THE ENVIRONMENTAL CRISIS

The Environmental Crisis is really a crisis of consciousness. Most people know the natural world
is facing great challenges and degradation, but few know the true extents of the changes and
deprivation the environment faces and its extended effects on human welfare and all other life
on Earth. There is a great gap between the multitude of problems the environment faces on all
fronts and the level of awareness most people have on these issues.

The environmental movement, with over one million environmental, social justice, and
indigenous organizations present, is the fastest growing movement on Earth. Environmentalism
has become a broader, unifying human issue where every living system in the biosphere is in a
constant, accelerated decline.

One of the greatest illusions in the world causing most of the devastation we see today is that
we are separate from all the forests and all the oceans, that we are separate from all other life
on Earth. That we are superior to nature. But the reality is we are part of nature. That above all,
we are nature. It can be difficult to understand or remember that we are completely connected
to nature because we live in concrete jungles masking the surrounding Earth in a society where
products and services continuously replenish inducing the illusion of endless abundance and
whose general culture is built on the assumption that we are detached from the natural world
with complete dominion over this world and all of its inhabitants.

We've evolved incredibly as leaders of the biosphere, but we are largely misleading by living in
disharmony from the very foundation that makes our lives and all we do within them possible.
Beyond our stunning technological and intellectual advancements, we can clearly see our
devastating impacts to the furthest corners of the Earth. Healing the lands and oceans,
improving our health and well-being, protecting wildlife and giving our children the future they
deserve begins with the inspiration, awareness and knowledge to do so.

AIR POLLUTION
In general, any substance introduced by the people into the atmosphere which has a damaging
effect on the living organisms as well as on the environment is considered as air pollution.
Another perspective of looking at air pollution could be through the gases or substances that
hold the potential to hinder the atmosphere or the well-being of the living beings surviving in it.
The sustainability of all living organisms is due to a combination of gases that collectively form
the atmosphere, and hence the imbalance caused by the change in the percentage of these
gases or substances can be harmful to survival.
Air pollution can severely harm the health of people and animals, damage plants or stop them
from growing properly. Some of the major health issues caused by air pollution are respiratory
diseases (including asthma and changes in lung function, cardiovascular diseases adverse
pregnancy outcomes (such as preterm birth), even death in some cases.

They are separated into two categories:

Outdoor :

The pollutants outside the built environment fall under this category.

Indoor :

The particulates, carbon oxides and other pollutants carried by the indoor air or dust fall under
this category.

Causes of Air Pollution

In order to understand the contributing causes of air pollution, we first need to understand the
nature of pollutants swirling around us. Where do these air pollutants come from?

Air pollutants can either be the primary sources or the secondary sources. The pollutants that
are a direct result of various processes are referred to as primary pollutants. A few examples of
primary pollutants are the carbon-dioxide gas emitted from vehicle exhaust, and the sulfur
dioxide emitted from factories. Secondary pollutants are the ones which result from the
intermingling and reactions of the aforementioned primary pollutants. For instance, the smog
created when the crackers are burst in excess or when there is too much vehicle exhaust due to
traffic is known to be as a secondary pollutant.

Effects on Earth

The air pollution has a number of repercussions, mentioned as follows:

Global Warming: With increased temperatures worldwide, the resulting increase in sea levels
and the melting of ice from the colder regions and icebergs, or the loss of habitat have already
signalled an impending disaster if actions for preservation and normalization aren’t undertaken
soon.
Acid Rain: Harmful gases like the nitrogen oxides and sulfur oxides released into the
atmosphere during the burning of fossil fuels combine with water droplets during rain forming
acids and leading to acid rain. Acid rain can cause great damage to living organisms, plants and
monuments.

Eutrophication: It is a condition where a high amount of nitrogen present in pollutants gets

accumulated on the surface of a water body, leading to the deposition of green algae. Reducing
the amount of sunlight entering and the dissolved oxygen in the water, it really affects the
aquatic life.

Effect on Wildlife: Toxic chemicals present in the air affect wildlife and force it to move to new
places and change habitats leading to an imbalance in the flora and fauna of a particular area.

