Subject :Air-Conditioning system design ‫ﺘﺼﻤﻴﻡ ﻤﻨﻅﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺘﻜﻴﻴﻑ‬ : ‫ﻤﻭﻀﻭﻉ‬

Weekly Hours : 2 Theoretical 2 : ‫ ﻨﻅﺭﻱ‬: ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺴﺒﻭﻋﻴﺔ‬

Tutorial : : ‫ﻤﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ‬
Experimental: 2 2: ‫ﻋﻤﻠﻲ‬
UNITS:6 6: ‫ﺍﻟﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ‬

week Contents ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺘﻭﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺴﺒﻭﻉ‬

Principle of Air-Conditioning system
1. .‫ﻣﺒﺎدىء ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﻣﺎت اﻟﺘﻜﻴﻴﻒ‬ .1
design.
Advanced Psychometric of Air
2. .‫ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎت ﻣﺘﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺨﻄﻂ اﻟﻤﺼﺮدي‬ .2
Conditioning processes.
3. The Choice of Supply Design Conditions ‫اﺧﺘﻴﺎر ﻇﺮوف اﻟﺘﺠﻬﻴﺰ اﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻤﻴﺔ‬ .3
4. Ducting Design .‫ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﻣﺎت ﻣﺠﺎري اﻟﻬﻮاء‬ .4
5. Static Regain Method ‫ﻣﻨﻈﻮﻣﺔ أﻋﺎدة اﻟﻜﺴﺐ اﻻﺳﺘﺎﺗﻴﻜﻲ‬ .5
6. Room Air Distribution .‫ﺗﻮزﻳﻊ اﻟﻬﻮاء ﻓﻲ اﻟﻐﺮف‬ .6
7. Air Handling Unites ‫وﺣﺪة ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ اﻟﻬﻮاء‬ .7
8. Fans ‫اﻟﻤﺮاوح‬ .8
9. Noise Sources in air conditioning systems ‫ﻣﺼﺎدر اﻟﻀﻮﺿﺎء ﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﻣﺎت ﺗﻜﻴﻴﻒ اﻟﻬﻮاء‬ .9
10. Filtration ‫اﻟﻤﺮﺷﺤﺎت‬ .10
11. Evaporative air cooling system. ‫ﻣﻨﻈﻮﻣﺎت اﻟﺘﺒﺮﻳﺪ أﻟﺘﺒﺨﻴﺮي‬ .11
12. Piping system design. .‫ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﻣﺎت اﻷﻧﺎﺑﻴﺐ‬ .12
13. Valves and Fitting. ‫اﻟﺼﻤﺎﻣﺎت واﻟﻤﻠﺤﻘﺎت‬ .13
14. Types of Piping system ‫أﻧﻮاع ﻣﻨﻈﻮﻣﺎت اﻷﻧﺎﺑﻴﺐ‬ .14
15. Water Pumps. ‫ﻣﻀﺨﺔ اﻟﻤﺎء‬ .15
16. Air Conditioning systems introduction ‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻟﻤﻨﻈﻮﻣﺎت ﺗﻜﻴﻴﻒ اﻟﻬﻮاء‬ .16
17. All air system design .‫ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﻣﺎت اﻟﻬﻮاء اﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ‬ .17
18. Single Zone Systems ‫ﻣﻨﻈﻮﻣﺎت اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ اﻟﻮاﺣﺪة‬ .18
19. Multi – Zone Systems ‫ﻣﻨﻈﻮﻣﺎت اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ اﻟﻤﺘﻌﺪدة‬ .19
20. Variable air volume systems ‫ﻣﻨﻈﻮﻣﺎت ﺣﺠﻢ هﻮاء اﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺮ‬ .20
21. All water system design. .‫ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﻣﺎت اﻟﻤﺎء اﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ‬ .21
22. Fan – Coil Unit ‫وﺣﺪة اﻟﻤﺮوﺣﺔ واﻟﻤﻠﻒ‬ .22
23. Air-water system design.. .‫ هﻮاء‬- ‫ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﻣﺎت اﻟﻤﺎء‬ .23
24. Induction System ‫اﻟﻤﻨﻈﻮﻣﺔ اﻟﺤﺜﻴﺔ‬ .24
25. DX-Systems , Packaged Units ‫ﻣﻨﻈﻮﻣﺎت اﻟﺘﻤﺪد اﻟﻤﺒﺎﺷﺮ اﻟﻮﺣﺪات اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻌﺔ‬ .25
26. Cooling and freezing of food system .‫ﻣﻨﻈﻮﻣﺎت ﺗﺒﺮﻳﺪ وﺗﺜﻠﻴﺞ اﻷﻃﻌﻤﺔ‬ .26
27. Industrial building system design. .‫ﻣﻨﻈﻮﻣﺎت اﻷﺑﻨﻴﺔ اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬ .27
28. Public building system design .‫ﻣﻨﻈﻮﻣﺎت اﻷﺑﻨﻴﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‬ .28
29. Energy Conservation in A/Systems .‫ﺗﺮﺷﻴﺪ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﻣﺎت اﻟﺘﻜﻴﻴﻒ‬ .29
30. Heat Recovery Systems ‫أﻧﻈﻤﺔ اﺳﺘﺮداد اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ‬ .30
Subject :Air-Conditioning system design
(‫ﺘﺼﻤﻴﻡ ﻤﻨﻅﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺘﻜﻴﻴﻑ )ﻋﻤﻠﻲ‬ : ‫ﻤﻭﻀﻭﻉ‬
(Tutorial)
Weekly Hours : - Theoretical : ‫ ﻨﻅﺭﻱ‬: ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺴﺒﻭﻋﻴﺔ‬
Tutorial : : ‫ﻤﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ‬
Experimental: 2 2: ‫ﻋﻤﻠﻲ‬
UNITS:2 2: ‫ﺍﻟﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ‬

week Contents ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺘﻭﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺴﺒﻭﻉ‬

Principle of Air-Conditioning system
1. .‫ﻣﺒﺎدىء ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﻣﺎت اﻟﺘﻜﻴﻴﻒ‬ .1
design.
2. Year project. .‫اﻟﻤﺸﺮوع اﻟﺴﻨﻮي‬ .2
3. Chose the project area, location. .‫اﺧﺘﻴﺎر ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ اﻟﻤﺸﺮوع‬ .3
4. Type of Air-Conditioning systems. .‫أﻧﻮاع ﻣﻨﻈﻮﻣﺎت ﺗﻜﻴﻴﻒ اﻟﻬﻮاء‬ .4
5. Ventilation equipment. .‫ﻣﻌﺪات اﻟﺘﻬﻮﻳﺔ‬ .5
6. Filtration equipment. .‫ﻣﻌﺪات اﻟﺘﻨﻘﻴﺔ‬ .6
7. All air system (project 1). .(1 ‫ﻣﻨﻈﻮﻣﺎت اﻟﻬﻮاء اﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ )ﻣﺸﺮوع‬ .7
8. (Project 1). .(1 ‫)ﻣﺸﺮوع‬ .8
9. (Project 1). .(1 ‫)ﻣﺸﺮوع‬ .9
10. All water system (project 2). .(2 ‫ﻣﻨﻈﻮﻣﺎت اﻟﻤﺎء اﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ )ﻣﺸﺮوع‬ .10
11. (Project 2). .(2 ‫)ﻣﺸﺮوع‬ .11
12. (Project 2). .(2 ‫)ﻣﺸﺮوع‬ .12
13. Air-water system (project 3). .(3 ‫ﻣﻨﻈﻮﻣﺎت اﻟﻤﺎء – هﻮاء )ﻣﺸﺮوع‬ .13
14. (Project 3). .(3 ‫)ﻣﺸﺮوع‬ .14
15. (Project 3). .(3 ‫)ﻣﺸﺮوع‬ .15
16. Ventilation system (project 4). .(4 ‫ﻣﻨﻈﻮﻣﺎت اﻟﺘﻬﻮﻳﺔ )ﻣﺸﺮوع‬ .16
17. (Project 4). .(4 ‫)ﻣﺸﺮوع‬ .17
18. (Project 4). .(4 ‫)ﻣﺸﺮوع‬ .18
19. Evaporative system (project 5). .(5 ‫اﻟﻤﻨﻈﻮﻣﺎت اﻟﺘﺒﺨﻴﺮﻳﺔ )ﻣﺸﺮوع‬ .19
20. (Project 5). .(5 ‫)ﻣﺸﺮوع‬ .20
21. System selection. .‫اﺧﺘﻴﺎر اﻟﻤﻨﻈﻮﻣﺔ‬ .21
22. Ducting of the year project. .‫ﻣﻨﻈﻮﻣﺔ ﻣﺠﺎري اﻟﻬﻮاء ﻟﻠﻤﺸﺮوع اﻟﺴﻨﻮي‬ .22
23. Ducting of the year project. .‫ﻣﻨﻈﻮﻣﺔ ﻣﺠﺎري اﻟﻬﻮاء ﻟﻠﻤﺸﺮوع اﻟﺴﻨﻮي‬ .23
24. Piping system of the year project. .‫ﻣﻨﻈﻮﻣﺔ اﻷﻧﺎﺑﻴﺐ ﻟﻠﻤﺸﺮوع اﻟﺴﻨﻮي‬ .24
25. Piping system of the year project. .‫ﻣﻨﻈﻮﻣﺔ اﻷﻧﺎﺑﻴﺐ ﻟﻠﻤﺸﺮوع اﻟﺴﻨﻮي‬ .25
26. Control system of the year project. .‫ﻧﻈﺎم اﻟﺴﻴﻄﺮة ﻟﻠﻤﺸﺮوع اﻟﺴﻨﻮي‬ .26
27. Control system of the year project. .‫ﻧﻈﺎم اﻟﺴﻴﻄﺮة ﻟﻠﻤﺸﺮوع اﻟﺴﻨﻮي‬ .27
28. Examination. .‫اﻻﻣﺘﺤﺎن‬ .28
29. Examination. .‫اﻻﻣﺘﺤﺎن‬ .29
30. Examination. .‫اﻻﻣﺘﺤﺎن‬ .30
 l
M.
Dr.Hasanen
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DESIGNOFAIR-CONDITIONING

