ a noise)
hacer un ruido; (~ a note)
resecos anotar; (~ a phone call) hacer
lira sust lira una llamada, llamar [teléfono];
list sust lista (~ a profit) ganar dinero,
listen v escuchar hacer dinero; (~ a right) girar
Literature sust literatura a la derecha; (~ a speech)
pronunciar un discurso; (~ a
little1 adj pequeño suggestion) hacer una
little2 adv poco sugerencia; (~ a tea) hacer té;
little3 pron poco, poca; (a ~ of) un (~ a trouble) causar
poco de problemas; (~ a war) estar en
live v vivir guerra; (~ a will) hacer
testamento; (~ an
liver sust hígado appointment) concertar una
living-room sust sala de estar cita; (~ an attempt) hacer un
lobster sust langosta intento, intentar; (~ an effort)
local authority sust diputación intentar; (~ an excuse) poner
located p pas de locate localizado, una excusa; (~ an offer) hacer
una oferta, ofrecer; (~ peace)
ubicado hacer las paces; (~
London sust Londres preparations) hacer
long adj largo; prolongado preparativos; (~ the bed)
look after v cuidar hacer la cama
-210-
Civilian Glossary

make up v constituir money sust dinero; (to make a ~)
man sust hombre ganar dinero, hacer dinero
maneuver (AmE) v maniobrar; colocar; mover. monkee
sust maniobra monkey sust mono
manoeuvre (BrE) v maniobrar; colocar; mover. month sust mes
sust maniobra monument sust monumento
manner sust modo mood sust estado de ánimo; modo
map sust mapa more adv más
March sust marzo morning sust mañana; (good ~)
mark sust marco buenos días
market sust mercado most adv más
marmalade sust mermelada mother sust madre
master sust dueño; maestro; (station mother-in-law sust suegra
~) jefe de estación motorbike sust moto
match1 sust cerilla / partido mountaineering sust alpinismo
match2 v unir mouse sust ratón
matress sust colchón movie (AmE) sust película
matter sust problema; cuestion mph (miles per hour) sust millas por hora
may v mod poder; (~ be) puede Mr (Mister) sust Sr. (Señor)
ser much adv mucho
May sust mayo mug sust taza
meal sust comida museum sust museo
mean v significar; suponer mushroom sust champiñón
meat sust carne music sust música
medical adj médico mussel sust mejillón
medicine sust medicamento must v mod deber
meet v conocer; encontrarse my adj pos mi, mis
meeting1 adj de encuentro mystery sust misterio
meeting2 sust reunión nail sust uña; (to do the ~s)
GLOSSARY
CIVILIAN
melt v derretir arreglarse las uñas
melting adj enternecedor; (~ pot) name sust nombre
crisol napkin sust servilleta
men sust pl hombres nation sust nación
menu sust menú national adj nacional
mess sust lío, desorden, confusión; nationality sust nacionalidad
(to make a ~) desordenar; nature sust naturaleza
ensuciar; hacer algo mal; near1 adv cerca
hacer una chapuza; arruinar near2 prep cerca de; junto a
message sust mensaje neck sust cuello
mice sust pl ratones need v necesitar
microwave sust microondas need v mod necesitar, estar
midday sust mediodía obligado a
midnight sust medianoche negative adj negativo
might v mod p pas de may neighbor (AmE) sust vecino
mile sust milla neighbour (BrE) sust vecino
mileage sust kilometraje Neolithic adj neolítico
milk sust leche nephew sust sobrino
milkman sust lechero nervous adj nervioso
mind1 sust mente; mentalidad never adv nunca
mind2 v importar, molestar nevertheless adv sin embargo, no obstante
mine pron pos mío, mía, míos, mías New Year’s Eve sust Nochevieja
minute sust minuto New York sust Nueva York
miracle sust milagro; (to do ~s) obrar news sust pl noticias
milagros, hacer milagros newspaper sust periódico
miss v echar de menos next to prep cerca de, junto a; (right
mistake sust error; (to make a ~) ~) justo al lado de
cometer un error, equivocarse nice adj simpático, agradable;
mobile sust teléfono móvil encantado; (~ to meet you)
model sust modelo encantado de conocerle
moment sust momento; (at the ~) en niece sust sobrina
este momento night sust noche
Monday sust lunes night club sust discoteca
no adv no
-211-
Civilian Glossary

noble adj noble opinion sust opinión
nobody pron nadie opposite adj opuesto, contrario
noise sust ruido; (to make ~) hacer optional adj opcional
ruido or conj o
non-alcoholic adj sin alcohol orange1 adj naranja
non-smoking adj no fumador orange2 sust naranja
noodle sust fideo orchid sust orquídea
noon sust mediodía ordinal adj ordinal
north sust norte origin sust origen; residencia,
Northern Ireland sust Irlanda del Norte dirección
Norway sust Noruega ought to v mod debería (o deberías
Norwegian adj noruego etc), debiera (o debieras etc)
nose sust nariz ounce sust onza; (fluid ~) onza
not adv no fluida
note sust nota; (to make a ~) our adj pos nuestro, nuestra,
anotar nuestros, nuestras
note (BrE) sust billete ours pron pos nuestro, nuestra,
nothing pron nada nuestros, nuestras
notice sust aviso; letrero out prep fuera
November sust noviembre outside adv fuera
now adv ahora; (right ~) ahora oven sust horno
mismo over prep sobre; más allá de
nowadays adv hoy en día, hoy por hoy overcoat sust abrigo
nowhere adv ninguna parte overtime sust horas extra
number sust número own1 adj propio
O.K., OK interj vale; todo bien; de own2 v poseer
acuerdo ox sust buey
o’clock adv en punto oxen sust pl bueyes
oak tree sust roble Pacific Ocean sust Océnao Pacífico
GLOSSARY
CIVILIAN
observatory sust observatorio pain sust dolor; (burning ~) ardor

observe v observar [estómago]
occasion sust ocasión painkiller sust analgésico
occur v ocurrir, suceder paint v pintar
October sust octubre painting sust pintura
of prep de; (~ course) por pair sust par
supuesto pajamas (AmE) sust pl pijama
off prep separado de; lejos de; palace sust palacio
(day ~) día libre palm tree sust palmera
offensive sust ofensiva panties sust pl bragas
offer1 sust oferta; (to make an ~) pants (AmE) sust pl pantalones
hacer una oferta, ofrecer paper sust papel
offer2 v ofrecer parachute sust paracaídas
office sust oficina; (the post and paralized p pas de paralize paralizado
telegraph ~) oficina de paralyzed p pas de paralyze paralizado
correos y telégrafos; (tourist parcel sust paquete
~) oficina de turismo parents sust pl padres
officer sust oficial; (customs ~) participant sust participante
empleado de la aduana participle sust participio
official sust agente; funcionario particulary adv en particular
often adv a menudo party sust fiesta
oil sust aceite; petróleo; (olive ~) pass v aprobar
aceite de oliva passenger sust pasajero
old adj viejo; mayor passive adj pasivo
olive sust aceituna; olivo; (~ oil) passport sust pasaporte
aceite de oliva past adj pasado
omelet sust tortilla past sust pasado
on prep sobre, en past continuous sust pasado continuo
once adv una vez; (at ~) de una past perfect sust pretérito perfecto
vez compuesto
onion sust cebolla past simple sust pasado simple
only adv sólo pasta sust pasta
open v abrir patient adj paciente
opera sust ópera pavement (BrE) sust acera
-212-
Civilian Glossary

pay v pagar; prestar policy sust póliza; (fully
PC sust PC, ordenador personal comprehensive insurance ~)
peace sust paz; (to make ~) hacer seguro a todo riesgo
las paces pool sust charca; pozo;
peach sust melocotón (swimming ~) piscina
peak sust cima, cumbre populated p pas de populate poblado
pear sust pera pork sust cerdo
pedestrian sust peatón porridge sust avena; gachas
pedestrian crossing (BrE) sust paso de peatones portrait sust retrato, efigie
pen sust bolígrafo; lápiz; pluma Portugal sust Portugal
pencil sust lápiz Portuguese adj portugués
penicillin sust penicilina positive adj positivo
Pentagon sust el Pentágono possession sust posesión
people sust pl personas; gente possessive adj posesivo
pepper sust pimienta possibility sust posibilidad
perfect adj perfecto possible adj posible
perfectly adv perfectamente post sust correo; (the ~and
permit1 sust permiso telegraph office) oficina de
permit2 v permitir correos y telégrafos
person sust persona post office sust oficina de correos
personal adj personal postman (BrE) sust cartero
Peruvian adj peruano postwoman (BrE) sust fem cartera
petrol (BrE) sust gasolina; (~ station) pot sust olla; (melting ~) crisol
(BrE) gasolinera potato sust patata
phase sust fase potato chips (AmE) sust pl patatas fritas
phenomena sust pl fenómenos potential adj potencial
phenomenon sust fenómeno poultry sust carne de ave
phone sust teléfono; (~ book) pound sust libra
agenda de teléfonos; guía pound sterling (£) sust libra esterlina
GLOSSARY
CIVILIAN
telefónica power sust poder
phone call sust llamada telefónica; (to powerful adj poderoso
make a ~) hacer una llamada, prediction sust predicción
llamar [teléfono] preface sust prólogo, prefacio
photographer sust fotógrafo prefer v preferir
Physics sust física pregnancy sust embarazo
piano sust piano prejudice sust prejuicio
picnic sust picnic preparation sust preparativo; (to make ~s)
picture sust cuadro, pintura; fotografía hacer preparativos
piece sust trozo, pedazo prepare v preparar
pig sust cerdo preposition sust preposición
pill sust pastilla present sust regalo; presente
pillow sust almohada present continuous sust presente continuo
pine tree sust pino present perfect sust pretérito perfecto
pink adj rosa compuesto
pint sust pinta president sust presidente
pizza sust pizza pretty adj guapo [esp mujer]
place sust lugar, sitio; (to take ~) previous adj anterior
tener lugar price sust precio
plane sust avión prison sust prisión, cárcel
plate sust plato prize sust premio
platform sust andén problem sust problema
play v jugar; tocar produce v producir
player sust jugador professor sust profesor
please interj por favor profit sust beneficio; (to make a ~)
plum sust ciruela ganar dinero, hacer dinero
plural adj plural pronoun sust pronombre
point sust punto pronounce v pronunciar
polar adj polar proud adj orgulloso
police sust policía; (~ station) pub sust bar; pub; discoteca
comisaría de policía public adj público
policeman sust policía pudding sust pudín, budín
pull down v bajar
pupil sust pupila
-213-
Civilian Glossary

pupil sust alumno rich adj rico
purple adj morado ride v montar; ir en
purpose sust motivo, propósito riding sust hípica
push v empujar right1 adj derecho, recto; correcto;
put v poner; colocar (~ next to) justo al lado; (~
put on v ponerse [ropa] now) ahora mismo; (all ~)
pyjamas (BrE) sust pl pijama todo bien, de acuerdo
quart sust cuarto right2 adv bien; (to do ~) hacer bien
queen sust reina right3 sust derecha; (to make a ~)
question1 adj interrogativo girar a la derecha
question2 sust pregunta ring sust anillo
quickly adv deprisa rising sust aumento
quite adv completamente; bastante rite sust rito
radiation sust radiación river sust río
radio sust radio road (BrE) sust carretera
rain1 sust lluvia Rome sust Roma
rain2 v llover roof sust tejado
rampant adj desenfrenado room sust habitación
range (AmE) sust cocina, hornillo rose sust rosa
rat sust rata round prep alrededor de
rather adv bastante row1 sust fila
real adj real, verdadero row2 v remar
realize v darse cuenta royal adj real, regio
reason sust razón, motivo rugby sust rugby
receive v recibir ruin v destruir
recently adv recientemente rum sust ron
reception sust recepción run v correr; conducir
receptionist sust recepcionista Russia sust Rusia
recommend v recomendar Russian adj ruso
GLOSSARY
CIVILIAN
red adj rojo; (~ wine) vino tinto sacred adj sagrado

