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A History Of Western Music 9th Edition by J. Peter Burkholder – Test Bank

CHAPTER 6: New Developments in the Fourteenth Century

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. The interest in capturing the pleasure of daily life in song, art, and literature could be
interpreted as a response to what fourteenth-century condition?

a. the crisis in the church

b. the development of technologies such the mechanical clock and the compass

c. the difficulty of life caused by a long-term economic slump, famine, and rise in disease

d. the emergence of empirical reasoning based on observation

e. the rise of Italian city-states

ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: 111–113 | 140–141

TOP: European Society in the Fourteenth Century| Echoes of the New Art

MSC: Conceptual

2. When did the Black Death epidemic peak in Europe?

a. ca. 1300 d. ca. 1375

b. ca. 1325 e. ca. 1400

c. ca. 1350

ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: 112

TOP: European Society in the Fourteenth Century MSC: Factual

3. During the Babylonian Captivity, the papal throne was in

a. Avignon d. Pisa

b. Milan e. Rome

c. Paris
ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: 112

TOP: European Society in the Fourteenth Century MSC: Factual

4. What effect did the Great Schism have on fourteenth century society?

a. it divided Eastern and Western Christendom

b. it led to corruption in the Church

c. it paved the way for the modern scientific method

d. it reduced the size of the Holy Roman Empire

e. it weakened papal authority

ANS: E DIF: Medium REF: 112

TOP: European Society in the Fourteenth Century MSC: Conceptual

5. Which best describes the attitude of secularism?

a. knowledge of humanity and nature is based on absolute reason

b. knowledge of humanity and nature is based on direct observation and experience

c. life can be improved through technology and innovation

d. a person can determine his or her own destiny

e. there are theological explanations for every facet of life

ANS: B DIF: Medium REF: 113

TOP: European Society in the Fourteenth Century MSC: Conceptual

6. All of the following artistic creations exemplify interest in secular society and experiences of
everyday life except

a. Boccaccio’s Decameron

b. Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales

c. Dante’s Divine Comedy

d. Machaut’s Rose, liz, printemps, verdure

e. the Roman de Fauvel

ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: 113

TOP: European Society in the Fourteenth Century MSC: Applied

7. The Roman de Fauvel is an allegory about

a. the Ars Nova d. corruption at the French court

b. the Babylonian Captivity e. the Great Schism

c. the Black Death

ANS: D DIF: Medium REF: 113

TOP: European Society in the Fourteenth Century MSC: Factual

8. The Roman de Fauvel includes isorhythmic motets by

a. Francesco Landini d. Philippe de Vitry

b. Guillaume de Machaut e. Philippus de Caserta

c. Jacques de Liège

ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: 113 | 118

TOP: European Society in the Fourteenth Century| Isorhythm MSC: Factual

9. The treatise known as Ars nova describes

a. corruption at the French court

b. an expanded system of rhythm and meter

c. the formes fixes

d. a more precise method of notating pitch than had existed previously

e. new rules for harmonic progressions and dissonance control

ANS: B DIF: Medium REF: 114 TOP: Ars Nova Notation

MSC: Factual

10. In fourteenth-century French music, the smallest possible rhythmic value was called the

a. breve d. semibreve

b. long e. semiminim

c. minim
ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: 114 TOP: Ars Nova Notation

MSC: Factual

11. Fourteenth-century music saw an increased use of thirds and sixths as

a. cadences d. perfect consonances

b. dissonances e. perfections

c. imperfect consonances

ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: 115 TOP: Ars Nova Notation