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A I RC O N D I T I O N I N G
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Air conditioning may be required in buildings which have a high heat gain
I
and as a result a high internal temperature. The heat gain may be from solar
radiation and/or internal gains such as people, lights and businessmachines. I
The diagram below shows some typical heat gains in a room.
I
*!r1nt'F.ethslt,;t-r.
'r,',,lnrtr
llp tr Tlll
glas: ;:r*a 1lT.K.)

i{e rl *aui ilr, ,tgh i:;,:;l;;;'

','
ei':.
trsli:, rrti, fl,,,,--,i'
iiue Ltr t*rirp r:rC:-rr
' -- ' , i ' i;
drfleler:,:':..t-
\
I
(sedentary).
occupaflts
I
gain90-100Wattperperson
Sensible
Latentgain4OWathPerPerson o;
If the inside temperature of a spacerises to about 25"C then air conditioning
will probably be necessaryto maintain comJort levels. This internal I
temperature (around 25oC)may change depending on some variables such as:

. tvpe of building
t
.
.
location of building
clurationof high intetral temPerature I
. expecteclcomfort conclitions.
.
.
tlegree<tfair movement
pe.rcentagesaturatron
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T
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I Dr. HasanenM.
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DESIGNOFAIR.CONDITIONING

I Insomebuildingsitmaybepossibletomaintainacomfortableenvironment
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I with mechanicaiventilation tut the air change rate will tend to be high (above
about 8 air changesper hour) which can in itself causeair distribution
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problems.
I since air conditioning is both expensive to install and maintain, it is best
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avoided if possible.This may possiblybe achievedby carefulbuilding design
I and by utilising methods such as:
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I window blinds or shading methods
heat absorbing glass
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I heat reflecting glass
openable windows .l
higher ceilings
t smaller windows on south facing facades
aI ternativelighting schemes
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I The diasram below shows some of these methods' I
I Lcrqr lerrel of
ovelhea':1illuntnance
e.g 350 1u::insleadof
I
500 lux for an qffice

I
Hrgh€f

I aerllng
Smaller
wlndo1^rs

I Te,:t:lrghlrrrgl I
I lr
or
gliiJ
fronrPC'smavbe
I bYa PUrPose
removed
ventilation
madeextract
sVstem
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]]|.i:aa:i:ci

I rn
L:t::u1":i,:;r
i:il fl I
y'
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be reduced.

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I DESIGNOFAIR-CONDITIONING Dr. HasanenM.
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t I
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I FI:GD ESTEF]fAL SCLAR:TIADIS$ \.IO\'^ABLEF.{CADE I
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I ol
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T'LAS: I\ C.{R SHO1VROO}I INTERNAI gLI}DS
I I-'sE OF SfiL,A.R
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I If air conditioning is the only answer to adequatecomfort in a building then
the main choice of systemcan be considered'
I
t Full comfort air conditioning canbe used in suffunel to provide cool air
(approx. 13oCto 18"C) in sununer and warm air (approx. 28oCto 36oC)in
I
I winter. Also the air is cleanedby filters, dehumidified to remove moisture or
humidified to add moisture. t
I Air conditioning systemsfall into three main categories,and are detailed in
tr
the following pages;

I 1. CentralPlantsystems. I
I 2.

3.
Room air conditioningunits'

Fancoil units.
I
I Central ptant systemshave one central source of conditioned air which is I
distributed in a network of ductwork. Room air conditioning units are self-
I containedpackageunits which can be positionedin eachloom to provide cool
air in summeror warm air in winter.
T
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 I
Dr. HasanenM.
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DESIGNOFAIR-CONDITIONING

Fan coil units are room units and incorporateheat exchangerspiped with
I
chilled water and a fan to provide cool air.
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1.0 Central Plant Svstems
I
A typical central plant air conditioning system is shown below'
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coil
Cooling HeaterBatterY
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Freshair
ol
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R e c i r c u l a t eadi r
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E x h a u sati r
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<-
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R e t u r na i rf a n I
SchematicDiasramof CentralPlantAir ConditioninqSvstem
ol
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The system shown above resemblesa balanced ventilation system with T
plenu;r heatir:rgbut with the addition of a cooling coil'

For in{ormation on balanced ventilation see\TENTILATION section'

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t
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t DESIGNOFAIR-CONDITIONING Dr. HasanenM.
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I In winter the heatrerbalterv will be on and the cooling coil will probably be
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T switched off for the majority of buildings. In summer the heater batterv will
not need to have the same output and the cooling coil will be switched on.
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I A humidifier may be required to add moisture to the air when it is
is when outdoor air has a low humidity of around 20%,tc 30%'
'dry'. This
I
l In dryer regions humidification is required through most of the year whereas I
in tropical air conditioning one of the main features of the system is the ability
I to remove moisture from warm moist air. t
t Dampers are used in air conditioning central plant systemsto control the
amount of air in each duct. It is common to have 209:ofresh air and 8tl%
recirculated air to buildings. In buildings with high occupancy the fresh air
t
I quantity should be calculatedbasedon C.I.B.S'E.data',this may require a
higher percentageof fresh air (i.e.more than 20%).SeeVentilation sectionfor
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T examples of fresh air rates.
C o o l i n gc o i l HeaterBattery T
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I R e c i r c u l a t eadi r
ol
Exhaust
air
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l T
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DESIGN
OFAIR-CONDITIONING Dr. HasanenM.

I The system shown above resemblesa balanced ventilation system with

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I plenum heating but with the addition of a cooling coil.
I
For information on balancedventilation seeVENTILATION section.
T In winter the heale::baltely will be on and the cooling coil will probably be t
T switched off for the majority of buildings. In summer the heater batterv wiil
not need to have the sameoutput and the cooling coil will be switched on. I
I A humidifier may be required to add moisture to the air when it is 'dry'. This
is when outdoor air has a low humidity of around 20%tt<t5AB6" t
I In the U.K. low humidities are rare and therefore humidification is sometimes
not used.
I
I In dryer regions humidiJication is required through most of the year whereas I
in tropical air conditioning one of the main features of the system is the ability
T to remove moisfure from warm moist air.
I
t Filters are required to remove particlesof dust and generaloutdoor pollution.

This filter is sometimescalled a coarsefilter or pre-filter.

I
I A removable fibreglass dust filter is positioned in the fresh air intake duct or I
in larger installation an oil filled viscous filter may be used.
T The secondary filter, after the mix point, is used to remove fine dust particles
I
I or other contaminant picked up in the rooms and recirculated back into the
plant. A removable bag filter is generally used for this where a seriesof I
woven fibre bags are securedto a {ramework which can be slid out of the
T ductwork or air handling unit (A.H.U.) for replacement.
t
I li,i,q
-i,{*-qg,l
*xeiJs$r
I
Air handiing units (A.!!.L:.) are widely used as a packageunit which
I incorporates all the main plant items as shown below. Pipework, ductwork
and electrical connectionsare made after the unit is set in place on site. Since
t
I air conditioning plant rooms tend to be at roof level, the larger ,1.!-!.i-j.'c
lifted into place bv crane before the roof is fixed.
are
t
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DESIGNOFAIR.CONDITIONING Dr. HasanenM.
t
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Heat recoler,v
unit
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t
Far:
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section
t
ol
AIR H.TOLI}'G LfdT \1TITHDOORS
REtr{G1.'!D
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o;
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Drip trav partlli
remaved
t
A]F,}IA]ST]]\G Lf;]T COOLI};GCOIL SECT]O5
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T
 I
Dr. HasanenM.
T
DESIGNOFAIR-CONDITIONING

t
Theseunits use refrigerant to transfer cooling effect into rooms'
I
Room air conditioning units fall into two main categories: I
1. Split type
I
2. Winctrodwal l units.

Split,{ir Conditioners
t
Split air conditioners have two main parts, the {]trld**r *r"r!l is the section I
which generatesthe colclrefrigerantgasand the ir:el$i:r*llit usesthis cold
relrigerantto cool the air in a space. I
The outdoor unit usesa colYrprefisor and air cooledcondenserto provide cold
refrigerant to a cooling coil in the indoor unit. A fan then blows air acrossthe I
cooling coil and into the room. The indoor unit can either be ceiling mounted
(cassetteunit), floor mounted or duct type. I
The drawing below shows a ceiling mounted (cassetteunit)'
I
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4$= cuta" "r -li.