reduce v reducir sad adj triste
reef sust arrecife safe adj seguro
refer v remitir; enviar, mandar salad sust ensalada
refuse v rechazar; negarse salami sust salchichón
region sust región sale sust venta; (for ~) en venta
regular adj regular salesclerk (AmE) sust dependiente
related adj relacionado salesman (AmE) sust dependiente
relationship sust parentesco saleswoman (BrE) sust dependienta
relaxed adj relajado salt sust sal
relaxing adj relajante salt cellar sust salero
remain v mantener; permanecer same adj mismo
renewable adj renovable sardine sust sardina
rent v alquilar Saturday sust sábado
repair sust reparación; (to do ~s) sausage sust salchicha
hacer arreglos, hacer Saxon genitive sust genitivo sajón
reformas; reparar saxophone sust saxofón
replace v sustituir, reemplazar say v decir
republic sust república scare v asustar
research sust investigación; (to do ~) scared adj asustado
investigar school sust escuela, colegio
responsible adj responsable school-age adj en edad escolar
rest sust descanso scientist sust científico
restaurant sust restaurante scissors sust pl tijeras
result sust resultado Scotland sust Escocia
retire v jubilarse, retirarse Scottish adj escocés
return ticket sust billete de ida y vuelta scrambled p pas de scramble revuelto
reverse charge call (BrE) sust llamada a cobro revertido sea sust mar
review sust crítica; revisión seagull sust gaviota
revitalize v revitalizar seaquake sust maremoto
rewrite v volver a escribir season sust estación; temporada
rib sust costilla seat sust asiento; plaza
rice sust arroz second adj segundo
rice pudding sust arroz con leche sedative sust sedante
-214-
Civilian Glossary

see v ver slowly adv lentamente, despacio
seem v parecer small adj pequeño
self-govern sust autogobierno smaller adv comp más pequeño
sell v vender smoke v fumar
send v enviar smoking adj fumador
sensible adj sensato sneeze v estornudar
sentence sust frase; oración sniff v olfatear, oler
September sust septiembre snob sust snob, cursi
serious adj grave; serio snow1 sust nieve
seriously adv gravemente snow2 v nevar
serve v sevir so adv así
serviette sust servilleta soap sust jabón
set v poner, colocar; (~ the table) society sust sociedad
poner la mesa sock sust calcetín
several adj varios soda sust agua con gas
sewer sust alcantarilla sofa sust sofá
she pron pers ella solar adj solar
sheep sust oveja soldier sust soldado
sheet sust sábana solution sust solución
shine v brillar solve v solucionar
shirt sust camisa Somalian adj somalí
shoe sust zapato some adj alguno, alguna, algunos,
shop sust tienda; (~ window) algunas
escaparate somebody pron alguien
shop assistant (BrE) sust dependiente something pron algo
shopping sust compra, compras somewhere adv alguna parte
should v mod debería (o deberías son sust hijo
etc), debiera (o debieras etc) song sust canción
shoulder sust hombro son-in-law sust yerno
GLOSSARY
CIVILIAN
shout sust grito soon adv temprano; pronto
shout down v hacer callar a gritos sore adj dolorido; (~ lips) labios
show v mostrar, enseñar resecos
shower sust ducha sound sust sonido
shrimp sust gamba soup sust sopa
shut v cerrar source sust fuente
shut off v desconectar, apagar south sust sur
sick adj enfermo; mareado southeast sust sudeste
sick-bag sust bolsa para el mareo space sust espacio
side sust lado Spain sust España
sidewalk (AmE) sust acera Spanish adj español
significant adj importante, significativo speak v hablar
silver sust plata speaking sust conversación
simple adj simple; sencillo; (past ~) special adj especial
pasado simple speech sust discurso; (to make a ~)
since prep desde pronunciar un discurso
sing v cantar spell v deletrear
single adj individual; soltero; único spend v gastar
sir sust señor spice sust especia
sister sust hermana spirits sust pl bebidas alcohólicas,
sister-in-law sust cuñada licores
sit v sentar; sentarse split v dividir
sit down v sentarse sponge sust esponja
sitting room sust sala de estar, salón spoon sust cuchara
size sust talla sport sust deporte
skate sust patín spot sust punto
skating sust patinaje spring sust primavera
skiing sust esquí squid sust calamar
skirt sust falda St Valentine’s Day sust día de San Valentín
sky sust cielo St. Patrick’s Day sust día de San Patricio
sleeping pill sust somnífero stage sust escenario; etapa
slight adj leve stall sust estante, quiosco; (book
slim adj delgado ~) quiosco de prensa
slow v frenar stand v permanecer
-215-
Civilian Glossary

stand for v significar summer sust verano
standing adj en pie sun sust sol
stark adj severo, duro Sunday sust domingo
start v empezar superlative adj superlativo
station sust estación; (~ master) jefe supermarket sust supermercado
de estación; (bus ~) estación supermodel sust supermodelo
de autobuses; (gas ~) (AmE) supper sust cena
gasolinera; estación de supply sust suministro
servicio; (petrol ~) (BrE) sure adj seguro; (to be ~) estar
gasolinera; (police ~) seguro
comisaría de policía; (train ~) surely adv con seguridad, sin duda
estación de tren; (tube ~) surprise1 sust sorpresa
(BrE) estación de metro surprise2 v sorprender
stay v permanecer, quedarse surprised p pas de surprise
steak sust filete sorprendido
steal v robar sweater sust suéter; sudadera
stereo adj estéreo; (~ system) sweet (BrE) sust caramelo
radiocaset swim v nadar
stick sust bastón swimming sust natación; (~ pool)
still adv todavía, aún piscina
stocking sust media Swiss adj suizo
stomachache sust dolor de estómago switch sust interruptor
stomach sust estómago Switzerland sust Suiza
stone sust piedra sword-fish sust pez espada
stop1 sust parada; (bus ~) parada symbol sust símbolo
de autobús symbolize v simbolizar
stop2 v parar synonym sust sinónimo
storey (BrE) sust piso, planta syphilis sust sífilis
stork sust cigüeña system sust sistema; (stereo ~)
GLOSSARY
CIVILIAN
storm sust tormenta radiocaset

story1 sust historia, relato table sust mesa; (~ cloth) mantel;
story2 (AmE) sust piso, planta (to lay the ~) poner la mesa;
straight adj inflexible (to set the ~) poner la mesa
straight adv recto tail sust cola, rabo
strawberry sust fresa take v tomar, coger; (~ place)
street sust calle; (~ lamp) farola tener lugar
strength sust fuerza take off v quitarse [ropa]; despegar
stress sust estrés, tensión [avión]
stressed p pas de stress estresado take out v sacar
stressed out p pas de stress out take-off sust despegue
estresado tall adj alto
strike1 sust huelga tap sust grifo
strike2 v estallar tape sust cinta
strong adj fuerte tasty adj rico, sabroso
stuck p pas de stick atascado taxi sust taxi
student sust estudiante tea sust té; (~ cup) taza de té; (~
study v estudiar time) hora del té; (to make a
stupid adj estúpido ~) hacer té; (white ~) té con
subject sust materia leche
substantial adj sustancioso teacher sust maestro, profesor
subway (AmE) sust metro teapot sust tetera
success sust éxito teaspoon sust cucharilla
such pron como technical adj técnico
suffer v sufrir teeth sust pl dientes
sugar sust azúcar telephone1 sust teléfono; (~ booth)
suggest v sugerir cabina de teléfonos
suggestion sust sugerencia; (to make a telephone2 v telefonear, llamar por
~) hacer una sugerencia teléfono
suit1 sust traje television sust televisión
suit2 v sentar bien; venir bien, television set sust televisor
convenir tell v decir; contar
suitable adj adecuado temper sust humor
suitcase sust maleta temperature sust fiebre
-216-
Civilian Glossary

temple sust templo total sust total; (in ~) en total
tenant sust inquilino tourist sust turista; (~ office) oficina
tennis sust tenis; (~ ball) pelota de de turismo
tenis tow away v remolcar
tense sust tiempo verbal towards prep hacia
terrible adj terrible towel sust toalla
terrified p pas de terrify aterrorizado tower sust torre
terrorist adj terrorista town sust pueblo
textbook sust libro de texo town hall sust ayuntamiento
than conj que traffic lights sust pl semáforo
thank v agradecer; (~ you very train sust tren; (~ station) estación
much) muchas gracias de tren
thanks sust pl gracias trainer sust zapatilla de deporte
Thanksgiving Day sust Día de Acción de Gracias transformer sust transaformador
that1 dem ese, eas, eso; aquel, translation sust traducción
aquella, aquello trapped p pas de trap atrapado
that2 pron rel que travel v viajar; (~ agency) agencia
the art el, la de viajes; (~ agent) agente de
theatre sust teatro viajes
their adj pos su, sus [de ellos /as] traveled (AmE) p pas de travel viajado
theirs pron pos suyo, suya, suyos, travelled (BrE) p pas de travel viajado
suyas [de ellos /as] tray sust bandeja
theme sust tema tree sust árbol; (family ~) árbol
then adv después; entonces genealógico
there adv allí trip sust excursión viaje
these dem estos, estas trouble sust problema; (to make a ~)
they pron pers ellos , ellas causar problemas
thigh sust muslo trousers (BrE) sust pl pantalones
thin adj delgado trout sust trucha
GLOSSARY
CIVILIAN
thing sust cosa truck (AmE) sust camión
think v pensar; creer true adj cierto, verdadero
third adj tercero trunk (AmE) sust maletero
thirsty sust sediento truth sust verdad
this dem este , esta, esto try v intentar
those dem esos, esas; aquellos, try on v probarse
aquellas T-shirt sust camiseta
throat sust garganta tube (BrE) sust metro; (~ station) (BrE)
through prep por; por medio de; a estación de metro
través de; por completo Tuesday sust martes
Thursday sust jueves tulip sust tulipán
thus adv así tuna sust atún
ticket sust entrada; billete Turk adj turco
tie sust corbata turkey sust pavo
tiger sust tigre Turkey sust Turquía
till prep hasta turn v girar; torcer; dar la vuelta
time sust tiempo; (free ~) tiempo turn down v bajar [volumen]
libre; (in the day ~) de día; turn off v apagar, desconectar
(tea ~) hora del té; (to be at turn on v encender, conectar
~) ser puntual turn up v subir [volumen];
tired p pas de tire cansado presentarse, aparecer
to prep a, hacia turning sust bocacalle
toast sust tostada tv, TV sust televisión
toe sust dedo del pie twice adv dos veces
together adv juntos twin sust gemelo; mellizo
toilet sust cuarto de baño, aseo type sust tipo
tomato sust tomate umbrella sust paraguas
tomorrow adv mañana uncertainty sust incertidumbre
tongue sust lengua uncle sust tío
tonight adv esta noche unclear adj poco claro, confuso
too adv demasiado unconscious adj inconsciente
tooth sust diente uncountable adj incontable, no numerable
toothpick sust palillo de dientes under prep debajo de, bajo
tornado sust tornado underground (BrE) sust metro
-217-
Civilian Glossary

underneath prep debajo de, bajo way sust camino; forma, manera;
underpants sust pl calzoncillos (a long ~) mucho tiempo; (by
understand v comprender, entender the ~) por cierto
unemployed sust parado, desempleado we pron pers nosotros, nosotras
unemployment sust paro, desempleo wear v llevar [ropa]
unexpected adj inesperado weather sust tiempo metereológico
unfortunate adj desgraciado weatherman sust hombre del tiempo
unit sust unidad wedding sust boda
United Kingdom (UK) sust Reino Unido Wednesday sust miércoles
United States of week sust semana
America (USA) sust Estados Unidos de weight1 sust peso
América weigh2 v pesar
university sust universidad welcome adj bienvenido; (you are ~)
unless conj a no ser que de nada, no hay de qué
unlocked p pas de unlock sin cerrar, well adv bien
abierto Welsh sust galés
until prep hasta, hasta que west sust oeste
up prep sobre; en lo alto de wh question sust interrogativa parcial
upon prep sobre what pron int qué; cuál, cuáles
upstairs1 adv arriba whatever adv cualquier cosa, lo que
upstairs2 sust planta de arriba sea
use v usar when adv int cuándo
usually adv normalmente where adv int dónde
vacation (AmE) sust vacaciones whether conj si
valley sust valle which pron int qué; cuál, cuáles
valve sust válvula while conj mientras
vase sust jarrón, florero whisky sust whisky
veal sust ternera white adj blanco; (~ tea) té con
vegetable sust verdura; hortaliza leche; (~ wine) vino blanco
GLOSSARY
CIVILIAN
vegetarian adj vegetariano White House sust la Casa Blanca