MSC: Applied

12. The following is an example of

a. color d. mensuration

b. hocket e. talea

c. isorhythm

ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: 118–119 TOP: Isorhythm

MSC: Applied
 13. Guillaume de Machaut lived

a. ca. 1200–1277 d. ca. 1300–1377

b. ca. 1250–1340 e. ca. 1325–1397

c. ca. 1285–1349

ANS: D DIF: Medium REF: 119 TOP: Guillaume de Machaut

MSC: Factual

14. Machaut wrote in all of the following genres except

a. isorhythmic motet d. monophonic chanson

b. madrigal e. polyphonic chanson

c. Mass Ordinary

ANS: B DIF: Medium REF: 120 | 121–126| 132

TOP: Guillaume de Machaut| The Fourteenth-Century Madrigal

MSC: Applied

15. Why is it difficult to evaluate Machaut’s place in the history of fourteenth-century music?

a. he is the only composer to have set Ordinary texts in his time

b. he oversaw the copying of his complete works, saving only his best works

c. his music is atypical in its frequent use of thirds and sixths

d. it was rare for composers to write their own poetry

e. very little music by his contemporaries survives

ANS: E DIF: Medium REF: 120–121 | 127

TOP: Guillaume de Machaut| Reputation MSC: Conceptual

16. Machaut’s virelai Douce dame jolie uses the literary theme of

a. Ars Subtilior d. pastorelle

b. chanson de geste e. satire

c. fin’ amors

ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: 124 TOP: Monophonic Songs

MSC: Applied

17. Which of the following provides evidence that Machaut conceived of his polyphonic songs with
the cantus, not the tenor, as the principal voice?

a. at least one monophonic song appears in a later manuscript with a tenor

b. the tenor parts are in a lower range than the cantus

c. in some songs the cantus is partially isorhythmic

d. the tenor parts are untexted

e. the tenor parts have awkward leaps that make them unsingable
ANS: A DIF: Medium REF: 126 TOP: Polyphonic Songs

MSC: Conceptual

18. In Machaut’s songs, melismas are decorative (rather than serving to emphasize the text) when
they occur

a. at the beginnings of poetic lines d. on accented syllables

b. at the ends of poetic lines e. on unaccented syllables

c. in the middle of poetic lines

ANS: E DIF: Medium REF: 126–127 TOP: Polyphonic Songs

MSC: Applied

19. Which of the following has a French text?

a. Francesco Landini’s Così pensoso

b. Francesco Landini’s Non avrà ma’ pietà

c. Guillaume de Machaut’s Messe de Nostre Dame

d. Philippe de Vitry’s Cum statua/Hugo, Hugo, Magister invidie

e. Philippus de Caserta’s En remirant vo douce pourtraiture

ANS: E DIF: Easy REF: 128–129 TOP: The Ars Subtilior

MSC: Factual

20. All of the following are likely reasons why the Ars Subtilior went out of fashion except

a. the complexity of the music appealed mainly to elite audiences

b. the formes fixes went out of style

c. the Italian style of Jacopo da Bologna and Francesco Landini was more naturalistic

d. when the Great Schism ended, the papal court moved from Avignon back to Rome

e. a simpler style was being cultivated in northern France

ANS: B DIF: Hard REF: 127–129 TOP: The Ars Subtilior

MSC: Conceptual

21. Jacopo da Bologna’s Non al suo amante sets a text by which famous Italian poet?

a. Dante Aligheri d. Francesco Petrarca

b. Giovanni Boccaccio e. Antonio Squarcialupi

c. Gherardello da Firenze

ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: 132

TOP: The Fourteenth-Century Madrigal MSC: Factual

 22. Which of the following compositional devices is characteristic of Italian Trecento madrigals?

a. canon

b. isorhythm

c. melismas on the first and last syllables of poetic lines

d. opening and closing refrains

e. simultaneous conflicting meters

ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: 132

TOP: The Fourteenth-Century Madrigal MSC: Applied

23. The Italian ballata is similar in form to the

a. ballade d. rondeau

b. caccia e. virelai

c. madrigal

ANS: E DIF: Medium REF: 133 TOP: The Ballata

MSC: Applied

24. Which cadence structure occurs frequently in Landini’s music?

a. d.

b. e.
c.