Depletion of Ozone layer: Ozone exists in the Earth’s stratosphere and is responsible for
protecting the mankind from harmful ultraviolet (UV) rays. The Ozone layer is getting depleted
due to the presence of chlorofluorocarbon and hydrochlorofluorocarbons in the atmosphere
resulting in an increased effect of UV rays causing skin and eye diseases.

WATER POLLUTION
Water pollution is the contamination of water bodies (like oceans, seas, lakes, rivers, aquifers
and groundwater) usually caused due to human activities. Water pollution is any change in the
physical, chemical or biological properties of water that will have a detrimental consequence o
any living organism.

Drinking water, also called Potable Water, is the water that is considered safe enough for human
and animal consumption. This is water that is generally used for drinking, cooking, washing,
crop irrigation etc. These days chemicals, bacteria and other pollutants are even affecting our
drinking water.

Sources of Water Pollution

Some of the most commonly occurring water pollutants are, Domestic Waste, Industrial
effluents , Insecticides and pesticides, Detergents and Fertilizers

Some of the water pollution that is caused is by Direct Sources, such as factories, waste
management facilities. refineries etc, that directly release waste and harmful by-products into
the nearest water source without treating them. Indirect sources include pollutants that enter
the water bodies via groundwater or soil or via the atmosphere as acid rain.
Effects of Pollution of Water

Diseases: In humans, drinking or consuming polluted water in any way has many disastrous
effects on our health. It causes typhoid, cholera, hepatitis and various other diseases.

Destruction of Ecosystems: Ecosystems are extremely dynamic and respond to even small
changes in the environment. Water pollution can cause an entire ecosystem to collapse if left
unchecked.

Eutrophication: Chemicals in a water body, encourage the growth of algae. These algae form a
layer on top of the pond or lake. Bacteria feed on this algae and this decreases the amount of
oxygen in the water body, severely affecting the aquatic life there.

Effects the food chain: Disruption in food chains happens when toxins and pollutants in the
water are consumed by aquatic animals (fish, shellfish etc) which are then consumed by
humans.

SOIL POLLUTION
Human activities are the primary cause of soil pollution and land degradation. By the end of this
topic, you will know how different forms of human activities are responsible for the majority of
different types of soil pollution.

Soil Pollution has gradually become a major challenge that we need to overcome for
establishing a healthy environment. Weathering of earth’s crusts by different processes leads to
the formation of soil that accumulates over the centuries. The soil is the home for a large part of
bacterial biodiversity and other microscopic and macroscopic living organisms.

Soil pollution refers to anything that causes contamination of soil and degrades the soil quality.
It occurs when the pollutants causing the pollution reduce the quality of the soil and convert
the soil inhabitable for microorganisms and macro organisms living in the soil.

Soil contamination or soil pollution can occur either because of human activities or because of
natural processes. However, mostly it is due to human activities. The soil contamination can
occur due to the presence of chemicals such as pesticides, herbicides, ammonia, petroleum
hydrocarbons, lead, nitrate, mercury, naphthalene, etc in an excess amount.

The primary cause of soil pollution is lack of awareness in general people. Thus, due to many
different human activities such as overuse of pesticides the soil will lose its fertility. Moreover,
the presence of excess chemicals will increase the alkalinity or acidity of soil thus degrading the
soil quality. This will in turn cause soil erosion. This soil erosion refers to as soil pollution.

Causes of Soil Pollution

Soil pollution can be natural or due to human activity. However, it mostly boils down to the
activities of the human that causes the majority of the soil pollution such as heavy industries, or
pesticides in agriculture.

LAND DEGRADATION
Land degradation is any change in the condition of the land which reduces its productive
potential. It is the deterioration in the quality of land, its topsoil, vegetation, and/or water
resources, caused usually by excessive or inappropriate exploitation. It is caused by multiple
forces, including extreme weather conditions particularly drought and human activities that
degrade the quality of soils affecting food production, livelihoods and the production and
provision of other ecosystem goods and services. Land degradation is a global issue, with
serious implications worldwide on biodiversity, eco-safety, poverty eradication, socio-economic
stability and sustainable development.

