AADE-04-DF-HO-41
Monitoring Initial Off-Slips Weight Provides Early Warning of Hole-Cleaning
Deficiencies
Michael Ray Sewell, Newfield Exploration; Javier Arellano and Leroy Kuhn, Manti Operating Company; Joe Billingsley,
Baroid product service line, Halliburton
This paper was prepared for presentation at the AADE 2004 Drilling Fluids Conference, held at the Radisson Astrodome in Houston, Texas, April 6-7, 2004. This conference was sponsored by the
Houston Chapter of the American Association of Drilling Engineers. The information presented in this paper does not reflect any position, claim or endorsement made or implied by the American
Association of Drilling Engineers, their officers or members. Questions concerning the content of this paper should be directed to the individuals listed as author/s of this work.
Abstract
The traditional practice of monitoring moving pickup
and slackoff weights as an indicator of hole conditions
may not provide sufficient early warning of deteriorating
wellbore conditions. Recent studies conducted by two
different operators demonstrate that the pickup weight
as the pipe comes off the slips should be monitored as
closely as the traditional pickup weight measurements
that are taken as the midpoint of the stand passes
through the rotary. While moving pickup and slackoff
weights may appear to be within predicted tolerances,
the initial force required to get off the slips may increase
over time, especially in extended-reach wells. This paper
demonstrates why the trend in off-slips weights at the
pickup point should be considered a key indicator of
hole-cleaning and sweep effectiveness.
The three case histories presented are supported by
graphical data comparing pickup point and mid-point
measurements as they relate to actual downhole
conditions. In the first case, a Eugene Island well with a
45° deviation was abandoned after three sidetracks
characterized by several pack-offs and stuck pipe
incidences were drilled. Post-well analysis revealed a
distinct trend of increasing pickup weights, while the mid-
point weights remained consistent. In the second and
third cases, the pickup weight trend observed while
drilling a 50° onshore well and a 38° well in Texas state
waters indicated that hole conditions were deteriorating.
An investigation revealed that the weighted sweep
program had not been properly implemented. The
correct application of weighted sweeps remedied the
problems, as reflected in the subsequent pickup weights.
Both mid-point and off-slips weights should be
captured as effective indicators of developing wellbore
management issues. In addition, best practices related
to hole cleaning should be implemented to help
maximize the effectiveness of the recommended sweep
program.
Introduction
Years of experience indicate “a well will talk to you
and tell you what it needs.” Correct interpretation of what
the wellbore is “saying” is critical; misinterpretation, at a
minimum is usually costly and can be disastrous in the
extreme. For example, a “sticky” hole may be the result
of a balled bottomhole assembly (BHA), sensitive
shales, a poor quality filter cake, high differential
pressures, plastic shales, a complex directional plan, or
silt and cuttings bed buildup. Even though the various
causes of a sticky hole are in one way or another related
to the mud system, their treatments are quite different. A
timely and correct diagnosis, resulting in the proper
remedial actions, is vital to the drilling operation.
Traditionally, our industry has used the spread
between pickup and slackoff weights as a primary
indicator of hole conditions. Commonly these weights
are taken with the pipe moving when the weight indicator
movement is least erratic, which is usually as the mid-
point of the stand passes through the rotary. However,
closer observation may reveal a new perspective on
these measurements. Experience drilling moderate to
complicated deviated wells shows the initial off-slips
weight is usually greater than the pickup weight and the
initial breakdown weight is usually less than the slackoff
weight. While the conventional pickup and slackoff
weights may fall within the predicted torque and drag
limits, initiation of drillstring movement requires more
energy than anticipated, often necessitating rotation off-
slips to move the pipe.