ANS: D DIF: Medium REF: 133–135 TOP: Landini

MSC: Applied

25. All of the following guide scholars and performers about the use of voices and instruments in
fourteenth-century polyphony except

a. aspects of musical style

b. depictions of music-making in contemporary art

c. descriptions of music-making in contemporary literature

d. payment records from churches and courts

e. the composers’ indications in the manuscripts

ANS: E DIF: Medium REF: 135–137 TOP: Concept

MSC: Conceptual

TRUE/FALSE

1. Syncopation was impossible before the innovations of the Ars Nova.

ANS: T DIF: Medium REF: 114 TOP: Ars Nova Notation

MSC: Conceptual

2. The term talea refers to a repeating segment of melody in the tenor of an isorhythmic motet.

ANS: F DIF: Easy REF: 118 TOP: Isorhythm

MSC: Factual

3. All of the movements of Machaut’s Messe de Nostre Dame are isorhythmic.

ANS: F DIF: Easy REF: 121–123

TOP: Guillaume de Machaut | Mass MSC: Applied

4. Machaut authored the texts of his monophonic and polyphonic chansons.

ANS: T DIF: Easy REF: 120–121 | 124 | 126

TOP: Guillaume de Machaut| Monophonic Songs| Polyphonic Songs

MSC: Factual

5. The formes fixes originally had associations with dancing.

ANS: T DIF: Easy REF: 126 TOP: Polyphonic Songs

MSC: Factual
 6. Most French and Italian polyphonic songs from the fourteenth century are for three or four
voices.

ANS: F DIF: Medium REF: 126 | 132 | 133

TOP: Polyphonic Songs| The Fourteenth-Century Madrigal| Francesco Landini

MSC: Applied

7. The Ars Subtilior was cultivated at the papal court in Avignon.

ANS: T DIF: Medium REF: 127 TOP: The Ars Subtilior

MSC: Factual

8. In an Italian Trecento caccia, all three voices are canonic.

ANS: F DIF: Medium REF: 132 TOP: The Caccia

MSC: Applied

9. The classifications haut (“high”) and bas (“low”) refer to the relative loudness of instruments.

ANS: T DIF: Easy REF: 136 TOP: Instruments

MSC: Factual

10. In many French and Italian polyphonic songs from the fourteenth century, the lower voices have
no texts. This indicates that the songs must have originally been performed with instruments
playing the lower voices.
ANS: F DIF: Medium REF: 137

TOP: Fourteenth-Century Music in Performance MSC: Conceptual

SHORT ANSWER

1. What manuscript did the image below come from? How can you tell?

ANS:

The image is from the Roman de Fauvel. The manuscript contains music, poetry, and images and
tells the story of a horse named Fauvel. The horse appears in the center column at the top and
bottom.

DIF: Hard REF: 113–114 TOP: European Society in the Fourteenth Century

MSC: Applied

2. Identify at least two innovations of the Ars Nova notational system.

ANS:

1) duple divisions of note values are now acceptable; 2) the minim is now the smallest note
value; 3) the invention of mensuration signs, symbols that are ancestors of our modern time
signatures.

DIF: Medium REF: 114 TOP: Ars Nova Notation

MSC: Factual
 3. When Jacques de Liège opposed the musical innovations of the fourteenth century, he
complained that “perfection is brought low, [and] imperfection is exalted.” What does he mean
by perfection and imperfection in this context?

ANS:

It could have two meanings: one is the development of duple or “imperfect” meters. In the old
style, the only meter was triple and the name of the metrical unit was the perfection; the triple
unit may have had associations with the Trinity. He could also be referring to composers widely
using thirds and sixths. These had been previously regarded as dissonances, but in the fourteenth
century composers and theorists accepted them as “imperfect consonances.”

DIF: Medium REF: 115 TOP: Ars Nova Notation

MSC: Conceptual

4. Using appropriate vocabulary, explain the organization of the tenor in an isorythmic motet.

ANS:

The tenor of an isorhythmic motet is organized into a repeating rhythmic cycle, called the talea,
and a repeating melodic phrase, called the color. In some motets, the talea and the color are the
same length. In other motets, two or more repetitions of the talea are needed to complete one
cycle of the color. Hocket in the upper voices may occur at repetitions of the talea.

DIF: Hard REF: 118 TOP: Isorhythm MSC: Applied

5. The following is a tenor from an isorhythmic motet by Phillipe de Vitry. How many measures
long is the talea? How many measures long is the color?
ANS:

The talea is two measures long (half-whole-half-two half rests). The color is ten measures long
(cde ddd efe dde gde ddc). There are six statements of the talea to one statement of the color.