Major Causes of Land Degradation

Biophysical and socio-economic and political factors which include urbanization; competition for
scarce water, unsustainable water management and policies contribute to land degradation.
Biophysical factors include;

*Soil erosion;

* Poor farming practices and the absence of conservation works;

* Buildup of salts in soils;

* Loss of vegetation cover due to overgrazing, over exploitation and deforestation

* Invasive alien species-these grow prolifically and threaten indigenous plants and decrease the
land’s biological productivity, pushing out indigenous plants, reducing biodiversity, contributing
to soil erosion, reducing grazing areas and reducing the capacity of indigenous plants to
reproduce;

* Overuse of irrigation water;

* Inappropriate use of marginal land and

* Veld fires.

LIGHT AND NOISE POLLUTION

Light pollution is the excessive and prolonged use of artificial lights, in a way that results in the
brightening of night skies, disrupting natural cycles and activities of wildlife, health problems in
humans, as well as preventing humans from observing stars and other planets.

In other definitions, it does not only have to do with the sky but anywhere that artificial lights
are used, where they are not intended to. Other terms often used for light pollution are
‘photopollution’ and'luminous pollution'.

Effects of light pollution

impact of light pollutionWaste of resources:

It costs a lot of money to light up homes, public places, sports and commercial places. Apart
from the fact that tax payers pay needlessly for this, the nation uses millions of tons of oil and
coal to produce the power needed to light the sky. Meanwhile, the environmental cost of
producing this energy is another worrying issue that can be discussed at another time. In the
USA, 8% of its total energy is used for outdoor lighting, and out of that, 80% is used for
commercial and public exterior lighting.— Darksky

impact of light pollutionLoss of historical and cultural value:

Astronomers are concerned that not only do they have difficulty reading and viewing activities
in the sky and outer space, but also we are loosing the wonderful dark sky view with stars and
other space objects that we used to enjoy. Many young people growing up in the city may not
have the opportunity to experience this awesome scene, if we continue to direct more light into
the sky.
impact of light pollutionHealth implications:

Disability glare, eye strain, loss of vision and stress that people get from glare and spillovers are
worth mentioning. Our eyes naturally adjust during day and night so we can see things properly.
Too much light can harm our eyes and also the harm the hormones (such as melatonin) that
does this job.

NOISE POLLUTION
Although sound is something that is essential within our daily lives, noise is not. Sounds that
cause discomfort to the ears, that produce unpleasant effects, or are unwanted, are considered
to be noise. Noise pollution generally interferes with normal activities, for example, conversing
or sleeping. This type of pollution can also diminish or disrupt quality of life. Not all noise is
considered to be pollution. If it happens on an intermittent basis, noise is usually termed as
“nuisance.”

Noise pollution is not only an issue that affects humans, it is also harming the world’s whale
population. These mammals, who use their ears more than their eyes, make calls that travel
distances of 20 miles and more. They need to do this to communicate, in much the same way as
humans need to. It also helps prevent them from becoming lost during migration. However,
with today’s heavy, and constant ship traffic, drowning out their voices, these majestic creatures
are suffering in silence.

The effects of noise pollution on the health of humans can be vast – including having mental,
behavioral, and physical effects. For usually nervous individuals, noise can make them feel even
more nervous, angry, and irritable. Looking beyond these symptoms, the other long-term
effects of noise pollution are often even worse.

GARBAGE PROBLEM
Garbage is a big problem all over the world. People buy and use a lot of things nowadays. After
a while, they throw them away in the garbage bin. All the garbage is later thrown away or
dumped outside the city. These places are called landfill sites. In many cities, landfill sites are
now full.
About one-third of all the garbage is made of paper. Another third of the garbage is a mix of
glass, metal, plastic, and wood. The final third comes from food scraps. These are remains of
food that are not eating any more. Food scraps are not a big garbage problem for the
environment. Our natural world can get rid of food scraps. Insects and bacteria eat the food
scraps and make them go away.