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Ccoling Coil
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CEILING
-,__=_--Fam
t
Corlfitioned F,tr
Condlhoned Ar I
llr(lt'ct '!1"!1'
t
SPLIT AIR CONDITIOING TJNIT
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t
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O FA I R - C O N D I T I O N I N G
DESICN Dr. HasanenM.
I
The photographs below show a ceiling mounted cassetteand an outdoor
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unit.
T
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Window/Wall Units
Window or wall units are more comPact than split units since all the plant
t
items are contained in one box.

Window units are installed into an appropriate hole in the window and
I
supported from a metal frame.
I
Wall units like the one shown below are built into an external wall and
contain all the necessaryitems of equipment to provide cool air in summer
and some may even provide heating in winter.
I
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Cooling Coil
I
"#
- ...-...-.
!!i!g*r'
t
ConditionEd Af

+ RoorrrAir
I
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small

Compressor WALL AIR CONDITIONING UNIT

t
t
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 DESIGNOFAIR-CONDTTIONING Dr. HasanenM.

herrnetically sealedcornpress*ris used to provide refrigerantgasat the

pressure required to operate the refrigeration cycle. The condenseris used to
iondense the refrigerant to a liquid which is then reduced in pressure and
piped to the cooling coi1.

leld
indoor unit

unit t',Jr
C.assette
reiling
mounting

Fla'or rnc,unted
indonr unit

Abo:,eceiling
$dt with
prorision.for
&rct comections

3.0 Fan Coil Units

Theseareroom air conditionersbut usechilled water insteadof refrigerant.
Units can be floor or ceiling mounted.
The chilledwateris pipedto a ill:;r*r:il,':lrl*rlfl:ngft"as in a fan convector'A fan
blows room air acrossthe heatexchangerand cool air is emittedinto the room' as
shownbelow.
I I
t DESIGNOFAIR-CONDITIONING
I
t F l n n e dp i p eh e a t
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I exchanger

c h i l l e dw a t e r p i p e s
CoolAir
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t Centrifugalfans
D r i pt r a y a n dc o n d e n s a t e
dr a i n I
I C ab i n e t

a:
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t Thermostat
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I FANCOILUNIT
I
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Fancoil unitsmay be lookeduponasbeingsmallair hancllingLrniLs locatedin
I roomsand they can be piped with chilled water for cooling and low temperature
hot water (LTHW) for heatingif necessary.
I
I The room temperaturecan be controlledwith low, metliurnanrlhigh fan speeds I
and chilled water flow is varied with a two-por1or three-portmotorisedvalve.
I Two-pipe,three-pipeand four-pipesystemshavebeenused.The four-pipe system
I
hastwo heatingand two cooling pipes andmay havea singleheatexchangeror
I two separateheatexchangersfor beatingand cooling. I
I l:' switchin the main controlsystem
li::r:;'Ifr;::r1:r'l;r.
It is usefulto havea !r:ilrflrr'/',1
to avoid both heatexchangersbeing on at the sametime. I
A three-pipesystemusedheatingflow, coolingflow and.{.}1'Llll:{il1 pipework.
relr.:rlr
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DESIGNOFAIR-CONDITIONING Dr. HasanenM.
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DcUESTICFANCOIL
1:''\IT
FASCOILIT\ITFOR.AB*\'T (EItthC
1\]TH DUCTCO:\aEfTIOXS
.l

FLOORIIOL-:ITED L}]T CElLIhfi }{O!}{E! rrhTr T1-:TA\\AY SHO11.1\:G

I

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T L J E S I CONF A I RC O N I J I T I O N I N C

I
chromet for Air Ccnditionin
I mixtures
is thestudyof a r andwalervapour
Psychrometry
I Air is madeup of filremaingasesie.

I 78 03% Oxygen
Nitrcgen
Hydfogen
20 99%,Argon0 94% CarbonDioxde003%,and
0 01%by vo urne

I ThelllealGasI awsareusedto detemineplyclrrt).etic dainfor air so that

theengineercancarryoutca culations.

I. wth a ihe relevant

To makelifeeaslera charthasbeef compiled
psychrometrc dataindicated
I chad.
Th s is calledthe Psychrometric
a typical chart is shownbelo!,/.
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I I ] E S L CLNI ]A I R ' t I ' N DIIJ N N I N C
I A ral any statepoinican be plottedon the psvchfomernc
cnan

I Ch€dis as
The infomationthat can be oblainedfroma Psvchromekic

I 1 Drybu b temperalure
2 wet bulbiempercture
I 3 l',loisturc
content
4. Perceniage saturatlon
5. Specincenthalpy
I 6. Specifcvolume
is a briefdescrptionof eachoithe propedres
or a r
l. Thefollowing
1. Orvbulbtemoeralure
I n glassthermometer
by a mercury-
measurcd
This s theairlempemture

I 2. Wet bulb temperature

by a mercury'in
rneasured
Thisis theairlempeElure glasslhermometer
T whch haslhe mercurybub seitedbv gauzethatis keplmosi bv a reservorr

I Whenexposedto theenvironmentthe fromthewetled

mostureevaporales
gauze,whichgivesa owefreadingon thethermometer
T of how . 'i of how .rnL.l thearrls,sinceIn 'r, a1r
Thisgivesan indication
the
thew;ter w €vaporale qucklyfromihe gauze,whch depresses
l. readrng.
therrnomeler
3. Moisturecontent
I Th s is the amountoimoisturein a , g i v e nI n k g o f m o , s l u rpee t l g o f d r ya i r
e g for roornair al 21"Cdrybulba n d l 5 " C w e l b u l bl h er n o i s true c o n l e nst
I about0.008kg/kgd a.
( 0 008kg= 8 s,ams)per
kgof drvairot I 5
I ofmoisture
Thiss a smallmass
gramspercubicmetreof air
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T OFAIRCONDITTONINC
DT,sICN
I saturation
4. Percentaqe
I saturaton is anothefindicaton ofihe anrountof moisiurein
ThePercentage

I contentoI moista rto the

Thlsis the ial c ollhe moisture
salurateda r at thesametemperature
T andcannot
it is at 100%saturation
Whenair is salurated

I 5. Soecificenthalpv
l. Thisis the amouniol h.st rrnri.jyir ll in a rper kg.

t thentheamountto
lfheatis addedto theair at a heaterbatteryfor exampLe,
be addedcanbe deleminedfrcmapecflcenthalpv change

I 6. Specificvolume
This s thevohmeof moistair (dryair + walervapour)Pet un I mass
I Theunitsofmeasurcmeitarem3p e rk g .

I vollme= 1/ denstY.
Alsospecific

CHART
THEPSYCHROMETRIC
!
ofair previousLy
Thes\ properties canbe shownon onechan
discussed
l. Chait
calleda Psychromeiic
Oneofthe purposes Chaits to sizeheaterbatteres,
ofthe Psychromeinc
I coolingcois andhumdifierc
A simpfiedPsycrronie$cCharls shownbelow
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OFAIR.CONL]ITIONING
IJESICN
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T S!E'IIIC

l. ENIE{IP'

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I s?lcFlc tlillIlj.L?l 1il&s

lo puPoses
Thischarlis onlyfot demonslratron
areto be caniedout usea C I B S E chart
assessmenls
lf accurate
I
T USINGTHEPSJ!HBQIVIEIBE-CIAR'[
ircm
I oI ait are knownthentheotherlo!rcanbefound
lf any iwo propedLes
the psychromeir|cchan

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I T J E S ] LONF I R L O N NT I O N I N C
t
Pro erties
chrometric
I 1
EXAI'/IPLE
I and25"Cwet-
Findlhe mosturecontentoia r at 25oCdrv bulbtemperature

I from25"Cdrv
Referinqio thechaftbeow,a vedicaline s drcwnupwarcls
bulblempetatureuntilt ntercecls lemperalure
at 25oCwet-bulb
I to be on the 100%saturcion Ine
ponl happens
Th s inierseclion
l. The ntersection
lo findthecorresponding conleni
moisture
is dtawnto theright
anda horzontalline
pointis highlighted

I .slhe'elore
Tre r4ostu'eco_Ien.

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I L J E S I CI 'NF A I R C U N N I T L O N ] N I ]

I 2
EXAI\I]PLE
I oi air ai 20oCdry-bulb
Findthespecifcvolumeandwetbulbiemperature
and50%saturatbn
iemperalure
I Reieffinq10ihe chadbeow,a verticallineis drawnupwardsfrom20'C dry-
bub temperature the 50%saluratoncuNe
!n1 il interseclswlh
I pointis someirnes€fertedto as thesiatepo nt
The niersection

I is foundto be 0li4 n'ikgandthewei-bulblempe€tureis

Thespecificvolume
1.,1'C
lr Plt aENTACt S!-Tlrl -}.TION
3Ct! 60 50 .1, lN 20

I I

I
MOIST
I CONIT

T "T,
T
sP!cFIC
!NTII-4.tlI

'"...v.
l.
t -/+
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I .PI ]IIIC INTH,CIII KJ'l'g

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T J I A I RC O N D I T I O N I N C
D E S I CIN

T
T EXAI\IIPLE
3
andmosturecontentorairat
I Findthespecificvolume,percentage
saturalion
rc and10"Cwel_bulb
15"Cdry-bulbtemperatu lemperalure

I Refefrnato thecharlbelow,a verlicalne is drawnlpwardsfrom15"Cdrv'

bulbtempemtLrfe Lne
withthe 10"Cwetbu b temperature
untilit lnte|sects

T isthe stalepoinl
ThisintersecUon
Thespecificvolume is foundto be C.A2ii:_,/kcr,the percenlage
saturction
lo 5:llt andthemolslurecontentil!i5'f iEll!.l:l

T r Il crlrr ArrFsrTrnxnal:

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T D t s l L N0 f A I Fc n \ D u r o N l N c
I EXAMPLE4
I Findthe specificvoltme wel bulblemperaturemoistlrreconteniand specifrc
and 30%saturalion
enthalpvof alr ai 35'C dry bulbtemperature
I Refer nq to lh€ chari below a verl cal line is dfawnupwardsfrom35oc dry
bulbtemperat!reuntilit inteFectswithihe 30%saturationcLrNe
I is thesialepornt
ThisLnterseclon

I Thespecificvoltrmes foundto be il nll

contenti, t1 il driicI
2:.C, the moistLrre
'ri.:.ithewetbulbtemPercture
andthespecinc enthaPYcS
s
(.lri{!

lo sp4inc dhalp] is foud bY roftnrg a

line. which Pases fimllgh the siate
I poinL&d givs a simlld s!@inc
qrUralpyresL at h.th oillns

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r_:.-.- _
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[.