DIF: Medium REF: 118 TOP: Isorhythm MSC: Applied

6. Define “hocket.”

ANS:

Hocket is a rapid alternation of sounded pitches and rests in two voices. In isorhythmic motets
passages of hocket sometimes alternate with repetitions of the talea. Compositions that make
extensive use of the technique are called hockets.

DIF: Medium REF: 119 TOP: Isorhythm MSC: Applied

7. What is the main characteristic of the Ars Subtilior repertory?

ANS:

An emphasis on rhythmic and mensural complexity, taking the developments of the Ars Nova to
an extreme.

DIF: Medium REF: 127 TOP: The Ars Subtilior

MSC: Factual

8. How does the musical substance of a caccia relate to its text?

ANS:

The caccia is a composition in which there are two canonic upper voices above a tenor. The
upper canonic voices “chase” each other. Often texts of caccias relate to hunting, fishing, or
other animated scenarios. The chasing of the canonic voices is similar to the chasing, bustling
scenes described in the text.

DIF: Medium REF: 132–133 TOP: The Caccia MSC: Applied

9. Describe two scenarios in which a performer would be likely to use musica ficta.

ANS:

To avoid the tritone F-B in a melody (melodic tritone); or to avoid sounding a tritone against the
lowest note (harmonic tritone); or to create a major sixth before the octave at a cadence where
there would normally be a minor sixth.

DIF: Hard REF: 138–139 TOP: Musica Ficta

MSC: Applied

10. Look at the example below. In m. 3, contratenor, the composer did not specify a C-sharp. It has
been supplied by the editor (indicated by being printed above the staff). In m. 9, contratenor,
the composer did specify a C-sharp (indicated by being printed in front of the note within the
staff). Why did the composer specify a C-sharp in m. 9, but not in m. 3?

ANS:

In mm. 3–4, there is obviously a cadence, and the singer would have known to raise the C to a C-
sharp in preparation for the cadence in m. 4. In m. 9, it is not obvious that a C-sharp would be
desired, and the change is not obvious from the rules. In fact, it is counterintuitive, since the C-
sharp creates a melodic tritone with the G on the downbeat of m 10.
DIF: Hard REF: 140 TOP: Musica Ficta

MSC: Conceptual

MATCHING

Match each genre with the correct form below.

a. ballade d. rondeau

b. ballata e. virelai

c. madrigal

1. A bba A

2. A bba A bba A bba A

3. aab

4. aabC aabC aabC

5. AB aA ab AB

1. ANS: B
 2. ANS: E

3. ANS: C

4. ANS: A

5. ANS: D

Match each genre with a composition in that genre, below.

a. ballade d. motet

b. caccia e. rondeau

c. madrigal

6. Francesco Landini, Così pensoso

7. Guillaume de Machaut, Rose, liz, printemps, verdure

8. Jacopo da Bologna, Non al suo amante

9. Philippe de Vitry, Cum statua/Hugo, Hugo/Magister invidie

 10. Phillipus de Caserta, En remirant vo douce pourtraiture

6. ANS: B

7. ANS: E

8. ANS: C

9. ANS: D

10. ANS: A

ESSAY

1. Compare and contrast French and Italian compositional practices in polyphonic song ca. 1300–
1400. How are they similar and how are they different? Consider such aspects as musical and
poetic form, rhythm and meter, declamation, harmonic language, and anything else you
consider relevant.

ANS:

Answers will vary.

2. In his Messe de Nostre Dame, Machaut chose different compositional forms and styles
depending on the length of the text for a given movement. Explain and illustrate this.
ANS:

Answers will vary.