Discussions of these observations led to the practice
of recording and plotting both off-slips weight and
moving pickup weight for each stand during trips on
three wells where hole cleaning and silt-bed removal
were especially critical because of the wellbore
geometry and the directional plan. These plots
demonstrated a correlation between the off-slips pickup
weight and the effectiveness of the hole-cleaning
procedures used on the well. Moving pickup weights
exhibited little variance from trip to trip, regardless of
whether the hole was “clean,” or whether it was “dirty”
and hole conditions were deteriorating. The initial off-
slips weight however, exhibited a relatively constant
variance to moving pickup weight when the hole was
considered clean, but exhibited a marked and increasing
divergence as the wellbore became dirty and hole
conditions began to deteriorate. Misdiagnosis of the
2 M.R. SEWELL, J. ARELLANO, L. KUHN, J. BILLINGSLEY
cause of the sticky deteriorating wellbore can lead to
improper and ineffective remedial actions. If corrective
hole-cleaning measures are not initiated and the silt and
cuttings beds are allowed to continue to accumulate, the
risk of packing off or sticking the drillstring is significantly
increased.
The following three case histories are included in this
discussion of off-slips weight monitoring:
1. OCS-G 07736, Well A-4 ST, Eugene Island
Block 262, Offshore Louisiana. Planned total
depth (TD): 14,525 ft measured depth
(MD)/12,755 ft true vertical depth (TVD).
Maximum deviation: 45.4° kickoff point:
5,502 ft MD/TVD.
2. Hero Lands #1, Plaquemines Parish, Louisiana.
Planned TD: 15,304 ft MD/13,000 ft TVD.
Maximum deviation: 48.85° kickoff point:
3,600 ft MD/TVD.
3. ST 522L SE/4 #1, Matagorda Island 522,
Offshore Texas. Planned TD: 12,191 ft
MD/10,277 ft TVD. Maximum deviation: 37.6°
kickoff point: 1,744 ft MD/TVD
Case History 1: Eugene Island, Gulf of Mexico
The Eugene Island 262 well (EI 262) was planned as
a sidetrack designed to minimize the openhole interval.
The resulting directional plan was an S-shaped wellbore
exiting the 9 5/8-in. casing at 5,502 ft MD/5,476 ft TVD,
building angle from 18° to 45° at 3.0°/100 ft to 6,393 ft
MD/6,224 ft TVD, maintaining the 45° inclination to
11,251 ft MD/9,635 ft TVD, then dropping at an
aggressive 3.0°/100 ft to vertical at 12,765 ft MD/10,995
ft TVD, with a proposed TD at 14,225 ft MD/12,455 ft
TVD. Torque and drag were expected to be high, but
manageable. With approximately 4,800 ft of 45° ramp
section, hole cleaning was expected to be difficult, but
also manageable.
A review of the two nearest offsets indicated that the
operator had experienced gumbo and bit/BHA balling
below surface casing to approximately 9,000 ft TVD.
Instances of torque and drag, tight hole, and sticky hole
were reported in one offset from 8,000 to 10,300 ft TVD,
and in the other offset from as shallow as 5,600 ft TVD
to 8,900 ft TVD.
Because of the S-shaped directional plan with 4,800
ft of 45° ramp section, hole cleaning was of paramount
importance for the EI 262 well. A weighted sweep and
short trip program used to successfully drill a similar well
was planned for this well. A 7-in. intermediate casing
seat was planned in the vertical section of the well just
above a reservoir, to help minimize the amount of
openhole at risk if the drillstring became differentially
stuck across the reservoir.
The geologic objectives, potential and known drilling
hazards and concerns, and operational plans were
discussed with the operator’s drilling team and with the
service companies. The information was incorporated
AADE-04-DF-HO-41
into in the drilling prognosis and the authority for
expenditure (AFE) planning notes.
As drilling progressed, the weighted sweep and short
trip program utilized on the well appeared to only clean
the hole sufficiently to drill and trip without problems for a
period of time; the hole would eventually become
sufficiently dirty that a hole opener run was required. The
hole steadily exhibited an increasing frequency of torque
and drag, packoffs, and tight spots from the initial
sidetrack to bypass-1 to bypass-2 and to bypass-3, even
though the weighted sweeps usually unloaded large
amounts of silt and shale cuttings.