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D E S I CO
NF A I RL O N l JTI I O N I N C

andWinter
Air Cond.Plantfor Surnnrer
lr In thesummertimewhencoolings tequredby lhe aircondtioningp antit wi
to operalethecoo ng coi, rcheaierandpossibly
be necessary otherplantas

lr the preheater
In winterUme andretleatefbaiterywillprobabybe on to
It providewarma f lo overcomeheatlosses

lrI Olherpant maybe swilched

on as well
Theseplaniitemsarc shownn thediagrambelow.

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I The phoiogEphsbelowshowsomeplant ems

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T ] E S I LONF A I RL O N NT I O N I N I I
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lo s
ffi{#
I aoollNc cor

l dR ILjllDl!l! liNll
aoorlrGa!!!ll) Hr4ITr
rlrITH f^ll :trTll

!
BasicAir e onditionin Processes
I
I 1- MIXING
l' Wherctwo ak streamsarc mixedthe psvchromeficprccess
h{o air condiUons
straiohtline belr/veen on lhe psvchrometc

t 1 an; 2 are olnedand the rnixpo nt 3 wi lie on lhis ne

ate mD(edin a r condtoning whenfresharf (m,)s broushtn
Two aLrstreams
I fromoutsideand mixedwilh rectrcuateda r (mr)

alr mixtureis shownbelowas (m3l

The resLrlUng
I The mixingratiois fixedby clarnpefs

I Somelimesin moresophisticaled rg d)rnpercare usedwhich

pant. nroi:lLrlat
are drivenby electic motorsto conlrolthemixtLrreofairentefingfhe svstern

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I D L 5C NO f A I R( O N D I T I O N I N C

I belowshowm xingoflwo a rslreams

Thediagrams
!
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I r:-+

I
l. I L
t rsrcrr:oMrrr:cr lr3Ir.q,TG1"ir!!1!
!ql!l4s !4-mic

I
of masstormuLa:
Bytheconserualion
I
t Bythe conseNatonofenercYfomlrla:

I l-I1rht + l'Ilz h: = I1'].h:

wh€re m - massfow raleol a | {ks/s)
lo h - speclicenthalpy psy.trometi$'i
ol air (kJ/kg)romdr,om

I 2. SENSIBLECOOLINGAND HEATING
I Whena r is heatedor cooledsensblv,thatis whenno moisiurcis addedor
removed, by a horizontane on a psvchromelrLc
ths processis fepresented

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I D I S I I , NO F I R L O N I I I T I O N I N C

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lo -AlRSTRE/I4IS IIIATED oR
COOI'D SINSIEi]I
I PSYCHROMITRIC CI RT SEOlIING SINSIELI
HIATING CI COOIING

I !:or aen:,it)l!rh!..ot!.9:

I l1e arrounrol hearn9 inpJ.lo tie ait approxrrrales

to:

I H j 2 = m x C p x ( t -, r r )
Ormoreaccurately
from
I H 1, = m X ( h 2 - h r )
l' Fo. sensible coolin9:
-he
I amounlor cooling_pulIo the ai dporo\iadles'o

H:r=mxCpx(t:-tr)
I frompsychrometric
Or moreaccuralely chart
I H:-,.mx(hz-hr)
I whe€: H = Hearor coo ng energy(kw)

n = massflowrareora r {kS/s)
t
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I DE5ICO
N F IR.CONDITIONINC

I Cp = Speciichealcapactyof ar. maybe lakenas I 0l kJ/kgdegc

T I = Drybulblempefalureofair
("C)

h = specilcenlhalpyoI an (kJrkq)rolndrrcmFsychromet..rai
t 3. COOLINGWITHDEHUMIDIFICATION
I The mostcommonlyusedmethodof removingwalervapourfrcm air
(dehumidification)
s to coolihe air below is dew poini
t The dew poinlofair is whenlt s fullysaturatedie. at 100%saturaion

lo Whenair s fu ly sat!mted itcannotholdany more moistufein lhe iom of

I lf lhe air is cooledto the dew po nl air and s stillfudhercooledlhen moistufe

wii dropoll of lhe a r in the fonn of condensate.
t This can be shownon a psychrcnretdc
chaftas airsensiby cooleduntilit
becomesfullysalu€ied (thedew pointis reached)andihen lhe a I is cooled
I latentlyto a lowerlemperature

Th s is apparenton the psychrometrccharlas a horizontalinefor sensible

I coolingto the 100%salrraton curveand lhenthe pmcessfo ows lhe 100%
satu€tiof curuedownto anotherpointat a lowertemperalurc.

I This lower temperalures somelimescall€dthe AFplreu$.!ew Poiri (AtlF!

l' In rca itythe AOi: of lhe coolingcoil s closeto the coolingliquidlemperature

insideihecoil.Chilledwateror fefriserantmay be the coo ns lquid.
I The psychrometric processfrcm stalepoint1 to 2lo 3 may be shownas a
straishi ne for smplcity as shownabovewitha yellow ne.
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I O F A I RC N N D I T I O N I N E
DL5ICN
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I tdrcodesderi'

AIR STR!-AM 13 COOLII] ,\}JI]

lo D!I]UI4ID]III]

?:YClaoMtI?IC CE{lr SHCTINC COOIIN!

I -q]iD DIHUMDFICATTON

T lol
Theiolalamountof coolnginputtoihe a r apptoximates

Hr:=mx(hr-hr)
I Thesensiblehealfemoveds:
I Hj,=mx(hr-hr)

T Thelalenlheatremovedrs:

Hr3=mx(hr-h3)
lo where H = CoolnSenefgy(kW)
I d - massrlowrateorair(kS/s)
psv.hroret"h/!
I h = speciic enihapy of a | (kJ/kq)rolidrrom
chadlheio owingformulamaybe
In ihe absenceofa sutablepsychrometric
I s:
Thesensbe heatremovecl
I H , , = m x c p x ( r1 ,

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I L'\IN'i
O FA I RL O N D ] T
DE5ILN

I Thelatenlheattemoved|sl
I H,r=mxhisx(Sz's,

I where H = CoolingeiefSy(kw)

m = masstlowraleofar(ks/s)
I Cp = Specfic heatcapacly ofa r. sav be takenas 1.01kJ/kgdego

I I = Drybulbtempedlure of an (oc)
on maybe takenas 2454kJ/kg@20'C
hfg= alentheatoi evaporisal
l. chaf (k9/k0drvatr]
s = moislurecontentof a rnom psvchronrelric

I FAqTOR
COILgONTACT
3.1COOLING
Someoflhe alrgoingthrougha cooingcoildoesnotcomeintocontactw ih
I notcooledto theADP
thetubesorfns;fthe coolingcoilandis therelore

I or
as tu/oair slreamsmixdownstream
takespLace
A mixingprocesstherefore
lhe coolingcoilasshownbelow
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I D C ! I C NU L I A ] NL L ' N D I T I O N I N C

I bv_passes
Oneairstreamis cooleddownio theADPandtheothetair stteam rrttre
(mixed
aiftemperarure airsircanr)a
I ir,.iiii ""r"i""," sr'" * otr-coir
lheADP
higherihan

I of thecol and is usualv sven as

Thlsmaybe ookeduponas an inefficiencv
thecoo ng coilcontactfactor'

I Theprocesss shownon thepsychrometrc chartberow

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I P.YCIIROMITIIC CII,+T HO\'ING 'OOIING COIL
coNIAcTIacToi

I. Thecontactiactorof a coolingcorlmay

I L-L,rIact Fa(tor '

Ihl 'lr:)
(hr - h:)
I
Anothererpressonfor contactfactoris'
I 4. HUMIDIFICATION
T lf is lt necessaryto add somemostureto the supplya I then
by lnlectng st€m intoihe air
thls is bestdone

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Df\I!N OFAIR'ONDITINNINC

I a finemisloi waterdropletsLnlo
Humd flcaton canbe carred outbv spraying
in roomsoccupedbv peopledueto the
I thea I butthisis notr€cornmended
dskof bacteracarryover'

T Drvsteammaybe injected
Da.Kaoed
iroma stearnsupplypipeofgeneEtedin a loca
, nit'asshosnr" the p'olog aohbeow A di)aovantage ol - singan
exrst_-qsleam upptvi' s nell5 ray be' 3_ eo ov'' hlo'Le air'
T
T
lo
T
I PAC(AGEDSTEAM
HL]MD F]ER
t lhe stedmpac{aqa un\ i' cfualedco)e o l'e d' ducta_dis sizedlo neel
lhemarimirr teq:rrenell( hrs i' usLallv" wrne in the U K
I A steamoDe( somelimes hosesareused)passesfromthe packagecl untio
thea r duciandsteamat l Ooocs injected intollreairstfeamva a llr3rue
I oioe.rne u" "seasr"amls drainedfromihe svstemviaa condensate
layoutthesteampipework
;;ddra n. lt ls importantto
tundish
so thatanvcondensate
willdmn backtolheunl
l' prccessis shownbelow
Thepsychromeldc
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I DESICN
L'FAIR CONDITIONINC

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I ?- C1IROMT|P o --T\r:sll-vtrDn -i
o\

Cycessection
Winter
SeeSummefand ofamount
fotcalculaton ofmoisture
I
I l ) r a n l eI t o : ( r x r r

l}llartcc I ltJ -1(lrrlnJ

I
I PROCESSES
TYPICALAIR CONDITIONING
I
I The schematicd agrambeow showsa iypielplant syslemtor s!mmefarf
conditioning.