CHAPTER 7: Music and the Renaissance

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. Europe emerged as a world power during the Renaissance for all of the following reasons except

advances in navigational technology enabled Europeans to establish trade routes to other

a. continents

b. the Byzantine Empire collapsed

c. economic stability led to the growth of the middle class

d. the Hundred Years’ War ended

e. people learned that the earth revolved around the sun

ANS: E DIF: Medium REF: 145–146 TOP: Europe from 1400 to 1600

MSC: Applied

2. Many aspects of European culture in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries were influenced by

a. the Copernican Revolution

b. the discovery of civilizations in Latin America, Africa, Asia, and India

c. the Great Schism

d. the Protestant Reformation

e. the revival of ancient Greek and Roman writing and art

ANS: E DIF: Medium REF: 146

TOP: The Renaissance in Culture and Art MSC: Applied

3. Which phrase best describes the meaning of the term humanism?

a. the appreciation of all living things

b. the precept of doing good deeds to help one another

c. the reliance on the authority of received wisdom

d. the study of things pertaining to human knowledge

e. the use of human observations to develop knowledge

ANS: D DIF: Medium REF: 147–148 TOP: Humanism

MSC: Factual

4. Which of the following is an example of humanism?

a. developing strict rules for the treatment of consonance and dissonance

b. expanding the musical range to use lower and higher pitches

c. imitating ancient Greek and Roman orators to argue a point of view persuasively

d. memorializing patrons of the arts in paintings and musical compositions

e. using perspective to create the appearance of three dimensions on a flat surface

ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: 146–148 TOP: Humanism

MSC: Applied

5. In this painting, what technique is particularly evident?

a. chiaroscuro d. perspective

b. humanism e. realism

c. naturalism

ANS: D DIF: Medium REF: 148–149

TOP: Sculpture, Painting, and Architecture MSC: Applied

6. Proportionately more music from the fifteenth century survives with the names of the
composers compared to previous eras. What explains this?

compared to the fourteenth century, fifteenth-century composers were more interested

a. in writing music that was pleasing to the ear

b. the development of music printing gave composers greater authority

c. in the fifteenth century, composition was regarded as more important than improvisation

d. the intellectual movement of humanism emphasized the accomplishments of individuals

e. rulers displayed their power and wealth by employing the best musicians
ANS: D DIF: Medium REF: 149

TOP: Humanism | Interest in Individuals MSC: Conceptual

7. In Renaissance music, composers used cadences and contrasts of texture to make the musical
structure of a composition clear. This is similar to what aspect of contemporary art?

a. chiaroscuro in painting

b. clarity of line and function in architecture

c. classical-style columns in architecture

d. naturalism in sculpture

e. perspective in painting

ANS: B DIF: Medium REF: 149–150

TOP: Sculpture, Painting, and Architecture MSC: Conceptual

8. In the Renaissance, most musicians also served as

a. church officials d. domestic servants

b. craftsmen e. lawyers

c. doctors

ANS: A DIF: Medium REF: 152

TOP: Patronage and the Training of Musicians MSC: Factual

 9. In the Renaissance, how were women most likely to receive musical instruction?

a. they attended choir schools

b. they had private tutors in the home

c. they learned through the apprentice system

d. they received lessons as novices or nuns in convents

e. women were not allowed to receive musical instruction

ANS: D DIF: Medium REF: 152

TOP: Patronage and the Training of Musicians MSC: Factual

10. Why was Italy such an important region for musical patronage in the fifteenth and sixteenth
centuries?

a. the economy was better in Italy compared to the north

the Italian language was better suited to the new compositional techniques for projecting
b.
the text

c. Italy was comprised of numerous city-states, each with its own ruler and court

d. most of the choir schools were located in Italy

e. the papal throne was located in Rome

ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: 152–153

TOP: Patronage and the Training of Musicians MSC: Conceptual

 11. The development of an international musical style in the fifteenth century can be attributed to

a. the development of music printing

b. the migration of composers between northern and southern courts

c. the preference for thirds and sixths as consonances

d. the rediscovery of ancient Greek and Roman civilizations

e. the unity of the church

ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: 154

TOP: Cosmopolitan Musicians and the International Style MSC: Conceptual

12. Music of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries can be viewed as a unified repertory due the
consistent use of what compositional technique across the two centuries?