But this does not happen with other materials. Plastic is very toxic to the environment. It
poisons the earth and the water. We use plastic for many things, such as combs or pens. Also,
when we buy something from the supermarket, we get a plastic bag. As soon as we get home,
we throw the bag away. Plastic is also used to make Styrofoam. All take-out coffee cups and fast-
food boxes are made of Styrofoam. When we buy coffee and drink it on the street, we throw
that cup away too.

Other garbage we throw away is metal. The cans for soft drinks or beer are made of aluminum.
Aluminum is toxic too. The paper and wood we throw away are not toxic. But we have to cut
down many trees every year to make paper and wood. Our environment suffers when there are
no forests around. The air is less fresh, and the earth dries up. With no water in the earth,
plants cannot grow.

Solutions to the garbage problem

We have to manage our waste and garbage better. If we throw away so many things, soon we
will have no place to dump them.

The best thing to do is to reduce the amount of garbage. If we use less, we throw away less. For
instance, we can buy food in big boxes and packages. Then we throw away only one box i every
month or so. Otherwise, we throw away many small boxes or cans every day.

Similarly, we can reuse a lot of packaging. For example, we do not have to buy take-out coffee in
Styrofoam cups. We can bring our own cup from home and fill it with fresh coffee. We also do
not have to take the plastic bags from the supermarket. We can bring our own cloth bag from
home instead. When we pack lunch, it is better to use a lunch box than a paper bag. Instead of
paper plates, we can use real plates. We can clean up with a dishtowel, not a paper towel. We
can use a compost bin for food scraps. In this way, the food gets back into the earth. It does not
get mixed up with the regular garbage.

Finally, all paper, glass and metal we do use, we can recycle. In many countries, there are now
recycling programs. In Germany, for example, people separate all glass bottles by color. Then
they put the bottles into special bins that are on the street. The city collects the glass, cleans it,
and reuses it. As well, in most countries, people recycle newspapers and cardboard. It is easy
and efficient.

POPULATION PROBLEM
As a population grows, it's put under pressure. This pressure can come from a lack of resources
to feed, house and provide services; disease; war; or lack of enough space. The pressure can be
relieved by migration. Wars, diseases and famine also reduce the pressure by killing off a
portion of the population. In fact, the basis for Thomas Malthus' famous population theories is
that human population will inevitably grow beyond the ability of the Earth to sustain it, resulting
in self-correcting (and unpleasant) pressures.

We won't be able to produce enough food to feed everyone.There isn't enough space for
everyone to live.

Humans cause harm to the environment. Too many humans will virtually destroy the ecosystem,
further reducing our ability to produce food.We can't provide the societal infrastructure to care
for all the people.

As population density in a given area increases, it approaches what's known as the carrying
capacity. This is the maximum number of humans an area is capable of supporting in terms of
available resources. For animals, this is easy to calculate. A goat, for example, might need 50
square yards of grass to survive. An area of 200 square yards therefore has a carrying capacity of
four goats. Calculating carrying capacity for humans is much more complex. We can use
technology to improve our resource production. We can ship in resources from other areas. We
can create sanitation systems and other infrastructure to support higher density.

ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY
Environmental policy, any measure by a government or corporation or other public or private
organization regarding the effects of human activities on the environment, particularly those
measures that are designed to prevent or reduce harmful effects of human activities on
ecosystems.

Environmental policies are needed because environmental values are usually not considered in
organizational decision making. There are two main reasons for that omission. First,
environmental effects are economic externalities. Polluters do not bear the consequences of
their actions; the negative effects occur elsewhere or in the future. Second, natural resources
are underpriced because they are often assumed to have infinite availability. Together, those
factors result in what American ecologist Garrett Hardin in 1968 called “the tragedy of the
commons.” The pool of natural resources can be considered as a commons that everyone can
use to their own benefit. For an individual, it is rational to use a common resource without
considering its limitations, but that self-interested behaviour will lead to the depletion of the
shared limited resource—and that is not in anyone’s interest. Individuals do so nevertheless
because they reap the benefits in the short term, but the community pays the costs of depletion
in the long term. Since incentives for individuals to use the commons sustainably are weak,
government has a role in the protection of the commons.