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I T ] L S I CONF A I RL U N I ] IIIO N I \ G
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I Thepsychromelric beowshowsa typical!!mrnercyce.
diagrarn

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I SUMMER.'.Ll]

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I I J E S I CO
N FA I R I N N D L T I O N I N C

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lo -AIRE.qNDIING IJ]I]1]

svsiemforwintefa r
dlagrambelowshowsa typicalplant
Theschematic
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l' o
I a u r i tr ! !

t
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djagrambelowshowsa lvpicalwiniercvcle
The psychrometric
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D L \ I C NO F A I RC O N D I T T O N I N C
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ANNOTATION
I chaftmaybe givennrmbersor symbols
Thestatepointson a psychrornelric
to identifythem lfsymbolsareusedthefo owingsystemmaybe adopted:
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t N F A I RC O N O I I L O N I N C
D E S I l .O
t
AirStatepornl Letter
I o
R
I M
Apparatu:DewPoint ADP
I off coolin9corlcondrron W
RDomRatioLine RRL
I Preheaieroffcoil condition P
Upstreamoi Hunndrlef H
lo Suppiy a
Duct,fan qainallovranc€ D
I
I ROOMRATIO
ofwintef
lo tota heatin the rcomior sunrrner
Th|sis lhe ratioof sensible
I Thetotalhealgain(sLrrnmeo be determined
or loss(winter)will bv addng the
LatentandSensibleheat n a
I Totalheatgain= S e n s i b lhee a tg a i n+ L a t e nht e a tg a l n
(SUlvlN,lER)
I AMNTER)Tolalheat= Sensibleheatloss+ Latentheatgarn
arr
theSUPPLY
charrto determine
I Theroom€tro s usedon a psychrometrc

I A ioomruiicline s supeimposed
chartontothemainbodyofthe chartbv a line
on thePsychrometric
fromthe prctractor
throughihe roomstate
passing

I is as fo ows
An exampe caLculaton
I S e i s i b l e h e a t g=a9i n
0kw

t Latenlheatgain= 2 25 kW
TotalheatSaln= 9 OkW + 2 25 kW = 1125 kW
I

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D I \ I C NO FA R ' O N D I I ! O N L N C
I
Roomlatio= Sensible
/TotaLheai
I RoomraUo=9/1125=0.8
r:11ori€:to
T Thesupplya r staiepointmustalsobe somewhere
meeitheroomheaigainrequlremen$
on lhis ..rn
ie the ii).fr !aii! ireiaways passes
throughpoinisR andS
I The RRL lt this sloPeor gmdtot
ontothe
I is thensuperimPosed
mainbody of a PsYchometric
chadwith the aid ofset squares
lo Theline mustPassthoughtstate

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I L I E S I C0NF A R a n N D l l l n N l N c
t
s! mmeranqvy!-nlglgygle!
I
1 . S U M M E RC Y C L EP S Y C H R O M E T R I C S
I 1. Dlawschematic diagnmof air-conditioningplant

I 2. chart
PlotroomconditionR onps)thrometric
chart'
Plotoutsidecondiiiono on pslthrometric
I 3.
4. JoinpointsO and R
lo 5. Findthemixpoint M bv measuring thelengthoftheline O-R
bythemi*ing ratio
I andmultiplythis
rrii.i" iiri"* *i'" rt"t.d airthan oLtsideairatthe mi{ porntthenpoint
I\,4 willbe closerto pointR thanpointO
I 6. Findtheroomratio.
Thisis thesensible to totalheatgainratio'
I pllitt'i" '.ti" ." *'" p.t'actor,b;ttomsesmenq
R
"iJti"""t"i*'i" ri".b"t" ttreinartsotlaiit passesthroushPoint
chart
onthepsvchrometric

I 7. PlottheAppaEtusDe$,PointADP ofthecoolingcoil
curve
Thisis onthe100%saturation
atthispointwillbeequal'
I ir''. *Jiril-"na a"vurtl temperatures

8. Joinpoints II and ADP

T. Findtheoff-coil conditionW bv measuring thelengthoftheline [I-ADP
coi contactfactor'
I andmultiplvth;s
lvleasure
bvtfe cool;ng
d;urnfrompornt I\,4 to thepoint W
thecloserpointW willbe to point
ili"i"""iir'" ""*"it t "toris to unib/,
t ADP.
airconditions.
I 10. Plotthe suPPlY
fromPointW
The reheaterProcess\rlll be a horizontalline
to point S.
I Point S is on the roomratro

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D E S I CO
NFA I RC O N D I I I O N I N C
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I TI?IC^T '.]P It'fiTING I'NIT

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D E S I CO
N I I A I RC O N D I T I O N I N C
I CYCLE CALCULATIONS
2. SUMMER
I MASSFLOWRATE

I Whenthesupplyairtemperaturehasbeenfoundfromthepsychromotric
fromthefollowing
themassflowrateofaircanbe calculated formula:
chartthe

I cp (tr - ts

I s4sL! rur'.i i h rr (r/,4

s p e . i . h e ar i r ' l y o i h N m da , i ; p ! i l 1 ! l l ; r q d e ! : l
l. =

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I 2.2 COILOUTPUT
COOLING
The coolingcoiloutputis as follows:
I fia (htn- hADF)

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l' 2.3 HEATERBATTERYOUTPUT

I outputis
Theheaterbatteryor reheater
( hs- hw)
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I 3r.i.
.r.fu.
dihi ry i midr ii M (irrrl
t3 PYar tu,dr fi Vi' irr/kq)

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I D E S I CO
NF A I RC o N D J T I O N I N C Df HasrnenM

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Summer
andWinterCvcles
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3. WINTERCYCLEPSYCHROMETRICS
I 1. itioningplant.
Drawschematicdiagramof air-cond

I 2. PlotroomconditionR on ps)€hrometric
chart.

I 3. PlotoutsideconditionO on psychromehic
chad.

4. PlottheafrerPreheatercondition F ifther€is one in the syslem.

lo The PEheat€rprocesswillbe a horizontal linefrom O to P and will bl
onlya few degreesdry bulbifit actsas a frcstcoil.
I 5. Join points P and R. lfthereis no frostcoilreadO-Rfor P-R.

I 6. Findthe mixpoint fi4 by measuingthe lengthofthe line P'R

andmultiplythisbythe mixingratio.
air than outsideair at the mix point,thenpoin
lfthere is more rccirculated
I 1,4 willbe closertopoint R thanpointP.

I 7. Findthe roomratio.
Thisis the sensibleto telalheatratio.
Neglectsignsie.the totalheatfor the roomvr'illbe Sensiblelossplus Later
I gain.
Plotthisratioon the prohactor,top segment,on the pslchrometricchartan
transferthisllneontothe chartso thatitpassesthroughpointR.
l'
8. Findthe suppJyairdry bulbtemperatureby calculation.
I The massflow rate of air is the same as that for Summerfor a Constar
Volumesystem.

I 9. Plotthesupplyair conditionS on th6 roomratioline.

I 10. PlotconditionH on the psychrometric

Thisis vertically
down lrom point s,
chart.
andhorizontally
acrossfrompoint[/.
This is becausel,,l'His the reheaterprocessandthusa horizontal line an
I H'S is the humidification processand is closeto a verticallineif steami

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I DliSlCN0l AIR C0NDITI0NINC

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I D E S I CO
NF A J R
CONI)ITIONIIIC

T 4. WINIERCYCLECALCULATIONS
I 4.1 SUPPLYAIR DRYBULB TEMPERATURE

I Whenthe massilow rateof airis calculated

wintersupplyairdry bulbtemperature
forthe summercondition
canbe calculated
thenthe
fromthe follor,ring
formula

I i

t -
s4n! e hF. l I l! :J ,, (r\"!

md i r r r i i I L l rt . / r ! d ! . r l
lo
t 4.2 PREHEATER
BATTERY
OUTFUTior ftost coil)
I Thepreheater
batteryoutputis as follows:

I nol

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l' REHEATERBATTERYOUTPUT
Therehoater
battervoutputis asfollowsi
I ( hH- hM)

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I IJESICN
OI AII{ 'ONDITILINIAC

I
! 4..1 HUMIDIFIER
OUTPUT

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I Theamountofmoisture
addedto theairmaybe calculated
fromthefollowing

I added= ma (mss
mmoisture msHl

t n4miMf de tq/51

I m i n L? r d : ' ' i iiii r r s t4! d; l

., rr!r H flrrl i..