Venice sust Venecia who pron int quién, quiénes
verb sust verbo why adv int por qué
very adv muy wife sust mujer, esposa
vice versa adv viceversa wild adj salvaje
vinegar sust vinagre will sust testamento; (to make a
violin sust violín ~) hacer testamento
visit v visitar win v ganar
vitamin sust vitamina wind1 adj eólico
vodka sust vodka wind2 sust viento
volleyball sust vóleibol window sust ventana; ventanilla;
volume sust volumen (shop ~) escaparate
waist sust cintura wine sust vino; (red ~) vino tinto;
wait v esperar, aguardar (white ~) vino blanco
wake up v levantarse, despertarse wine table sust vino de mesa
Wales sust Gales winner sust ganador
walk v andar; pasear winter sust invierno
wall sust pared, muro wise adj sabio; prudente
want v querer with prep con
war sust guerra; (to make ~) estar within prep en, dentro de
en guerra without prep sin, fuera de
warehouse sust depósito; almacén witness1 sust testigo
warm adj cariñoso, afectuoso witness2 v atestiguar
warming sust calentamiento woman sust mujer
wash v lavar women sust pl mujeres
wash-basin sust lavabo wonder v preguntarse
washing-up sust ; colada; (to do the ~) wonderful adj maravilloso
hacer la colada word sust palabra
watch1 sust reloj de pulsera work1 sust trabajo; (to do a ~) hacer
watch2 v ver la televisión un trabajo
watchman sust vigilante work2 v trabajar; funcionar
water1 sust agua worker sust trabajador
water2 v regar world sust mundo
worldwide1 adj mundial
-218-
Civilian Glossary
ENGLISH SPANISH
worldwide2 adv por todo el mundo
worship sust culto, adoración
wounded p pas de wound herido
wrist sust muñeca
writer sust escritor
wrong adv mal; (to do ~) hacer mal
yard sust yarda
year sust año
yellow adj amarillo
yes adv sí
yes /no question sust interrogativa total
yesterday adv ayer
yoghourt sust yogurt
you pron pers tú; vosotros,
vosotras; usted, ustedes
young adj joven
your adj pos tu, tus; vuestro,
vuestra, vuestros, vuestras;
su, sus [de usted /es]
yours pron pos tuyo, tuya, tuyos,
tuyas; vuestro, vuestra,
vuestros, vuestras; suyo,
suya, suyos, suyas [de usted
/es]
yourself pron reflex tú mismo; usted
mismo
zebra crossing sust paso de cebra
zoo sust zoológico
GLOSSARY
CIVILIAN
-219-
MILITARY GLOSSARY
about turn interj media vuelta blank cartridge sust cartucho de fogueo
about-face interj media vuelta blister sust ampolla
advance v avanzar blow up v explotar
advanced sust vanguardia body sust grueso
aerial sust antena bombardment sust bobardeo
agreement sust acuerdo booby trap sust trampa explosiva
aim at v apuntar a boot sust bota
Air Force sust Ejército del Aire boot camp sust campamento de
airborne operation sust operación reclutas (instrucción básica)
aerotranspotada bore sust ánima
aircraft sust aeronave branch sust rama; arma
aircraft carrier sust portaaviones break through v abrir brecha
airport sust aeropuerto brigade sust brigada
air-to-air missile sust misil aire-aire brigade headquarters sust pl cuartel general de
air-to-surface missile sust misil aire-tierra brigada
all file and ranks sust tropa brigadier sust general de brigada
ambush sust emboscada bruise sust magulladura
ammunition sust munición buckle sust hebilla (del cinturón)
antenna sust antena buffer sust muelle recuperador
antiaircraft artillery sust artillería antiaérea bugler sust corneta (persona)
antitank mine sust mina contracarro bullet sust bala
antitank weapon sust arma contracarro bunker sust búnker
APC burn sust quemadura
(Armo(u)red Personnel Carrier) sust transporte de personal burst sust ráfaga
APC butt sust culata
(Armo(u)red Personnel Carrier) sust vehículo de combate caliber sust calibre
GLOSSARY
MILITARY
application form sust impreso de solicitud call sign sust indicativo
approaching avenue sust avenida de call the roll v pasar lista
aproximación camouflage sust camuflaje
arm bandage sust vendaje de brazo campsite sust campamento
armour squadron sust escuadrón acorazado canteen sust cantimplora
armoured (BrE) sust acorazado captain sust capitán
armored (AmE) sust.acorazado cartridge sust cartucho
Army sust Ejército casualty sust baja
Army Aviation sust FAMET (Fuerzas caution sust prudencia
Aeromóviles del E.T.), cavalry sust caballería
helicópteros del E.T. cease-fire sust alto el fuego
arson sust incendio chain of command sust cadena de mando
artillery piece sust pieza de artillería chamber sust recámara
assault sust asalto channel sust canal
assembly area sust zona de reunión charging handle sust palanca de montar
assignment sust destino checkpoint sust puesto de control
at ease interj descanso chinstrap sust barbuquejo
at ease-march sust paso de maniobra chopper sust helicóptero
attack v atacar code v cifrar
attack sust ataque coded message sust mensaje cifrado
badge sust parche, emblema colonel sust coronel
barbed wire sust alambrada combat sust combate
barracks sust pl cuartel combat aircraft sust avión de combate
barrage sust barrera combat diver sust buceador de combate
barrel sust cañón combat harness sust correaje de combate
base sust base-acuartelamiento combat pack sust mochila de combate
battalion sust batallón combat vehicle sust vehículo de combate
battery sust batería command v ordenar, mandar
battle group sust grupo táctico command schelon sust escalón de mando
bayonet sust bayoneta commander sust jefe
belt sust cinturón communications sust pl transmisiones
beret sust boina company sust compañía
bipod sust bípode company commander sust jefe de compañía
blank adj de fogueo company task force sust subgrupo táctico
-221-
Military Glossary

company team sust subgrupo táctico fax sust fax
compass sust brújula feed cover sust teja
computer sust ordenador feed tray sust bandeja
concealment sust abrigo fever sust fiebre
conscript soldier sust soldado de reemplazo FIBUA
contaminated zone sust zona contaminada (Fight In Build-Up Areas) sust combate en localidades
convoy sust convoy field artillery sust artillería de campaña
coordination line sust línea de coordinación field jacket sust chaquetón
copy sust copia file sust archivo, archivo
cord sust cable informático
corporal sust cabo fire team sust escuadra
corps sust pl cuerpo de ejército firing pin sust percutor
counterattack sust contraataque firing position sust posición de tiro,
courtyard sust patio de armas posición de fuego
cover sust cubierta firing range sust campo de tiro
crawl v gatear first aid sust primeros auxilios
creep v reptar first lieutenant sust teniente
crest sust metopa (de una five star general sust capitán general
unidad) flagpole sust mástil de la bandera
crew sust tripulación flak jacket sust chaleco
deadline sust fecha límite antifragmentación
deck sust cubierta flank sust flanco
defeat sust derrota flash suppressor sust bocacha apagafuegos,
defense sust defensa apagallamas
defensive sust defensiva forearm sust guardamanos
deliver v distribuir fortification sust fortificación
demolition sust demolición fortify v fortificar
departure line sust línea de partida forward-march interj de frente
deputy sust segundo al mando four star general sust general de ejército
GLOSSARY
MILITARY
deputy officer sust oficial segundo en el foxhole sust pozo de tirador

mando fracture sust fractura
destroy v destruir friendly fire sust fuego amigo
dial v marcar (un número de frigate sust fragata
teléfono) front sight sust punto de mira
ditch sust zanja frostbite sust congelación
division sust división full corporal sust cabo primero
dormitory sust nave de dormitorio garrison cap sust gorra cuartelera
colectivo general election sust elecciones generales
double action GO
DP (Displaced People) sust desplazado (Governmental Organization) sust OG (Organización
drag v arrastrar Gubernamental)
dress uniform sust uniforme de paseo grazing fire sust fuego rasante
drill sust ejercicio ground sust suelo
drill parade sust ejércicios de orden group sust batallón
cerrado group sust grupo
ejection port sust ventana de expulsión guerrilla sust guerrilla
electronic warfare sust guerra electrónica guided weapon sust arma guiada
encircle v rodear gun sust cañón
endurance march sust marcha de gunner sust tirador
endurecimiento halt interj alto
enemy sust enemigo hammer sust martillo
engineer sust ingeniero hand grenade sust granada de mano
entrenchment sust fortificación hand-to-hand combat sust combate cuerpo a
equipment sust equipo cuerpo
ethnical cleansing sust limpieza étnica hard disk sust disco duro
evacuation sust evacuación hatch sust escotilla
exercise sust ejercicio headquarters sust cuartel general
explosive sust explosivo headquarters battery sust batería de plana mayor
extractor sust extractor heavy weaponry sust armamento pesado
facility sust instalación helicopter sust helicóptero
fall in interj a formar helipad sust helipuerto
fall out interj rompan filas helmet sust casco
fatigue uniform sust uniforme de faena hit sust impacto
-222-
Military Glossary