a. cantus-tenor framework d. isorhythm

b. dramatic expression of the text e. strict control of dissonance

c. formes fixes

ANS: E DIF: Hard REF: 154 TOP: The New Counterpoint

MSC: Factual

13. Why, in 1477, did music theorist Johannes Tinctoris opine that “there is no composition written
over forty years ago which is . . . worthy of performance”?
a. Tinctoris believed that earlier music did not adequately express the text

b. Tinctoris found the older compositions to be too dissonant

c. Tinctoris preferred music for four or more voices

d. Tinctoris was advocating for Pythagorean intonation

e. Tinctoris was reacting against the humanists’ preference for ancient models

ANS: B DIF: Medium REF: 154–155 TOP: The New Counterpoint

MSC: Conceptual

14. Who is likely to have written this passage:

“At this time, consequently, the potential of our music has undergone such a marvelous increase
that it appears to be a new art, the wellspring of which new art, if I may so call it, is held to be
among the English, among whom Dunstable stood forth as leader. Contemporary with him in
France were Dufay and Binchois, to whom directly succeeded those of today, Ockeghem,
Busnoys, Regis, and Caron . . . ”

a. Pietro Aaron d. Johannes Tinctoris

b. Franchino Gaffurio e. Gioseffo Zarlino

c. Heinrich Glarean

ANS: D DIF: Hard REF: 154–155 TOP: The New Counterpoint

MSC: Applied
 15. Which term or phrase best describes the texture of this passage:

a. free counterpoint d. stratified rhythm

b. homophony e. treble-dominated

c. imitative counterpoint

ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: 157

TOP: New Compositional Methods and Textures MSC: Applied

16. Mean-tone temperaments, in which intervals are adjusted slightly so that thirds sound
consonant, demonstrate what aspect of Renaissance thinking?

a. the desire to express appropriate feelings and persuade the listener

b. the goal of aligning music with the language arts

c. the preference for human experience over received wisdom

d. the search for symmetry and arithmetic perfection in life

e. the virtue of imitating ancient Greek and Roman culture

ANS: C DIF: Hard REF: 157–158 TOP: Tuning and Temperament

MSC: Conceptual

17. As the Renaissance progressed, composers increasingly favored musical structures based on

a. borrowed melodies
b. isorhythm

c. the formes fixes

d. the grammar and emotional content of the text

e. the pitches in the tenor voice

ANS: D DIF: Medium REF: 158 TOP: Words and Music

MSC: Factual

18. All of the following demonstrate ways in which composers projected the texts they set to music
except

a. changing from polyphony to homophony for a new phrase of text

b. dramatizing the emotion using chromaticism

c. marking grammatical divisions in the text with cadences

d. using just intonation to create acoustically pure fifths and thirds

e. writing rhythms that match the natural spoken rhythms of the words

ANS: D DIF: Medium REF: 158 TOP: Words and Music

MSC: Applied

19. Music theorist Franchino Gaffurio incorporated the ideas of which writer into his treatises?

a. Aaron d. Plato
b. Copernicus e. Zarlino

c. Glareanus

ANS: D DIF: Medium REF: 159

TOP: Reawakened Interest in Greek Theory MSC: Factual

20. In his treatise Dodekachordon, Glarean adds four modes to the eight Church modes to parallel
the Greek system of tonoi. This reflects what aspect of Renaissance thinking?

a. the desire to express appropriate feelings and persuade the listener

b. the goal of aligning music with the language arts

c. the preference for human experience over received wisdom

d. the search for symmetry and arithmetic perfection in life

e. the synthesis of Greek culture with inherited Christian ideas

ANS: E DIF: Medium REF: 159

TOP: Reawakened Interest in Greek Theory MSC: Conceptual

21. Who is likely to have written this passage:

“So among the fourteen modes which arise from the seven octave species, our time recognizes
only eight, although thirteen are used, some constantly, some more rarely, as we shall show
afterwards. Yet it neither divides those eight by a true relationship nor by definite laws, but
circumscribes them with certain rules neither universal nor accurate.”
a. Pietro Aaron d. Johannes Tinctoris

b. Franchino Gaffurio e. Gioseffo Zarlino

c. Heinrich Glarean

ANS: C DIF: Hard REF: 159

TOP: Reawakened Interest in Greek Theory MSC: Applied

22. Renaissance writers echoed the ancient Greek idea that music should be a part of every citizen’s
education. An example of this is