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I D E S J CO\ FA I RC O N I J I I I O N I N L i

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Summer
andWinterCvcles
I
5. OUCTAND FAN GAINS
I The ajr in a duct is slightlyheatedfrcm the fan electricmotor and heat is
t alsotransmitted throughthe ductwalllromwarmareasIntothe air stream,

a duct containsair at 15"Cand passssthrougha roof space at 30"C in

I Therewiji be heathansfefiedthroughthe ductwall,whichincrcasesthe air
temperaturo siightly
l. To allowfor thisin the summerpsychrometric
processan additional
sonsible
I healingstatepoint D is addedas shownbelow.

Theair maybe heatedby several0Cdependingon the fan motor,lengthofduct

I used,ifany.Thedistancefrompoint W to point D
andtypeofduct insulation
maybe t/pically1"Cto 3"Cdry bulbbmperaturein the U.K.
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T I)ESICN
LIFA N CONDI1IONINC
SYSTEMS

T
Heat Gsin
I [$i r*{lnr{i*$
I Heal sainstrcm the suncanlcadto inoe$es i! inremalLenrperatures
beyondthc

I This is usuallyabouL24"C.
Iiis the.cfore
necesaryto dcrdmineihe ahout of
I tnnsnittcdlnto bril.h,gsnhouehiwindows,$rlls.
exlemalair into lhe buildinS.
floor dd by admilling

T S e a e nnl e r s u c sc m b e . d o p b d r or c d u c e . , , .. , . i i , , r - ,l n b u i l d i n s s .
Thcsetue erlenral ud internalsha.liDgdd by carefulbuilding design.

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'nre
I load on m air-conditioning
s) slenrcaf be dlvidednrtorbe lbtlosing seciions:

Seribl. l Lrisrrir..ior lr.ulh !rh$

I 5{rL.rG.ii 1,usl.. gh$

ll.a1:rnir lbnD1lr \n rs
I Heaigrili rhxiugh1u.il
\'.rliLikrn,arir d irlilLiaii!'rL
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I D[SICNOFAIRCONDITIONING
SYSI'E[{S

I Theheatgajnrhroughthc Slas $indowsis dividediDtor!r. pa.h

galnducto 1. p.'!t!r.. djllehr.c bcrween
I soii. nal'arioirshiningrluoughNindows.
oursidcad insideand

t ThefrethodadopLed uscstheprileoustabels.
Itwould behelpfultoharetheselablcsdoseby,ro complele rhecalcnt.lions.
An exampleof a heatgainclaculation
is gilen .
I Healgainsthroughsolide-roundfloo.sd€ mininatard canbenegtccted.

T
t T , i r f . 5 o t J ru i i n J , , c o d I e c f . r h L r . e c n n - . ( d d o - , . : o er ( m ! - . d . u k .
lmn,.: s d m . oI nr n . , . : c r b e. r i < , i t ' st i c1. l
^ .
T h i . n o \ d p r l i e u m . r e r. \ n t n ( g t r g r b trpt . e , r J tc d o . , rc) i . L .d t J + .
_
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ltg Ag . lig (1,-r,)
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I r4n\t rr t..if.r:rLrr l(11
rn. n.tr i,nr'1$j (!( i

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I Tliis gain is slien the sunshinesthorgh windorvs.
Thc coolinsloads!* nelrc squeedwnrdowaEahave bcen tabulaLedfor veious
I tines.orienutions. latiruiesandbuildingwelghts.

T
I a: .., SIIC. S( . (ll-f. il.

Q,,. = \ra..oln!|irll\|]

I =
s!1., 1,.! !:trir.,i.rli..il
5 ,l r! (1li( ,r!

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I DTSICN
OFAIR CLJND
T]ON/NC
St 5TE]\1S
t
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jilusrtrdji!$l-!iur':
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I . n . ed, l p a i n . c a ,nc . d n r o , I n o r ' . e dS, d i n, , h u r t . l i , ! . I n . hi a
. q.
I j.l:.j. ^ . r ' r r , , . 1. J . n . ...dcl,ireJ

I OCCUPANTS - Sensibte
A ( 2 0 0 6') l a b l e6 . 3 .
andlaienrhcarganrsce be obtained
fron CTBSEGujde
T'lical gaiDsae lhoBnbelow
T

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LTGHTINC Ave.aAepos,crdensit),
tion Tabtes6.4.
I ELFCTRICAL EQUTPMENT pC\ ud Monito6 - fables6.7 .md6.8.

I I-aserPfinter aDdPhotocopie*- Tabtes6.9 dd 6.lu

EleclricMoroB lablc 6.13and6.l:1.
L i f t M o t o N T a b l e6 . 1 5 .
T Cookingequilnenr T.ble 6.17.

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I L]fSICNOf AIR.CONDITIONINC
SISTEMS
I Hcatloadis foundturmi

t (l ,' - Hrar lnn Oc.LrranrsI He.l liotu I idrrinc I lle.t iion

tricrlJ,quipm.nt+ llc.l noif (-qrking
ir Lec
t
r\..:il!.'.
I llll!'j]!-!udli.r.I!!qr:
Tltis is Lheunncady stlte hear tlos thru!€h a \a1l due to the larying jntensiry of
I solar radiation on the oxter suffacc.

I 11- 1,ti !r.-lt :'rj)1.r;ilir.l

I| the calculatjonof rhjs heat flow lse is madc of rhe concepr of so!.ir
I l.mp.mhrrc. which is delinedas;

I the lalue olthe outsideairlenpemLurewhichwould,in the.bsenceofallEdiation

exchdges,give thc samerate ofheat flo* into thc ourersurirce of ihe wall as rhe
rctual cohbinalioD of tcmperaturedifterence and rudiarion exchmges.
I sot.AItiTEN1r.

I . ; d-.l.cos
n-
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I n, 1 t.'lp..xr |
'{_)

o, tsill(ln r,i,pdrtrk fra r

I t
,, rir:otrrn',,,:iii.icnL.lnr.lt!.
rndr:{j' ni.lilrt nn* rr.llnr ! .; | {rl]'c

I rilr.rl. ui'nLl .'ng . ((n:$r.:)

I i'r.n!n! !l)r.lt'., trJixri,), rm'i

rnr.r air.f (\in
c!r!,i,l rurlirrotn{kr \i...nrrli.rnt\\h oCr
l

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I 'LSII,N
L ' F A I RC O N D I T ] O N I5Nt S
L T fM S

I TheU.K.valuesofsol'airtehreutucde lbundfton CIBSECuideJ (200?)Tables.16

(l.ondon).
I Table5.37(Manchestcr)dd Table5.38(Edinb!ryh).

,l.2 lhcfmal Crr',rcii!

I 'Ih€
hcat flo$'through a Nall is conplic.ted b),1hep.esenccofihennNl cxp&jr),

I so Lhalsomeofrhe heatpassingthroughiris stored,benigrcleascd.ta tarerdme.

i , it i. . . .rl ,- q'lth a high the.nrL capacit will dmp renr'eratu.oswings

I .onsidcFbly, whereasLl'irrlighl Balls $,i1ha eMll themal calacil) will havelittle
damljlg cffccr dd iluclualion\ nr outsidcsurfacetenperalurerlill bc alpeenr

I 'Ihc
thermalcapaclttwilLnot affectthc ihill !n$r s'b. Rrin but wil] allecrrhe
I sola eainat a pardcuh lin€. lhe calculatio!is. therefote,ag.nr splil inlo No

l- M€.n gain thrs(gh $nll,

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li.(l,fD.
I 1.2

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I i.ll Hr.tt f"rio In?,d*ft ftr,,'l'

I The healgainthrcugha roofusesrhesanreequationastbr a wall as shownbeldv.

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I D E S I C N OAII 3 C O N D I T I O N I5N\ S
LTEMS

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He.r loJ|] i\ to!.d tronr;
I \ t , r r J
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I ruiD.J.l:,, ,,,trrircst.r i L.rrr

t !r!(r. r r 1f .ii!Jurt
r n irr r.!ifr;rtrr11!'
1i\'l
i

I lnliltraliongainsshouldbeaddedto rheroon heatgairs.

Rcconnen.led infiftration rat€s are 1/2 ai. chdee per houf for rnosi !if-
I condtlionn4casesor 1/4 air chdngcper hour h doubtegtazingor if speci.l
nedsurcs havebeenlakcnto prelenljillrntion.

I Ve.lilation or f.esh air sulpl) londs cu be .d.led 10 cither rhe room or cetrtral
planLloadsbut shorld onl' bc a.counredf(' otrce.
I
I Q torlt r esg + Qint. + Q Qsi

I o roL,l (tr - tr)

I srrc.sc.cLF.A!
I Qinr.

I A.U .CLl'D(.