hit v impactar minefield sust campo de minas
holster sust pistolera missile sust misil
howitzer sust obús mortar sust mortero
humanitarian aid sust ayuda humanitaria motorised unit sust unidad motorizada
impact sust impacto mouse sust ratón
impact v impactar movement sust movimiento
in charge adv al mando, al cargo murder sust asesinato
indirect fire sust fuego indirecto name tag sust tirilla del nombre
information source sust fuente de información NATO
inspection parade sust revista (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) sust OTAN (Organización
interference sust interferencia del Tratado del Atlántico
INTREP Norte)
(Intelligent Report) sust informe de inteligencia Navy sust Armada
IO NBC
(International Organization)sust OI (Organización (Nuclear Bacteriological Chemical) adj NBQ (Nuclear,
Internacional) Bacteriológico y Químico)
jamming sust interferencia NCO
join (up) v unirse a (Non Commissioned Officer) sust suboficial
jumper sust jersey NGO
keyboard sust teclado (Non Governmental Organization) sust ONG (Organización No
knife sust cuchillo Gubernamental)
landing zone sust zona de lanzamiento night combat sust combate nocturno
landmark sust referencia en el terreno night vision sust visión nocturna
lead v liderar, mandar obstacle sust obstáculo
leader sust líder offensive sust ofensiva
left turn interj izquierda officer sust oficial
left-face interj izquierda on duty adv de servicio
lieutenant colonel sust teniente coronel on leave adv de permiso
light infantry sust infantería ligera on one rank interj en una fila
GLOSSARY
MILITARY
light injure sust herida leve one star general sust general de brigada
light weaponry sust armamento ligero operate v operar
live ammunition sust munición de guerra, operation sust operación
munición real operator sust operador
loader sust cargador outpost sust puesto avanzado
logistics sust logística overall sust mono
loot sust saqueo papers sust pl documentación
loot v saquear parachutist sust paracaidista
lorry sust camión parka sust chaquetón
machine gun sust ametralladora parking place sust aparcamiento
magazine sust cargador path sust camino, senda
magazine pouch sust cartuchera del correaje patrol sust patrulla
main gate sust puerta principal peacekeeping mission sust misión de paz
maintenance team sust equipo de pill sust pastilla
mantenimiento pillbox sust casamata
major sust comandante pilot sust piloto
major general sust general de división pistol sust pistola
maneuver (AmE) sust maniobra pistol grip sust empuñadura
manoeuvre (BrE) sust maniobra plaster sust escayola
march sust marcha platoon sust sección
march off interj de frente platoon position sust posición de sección
march past sust desfile political asylum sust asilo político
marksman sust tirador selecto polling station sust colegio electoral
mask sust máscara poncho sust poncho
mat sust esterilla port sust proa
mechanised infantry sust infantería mecanizada post sust puesto, destino
MEDEVAC REP pothole sust bache
(Medical Evacuation Report) sust informe de evacuación PoW (Prisoner of War) sust prisionero de guerra
médica printer sust impresora
mess sust mesón, cantina private sust soldado
message sust mensaje professional soldier sust soldado profesional
military parade sust formación promotion sust ascenso
military police sust policía militar prow sust puerto
mined zone sust zona minada pursue v perseguir
-223-
Military Glossary

radio communication sust transmisión radio sleeping bag sust saco de dormir
raid sust golpe de mano sling sust portafusa
rank sust empleo sniper sust francotirador
rate of fire sust cadencia de fuego Spanish Legion sust Legión Española
ration sust ración special operations sust pl operaciones
RC (Red Cross) sust Cruz Roja especiales
rear sight sust alza speciality sust especialidad
rearguard sust retaguardia splinter sust esquirla
receive v recibir squad sust escuadra
recognisance sust reconocimiento squadron team sust subgrupo táctico
recovery lorry sust camión grúa, Staff sust Estado Mayor
recuperador staff sergeant sust sargento primero;
recruit sust recluta brigada
refugee sust refugiado stretcher sust camilla
regiment sust regimiento stronghold sust punto fuerte
reinforce v reforzar sub-machine gun sust subfusil
reinforcement sust refuerzos submarine sust submarino
replacement sust relevo submit v remitir, enviar
report sust informe sunstroke sust golpe de calor
report v informar supply unit sust unidad de
returnee sust retornado abastecimiento
revolver sust revólver support sust apoyo
rifle sust rifle suppress v neutralizar
right turn interj derecha surveillance flight sust vuelo de
right-face interj derecha reconocimiento
riot sust alboroto survival sust supervivencia
rocket sust cohete sword sust espada
rocket launcher sust lanzagranadas tab sust hombrera
round sust disparo tactical communications sust pl transmisiones
GLOSSARY
MILITARY
rucksack sust mochila tácticas

rush v avanzar rápidamente tank sust carro de combate
safe-conduct sust salvoconducto tanker plane sust avión nodriza
salary sust sueldo target sust objetivo
salute sust saludo task sust misión
salute v saludar task force sust agrupación táctica
sapper sust zapador technical branch sust especialidad técnica
screen sust pantalla temporary officer sust oficial de complemento
seaman sust marinero tense interj firmes
second lieutenant sust alférez tent sust tienda de campaña
section sust pelotón terrain sust terreno
seize an objective v tomar un objetivo three star general sust teniente general
self propelled gun sust cañón autopropulsado to apply for v solicitar
send v enviar to file v archivar
sentry sust centinela towed artillery sust artllería remolcada
sergeant sust sargento track sust cadena
sergeant major sust suboficial mayor trail sust camino, senda
serve v servir (en el Ejército) trail sust huella, rastro
service cap sust gorra (tb gorro) de trainer sust instructor
bonito training sust instrucción
service record sust hoja de servicios Training Centre sust Centro de Instrucción
severe injury sust herida grave transportation sust transporte
shell sust granada de mortero trench sust trinchera
shell crater sust cráter de granada trigger sust gatillo, disparador
shelter sust contenedor trigger guard sust guardamontes
shock sust shock tripod sust trípode
shoot v disparar turret sust torreta
shooting range sust campo de tiro two star general sust general de división
shoulder arms interj sobre el hombro UN (United Nations) sust ONU (Organización de
shrapnel sust metralla las Naciones Unidas)
siege v sitiar
signal sust transmisión
simulation sust simulación
SITREP (Situation Report) sust informe de situación
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Military Glossary
ENGLISH SPANISH
UNHCR
(United Nations High
Commission for Refugees) sust ACNUR
(Alto Comisionado de las
Naciones Unidas para los
Refugiados)
uniform sust uniforme
unit sust unidad
UNMO
(United Nations
Military Observer) sust observador militar de
las Naciones Unidas
urban combat sust combate en
localidades, combate
urbano
vehicle sust vehículo
vessel sust buque
warehouse sust almacén
warjet sust avión de combate
warning order sust orden preparatoria
warrant officer sust subteniente
warrior faction sust bando combatiente
warship sust barco de guerra
wave sust onda
weapon support company sust compañía de armas de
apoyo
wine sweeper sust dragaminas
wing sust ala
wire sust cable
GLOSSARY
MILITARY
wireless adj sin cable
withdraw v retirarse
withdrawal sust retirada
wound v herir
wound sust herida; herido
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KEYS TO
THE EXERCISES
UNIT 1 Exercise 5:
a)The book is hers; b)The dog is theirs; c)The house is
hers; d)The car is mine; e)The note is yours; f) The ball
Reading comprehension: is his; g) The doll is hers.
2. Answers to the questions: Exercise 6:
1) Miguel is twenty-four years old. a)Peter has not a computer/ Peter hasn't a computer;
b)Hellen and Michael have not a computer/Hellen and
2) They are students. Michael haven't a computer; c)Julian has not a
3) Her telephone number is 7-6-9-1-6-4. house/Julian hasn't a house; d)Andrew has not a
Exercise 1: girlfriend/Andrew hasn't a girlfriend; e)My mother has not
a dog/My mother hasn't a dog; f)I have not a bag/
a)What; b)name; c)am, your; d)My name is; e)are; f)I am, I haven't a bag; g)Louise has not a pair of shoes/Louise
years; g)How, you; h)(1), old; j)telephone /phone; hasn't a pair of shoes.
k)number; l)is
Exercise 7:
Exercise 2:
a)my; b)their; c)her, his; d)our; e)my; f)your; g)your
a)Are; b) Is; c)Are; d)Am; e)Are
Exercise 8:
Exercise 3:
a)My tie is red; b)The sky is blue; c)The sun is yellow;
b)student; d)Yes; e)Am; f)are; h)am not
Exercise 4: d)e)f)(1) ; g)The snow is white.
a)fourteen; b)thirty; c)twenty-eight; d)sixteen; e)thirteen; Exercise 9:
f)eleven; g)twenty-five; h)three a)a; b)a; c)A, d)an; e)a, a; f)a; g)a; h)an, a
Exercise 5: Exercise 10:
b)What’s your name?; c)What’s your telephone 1)c; 2)e; 3)g; 4)f; 5)h; 6)b; 7)a; 8)d
number?; d)My telephone number’s 456375; e)I’m thirty (1) La solución para este apartado puede ser cualquier color.
years old; f)She’s twenty-four years old.
UNIT 3
Exercise 6:
a)first; b)second; c)third; d)fourth; e)fifth
THE EXERCISES
Exercise 7:
KEYS TO
a)sixteen; b)fourteen; c)four; d)twenty-two; e)ten; f)six; Reading comprehension:
g)fourteen; h)twenty-three; i)thirty; j)twenty-five 2. Answers to the questions:
Exercise 8: 1) My parents’ names are Anne and Paul.
1)e; 2)b; 3)g; 4)f; 5)h; 6)c; 7)a; 8)d 2) My brother is seven years old.
Exercise 9: 3) My aunt’s sons and daughters are my cousins.
En orden decreciente: i)1; a)2; f)3; b)4; h)5; g)6; c)7; e)8; Exercise 1:
d)9; j)10
(1) La solución para este apartado puede ser cualquier número.
a)cousins; b)wife; c)husband; d)brother; e)son-in-law;
f)grandson; g)daughter-in-law; h)granddaughter;
i)grandmothers; j)nephew; k)niece
UNIT 2 Exercise 2:
a)sister; b)parents; c)aunt; d)cousins; e)niece;
f)daughter; g)uncle; h)grandmother; i)brother-in-law;
Reading comprehension: j)nephew; k)mother-in-law
1) Pedro is eight years old. 1)c; 2)d; 3)a; 4)b; 5)e
2) Pedro’s favourite sport is football. Exercise 4:
3) David Beckham is a Real Madrid football player. a)It’s twelve o’clock/It’s midday/It’s noon; b)It’s a quarter
4) They are Pedro’s friends. to two; c)It’s a quarter past two; d)It’s twenty to eight;
Exercise 1: e)It’s is twenty-five to ten; f)It’s ten past five; g)It’s five
past eight; h)It’s twelve o’clock/It’s midnight
b)morning; c)How; d)you; e)Fine, is; f)meet; g)Nice, meet
you; h)years, is; i)am Exercise 5:
Exercise 2: a)Those; b)these; c)That; d)this; e)Those; f)these; g)that;
h)those
a)Good morning; b)Good afternoon; c)Good evening;
d)Good night Exercise 6:
Exercise 3: a)o’clock, milk, past, car ; b)meat, fruit, vegetables
/vegetables, fruit; c)eggs, potatoes /potatoes, eggs;
a)Number six is blue; b)Number seventeen is black; d)Oranges, lemons /Lemons, oranges; e) midnight,
c)Number seven is red; d)Number one is yellow; television
e)Number three is green; f) Number twenty is brown;
g)Number twenty-nine is pink; h)Number thirteen is Exercise 7:
white; i)Number nine is grey; j)Number eleven is orange; 1)d; 2)c; 3)g; 4)a; 5)f; 6)b; 7)h; 8)e
k)Number fifteen is purple. Exercise 8:
Exercise 4: a)My mother’s sister is my aunt; b)I wake up at half past
a)sixty-eight; b)twenty-one; c)thirty-four; d)sixty-seven; seven; c)For dinner I have soup /I have soup for dinner;
e)twenty-seven; f)twenty-seven; g)sixty-six; h)thirty-three d)These books are mine; e)Julian’s car is very
expensive; f)I drink soda with whisky /whisky with soda.
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UNIT 4 Exercise 3:
a)later, latest; b)further, furthest; c)more recently, most
recently; d)nearer, nearest; e)better, best; f)more easily,
Reading comprehension: most easily; g)less, least; h)worse, worst; i)earlier,
earliest; j)sooner, soonest
2. Answers to the questions:
Exercise 4:
1) On the 25th of December people celebrate Christmas. 1)f; 2)e; 3)b; 4)h; 5)a; 6)g; 7)i; 8)d; 9)c
2) The biggest party for Irish people is St.Patrick’s Day. Exercise 5:
3) The most important dates at Easter are the Festival of a)last night; b)This morning; c)at noon; d)last week;
Passover, Good Friday, Easter Day and Easter e)along/during the day; f)Yesterday morning; g)This
Monday. afternoon; h)Tomorrow evening
4) The 4th of July is an important date for Americans Exercise 6:
because people celebrate the Independence Day. a)happy; b)thirsty; c)nervous; d)asleep; e)tired,
Exercise 1: exhausted; f)interested; g)scared; h)sad
a)taller; b)happier; c)more difficult; d)better; e)easier; Exercise 7:
f)cheaper; g)worse; h)older a)In winter it snows; b)In summer it is hot; c)It rains; d)It
Exercise 2: is a cloudy day; e)What is the weather like?; f)The sun
a)best; b)oldest/eldest; c)most intelligent; d)strongest; shines
e)prettiest; f)most brilliant; g)richest; h)thinnest; i)hottest Exercise 8:
Exercise 3: 1)d; 2)e; 3)a; 4)g; 5)b; 6)f; 7)h; 8)c
a)less clever; b)less happy; c)less angry; d)less beautiful;
e)less blue; f)less cold; g)less clear; h)less clean
Exercise 4:
UNIT 6
1ªfila)hot, hotter, hottest; 2ªfila)good, better, best;
3ªfila)little, less, least; 4ªfila)old, older,oldest; Reading comprehension:
5ªfila)beautiful, more beautiful, most beautiful; 6ªfila)bad, 2.“true” or “false” answers:
worse, worst; 7ªfila) green, greener, greenest; 8ªfila)dirty, a)T; b)F; c)F; d)T; e)F; f)T; g)T
dirtier, dirtiest; 9ªfila)small, smaller, smallest 3. Answers to the questions:
Exercise 5: 1) Charles Henry Harrod / He buys the store in 1849.
a)here; b)after; c)early; d)almost; e)far; f)out; g)late 2) The name of the famous businessman who buys
Exercise 6: Harrods in 1985 is Mohamed Al Fayed.
Columna B: 3) The stores motto is: “everything for everyone
THE EXERCISES
January, May, November, March, August, April, February, everywhere”.