a. the addition of four modes to the original eight to parallel the Greek tonoi

b. the competition among patrons to hire the best musicians

c. the increase in amateur music-making

d. the preference for equal-voiced textures in polyphony

e. the use of chromaticism

ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: 159 | 160–161

TOP: New Application of Greek Ideas| Music Printing MSC: Conceptual

23. The development of music printing contributed to all of the following except

a. the creation of new instrumental genres

b. the growth of amateur music-making

c. the increasing status of musical virtuosity

d. the popularity of secular vocal music in regional or national languages

e. the rise of music literacy

ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: 160–161

TOP: Music Printing| New Repertories and Genres MSC: Conceptual

24. Printing from moveable type was first developed in

a. China d. Germany

b. Flanders e. Italy

c. France

ANS: A DIF: Medium REF: 162 TOP: Innovations | Music

Printing

MSC: Factual

25. All of the following musical developments began during the sixteenth century except

a. composing and marketing music for amateur playing and listening

b. the creation of a large repertory of notated instrumental music

c. the development of sacred repertories in vernaculars

d. the growth of regional and national musical styles and genres

e. the preference for four-voice polyphony with soprano, alto, tenor, and bass voice ranges

ANS: E DIF: Medium REF: 160–161 | 164

TOP: New Currents in the Sixteenth Century MSC: Conceptual

TRUE/FALSE

1. Renaissance was a term that people living in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries used to
describe the era in which they lived.

ANS: F DIF: Easy REF: 144 TOP: Music and the

Renaissance

MSC: Conceptual

2. During the Renaissance, composers abandoned the older genres of the motet and chanson.

ANS: F DIF: Easy REF: 145 | 158 TOP: Music and the
Renaissance

MSC: Factual

3. In the fifteenth century, the best choir schools were in northern European cities.

ANS: T DIF: Easy REF: 152

TOP: Patronage and the Training of Musicians MSC: Factual

4. Hiring the best musicians was a way for rulers to display their wealth and power to audiences
and competing rulers.

ANS: T DIF: Easy REF: 152

TOP: Patronage and the Training of Musicians MSC: Factual

5. The use of parallel fifths and octaves in counterpoint was forbidden beginning in the fifteenth
century.

ANS: T DIF: Easy REF: 154 TOP: The New Counterpoint

MSC: Factual

6. In Pythagorean intonation, thirds and sixths sound consonant.

ANS: F DIF: Medium REF: 157 TOP: Tuning and Temperament

MSC: Factual

7. Equal temperament was widely used in the Renaissance.

ANS: F DIF: Medium REF: 158 TOP: Tuning and Temperament

MSC: Factual
 8. The idea that different scales or modes convey certain emotional states was new in the
Renaissance.

ANS: F DIF: Medium REF: 159–160

TOP: New Applications of Greek Ideas MSC: Factual

9. Before the invention of music printing, composers rarely made money by selling their music.

ANS: T DIF: Medium REF: 160–161 TOP: Music Printing

MSC: Conceptual

10. Martin Luther instigated the Counter-Reformation of the church.

ANS: F DIF: Easy REF: 161 | 164 TOP: Reformation

MSC: Factual

SHORT ANSWER

1. Briefly explain one or two ways in which this drawing relates to ideas that grew out of
humanism.

ANS:

It celebrates the beauty of the human form; it shows an effort to understand the world as it really
is (the geometry of the human form); it shows the symmetry and orderliness of the human form;
it shows an effort to understand how the body works (like dissection). [Other answers may
apply.]
DIF: Hard REF: 146–149

TOP: The Renaissance in Culture and Art| Sculpture, Painting, and Architecture

MSC: Conceptual

2. How did the fall of Constantinople in 1396 and the collapse of the Byzantine Empire in 1453
contribute to the European Renaissance?

ANS:

Because of these events, many Byzantine scholars fled to Italy. They brought the writings of the
ancient Greeks with them and taught the Italians how to read Greek. This contributed to
European interest in rediscovering ancient Greek and Roman culture.

DIF: Hard REF: 147 TOP: Humanism MSC: Conceptual

3. How is the word chapel used in discussing Renaissance music history?

ANS:

A chapel refers to a group of salaried musicians and clerics associated with a particular ruler (it
does not refer to a religious space).