A.(i . CLTD.
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I D F ! I C NO F A I RL O N D I ] I O N I N
SLY S T E M S

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I In,the hajorityofcars, bl ltr rhc grealcstercnjxt duc(utjng
solafhedtgajDthroughihe windows.
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hdeforc, ii sill be this gai! rlhictr delcmincs shcn rh€
I rot.l

t I leatgainslnaybecalculared
anddispta).ed
nr tabletoin asshos,nbetow

t Heatcain from
L watts
l'/:
LLrleNiblehmDi$id, tlroushglass
I 2 . S . l & g r i nr h. u g h . t r $
- , '

I udlls
5. Roof I
I I Ij]

- T I
I trr."1."i,1--.
Total r00%
]

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I DEr_tri,\
oF Aln LoNDtT/ONtNL
S\\TF|\1S

I 3::.1tr!!1,!.-!

I 11 bur
':1,.*.'
.:orn bcro{ . ro be m.ilrai"cd
r.rdntd."pa1rio,,o,r.2,r.r.Te.od).
a. r c.n\Jl| .n\.,.nh..nJl
, , . h c d ; r c t u o . a . | . o r d\ r . . . ae J
I ] ' , " J, . .
i
. uhtuc
'.

gh ;b,,unF.dd
. " . l - t
rnr Inre,nrtronsLnrrior L tishrtr,
I n I o l J o . , d r i . ,er
ue o"i . .
..d.i,..;,,,::i;; ;::ild :i:Td1
I c i l L .. dc r c e . . d \ ir m . c . . o . e , o o t
1 e r , , J d i , , r e r o o " , n, J

I Lilill';11'l
'uD . I n eI n , \ 0 0 I u J . , n J, , . : I

I DATA:
uccupans = t00
l , f i l r , -r u . 0 . a . . ' m s c .t , c ., r r r
I l J u r l d r n t s ( t d_s s i jf oi Ln :
l\-iolsdrl l .-,p
tirhh!ei!hr.
r ' 4 <\ [ ) r ' r . i l . c r J i 1 , . a r i o n .
I t\lernJ {Jitcol.ru
Fxtemll wal deqemcrLfacn f = 0.65
- tiuhr

'e:&] \J'< - . e . , o * , n..i , , i , |e 2 . 8 0q n L

t ll/, I
,"11:1'".
: 8n s
- I.shr.,.,
r0 \\: ir. i
co 'irJ oFn
, u.f. i\d

t , c h i n c D n d . q r . p r a e r , 4 o l ] u\ \ d r r

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I N F A I Rt n N D t T | ' N I N C5 Y ( l F l \ 4 S
0 E S l i t rO

I NO lE: It shoxldbe loted thst this tolal hcal g.in is usedto size ccllral
plan

I nefts suchdsChillcs. ColdensenandCoolilg lowe6

Coolingcolls dc sizedusuallywith a pscluonletricohart'

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t 4r94q
A J e ao f w i n d o w
Totalareo afglas
=
-
I 2 x 1 . 7= 2 . 0 4! ; .
2 0 4 x 12No.windows = 'n .
2.1.48

t Area of glds ftcins Soltb

-
1 2 . 2m
4 :.

22.0m 1,1.0'n hieh

Arer ofwall faci4 SouLh
t = i l 8 - 1 2 . 2 . 1= 7 5 . 7 6 d .

= 22x14 = 308n
I = 30Ex4 = 1ll2 mr.

I G4!!
L r a n s m i s i ornh i , u gt e l a s Qg = Ag Us(to - h)
I
t 2. solarGanr$iough glass Qse =

I ( M a \ i r n u mr sd Ll 2 0 0 h \ )

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I Qim. =

I A II CLIDC

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I \il fof internedi.teiloor'

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I O F A I RL O N N I T I O N I\NYLS T E M S
DL5I6N

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t Qsi
Qsi
! ) t

I 7. =Qg
=219.9 + 2 1 , 2 4 0 .-0 l i o . l 0 | 718.0
T Qroul

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I lhe resultsde shom lnlhctablebelow

I Heat Gain fronr Watts

trusmissionthfoughgLrs
l Sensible )39.9 0.9
I glass
Sole gainrhroueh l,E0o'l

I trtcmrlurlls
21,2.{0.0
150.1

I 71E.0
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s8.t\\ m
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I D E S I CUNI A I RC O N D I T I O N ISNYCS T E M S

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I .tr.::!t!i:Lll

t lhe room shown belo\! is ll) be maiDLainedat a consldl enu(trmerlal

tcnperdLure of r, i for a lldt opcralbn of l: hou.slerdav.
Thc roofr ;s or rheintemediatefloor ol an officc Dlock locatediD l-ondor.
I Theintcmalconshcrjonjs llght1veieht corcrclehollowslabnoon aid
Panitions.

I Calculalefte maxiDum senslblccoolnlgloadin the room in i!r!

I D^:LA]]
EO
.15 Watts / Dl Jloor atea
I lnfil1ra1bn=
outsideair lempeiatue (l")
1.0 aif chargcsper hour
26'C.

t BuiLding cl.siticalion
Ixtend wall nufacete{urc =
lightwcighl.

Flxlenlls all thickness

I decrenentthcturis 0.27.

. . . h | c f . J c o u r o nc 1 0 0 0w . r r .
I 2C
Entriarars L,:abe = 015 ivin
t viiidois Sti!;llazng e:'ir l2mvrde xl lnr h€h
L].'aLe=5-:!1n]2c:

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I D E s I L ,LN' LA' I R ' O N D I T I O N I N
\ I i\.l T M S

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I Heatcain from
I l SensibLc hansnisior thioughglass
2 S oa r g a i .n r o u ! hg l d s
I
I .,l
I 100%

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TvPes of Fans
T
Thcrc at seacralryles of fan to choosetion in veltilation
I
I 2.
3.

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\IL\EDIIO\\ f].''S ROOI I]\1T A]OIO\ID FA\
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T ti1rt, uu:r,I ljnus

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LE\I-?JIL6Al f INlIPILLER CE\'IRIT';GAI IA\ I\,IIH C:OST
I \11THClll\C COL?LED ILTCTiIC )'OTOR

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I FOA(AXD T'LT.\:EDBIiDES IOR
.E:fI]IL'GAI F L\
P !f,\l!!
FOR'€\II]II
S!.ts\!D!!!!!!
GAi 'AN

I 3!i_it r1{'\} l:allJ

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t AIIAL I:O\v
A'ROIOIL BLA'! OF
BEIT Dlll,!^-.{\L{i

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I 1. Propeller Fan
T tlsed insiiuationswhererhefcis mininal resislance Loakflow
Typicalourputsare;upto 4 mr/s aid upto 25tl l':r lressnr€
t fancfllciehcy is low al abolt{0%.
Suilablcfor wall, windos'afidroof tius $ herethe intlkc dd dischtugeN trce fton

I (lrr D.\r hrg..rolfr.s !l !r.

I 2. Axial Flow Fan

I llirlr !.lune I!\ ,,,r. is posiblc withthisqle offan withhiehcfficiencv,
60nhtu 651/r.
abolt

I T}?lcalodFutsare;u!1o 20 'n'/s ard upnr ?l,i,l', ptcsstrn

Theiu is crsedin aslmpleen.lo$uewiththenolorhouscdjn|em.llvor cxtemallv

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T !,al t o"Id ,r thlLnsMl \loto.

I Aerofoil bladcscan be usedto increase

elicicncy
Adjunablepitch bladcscanbe lscd for gre.ler flExibilit]
I Duclworkcan be snnlly connecEdto thc flange.r eilhercnd oiLhe fan

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I 3. Centrifuqal Fan
I !il!h pFs . xi. fr\ is possiblcwiLh$is rypeoftbn.
Usedir.irhandling unltsud othersltuationstoovctcone hlgh resistdcc to dl
I lhe inpeller is madcofLhnl blidls which areeitherlbs{a or bdckwa'dclNcd
The.ir clangesditectionby90.legreesinac.firilugal lar so nore spaccis
I rcqufJ.

I l
lDisdrre

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I lrr. a(Yiiupi Ie

T is placcde\Lem.lto tlic casingand a vec bch andpulley drilc is

I , i :ii.: r.:'rl
T fd bladcsgerer.lly halc higher cfAcienciesLhanifalLain l'lal

I The elficietrcyof a fan wllh lbnvardcu^'edbladcsis abour5070b anr'Zo.

lhe fosld cuNe hasa scoopefecl on rhc air $us a highcrvolumema] bc

I
-,''-:-'-

I " --'.=
o*.,."or
l
I fo$!A8a!q8Es c!44!

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I Backwardcwcd bladesoffer evenbctterefllciercy. 70% to 75'7,.
This imlroves aifnow throxeh$e blademd reduccsshockandeddylosses.
T llieh frcsdr$.an be devcLoledsilh back$'ddcuNedblades
Evcn funhef inproverents Dra] be n.de b usiDgan acron)ilsectio!bladeirr whlch
I .ase the clficjcnc] ftay be 80% to 8s%.
Anothcrlcalu e of backstrd clNed bladesls their n!n_.r!rl{r.tli.g chdaclcrisLic.

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T F \N !IIARA'TFR!STII ( LRVFS

I A disadvantage tip spccd.

istFhigh bLade
dischaqetotbn'ad cuNedblades. makes

I 4. Mixed Flow Fan

T Mi\ed flow fanscanbeuscdfor relurnalr.suPlly.or

apllicalions$herelow soundn *itical. As onpared to sinilarly si^d aial fans.
nixed flo$ liu canbe5-20dB quicier.
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I Characteristic$ of Axial Flow and Cent:ifuaal
I Fans

I Axial Flow Fans

1. Axial flow and bdck$ardcuned centriiugalfafs hale snnilat
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T}PI'AL FANCHARACTERI5TIC
CURVES

T 2. I he arialflow fttr is very conlenjcntfron an insmllatiotrpoi ofvicw. it can be

direclly ducl DrouDled elen in restrictile deas bui thcy tendlo be nolsy.This is
! becauso lli.y nD a1ahigherspeedcompded10a ccrtrifugalfan.