The continuous buildup of silts and fines in the
wellbore indicated the presence of another source of
debris entering the wellbore in addition to the cuttings
created with the bit.
No occurrences of heaving, sloughing, or water-
sensitive shales were reported or observed. Normal
cuttings were shale, sand, fines, and chemicals. The silt
was usually 50 to 80% sand. The shale cuttings were
mostly angular, indicating new cuttings, and not
rounded, which would indicate reworked cuttings. Given
the nature of the cuttings, it seemed highly probable that
highly unconsolidated and/or poorly cemented
sandstones and/or siltstones were crumbling or
sloughing into the hole. The sandstone may have been
very unconsolidated or possibly cemented with a clay or
mineral dissolved by the mud.
Pickup and off-slips weight data were not plotted on
this well until drilling commenced on the fourth and final
sidetrack. The plots generated for this interval were the
first trial of the off-slips monitoring and plotting
procedure. The results were consistent with the
operational experiences encountered on successive trips
throughout the fourth sidetrack (Figures 1 through 4).
The increasing divergence between the pickup weights
and off-slips weights corresponds with areas of the
wellbore where inadequate hole cleaning was
suspected. A number of weighted sweeps had not been
fully circulated out of the wellbore as directed in the well
program and were suspected to have contributed to the
poor hole-cleaning results, particularly in the ramp area.
However, a plot of only the moving weights shows
little or no indication that hole conditions are
deteriorating (Figure 5). A comparison between the
moving and off-slips weights is recommended to
properly analyze the effectiveness of the hole-cleaning
program (Figure 6).
Case History 2: Plaquemines Parish, Louisiana
The Hero Lands Co. #1 is located in the Stella field in
Plaquemines Parish, Louisiana. The planned kickoff
point was 3,600 ft MD with a 2°/100 ft build to 34°,
5
maintaining that angle to the 9 /8-in. casing point at
12,043 ft MD/10,700 ft TVD. Maximum deviation planned
at TD was 49° with a horizontal displacement of 6,651 ft.
A weighted sweep program was implemented
AADE-04-DF-HO-41 MONITORING INITIAL OFF-SLIPS WEIGHT PROVIDES EARLY WARNING
OF HOLE-CLEANING DEFICIENCIES
throughout the 12 1/4-in. interval to help ensure that
adequate hole cleaning was achieved. Both pickup and
off-slips weights were recorded and plotted while
tripping. While tripping out of the hole at 10,919 ft MD in
preparation for wireline logging, it was necessary to
rotate the drillstring to get off bottom for the first eight
stands. At 10,176 ft, rotation was no longer required, the
off-slips weight was less elevated, and the pickup weight
seemed normal. Hole-cleaning problems had developed
between a trouble-free trip at 10,195 ft MD and the initial
trip at 10,919 ft MD (Figures 7 and 8).
After discovering that at least two weighted sweeps
had been stopped in the annulus while taking a
directional survey and making a connection, the operator
and drilling fluids personnel reiterated the crucial
importance of continuously and completely circulating
each sweep out of the hole. The next trip at 10,919 ft MD
did not require rotating off bottom, an improvement
attributed to properly running several weighted sweeps,
but the spread between pickup and off-slips weights still
indicated a dirty wellbore (Figure 9). Diligent efforts to
comply with the sweep program helped correct the hole-
cleaning deficiency, and the good results were apparent
in the next off-slips plot, taken during a trip at 11,807 ft
MD (Figure 10).
The pickup weight plots had remained very
consistent throughout the trouble interval, and by
themselves, they would not have provided a warning of
developing problems (Figure 11). Only a comparison
between the two types of plots could illustrate conditions
realistically (Figure 12).
Case History 3: ST 522L, Offshore Matagorda, Texas
The ST 522L SE4 Well #1 was drilled by the same
operator shortly after the Plaquemines Parish well. A
water-based fluid was used to drill the entire well.