DIF: Medium REF: 151 TOP: Patronage and the Training of Musicians

MSC: Factual
 4. Toward the end of the fifteenth century, composers sought greater equality of voices. Their
music features sections of imitation and homophony. Explain how both textures display an
equality of voices.

ANS:

In imitation, each voice presents the same melody in turn, so they are melodic equals. In
homophony, all the voices are in essentially the same rhythm, so they are rhythmic equals.

DIF: Hard REF: 156–157 TOP: New Compositional Methods and Textures

MSC: Conceptual

5. Define chromaticism.

ANS:

Chromaticism is the use of two or more successive semitones moving in the same direction, such
as a melody that goes A–B-flat–B-natural

DIF: Easy REF: 160 TOP: New Applications of Greek Ideas

MSC: Factual

6. How does the use of chromaticism in sixteenth-century music reflect the interest in ancient
Greek theory?

ANS:

In the Middle Ages, especially in chant, music was diatonic. Although there were some
chromatic inflections (such as in the use of musica ficta), direct melodic motion by semitone was
not allowed. In the Renaissance, musicians learned about the ancient Greek chromatic genus of
tetrachord and imitated it in their music as an expressive device.

DIF: Medium REF: 160 TOP: New Applications of Greek Ideas

MSC: Conceptual

7. Why was the development of music printing essential to the spread of Reformation ideas?

ANS:

Reform church leaders needed to develop new music for their services and spread their ideas
through music. The ability to make hundreds or thousands of copies of music quickly and
cheaply helped to spread and reinforce their ideas.

DIF: Medium REF: 162–163 TOP: Reformation MSC: Conceptual

8. Name one secular, one instrumental, and one sacred genre that were newly developed in the
Renaissance.

ANS:

Secular: villancico, frottola, madrigal [different from the Trecento madrigal], lute song.
Instrumental: variations, prelude, toccata, canzone, sonata. Sacred: chorale, metrical psalm,
anthem.

DIF: Medium REF: 161 | 164 TOP: New Repertories and Genres| Reformation

MSC: Factual
 9. Was the following passage of music printed using single impression or multiple impression
technique? How can you tell?

ANS:

This was printed using single impression technique. With this method, each piece of type
contains both the note and the staff lines. Sometimes the edges of the staff lines on adjacent
pieces of type do not line up well, creating a jagged look with gaps between each piece of type.

DIF: Hard REF: 163 TOP: Innovations | Music Printing

MSC: Applied

10. Provide an example of a musical technique or idea that was new in the Renaissance and has
since become a widely accepted expectation of music.

ANS:

[Answers will vary.] Examples include: SATB voices; music can express emotions; rules of
consonance and dissonance; focus on consonance; music should directly appeal to the listener;
equal temperament; natural declamation of the words; different scales (e.g., major and minor)
represent different emotional moods; etc.

DIF: Medium REF: 164 TOP: The Legacy of the Renaissance

MSC: Conceptual

MATCHING
Match each event with the year it took place.

a. 1417 d. 1517

b. 1453 e. 1563

c. 1501

1. Council of Trent ends

2. Great Schism ends

3. Hundred Years’ War between France and England ends

4. Odhecaton, the first collection of polyphony, was printed

5. Protestant Reformation begins

1. ANS: E

2. ANS: A

3. ANS: B

4. ANS: C
 5. ANS: D

Match each individual to the title of the publication for which he was responsible.

a. Pietro Aaron d. Nicholas Yonge

b. Heinrich Glarean e. Gioseffo Zarlino

c. Ottaviano Petrucci

6. Odhecaton A, 1501

7. Toscanello in musica, 1524

8. Dodekachordon, 1547

9. Le istitutioni harmoniche, 1558

10. Musica Transalpina, 1588

6. ANS: C

7. ANS: A
 8. ANS: B

9. ANS: E

10. ANS: D

ESSAY

1. The revival of ancient Greek culture affected music somewhat differently compared to the other
arts. How and why did it differ?

ANS:

Answers will vary.

2. Demonstrate how economic, technological, and philosophical factors, and new developments in
musical style, came together to contribute to the growth of amateur music-making in the
Renaissance.

ANS:

Answers will vary.