LIST OF ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY

REPUBLIC ACT 9003 ECOLOGICAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT ACT OF 2000

In partnership with stakeholders, the law aims to adopt a systematic, comprehensive and
ecological solid waste management program that shall ensure the protection of public health
and environment. The law ensures proper segregation, collection, storage, treatment and
disposal of solid waste through the formulation and adaptation of best eco-waste products.

REPUBLIC ACT 9275 PHILIPPINE CLEAN WATER ACT OF 2004

The law aims to protect the country's water bodies from pollution from land-based sources
(industries and commercial establishments, agriculture and community/household activities). It
provides for comprehensive and integrated strategy to prevent and minimize pollution through
a multi-sectoral and participatory approach involving all the stakeholders.

REPUBLIC ACT 8749 PHILIPPINE CLEAN AIR ACT OF 1999

The law aims to achieve and maintain clean air that meets the National Air Quality guideline
values for criteria pollutants, throughout the Philippines, while minimizing the possible
associated impacts to the economy.

REPUBLIC ACT 6969 TOXIC SUBSTANCES, HAZARDOUS AND NUCLEAR WASTE CONTROL ACT OF
1990

The law aims to regulate restrict or prohibit the importation, manufacture, processing, sale,
distribution, use and disposal of chemical substances and mixtures the present unreasonable
risk to human health. It likewise prohibits the entry, even in transit, of hazardous and nuclear
wastes and their disposal into the Philippine territorial limits for whatever purpose; and to
provide advancement and facilitate research and studies on toxic chemicals.

PRESIDENTIAL DECREE 1586 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT (EIS) STATEMENT OF 1978

The Environment Impact Assessment System was formally established in 1978 with the
enactment of Presidential Decree no. 1586 to facilitate the attainment and maintenance of
rational and orderly balance between socio-economic development and environmental
protection. EIA is a planning and management tool that will help government, decision makers,
the proponents and the affected community address the negative consequences or risks on the
environment. The process assures implementation of environment-friendly projects.

GLOBAL WARMING AND CLIMATE CHANGE

The impacts of climate change and environmental damage are often observed at a direct level,
whereby sea-level is measured or temepratures monitored. This map however illustrates how
the environment will have far-reaching consequences, with dramatic changes to the migratory
movements of people and forced displacement as a result of the change in climate and
environmental conditions.

Global warming has already had observable effects on the environment , such as shrinking
glaciers, earlier break up of ice on rivers and lakes, increased droughts, intensifying extreme
weather and plant and animal ranges shifting. Without effective action to halt the burning of
fossil fuels and reduce the levels of greenhouse gases released by human activity, humans and
wildlife worldwide face an unwelcoming future. There will be increased disruptions to society
from extreme weather, with more frequent flooding and storms, more severe droughts and
heat waves, rising sea levels and warming permafrost. In many regions, the effects of water
shortages and extreme heat will adversely affect agriculture and the effects on the natural
world will be severe with a major loss of coral reefs as oceans warm and to tropical forests as
fires become more frequent. "Climate change affects the fundamental requirements for health
– clean air, safe drinking water, sufficient food and secure shelter. Many of the major killers such
as diarrhoeal diseases, malnutrition, malaria and dengue are highly climate-sensitive and are
expected to worsen as the climate changes. Areas with weak health infrastructure – mostly in
developing countries – will be the least able to cope without assistance to prepare and respond.
Reducing emissions of greenhouse gases through better transport, food and energy-use choices
can result in improved health." ~ World Health Organization
 NATURAL DISASTER
Natural disasters is any catastrophic event that is caused by nature or the natural processes of
the earth. The severity of a disaster is measured in lives lost, economic loss, and the ability of
the population to rebuild. Events that occur in unpopulated areas are not considered disasters.
So a flood on an uninhabited island would not count as a disaster, but a flood in a populated
area is called a natural disaster.

All natural disasters cause loss in some way. Depending on the severity, lives can be lost in any
number of disasters. Falling buildings or trees, freezing to death, being washed away, or heat
stroke are just some of the deadly effects. Some disasters cause more loss of life than others,
and population density affects the death count as well.