The proper procedures for implementing a weighted
sweep program were reviewed in a pre-spud meeting
attended by operator representatives, toolpushers,
drillers, directional drillers, and drilling fluids personnel.
The agreed practices for building and running each
sweep included the following:
• Increase the mud density by 5.0 lb/gal.
• Add proprietary coarse-grind barite to achieve
the weight increase so that additional weight
material is removed at the shaker and not
recirculated.
• Add walnut hulls to disturb and remove cuttings
accumulations on the low side of the hole.
• While pumping the sweep, continue rotating the
drillstring at the recommended rpm.
• Maintain continuous pumping until the sweep is
completely out of the hole.
3
From the kickoff point at 1,700 ft MD, a 12 1/4-in. pilot
hole was drilled to 5,037 ft, building angle to 38°. This
run was followed by a 17 1/2-in. hole opening run, where
weighted and high viscosity sweeps were used
alternately to counter gumbo development. The 13 3/8-in.
casing was set without incident at 4,898 ft MD.
The 12 1/4-in. interval was drilled to 10,780 ft MD
while a 37° angle was maintained, but as the openhole
section grew longer, sliding became more difficult. The
addition of a sulfonated asphalt for shale stabilization
and a rate of penetration (ROP) enhancer aided in
sliding efficiency. The weighted sweep program was
applied throughout the interval, alternating with high-
viscosity/nut-hull sweeps in the beginning at the request
of the drilling foremen on location. Plots taken during a
trip at 7,894 ft indicated that hole cleaning was effective
at that point (Figure 13). The first indications of
inadequate hole cleaning appeared during a trip at 9,147
ft to locate a washout. The plots indicated a significant
divergence between the pulling and off-slips weights
(Figure 14). Plots taken during a trip at 9,991 ft showed
sharp increases in off-slips weight values (Figure 15),
resulting in questions concerning how the weighted
sweep program was applied during this interval.
The crew had been instructed to build each weighted
sweep with a density 5.0 lb/gal over that of the active
mud system. Regular barite was used because dilution
rates exceeded the water requirements necessary to
water-back the weighted sweeps. The sweeps were to
be pumped every third stand or as indicated by hole
conditions, and each was to contain 10.0 lb/bbl walnut
hulls to enhance scouring action. However, because the
high-viscosity sweeps contained nut hulls, they were
omitted from the weighted sweep formulation.
Adjusting hole-cleaning procedures corrected the
divergence and alleviated problems (Figure 16). The 9
5
/8-in. casing was set and cemented with no problems at
10,757 ft MD. Most wells in this area require a liner to
reach the planned depth because of the sharp increase
in mud density from 12.0 lb/gal to about 16.0 lb/gal.
1
However, the operator was able to drill the 8 /2-in. hole
to 12,320 ft MD with a final mud weight of 16.5 lb/gal
with no problems.
Procedure for Capturing and Plotting Weight Values
At present, the moving and off-slips weight values are
captured by direct observation of the weight indicator
during trips. The values are recorded manually and then
provided to the well supervisors for plotting and analysis
using standard spreadsheet applications. Adaptations to
instrumentation are currently in progress so that peak
weights can be captured and plotted electronically as
part of real-time hydraulics analysis.
4 M.R. SEWELL, J. ARELLANO, L. KUHN, J. BILLINGSLEY
A Different Perspective on Hole Cleaning and
Sweeps
Like the routine use of pickup and slackoff weights as
an indicator of hole conditions, several other routine
practices should be re-evaluated. Many of the hole-
cleaning procedures now in use on deviated wells were
originally developed for vertical wells. For example,
pumping high-viscosity sweeps persists as the primary
defense against excessive cuttings loading. However,
modeling and field studies have shown that high-
viscosity sweeps do a poor job of removing silt and
cuttings beds in high-angle wells.1
The target annular velocity (AV) for good hole
cleaning has traditionally been 200 ft/min, but when the
flow is distorted in an eccentric annulus, 200 ft/min
continues to be the average velocity of the fluid.