KEYS TO
June, September, December, October, July Exercise 1:

Respuestas a las preguntas: a)the; b)a; c)an; d)an; e)The; f)the; g)a
a)It/Peter's wedding is in September; b)My birthday is in Exercise 2:
(1); c)It/Julian's bithday is in July; d)It/Spring begins in
a)many; b)much; c)many; d)much; e)much; f)many
March; e)It/William's interview is in May; f)It/Summer
begins in June; g)They/Sally's holidays are in April. Exercise 3:
Exercise 7: a)are; b)is; c)are; d)is; e)is; f)is; g)is; is
a)Spring: March, April, May; b)Autumn/Fall: September, Exercise 4:
October, November; c)Summer: June, July, August; a)In the kitchen; b)In the bathroom /toilet; c)In the kitchen
d)Winter: December, January, February /bathroom /toilet; d)In the kitchen; e)In the bedroom; f)In
Exercise 8: the kitchen; g)In the garage; h)In the living-room/dining-
room; i)In the bedroom; j)In the kitchen; k)In the
1)f; 2)i; 3)a; 4)h; 5)c; 6)j; 7)b; 8)d; 9)g; 10)e bathroom /toilet
(1) La solución para este apartado puede ser cualquier mes
Exercise 5:
UNIT 5
1)e; 2)a¸ 3)g; 4)i; 5)h; 6)b; 7)d; 8)c; 9)j; 10)f
Exercise 6:
a)any; b)any; c)some; d)some; e)any; f)some; g)some;
Reading comprehension: h)some
1) (Peruvian fishermen call this phenomenon El Niño) a)some; b)any, some; c)anyone /anybody; d)some, any;
because these effects on the Pacific Ocean occur e)any; f)Any; g)Someone, some; h)any; any; i)anything;
around Christmas. j)anyone /anybody; k)somewhere; l)anything
2) These fires create /The consequences of these fires Exercise 8:
are a cloud of smoke that chokes 20 million people a)than yours; b)toilets; c)window, curtains; d)are; e)a;
and affect Southeast Asian cities. f)bedroom, fridge; g)shower, bathroom; h)carpets, sofas,
3) The name of the opposite phenomenon to El Niño television /sofas, carpets, television
is La Niña. Exercise 9:
4) La Niña consists of a cooling of those same /the tropical a)How many children are there in the room?; b)There is
Pacific waters (that changes the weather conditions). not any sugar; c)Your living-room isn't very nice; d)That
Exercise 1: lamp does not work; e)We have an old bed.
a)Unfortunately; b)formerly; c)frequently; d)perfectly; Exercise 10:
e)cheaply; f)easily; g)seriously; h),really a)Is there a boy in the garden?; b)Are there two
Exercise 2: televisions in Thomas’ living-room?; c)Isn't there any
sugar?; d)Is there any tea in the teapot?; e)Are there
a)further; b)later; c)longer; d)nearer; e)more wisely; many people here?; f)Is there a big bed in her
f)better; g)less living-room?; g)Is there some coffee in the coffeepot?
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UNIT 7 Exercise 2:
a)English; b)Germany; c)Australia; d)French; e)Holland;
f)Italian; g)Norwegian; h)Turkey; i)Spanish
Reading comprehension: Exercise 3:
a)I did not like apples, I didn’t like apples; b)I did not go
2. Answers to the questions: to Scotland, I didn’t go to Scotland; c)She was not my
1) British people have at least three meals a day. best friend in London, She wasn’t my best friend in
2) Yes, it is. London; d)I did not drive my car all night long, I didn’t
3) British people have tea in the afternoon, at about four drive my car all night long; e)My parents did not drink
o'clock. beer, My parents didn’t drink beer; f)I did not see her, I
didn’t see her; g)Peter did not lose his job, Peter didn’t
4) The last meal of the day is dinner. lose his job; h)We did not want those carpets, We didn’t
Exercise 1: want those carpets; i)I did not watch television at home,
a)Don't you like apples?; b)Don't they want a car?; I didn’t watch television at home.
c)Doesn't she play the guitar?; d)Don't we buy any tickets Exercise 4:
for the theatre?; e)Don't I have a mobile?; f)Doesn't he a)Didn’t I like apples?; b)Didn’t I go to Scotland?;
take any pictures?; g)Don’t you eat potatoes? c)Wasn’t she my best friend in London?; d)Didn’t I drive
Exercise 2: my car all night long?; e)Didn’t my parents drink beer?;
f)Didn’t I see her?; g)Didn’t Peter lose his job?; h)Didn’t
a)Are you tall?, Aren't you tall?; b)Are they interested in we want those carpets?; i)Didn’t I watch television at
Geography?, Aren't they interested in Geography?; c)Is home?
she a pretty girl?, Isn't she a pretty girl?; d)Are we Mary's
best friends?, Aren't we Mary's best friends?; e)Am I five Exercise 5:
feet tall?, Am I not five feet tall?; f)Is he the best 1)d; 2)a; 3)e; 4)b; 5)c; 6)h; 7)f; 8)g
good-looking boy?, Isn't he the best good-looking boy?; Exercise 6:
g)Are you my sister-in-law's brother?, Aren't you my a)went, She, much; b)Do, I; c)were, ate; d)Where, from,
sister-in-law's brother? am, French; e)Did, didn’t; f)Is, Greek; g)did
a)¿De qué ciudad vienes?; b)Pon el vaso en la mesa; a)Yes, they had eggs for breakfast /No, they didn’t have
c)La carretera pasa por el valle; d)El sol brilla en la eggs for breakfast; b)Yes, he wanted a new coat /No, he
ciudad; e)Quédate a mi lado; f)La silla está entre la didn’t want a new coat; c)Yes, they had to work hard /No,
puerta y la ventana; g)No te vayas hasta que te lo diga; they didn’t have to work hard; d)Yes, he had a heart
h)Antes de irte, pon tu solicitud en la mesa. attack /No, he didn’t have a heart attack; e)Yes, they did
their homework after dinner /No, they didn’t do their
Exercise 4: homework after dinner; f)Yes, I saw you /No, I didn’t see
a)There is a cinema near my house; b)There is a
THE EXERCISES
you; g)Yes, she knew the way /No, she didn’t know the
cemetery under our house; c)There is a supermarket way; h)Yes, I saw the difference /No, I didn’t see the
KEYS TO
behind the school; d)In September it rains very much; difference; i)Yes, he came every day /No, he didn’t come
e)John gets married on Tuesday; f)With one car is every day.
enough; g)Madrid is 450 km far from Granada; h)Four
hours later we are tired; i)The war against that country is a
failure. UNIT 9
Exercise 5:
a)bread, tomato, olive oil; b)spoon, fork, knife; c)cook, Reading comprehension:
chicken, oven; d)vinegar, pepper; e)sugar, tea; f)turkey; 2.-Answers to the questions:
g)salad, tomato, lettuce, onion. 1) It is an informal letter.
Exercise 6: 2) Pedro arrived in London last Sunday.
a)sugar; b)vinegar; c)tea; d)tuna. 3) Pedro ate a very nice meal with his friend Julian in
Exercise 7: Covent Garden.
1)d; 2)g; 3)b; 4)f; 5)a; 6)c; 7)e; 8)h. Exercise 1:
a)At what time do you take your bus?; b)Which sports
UNIT 8 does she like?; c)How are you?; d)Where are they from?;
e)Does he speak Greek?; f)When do you go to work?;
g)How old are you?; h)What is your favourite meal?;
i)Who wrote "El Quijote"?; j)Do you eat this kind of fish?
2.-Answers to the questions: a)Do you like football?; b)When do you go to school?;
1) Albert Einstein said that it is easier to split an atom c)What are your names?; d)Who ate the oranges?;
than to erase prejudices. e)When did you buy your car?; f)How many pupils are
2) English people are thought to do the opposite things there in this class?; g)What is your mother-in-law's
European people do on the continent, for example, name?; h)Did Hellen and William win the match?; i)What
driving on the left side, to be snobs, to be always on do you eat today?; j)Do you speak Russian?
time and to drink tea Exercise 3:
3) Russian people are thought to drink too much vodka. a)Do you work today?; b)Didn't they see you yesterday?;
4) Italian mothers are thought to have the power of the c)When is your father's birthday?; d)How do you spell it?;
family and to cook a lot of pasta and pizza. e)When did they study?; f)I didn't eat potatoes buy I ate
Exercise 1: meat /I didn't eat meat but I ate potatoes; g)Did you take
a)I went to school; b)She liked oranges but she didn’t like some milk for breakfast?
lemons; c)Peter went to work by bus; d)I met her on Exercise 4:
Tuesday; e)Anke was my best German friend; f)Europe a)Did you eat meat?; b)When was your sister's birthday?;
was the cradle of civilization; g)Andrea was less beautiful c)Were they friendly?; d)How did you make the bed?;
than Joan; h)She spoke slowly; i)He left the / that house e)Why did she sing this song?; f)Who were they?;
at six o’clock; j)I usually paid him £5; k)He rode every g)Which computer did you prefer?; h)Did he play the
day; l)I lay down after lunch; m)We slept badly. piano?
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a)make; b)do; c)make; d)do; e)make; f)make; g)make; a)dog; b)cactuses; c)roses; d)tulip; e)seagulls; f)giraffe;
h)do; i)make g)lion; h)elephant; i)carnations
a)made; b)make; c)did; d)did; e)made; f)made; g)made; 1)e; 2)h; 3)c; 4)a; 5)b; 6)j; 7)i; 8)d; 9)f; 10)g
h)did; i)did
Exercise 7: UNIT 11
1)c; 2)g; 3)a; 4)h; 5)b; 6)d; 7)e; 8)f
Exercise 8:
Reading comprehension:
a)¿Quién descubrió América?; b)¿Entendieron (ellos) la
lección?; c)¿Cuándo fue (ella) a casa de Mary?; 2. Answers to the questions:
d)¿Cómo la encontraste? /¿Cómo la encontrasteis? 1) The United Kingdom consists of two large islands
/¿Cómo la encontró (usted)? /¿Cómo la encontraron (Great Britain and Northern Ireland) and 5000 smaller
(ustedes)?; e)¿Cuándo leyó Michael mi carta?; f)¿Quién ones.
pronuncia el discurso?; g)¿Llueve? 2) The name of the capital of Wales is Cardiff.
Exercise 9: 3) It belongs to the United Kingdom.
1) a)When does Charles see Séverine?; b)How does 4) The Isle of Man is different because it is an internally
Charles see Séverine?; c)Why does Charles see self-governing dependency of the British Crown.
Séverine?; d)Where does Charles see Séverine?; 2)
a)What did Charles buy?; b)Where did Charles buy his 5) Great Britain includes the main island (Wales,
new car?; c)When did Charles buy his new car?; d)Why England, Scotland) and some islands such as
did Charles buy his new car?; e)How did Charles buy his Anglesey, the Isle of Wight, the Hebrides, the Orkney
new car? Islands and the Shetland Islands.
Exercise 10: 6) The name of the most populated nation of the United
Kingdom is England.
a)American English; b)British English
3.“True” or “false” answers:
UNIT 10 a)F; b)T; c)T; d)T; e)F; f)F; g)F; h)T; i)T
Exercise 1:
a)for; b)since; c)since; d)since; e)for; f)for; g)since; h)for
2. Answers to the questions: a)looked /looked; b)loved /loved; c)saw /seen; d)ate
1) This climatic change /It is mainly due to the use of /eaten; f) understood /understood; f)was, were /been;
THE EXERCISES
fossil fuels. g)wanted /wanted; h)wore /worn; i)bit /bitten; j)kissed