I i. Likc thc Raoksard'bladedcentrilxell fan. fie AxiaLlo\v lar h.s a seli:li8ilins

'a'$er r&\e as snow! aoovc,

I Centrif.rgal Fans

I ,1. lhe backsard cu'ed centrifugalfan runs at a irig}et sPe.ddDn thc forward
curved lan for the sdre outpul.

I 5. A ibnvard-cuNedcenLriftrg.ltm may bc litrble Lo.'' ri i,r.,,i bccauscthe

Fower risesas the loluic in.reases. An exmlle of ftis in p.acLiceis if ihe
I nain dupc6 arc le]I $ide oper w|en tlrc fan is nhr slartednp, too much air

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T will be handledmd the exccsivc poNd absorbedwill ovcrloadthe driving

I 6. The backlv.rij crr{l lan is lessliabteto ovcrloldnre Lhanthe foNdd cucd

T fan and iL is .lso ableto dcliacra rcl:Ltivelvconslatrtamount01 ai. as

celtrjtLLgal
the srsten .eslslancevaries.Thc poweroia backwardcuncd tbn rcachesd peak
andlhen begi$ to fall. this js caliedthe selfllmitinCchar.cteristic.l his ls shown
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I CENTFFUGALf AN CHAR 'TERISTC5

I A back*ard curvedcentrilngalffl dust run al higlct specdto deliverthe sanrc

anomt of.ir as. tbsard-curled liu becluscofthe d{iJe ofth imlellcr blades
ard the directionofrnaliotr.
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I he b&kwed bladcdfan is usedin hisl' \ ek,{it! 'Yst.ri t wherc high Pressures
arereqxnedod is o ftennade sith acrcfoil bla.lesto increasccfiiciency

I iip |o abort 750 N,r,r ian Fe$nre, thc fo.sfl+curved cennifugal fdn tends to
be quieterud chcaper.Above this value of pressnreback$,ard-curvedlims takc

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Choosinq a Fan
I To choose.suitablcfanonenust lool aLtheperibrmdncc
.un'es
Perfomance jr
cur\csxrefound lirD.alalogues.
I Thesccures showthe pfcsru,cdcrelopcab) a fan al a Sivcntlos mle
I r., q r o o c o c \ LFl J b ) e l d i ' o r o . , o r c , i r r g d . r . ' \ c . Dr l' l
' \l/\u e . r n n , , I J r L ( f o u r d ( i ' . '1 0r o l d c ' r o i d \ s e e \ r l \ ' r A l l O \
DESICNsectntr.
t dsarrointonthccluve
ponrtolthc slstenis mtukcd
Theopcratnrg

I E!!!!!!rl9_1
The exuple belo{ sho$sa st stem operatingPoinl of z 50 lbsla \ ( l'i ) ffessuf.
I and0.a8(,n'/s) llos Frc.

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T PR6SSLII!

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I vEs
Co 10drc cuNe .bo!e thc operatnE loint, this ls n\e ft! curye fot the .pp|opriale
I I h e l a t rs i z ci s c h o s e an s. 2 5 0 m m - d im
. cto n(lisor'pm sPeed)

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Erla8lple ?
I The exmplc bclo$ shows. systen oterutitrg point of il20 Prs.a s (l'!) |resltrrl
and 1.25tn'/s) flow r.te-
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T r L o r t * , t t l- ' ,
a1\:!R1! L-6.11IAli PI ?JORI!\]\{E a1rR\:IS
I lhe fatr perlbrmancecurle for ar{r(,ln'n{liad.lcr 1an$'illbc suiLablefor nre
ior thisexamllcsincethecutreis aborelheoperatirylojrn
requircmcnls
T Thelan sizeis choscrasr.100rnmdienr.t.r lan(1150r.p m. spee'i)

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t 3
E!-<eg!p!e
T An axial florv iu is rcqui.edior a ventilatjonsyslemi{tr x !!orkshop.
Four fos arc representedbelow ir rhc lour cun,es 2 green and 2 rcd curles
T The len-hmd diagrdr sho$.sfaDswi1h,1pole electricnotds, andthe rietrthdd
dlagrm sho$slans $ith 2'pole electdcmoto*-

I foui pole electricmoto.sareslowerthannvo tole nolors, ln this exmple 4+te is

.t 1420r.p.n. and2-!ole ls 2E40r.!.n.
T Theslstcm^operrtinglbintrequiiuenisdre L{)1r
dd 0.60 (m'A) ilor rate.
l'a;cili(f.)frrssure

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Axlal llor/ !r
I !-::i) ii:i:i:
ciii:\
iiiiJr Ll r.ji!
ajiill !:ia.i iJlF 1,.::
El Ci Ri; riri.:llir,-1
c! !:\ ai,i,-! tinr.r D;3n*r
tl.dric\Lior rplenl.ding; llectic YotD' I !ol. 'indinss
I lhe lan sizeis choscnasn 3s0rrnlditnc1.r fm (1,120 r.p n spee'])
I heelectricmolorfor Lhistur hasa 4+ne windirgdd will run .L 1420r'!.nr'
t \ h . ' r . o c r ' " . r , t r- : p l L , ' . . r . 1 0

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I Fan Laws
I The FdnL.ws are!s lollows:

Ha.t-$peed I ll$lq$!g
I AL

I o:
,i 11..,' , r j.l
lij:,tiJ 1j.\ ..

! ll

'lhis
\,,lLn. tllr,tu.i rtrIri r.r

meansthat fan speedud volme flowrate of aiJac directlyproponional

I Ho,A $peed lElgsalrry
I I N. t'
lN'l pl
I \ lrtr \N!lr,.r t i r J , r , , r , i i .n , . I ) r l

I i
:r
frjrir.'i\
j'l

Thls rleds rhat dsthe liu slccd is doubled,for cxdfrlle, the prc$u.e develoledis
I nised by a faclo. of 4.

/ PoqqI
I {q8sseed
N ]

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T l.i !p.r.j ar\ [] ,r|,ut. fr ' r'!J, i

I This meansthat!s1helan speedjsdoubied,

drive thc ldr is r.lsed by a iacrof of 8
tbrcxantple,the powerrequird to

I The abote three hns nay bc \riten dillirently to.id calculAtioN,as linloss;

I I rr l.'..

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T Sq;LSpeed / V_olrrme
I " - " 1 + l' "l:]
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l{q!e_l5Eeg!Lt: Pr€ss.!re
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,,, 0,
1",1
",.",Fj
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es of Fans
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Thelede sereraltyPesoffdn to choose
I I PrcPeller

I 2.
3
Axialnow
Centrifugal
{. Mixed flo$
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I PROlEtlgR rAtr\S

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T A\ll! os FAlis

{ ' i - -
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* r"'1irsY5ilffiJl"*wltr{'4e?||1:1w

IT{IRJFLCAI F,I\5

}'I\ED FIO\ F!\5 IOOFT\IJ AID BOIED FA,\-

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t Ceptrifrgal Ir3!1!

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t ('NIR]!L'G.^i FAN I\'IPEIIIR
II'IIH CASING
(ENTi]FLTGT]- I.4,\\\TITH q]OG!
COL?LED ILICTRIC }fOTOR

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t FOR\\'"{iD CIR\'ED BiIDIS
CI]\TFIILGAI TAN
'OR IACIi\ A,qDTtR\TD AIADES
IOR CT\IRFLCAI FA.\
I A:irrl Flor Fars
-'"i-
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AIIT DRIVEN A\LAI
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I Choosinq a Fan
I e . L i , a b l et d no l e n u s r o o t a r r h e p e , t o r m d . . . L G e s .
To choosa
Perlomoce cLnes tue found in lrn calatoeues.
I T h e , e c L N e s c hL.h\ e r p . . ,r,c e \ . . . ..,a b ) " , d n d r . F . , e n . t o u . " r c

I l n e . J . L 1 , o b ed e r e i or d b \ r h ei a nL l o u r dh o md u !I . i / . - . d A , q
SZDi(; sectjon)andthe flo$ ratets foundfrom designdata(SceVENTILATION
\ s e eD r ( |
DESIGNsection).
I Theope.atingpoint oitle slslemis nlartedasa poinronthecurve.

I Exarnple 1
The e&nple below showsasysremoperaiing point of250 pnscats(tia)pr.suie
! and0.:18(in't) llow mtc.

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I PRESSLR!

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I CE{lRrI, u-GAl FAN PERFORT4ANCE
CLTRVES
Co ro thecuve abolelhc operaiingpoint, this is the fu curverbr rhe approp aie
I rhe fan sizeis chosenasa250 m-di.Dcle. fan(1350r.p.n. speed).

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! rCr !+sj 4LJ,E:r e.;
I Example 2
I T h ee \ M p l e b e l o q ' o $ . c s ) . t c n ru p e r e r i n g
p o i n ro , ) o p b , . . , p " . p . r . . , , 1
ddl25(m s)flo$Larc
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I t1
ll i{t , ,
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I l he tiin perlormtuce cuFr
requiremens tor thh exah
I Tle fan sizeis rhoscnas :t50r
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