Because fluid takes the path of least resistance, some
flow sections move at different speeds. The faster-
moving fluid presents no problem with respect to hole
cleaning. The problem occurs when the effects of the
slower-moving fluid (e.g., 60 ft/min) are overlooked.
Sluggish flow can allow silt to accumulate on the low
side of the wellbore. Further, the slower fluid may not
provide the scouring effect necessary to erode and
remove solids buildup.
Stickiness while sliding is often attributed to
differential sticking or other formation-related conditions.
The belief is that if circulation is unrestricted, cuttings in
the wellbore are not the problem. The formation takes
the blame: either the pipe is against a depleted sand or
swelling shale is causing tight hole. However, the pickup
versus off-slips plots show that even in wells where
differential sticking appeared to be a problem, when the
proper hole-cleaning procedures were applied, the pipe
once again moved freely.
The physical limitations that come into play in
deviated wells should also be considered. In some
cases, nearly one-third of the available standpipe
pressure is expended in the directional tools and motors.
The bent housing motors commonly used for drilling
high-angle wells are not designed for high rotary speeds,
and sliding can account for as much as 50% of the
drilling mode. The effective removal of silt beds under
these conditions requires fast pipe rotation (100+ rpm),
adequate pump output for the hole geometry, and
properly executed weighted sweeps.2
The pickup and off-slips weight plots provide a visual
indication of wellbore conditions that can help correct
some of the misconceptions described in the previous
paragraphs. Additionally, these plots can enable the
operator to detect silt-bed removal problems before they
stop the drilling operation. Of the case history wells
discussed below, two developed serious hole-cleaning
problems. In both cases, the plots revealed the onset of
trouble.
AADE-04-DF-HO-41
Key Elements of a Successful Weighted Sweep
Program
Pumping weighted sweeps while drilling deviated
wellbores has become an established practice for many
operators. When implemented correctly, the sweeps can
provide the best method for disturbing and removing the
silt beds from the lower side of the hole. The guidelines
below were developed to help maximize the
effectiveness of a sweep program. Although many subtle
factors can play a role in hole cleaning, neglect of any or
all of these key elements can drastically reduce sweep
effectiveness, and may cause the weighted sweep itself
to exacerbate cuttings-bed buildup.
1. The drillstring should be rotated at the maximum
rpm allowed by the BHA tools and configuration
while pumping sweeps and while circulating
bottoms up.
2. All sweeps should be continuously and
completely circulated out. Failure to do so can
render the sweep ineffective. Do not stop
pumping or rotating until the sweep is
completely around (well-control issues are an
exception), even if this means additional
circulating time before making a connection.
3. A clean hole for drilling (rotating and circulating)
is not necessarily sufficiently clean for tripping
(straight pull or slackoff without pumping out or
back-reaming out) or casing (straight slackoff).
4. Hole-cleaning conditions are poorest during
slides. Dunes or beds are deposited immediately
above reductions in outside diameter (OD) in the
BHA. For wellbores exhibiting a history of
difficult cleaning, pumping a weighted sweep
around to clean the wellbore before beginning a
slide is recommended.
5. The sweep density should be 3 to 5 lb/gal above
the current mud weight, and the sweep viscosity
should be low.
6. The addition of fibers to sweeps will help
enhance the removal of silt and cuttings after
they have been disturbed from the low side of
the hole.
Conclusions
Both moving and off-slips weights should be captured
as effective indicators of developing wellbore
management issues. The condition of the wellbore with
respect to cleanliness can be assessed before logging or
before casing or liners are run. Remedial action can
often be accomplished before expensive problems are
encountered.
In addition, best practices related to hole cleaning
should be implemented to help maximize the
effectiveness of the recommended sweep program.
These practices include the following key points:
1. The drillstring should be rotated at the maximum
rpm allowed by the BHA tools and configuration
AADE-04-DF-HO-41 MONITORING INITIAL OFF-SLIPS WEIGHT PROVIDES EARLY WARNING
OF HOLE-CLEANING DEFICIENCIES
while pumping sweeps and while circulating
bottoms up.