KEYS TO
2) Renewable energy sources /They offer abundant /kissed; k)watched /watched

clean energy. Exercise 3:
3) Corporations and governments in developing a)I am going to go to the cinema this evening /I'm going
countries should invest in renewable energies. to go to the cinema this evening; b)She is going to buy
3.“true” or “false” answers: one ticket to Berlin /She's going to buy one ticket to
a)T; b)F; c)T; d)F; e)T; f)F Berlin; c)They are going to run for one hour / c)They're
Exercise 1: going to run for one hour; d)He is going to walk along the
street / He's going to walk along the street; e)You are
a)am spending; b)is working; c)are putting; d)is leaving; going to be the president /You're going to be the
e)is using; f)are wearing; g)is lying; h)are talking president; f)The party is going to start very soon /The
Exercise 2: party's going to start very soon; g) Dalila is going to be
a)is standing; b)is giving; c)is putting; d)are closing; e)are my wife's best friend /Dalila's going to be my wife's best
having; f)am catching friend; h)She is going to have twins /She's going to have
twins; i)They are going to try to win the game /They're
Exercise 3: going to try to win the game; j)We are going to play
a)was wearing, wondered, was; b)was walking, realized, football and baseball /We're going to play football and
was following; c) did not come; d)were playing /played, baseball; k)Lissa is going to play the piano /Lissa's going
was reading; e)was traveling/ travelling, passed, saw, to play the piano; l)Mary is going to buy a book for her
was; f)are having, are sitting, tells /is telling g)is raining, father /Mary's going to buy a book for her father; m)They
are shutting; h)was working, was learning are going to send her a present /They're going to send
Exercise 4: her a present.
a)Are you listening to your teacher?, You are not /aren't Exercise 4:
listening to your teacher; b)Are the neighbours coming in a)I have gone to the cinema /I've gone to the cinema;
to watch tv?, The neighbours are not /aren't coming in to b)She has bought one ticket to Berlin /She's bought one
watch tv; c)Is your sister studying at home?, Your sister ticket to Berlin; c)They have run for one hour /The've run
is not /isn't studying at home; d)Is it raining now?, It is not for one hour; d)He has walked along the street /He’s
/isn't raining now; e)Are Jones and Co. having a sale at walked along the street; e)You have been the president
the moment?, Jones and Co. are not /aren't having a sale
at the moment; f) Am I meeting Thomas at 5:30?I am not /You've been the president; f)The party has started very
meeting Thomas at 5:30; g) Are they thinking of going to soon /The party's started very soon; g)Dalila has been
the party?, They are not /aren't thinking of going to the my wife's best friend /Dalila's been my wife's best friend;
party. h)She has had twins /She's had twins; i)They have tried
Exercise 5: to win the game /They've tried to win the game; j)We
a)often; b)tall; c)long; d)high; e)far; f)big have played football and baseball /We've played football
and baseball; k)Lissa has played the piano /Lissa's
Exercise 6: played the piano; l)Mary has bought a book for her father
a)12; b)3; c)9; d)6; e)8; f)1; g)11; h)7; i)5; j)13; k)14; l)10; /Mary's bought a book for her father; m)They have sent
m)4; n)2; o)15 her a present /They've sent her a present.
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Exercise 5:
a)I was going to go to the cinema this evening; b)She
UNIT 12
was going to buy one ticket to Berlin; c)They were going
to run for one hour; d)He was going to walk along the
street; e)You were going to be the president; f)The party
was going to start very soon; g) Dalila was going to be 2. Answers to the questions:
my wife's best friend; h)She was going to have twins;
1) The terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center and
i)They were going to try to win the game; j)We were the Pentagon took place in 2001.
going to play football and baseball; k)Lissa was going to
play the piano; l)Mary was going to buy a book for her 2) I can create an emergency communications plan, I
can establish a meeting place, I can assemble a
father; m)They were going to send her a present. disaster supplies kit or check on the school
Exercise 6: emergency plan of any school-age children you may
have.
a)I will go to the cinema this evening /I'll go to the cinema
this evening; b)She will buy one ticket to Berlin /She'll Exercise 1:
buy one ticket to Berlin; c)They will run for one hour a)I would speak French; b)We would go to the hotel this
/They'll run for one hour; d)He will walk along the street morning; c)Paul would meet his girlfriend this afternoon;
/He'll walk along the street; e)You will be the president d)Hellen would come from Scotland; e)Peter’s best friend
would play basketball; f)We would eat meat twice a
/You'll be the president; f)The party will start very soon week; g)They would have breakfast at half past seven;
/The party'll start very soon; g) Dalila will be my wife's h)You would buy this vase; i)I would write my curriculum.
best friend /Dalila'll be my wife's best friend; h)She will
Exercise 2:
have twins /She'll have twins; i)They will try to win the
game /They'll try to win the game; j)We will play football a)I’d speak French; b)We’d go to the hotel this morning;
and baseball /We'll play football and baseball; k)Lissa will c)Paul wouldn’t meet his girlfriend this afternoon;
d)Hellen wouldn’t come from Scotland; e)Peter’s best
play the piano /Lissa'll play the piano; l)Mary will buy a friend wouldn’t play basketball; f)We’d eat meat twice a
book for her father /Mary'll buy a book for her father; week; g)They’d have breakfast at half past seven;
m)They will send her a present /They'll send her a h)You’d buy this vase; i)I’d write my curriculum.
present. Exercise 3:
Exercise 7: a)I would not speak French; b)We would not go to the
THE EXERCISES
a)I am not going to see my boyfriend /I'm not going to see hotel this morning; c)Paul would not meet his girlfriend
my boyfriend; b)I will not ask you any question /I won't this afternoon; d)Hellen would not come from Scotland;
KEYS TO
e)Peter’s best friend would not play basketball; f)We
ask you any question; c)Won't you come to my party would not eat meat twice a week; g)They would not have
tonight? /Will you not come to my party tonight?; d)She breakfast at half past seven; h)You would not buy this
was not going to study the lesson /She wasn't going to vase; i)I would not write my curriculum.
study the lesson; e)They have not been in Madrid for five
months /They haven't been in Madrid for five months; Exercise 4:
f)They will not speak English /They won't speak English; a)Would you go to my new house?; b)Would they not
g)Aren't you going to sell your car? /Are you not going to play the piano?; c)You would make a mistake; d)I’d cook
sell your car?; h)Haven't they come soon? /Have they not tonight for you; e)Michael wouldn’t go for a walk; f)She
come soon?; i)It is not going to rain /It isn't going to rain; would not like to see me; g)She’d like to read a good
j)They were not going to write a letter /They weren't going book.
to write a letter; k)Hasn't she gone to our school this Exercise 5:
morning? /Has she not gone to our school this morning?; a)Wouldn’t I visit my grandmother?; b)Would he like to be
l)Won't you stay here in winter? /Will you not stay here in in France?; c)Wouldn’t they have a better job?; d)Would
winter?; m)I will not finish my work tomorrow /I won't Martha’s father find a good place?; e)Wouldn’t he drive
finish my work tomorrow; n)It will not be a very nice faster?; f)Would my legs hurt very much?; g)Would Luise
summer /It won't be a very nice summer. not study in China?; h)Would I borrow your chair?;
i)Wouldn’t my mother make any suggestion?
Exercise 8:
Exercise 6:
a)Were they going to write a letter?; b)Have you taken
a)Write a letter to your cousin /Do write a letter to your
some eggs for breakfast?; c)Will Anne meet Peter cousin; b)Let’s study for one hour; c)Make peace /Do
tomorrow at half past one?; d)Is he an English teacher?; make peace; d)Come here right now /Do come here right
e)Did you tell me the truth?; f)Has she studied French now; e)Let’s go to the cinema; f)Say it /Do say it; g)Let’s
since 1985?; g)Weren't they going to come?; h)Is her play a song for her; h)Let’s start the work.
birthday on October the 14th?; i)Won't I go to the zoo Exercise 7:
with you?; j)Isn't Michael going to read your article? a)Don’t go home /Do not go home; b)Don’t play this song
Exercise 9: /Do not play this song; c)Don’t smoke /Do not smoke;
d)Don’t open the door /Do not open the door; e)Don’t sit
a)will give; b)stand; c)eats; d)will telephone; e)will arrest; down /Do not sit down; f)Don’t stop /Do not stop; g)Let’s
f)reads; g)will steal; h)doesn't open /does not open; not count the money; h)Let’s not work together; i)Let’s
i)washes; j)make; k)will bury not begin now.
1)c; 2)f; 3)d; 4)e; 5)a; 6)h; 7)b; 8)g 1)c; 2)h; 3)f; 4)g; 5)a; 6)e; 7)d; 8)b
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UNIT 13 Exercise 7:
a)might, might; b)could, should; c)should not (shouldn’t),
Reading comprehension: could; d)can /could; e)must; f)might; g)could; h)could, do
2. Answers to the questions: not (don’t) have to; i)should, might; j)have to
1) A friend paralyzed David's left pupil. Exercise 8:
2) (He changed his name to David Bowie) to avoid a)I might not go to the cinema; b)Hellen must not (mustn’t)
confusion with the Monkees' Davy Jones. be late; c)We cannot (can’t) do this exercise, it is very
3) No, it wasn't /No, his acting career was not successful difficult; d)I do not (don’t) have to go to Sally’s office this
/Bowie had no luck in his acting career /None of his afternoon; e)Must Mary pass this exam?; f)Must you not
films were commercial successes. (Mustn’t you) work this afternoon?; g)They can swim but
they cannot (can’t) play football; h)He cannot (can’t) be
4) His wedding present to his wife was an album called
there next week; i) correcta, también se podría aceptar: I
"Black Tie White Noise" (which received positive
need not (needn’t) study that much, pero esto no
reviews).
significa que la primera esté mal; j)He has to work hard.
3.“True” or “false” answers:
Exercise 9:
a)T; b)F; c)T; d)F; e)F; f)T; g)T;h)F; i)T
1)e; 2)c; 3)g; 4)a; 5)h; 6)b; 7)f; 8)d
Exercise 1:
a)Can you do it now? No, now I can’t; b)Next week I will
not/won’t have to come; c)You have to study the third
UNIT 14
lesson; d)Alex and Raúl must buy their books; e)Her
explanations must be true; f)Could you give me the name Reading comprehension:
of the school/school’s name?; g)You must/should go to 2. Answers to the questions:
London, it is a very beautiful/nice city; h)Need you wear
a skirt?/Do you need to wear a skirt? 1) The euro became the European single currency in 1th
January 2002.
Exercise 2:
2) Spain, France, Germany and Italy.
a) I will be able to play a song for you with a guitar; b)I
will have to study to pass my exam; c)She will not/ won’t 3) Yes, it is.
be able to say it louder; d)I will need my pills; e)James Exercise 1:
will have to do an assignment; f)You will have to a)was moved; b)was not introduced; c)was destroyed;
pronounce perfectly; g)You will not/won’t be able to d)were left; e)are asked; f)will be given; g)was taken.
THE EXERCISES
understand these sentences; h)I will not/won’t be able to Exercise 2:

see your eyes.
KEYS TO
a)The milk is brought to my door by the milkman;