Natural Disasters

– Asteroid

– Avalanche

– Blizzard

– Thunderstorm

– Earthquake

– Flood

– Gamma-Ray Burst

– Volcano Eruption

– Heat Wave

– Hurricane

– Landslide

– Solar Flare

– Drought

– Tornado

– Tsunami
– Wildfire

Then there is loss of property, which affects people’s living quarters, transportation, livelihood,
and means to live. Fields saturated in salt water after tsunamis take years to grow crops again.
Homes destroyed by floods, hurricanes, cyclones, landslides and avalanches, a volcanic
eruption, or an earthquake are often beyond repair or take a lot of time to become livable
again. Personal effects, memorabilia, vehicles, and documents also take a hit after many natural
disasters.

The natural disasters that really affect people worldwide tend to become more intense as the
years go on. Frequency of earthquakes, mega storms, and heat waves has gone up considerably
in the last few decades. Heavy population in areas that get hit by floods, cyclones, and
hurricanes has meant that more lives are lost. In some areas, the population has gotten
somewhat prepared for the eventuality of disasters and shelters are built for hurricanes and
tornadoes. However, loss of property is still a problem, and predicting many natural disasters
isn’t easy.

It’s clear that natural disasters are a part of life as we know it. However, science is making it
more possible to predict, aid is faster at coming, and people are learning how to rebuild in safer
areas.

GENETICALLY MODIFIED ORGANISM

A GMO (genetically modified organism) is the result of a laboratory process where genes from
the DNA of one species are extracted and artificially forced into the genes of an unrelated plant
or animal. The foreign genes may come from bacteria, viruses, insects, animals or even humans.
Because this involves the transfer of genes, GMOs are also known as “transgenic” organisms.

In your food! First introduced into the food supply in the mid-1990s, GMOs are now present in
the vast majority of processed foods in the US. While they are banned as food ingredients in
Europe and elsewhere, the FDA does not even require the labeling of GMOs in food ingredient
lists.

Although there have been attempts to increase nutritional benefits or productivity, the two
main traits that have been added to date are herbicide tolerance and the ability of the plant to
produce its own pesticide. These results have no health benefit, only economic benefit.
 BIODIVERSITY ISSUES
Biological diversity, commonly referred to as biodiversity, is a measure of variation of life forms
within a given species, ecosystem, biome, or planet . Biodiversity includes diversity within
species (genetic diversity), between species (species diversity) and of ecosystems . Biodiversity
plays an important role in maintaining ecosystem productivity, stability, sustainability and other
ecosystem services that are essential for human well-being Loss of biodiversity has become a
serious issue in many places around the world. Many factors, such as habit loss and
degradation, excessive nutrient load, air and water pollution, over-exploitation and
unsustainable use of natural resources, and invasive species, contribute to the loss of
biodiversity . However, global climate change is often considered as one of the major factors
causing biodiversity loss .

Global climate change is occurring at an unprecedented rate today mainly due to an increased
emission of greenhouse gases such as atmospheric CO2 . Global temperatures have increased
by about 0.6-0.76°C since the mid-1800s and are predicted to further increase by 1.4°C to 5.8°C
by 2100 . Global mean sea level has risen by 12 to 22 cm during the last century. During the next
century, precipitation is also anticipated to increase by about 0.5-1% per decade for most
middle- and high-latitude land areas in the northern hemisphere, causing more frequent
flooding and droughts. Since climate is the fundamental factor that determines organism life-
stages such as plant germination and flowering, it can severely alter habitats and food sources
for animals, and ultimately, could have significant impacts on biodiversity of species and
ecosystems around the world.

Global Climate Change affects our physical and biological environments, thus, it influences
biodiversity both directly and indirectly through its interaction with other environmental
factors .Living organisms and ecosystems need to adapt to climate change through shifting
habitats, changing life cycles, or developing new physical trait.

Overall, climate change has significantly changed biodiversity and will further increase species
and ecosystem biodiversity loss. Due to the complexity of the problem at both spatial and
temporal scales, it is a difficult task to accurately and reliably estimate and predict the impacts
of climate change on biodiversity [6,8]. Further research on critical issues may improve our
understanding of the effects of climate change and mitigate its influence on biodiversity .

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