Exercise 3:
b)Things from supermarkets are stolen every day by
a)Can I play a song for you?; b)Must he study to pass his Joan and Julian; c)The sick man is taken to hospital by
exam? (También podría admitirse: Does he have to study
to pass his exam?, sin embargo, se perdería ese matiz an ambulance; d)These boxes are cleared three times a
de obligación ineludible); c)Cannot/Can’t she act like a day by the postman; e)The warehouse is guarded by
queen? /Can she not act like a queen?; d)Need they go dogs; f)These television sets are made by a Japanese
on holidays?/Do they need to go on holidays?; e)Could firm; g)He was shouted down by the crowd.
James walk for hours?; f)Should he do better at
Physics?; g)Cannot/Can’t you understand these Exercise 3:
sentences?/Can you not understand these sentences?; a)He was never seen in the dining-room by us; b)The
h)Will she be able to attend lectures during pregnancy?; police was called by the watchman; c)A slight injury was
i)Couldn’t she speak Russian?/Could she not speak had by Tom; d)He was found guilty by the Court; e)I
Russian? haven't been paid for the work by her; f)The children
Exercises 4: have been brought in Italy (by them); g)He won't be taken
a)She couldn’t read your article./She was not able to to prison (by them); h)TV hasn't been watched by him;
read your article; b)My cousins could dance i)He is often taken for his brother by Anne.
flamenco./My cousins were able to dance flamenco; c)I
had to do my homework; d)We needed to be accepted; Exercises 4:
e)Our questions had to be answered; f)Did you need to a)Se dice que (él) es el mejor futbolista; b)Se cree que
take music lessons?/ (También valdría: Needed you take (él) es un mal estudiante; c)Se piensa que Charles es un
music lessons?) g)They didn’t need to study at home/
buen soldado; d)Se considera que (nosotros) somos
(También valdría: The need not/needn’t study at home);
h)They could be right (la forma “be able to” no es posible ricos; e)Se encontró que (ellos) eran culpables; f)Se
ya que en este ejemplo existe posibilidad y no sabe que la historia es falsa; g)Se dice que su novia es
capacidad); i)I didn’t have to do this exam. de Japón; h)Se cree que John la ama.
a)should; b)should; c)might; d)must; e)might; f)should a)to; b)by; c)at, in; d)on, with, with; e)at, on; f)at, at, on;
not/shouldn’t; g)must g)to, at; h)at, in; i)into/to, with
a)1-3-36 b)2,5-30 c)2-6-72 d)4-48 e)1-220-660-7,920 a)of, for, on, from/of, for; b)to, to, of; c)in, on; d)At, at;
f)3-24-5,280-15,840-190,080 e)on, with, of; f)from, in
a)1-16 b)2-32 c)0,5-7-112 d)1-14-224 e)2-16-224-3,584 Exercise 7:
f)1-17,85-142,85-2,000-32,000
1)e; 2)a; 3)g; 4)d; 5)h; 6)f; 7)c; 8)b
a)2 b)10-0,5 c)40-2-1 d)320-16-8-2
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UNIT 15 REVIEW UNITS 1 TO 5
Exercise 1:
a)Hello, is, your; b)name, is; c)are, you; d)I, am, years,
2. Answers to the questions: you; e)I, am, years; f)your, number; g)is
1) Stonehenge is situated in Salisbury (England). Exercise 2:
a)eighteen; b)thirteen; c)seventeen; d)nineteen;
2) Stonehenge symbolizes mystery, power and endurance. e)twenty-eight; f)twenty-three; g)thirty; h)twenty-five
3) Stonehenge was built from 2750 BC to 1500 BC. Exercise 3:
a)Mi hermano mayor se llama John.; b)Mi abuela es
3.“True” or “false” answers: mucho mayor que mi padre (Mi abuela tiene mucha más
edad que mi padre.); c)¿Qué hora es? Son las cinco y
a)T; b)T; c)F; d)F; e)T; f)T media.; d)Desgraciadamente mi primo no está aquí.;
e)Los viernes desayuno en el bar de mi primo.
Exercise 1:
Exercise 4:
a)up; b)after; c)on; d)up; e)off, on; f)out; g)in a) The computer is hers.; b)The text book is mine.; c)The
walkman is yours.; d)The dog is ours; e)The cat is his;
Exercise 2: f)The novel is theirs.
a)turned down; b)looks after; c)looking for; d)takes off, Exercise 5:
puts on; e)look up; f)fill in a)It is a quarter to two.; b)It is twenty past five.; c)It is a
quarter past six.; d)It is half past eight.; e)It is midnight.;
Exercise 3: f)It is twenty five to nine.; g)It is five past ten.
a)So am I; b)Neither do I; c)Neither have I; d)So have I; Exercise 6:
e)So do I; f)Neither did I; g)So was I; h)Neither have I; a)These; b)this; c)That; d)Those; e)This; f)These;
i)So did I; j)So was I; k)Neither will I; l)Neither would I. g)That; h)That
Exercise 7:
Exercises 4:
a)businesses; b)oranges; c)classes; d)watches; e)duties;
a)ironing; b)cooking; c)reading; d)walking; e)swimming; f)heroes; g)days; h)people; i)catches; j)wolves; k)fusses;
f)doing the washing up l)glories; m)faxes; n)cities; o)knives; p)tornadoes;
q)teeth; r)flies
Exercise 5: Exercise 8: a)strawberries; b)children; c)Foxes, geese,
THE EXERCISES
cats, mice; d)feet; e)tomatoes; f)Men, women; g)books,
a)to come; b)going; c)to work, getting up; d)Studying;
KEYS TO
boxes; h)cities; i)rings; j)trees, leaves
e)to buy, living; f)travelling (BrE) /traveling (AmE), flying;
Exercise 9:
g)going; h)jogging, swimming; i)thinking, having
a)my; b)Their; c)Your; d)Our; e)His; f)Your; g)Her; h)its
a)having; b)not to speak; c)to meet; d)leaving, saying; a) I am taller than your brother.; b)My mother’s brother is
e)to explain, to listen; f)telephoning, asking, to look; my uncle.; c)You are better at Physics than me.; d)Winter
g)hearing, not to enter is much colder than summer.; e)These boots are not
mine.; f)I have eggs for breakfast. (También podría
Exercise 7: aceptarse “For breakfast I have eggs”; no obstante, la
primera letra de “for” aparece en minúscula y no puede
a)bill; b)underground; c)chemist's; d)road; e)lift; f)flat, formar parte de principio de oración); g)I have dinner at
a quarter past seven. ( “At a quarter past seven I have
centre dinner” también sería una opción posible; sin embargo,
por las mismas razones que se han mencionado en el
Exercise 8: apartado anterior no se puede aceptar); h)My book is not
hers.; i)My brother’s wife is my sister-in-law.
a)vacation; b)trunk; c)bill; d)collect call; e)flavors;
f)sidewalk Exercise 11:
a)half; b)interested, c)thirsty; d)angry; e)Spring, June;
Exercise 9: f)blue, red; g)Fourth, July
1)g; 2)e; 3)b; 4)a; 5)h; 6)f; 7)c; 8)d Exercise 12:
a)mother-in-law; b)brother-in-law, c)niece; d)grandson;
Exercise 10: e)son-in-law; f)nephew; g)grandmother;
h)granddaughter; i)sister-in-law; j)daughter-in-law;
a)United Nations, Organización de Naciones Unidas k)father-in-law; l)grandchildren
(ONU); b)North Atlantic Treaty Organization,
Organización del Tratado del Atlántico Norte (OTAN); Exercise 13:
c)Non Governmental Organization, Organización No a)an; b)A, a; c)a; d)an; e)an; f)a; g)an; h)a
Gubernamental (ONG); d)International Organization, Exercise 14:
Organización Internacional; e)Red Cross, Cruz Roja a)nearer; b)clearer; c)happier; d)better; e)more
Exercise 11: interesting; f)stronger; g)busier; h)fatter
Exercise 15:
a)So do I, I don't; b)Neither do I, I do; c)So do I, I don't;
a)most expensive; b)richest; c)coldest; d)worst; e)wisest;
d)Neither do I, I do; e)So did I, I didn't; f)Neither did I, I f)hottest; g)oldest; h)best; i)easiest
did; g)Neither have I, I have; h)So am I, I am not; i)So
have I, I haven't; j)So will I, I won't; k)Neither would I, I Exercise 16:
would; l)So was I, I wasn't. a)sooner; b)later; c)less; d)earlier; e)better; f)further;
g)longer; h)worse
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REVIEW UNITS 6 TO 10 Exercise 14:
a)Do you have a car?, Did you have a car?; b)How does
Exercise 1: she drive?, How did she drive?; c)Who plays the guitar?,
a)many; b)much; c)many; d)much; e)many; f)many; Who played the guitar?; d)When do they get married?,
g)much When did they get married?; e)Where does she go for
holidays?, Where did she go for holidays?; f)Why are you
Exercise 2: so upset?, Why were you so upset?; g)Which one do you
a)are; b)is; c)is; d)is; e)are; f)is; g)are take?, Which one did you take?
a)any; b)some; c)any; d)any; e)some; f)some; g)Any a)make, b)made; c)do; d)made; e)do, f)do; g)make; h)did;
i)make; j)did; k)made; l)make
a)something; b)Anyone; c)somewhere; d)Nobody; a)was writing; b)is not (isn’t) eating; c)Were you
e)anything, anyone; f)Somebody; g)anywhere; studying…?; d)were looking, was giving; e)was leaving;
h)nowhere; i)nothing f)is shining; g)Are you writing…?; h)is not (isn’t) raining
a)How much is too much?; b)Nobody wanted to do an a)How far is London from Barcelona?; b)How tall is your
exam on Saturday.; c)Fortunately, a lot of people came to father?; c)How often do you go shopping?; d)How heavy
the party.; d)This car is not big enough for five people.; is your table?; e)How wide is the lake?; f)How long is the
e)There are too many fat people in this country.; beach?; g)How much time does it take to arrive in/get to
f)Anywhere she goes she finds friends.; g)There is Manchester?.
nowhere like home.; h)I can’t do anything without you.
Exercise 6: REVIEW UNITS 11 TO 15
a)Do you play the guitar?; b)Doesn’t she (Does she not)
drink orange juice? ; c)Are they very tall?; d)Is he in
Manchester?; e)Don’t we (Do we not) study very hard? ; Exercises 1:
f)Do you write very long poems?; g)Is she in her 1)for; 2)since; 3)since; 4)for; 5)since; 6)for; 7)for; 8)for;
classroom?; h)Does he read more than two books per 9)since; 10)since; 11)for; 12)for; 13)since; 14)since;
week?; i) Doesn’t she (Does she not) drink alcohol? 15)for.
a)Aren’t you interested in Literature?; b)Doesn’t he speak a) have you been?, haven’t (have not) seen, for; b)hasn’t
THE EXERCISES
French?; c)Do you live near my house?; d)Is the (has not) snowed, since; c)haven’t (have not) eaten,
dictionary on the table?; e)Isn’t she the right person for since; d)hasn’t (has not) cut, for; e)have worked, for;
KEYS TO
this position?; f)Does she know perfect English? f)have changed, since
a)There is a war against Italy.; b)Under (Underneath) the a)is not going to attack; b)Is it going to rain; c)are going to
table there is a book. / There is a book under (underneath) buy; d)am not going to win; e)Are we going to eat; f)is not
the table.; c)I study from 5 to 7.; d)Does she have lunch in going to buy; g)Are they going to have
a restaurant near (next to) my house?; e)I have dinner at Exercise 4:
7 o’clock.; f)After dinner we go to the disco. /We go to the a)was going to write; b)was not going to buy; c)Were they
disco after dinner.; g)I always have breakfast before going to spend; d)was going to give; e)Was she going to
midday.; h)This present is for you. marry; f)Were you going to travel; g)were not going to buy
a)He drove that old car.; b)They felt really bad.; c)I didn’t a) am going to write; b)will get; c)will turn; d) are going to
find the keys in your house.; d)They didn’t lose the visit; e)will come, will be; f)am going to attend; g)will help
match.; e)Did they rent her house?; f)Didn’t they (Did they Exercise 6:
not) sell roses in that shop?; g)Did she sing in the
concert?; h)Didn’t the thieves (Did the thieves not) steal a a)have never seen; b)Have you been; c)Haven’t you
famous painting? heard (Have you not heard); decided, didn’t (did not); d)I
haven’t (have not) seen; e)arrived; f)have known; g)has
Exercise 10: written; h)haven’t had, was; i)miss, have been; j)has
a)went, for; b)from, Dutch; c)lied, didn’t; d)Does, French; never seen; k)dreamed, never saw; l)has become, took,
e)paid, after; f)ate, much; g)Did, hear was, have changed; m)have changed, saw, have grown
a)Spain; b)Irish; c)Greece; d)Italian; e)Holland; f)Russian; a)get, am going to; b)graduate; c)snows, are going to go;
g)Norway; h)French; i)England; j)Scottish; k)Europeans d)is going to make, is going to quit, finishes, is going to
get; e)is going to call, arrives, is going to stay, is
a)When did you have lunch?; b)How are you?; c)Why did a)arrive, will show; b)don’t stop, will experience; c)won’t
you do it?; d)Who went to the party?; e)Where are you (will not) tell, asks, won’t (will not) reveal; d)leave, will
from?; f)What is your name?; g)What is the weather like?; pick, do; e)will call, call, will take
h)Where did she go last week?; i)How do you go to work?
Exercise 9:
Exercise 13: a)will help, ask; b)will get, don’t take; c)is, will go; d)tell,
a)Who went to the concert?; b)When do you wake up?; will you believe; e)will come, invite; f)will go, has
c)Do you eat strawberries?; d)Who brought these books?; Exercise 10:
e)Do you speak English?; f)Why did you go to Scotland?;
g)Where did you buy this T-shirt?; h)Where are you from?; a)would be; b)would live; c)would know; d)would own;
i)What did you say?; j)Which car do you prefer?; k)How e)wouldn’t (would not) get; f) would travel; g)would stay;
was your dog?; l)Do you have brothers or sisters? h)would eat
-234-
a)Would I say no to your invitation?; b)I would not take no a)The injured man had to be carried.; b)Our conversation
for an answer.; c)Please, do not write in capital letters.; was going to be taped.; c)He will be asked many
d)What would they say?; e)Wouldn’t he be able to questions.; d)The books haven’t (have not) been
come?; f)I’d go to your house; g)Why wouldn’t I go to returned yet.; e)Less money is spent on school books
your party?; h)What would he look like? nowadays.; f)Most paintings were damaged by vandals.;
g)All sentences are corrected by the computer.; h)Her
Exercise 12: car is being repaired at the moment.; i)You will be
severely punished for this.
a)I would play football.; b)Would you play football?;
c)Would you like to play football?; d)Do the homework.; Exercise 22:
e)Don’t eat oranges.; f)What would they write?; g)Why a)Everybody was shocked by the terrible news.; b)A new
wouldn’t she (would she not) tell her grandparents? book will be published (next year) by that company next
year.; c)Our address has been forgotten (by him).; d)The
Exercise 13: secretary was introduced to her new boss.; e)Our plan is
a)I will be able to eat a whole large pizza.; b)I will have to being considered by the members of the committee.; f)A
say the truth.; c)Will you be able to repeat the sentence?; prize will be given to whoever solves this problem.; g)The
d)Will they have to study the whole lesson?; e)He won’t new policy would be approved by the executive
(will not) be able to read my mind.; f)Won’t they (Will they committee.; h)This notice has been altered.; i)My
not) be able to take a joke?; g)I won’t (will not) be able to telephone number was given to her by Paul.
explain why.; h)I will be able to dance ballet.; i)Won’t she Exercise 23:
(Will she not) have to invite her parents to dinner?; j)We a)She is said to wear a long blue dress.; It is said that
won’t (will not) have to waste time. she wears a long blue dress.; b)He was believed to be
Exercise 14: one of the three greatest mathematicians., It is believed
that he was one of the three greatest mathematicians.;
a)Couldn’t we take criticism?, Weren’t we (Were we not) c)Susan is thought to be in her mid fifties., It is thought
able to take criticism?; b)Did I have to paint you a that Susan is in her mid fifties.; d)Peter is considered to
picture?; c)They had to hand in their assignments.; be quite social., It is considered that Peter is quite social.;
d)Their reasons had to be explained carefully.; e)Did you e)He was found dead., It was found that he was dead.; f)I
need a visa?, Needed you a visa?; f)You didn’t have to was told his secrets.; g)She was given her birthday
speak during the exam.; g)Applicants needed to call 1- present.; h)He is known as Peter Smith.
800-486-624 for further information.; h)You could make Exercise 24:
yourself, You were able to make yourself; i)Didn’t we (Did a)I have never been called “stupid”!; b)have been
we not) have to follow their example?; j)Could he play the planted.; c)will be crowned; d)be worked out; e)would be
THE EXERCISES
piano?, Was he able to play the piano? done; f)has been decided; g)are required; h)was asked;
KEYS TO
Exercise 15: i)is being interviewed
Exercise 25:
a)She might not go to Paris; b)I will not be able to read
the book.; c)Could you tell me your surname?; d)They a)in; b)on; c)at; d)at; e)on; f)in; g)in; h)at; i)at, in; j)on;
did not have to buy new clothes.; e)Need you drive so k)at; l)in; m)In, on, in, at; n)on; o)In; p)In; q)at, on; r)at, in;
fast?; f)She need not study the whole lesson; g)He ought s)at; t)in, in
not to have come; h)Should I stay or should I go?, Should Exercise 26:
I go or should I stay? a)So do I.; b)Neither did I.; c)Neither do I.; d)Neither am
I.; e)Neither have I.; f)So will I.; g)So would I.; h)So am I.;
Exercise 16: i)So did I.
a)might; b)may not; c)may; d)can’t; e)Could; f)could; Exercise 27:
g)Can; h)couldn’t; i)could; j)might a)So would I.; b)So do I.; c)Neither do I.; d)So have I.;
Exercise 17: e)So was I.; f)So did I.; g)Neither did I.; h)So do I.; i)So
would I.; j)So am I.
a)May; b)can; c)May; d)can; e)can’t; f)Could; g)may; Exercise 28:
h)might; i)might; j)might; k)could; l)can’t; m)could; a)seeing; b)to do; c)going; d)writing; e)not to buy;
n)must; o)can’t f)playing; g)Reading; h)to pay; i)to sing; j)not to tell;
Exercise 18: k)studying; l)learning
a)needn’t; b)mustn’t; c)needn’t; d)needn’t; e)needn’t;
f)mustn’t; g)mustn’t; h)needn’t; i)mustn’t; j)needn’t;
k)mustn’t
Exercise 19:
a)couldn’t; b)might not; c)might not; d)couldn’t; e)might
not; f)might not; g)might not; h)couldn’t; i)couldn’t
Exercise 20:
Sally mustn’t miss lectures.; b)correct; c)Mustn’t he study
a little bit harder?; d)He has to earn a living.; e)He can’t
tell you his secret.; f)She might play the guitar in the
concert.; g)Will they be able to understand the
language?; h)Peter couldn’t stand the weather.; i)Martha
can’t run faster.; j)correct; k)I should ask you to do me a
favour.; l)Might she call the fire department?; m)I don’t
have to get up early tomorrow morning.; n)I need not get
up early tomorrow morning., I don’t need to get up early
tomorrow morning.; o)Need he say anything else?
-235-

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UNIT 1

he/ she/ it is not (él/ ella/ *ello) no es

TO BE (‘ser; estar’) ¿soy (yo)?

(vosotros/ as) sois ¿son (ellos/ as)?

Hello! My name’s My name’s Nuria

Isabel: Hello! My name’s Isabel.

Nuria: My name’s Nuria.

Isabel: How old are you?

Isabel: I’m thirty-nine. I’m thirty-nine

Isabel: Tengo treinta y nueve.

Isabel: Hi! How are you?

Alicia: Fine, thank you. And you?

Isabel: Fine, thanks.

Fine, thank you.

1.-CARDINAL NUMBERS I (1-30)

1 one 11 eleven 21 twenty-one

George is twenty-six years old. George tiene veintiséis años.

1st first primero/ a/ os/ as

2nd second segundo/ a/ os/ as

3rd third tercero/ a/ os/ as

4th fourth cuarto/ a/ os/ as

5th fifth quinto/ a/ os/ as

His first last name is Pérez. Su primer apellido es Pérez.

all rank and file

1 Private Corporal Full Corporal Corporal Major

Sergeant Staff Sergeant Warrant Officer Sergeant Major

Second First Captain Major Lieutenant Colonel

Brigadier Major Three Star Four Star Five Star

Private: May I come in, Sir?

Staff Sergeant: Yes, come in.

Private: This is the Private Juan Ramírez

Staff Sergeant: What’s your post given to you by the

Because I always liked Private: Because I always liked this kind of

a) Hello. My name is Cristina. What is your name? a) Are you a student?

f) She is twenty-four years old. j) twenty-four + one

English terms Spanish terms

9) PUT THE RANKS IN THE RIGHT DECREASING ORDER.

a) ____________ Three Star General

El artículo determinado "the" es invariable, 2.1.-SAXON GENITIVE

the hats of these men

El artículo indefinido no tiene plural, y en su English Spanish

I don't have any question. No tengo ninguna pregunta. English Spanish

There are some students. Hay algunos estudiantes.

our car nuestro coche

Si el poseedor es un sustantivo compuesto o English Spanish

Examples: tuyo/ a/ os/ as

Mary and Peter's house la casa de Mary y Peter PLURAL

SINGULAR vuestro/ a/ os/ as

Nótese que el pronombre posesivo en inglés

1st S I have (yo) tengo

3rd S he /she /it has (él/ ella/ *ello) tiene

1st P we have (nosotros/ as) tenemos

(vosotros/ as) tenéis

3rd P they have (ellos/ as) tienen

roof/ roofs tejado/ tejados

box/ boxes caja/ cajas

potato/ potatoes patata/ patatas

hero/ heroes héroe/ héroes child/ children niño/ niños

duo/ duos dúo/ dúos man/ men hombre/ hombres

woman/ women mujer/ mujeres

2 calf/ calves ternera/ terneras mouse/ mice ratón/ ratones

goose/ geese ganso/ gansos

person/ people persona/ personas

h) Anna: John is twenty-five _ old, he _