2. All weighted sweeps should be continuously and
completely circulated out. Failure to do so can
render the sweep ineffective. Do not stop
pumping or rotating until the sweep is
completely around (well-control issues are an
exception), even if this means additional
circulating time before a connection is made.
3. Hole-cleaning conditions are poorest during
slides. Dunes or beds are deposited immediately
above reductions in OD in the BHA. For
wellbores exhibiting a history of difficult cleaning,
it is recommended to pump a weighted sweep
around to clean the wellbore before beginning a
slide and as soon after a slide as is practical.
4. The sweep density should be 3.0 to 5.0 lb/gal
above the current mud weight, and the sweep
viscosity should be low.
5. The addition of fibers to sweeps will help
enhance removal of silt and cuttings after they
have been disturbed from the low side of the
hole.
6. The weighted sweep should contain some
coarse, abrasive material to aid in scouring of
the fines from the lower side of the hole.
5
The traditional belief that a deviated hole is inevitably
going to be sticky should be re-examined in the light of
results obtained with the use of a weighted sweep
program and close monitoring with the weight indicator
plots. An in-depth study is currently underway to
determine the mechanism(s) underlying the divergence
in moving and off-slips weight values. As more case
histories are reviewed, determining the divergence limits
that characterize a clean or dirty wellbore may be
possible.
Acknowledgments
The authors thank Manti Operating Company,
Newfield Exploration, and Halliburton for their support
and permission to publish this paper.
References
1. Hemphill, T.: "Drilling Fluids Sweeps: Their Evaluation,
Timing and Applications," SPE 77448, SPE Annual
Technical Conference and Exhibition, San Antonio, Texas,
Sept. 29-Oct. 2, 2002.
2. Sewell, M. and Billingsley, J.: “An Effective Approach to
Keeping the Hole Clean in High-Angle Wells,” World Oil v.
223, No. 10 (October 2002).
6 M.R. SEWELL, J. ARELLANO, L. KUHN, J. BILLINGSLEY AADE-04-DF-HO-41

Figure 1—EI 262 already shows excessive divergence.

AADE-04-DF-HO-41 MONITORING INITIAL OFF-SLIPS WEIGHT PROVIDES EARLY WARNING 7
OF HOLE-CLEANING DEFICIENCIES

Figure 2—Plots of the next trip on EI 262 indicate conditions are worsening.
8 M.R. SEWELL, J. ARELLANO, L. KUHN, J. BILLINGSLEY AADE-04-DF-HO-41

Figure 3—EI 262 did not respond favorably to several changes in operational approach.
AADE-04-DF-HO-41 MONITORING INITIAL OFF-SLIPS WEIGHT PROVIDES EARLY WARNING 9
OF HOLE-CLEANING DEFICIENCIES

Figure 4—Conditions on EI 262 continued to deteriorate

until a drillstring washout temporarily suspended operations.
10 M.R. SEWELL, J. ARELLANO, L. KUHN, J. BILLINGSLEY AADE-04-DF-HO-41

Figure 5—Plots of EI 262 moving weights do not exhibit sufficient divergence to indicate well problems.
AADE-04-DF-HO-41 MONITORING INITIAL OFF-SLIPS WEIGHT PROVIDES EARLY WARNING 11
OF HOLE-CLEANING DEFICIENCIES

Figure 6—The off-slips pickup weight plots are good indicators,

but should be viewed in comparison to moving pickup weight plots.
12 M.R. SEWELL, J. ARELLANO, L. KUHN, J. BILLINGSLEY AADE-04-DF-HO-41

Figure 7—The spread between plots shown on the Hero Lands Co. #1 (HLC 1) bit trip
is due to wellpath complexity rather than hole-cleaning problems.
AADE-04-DF-HO-41 MONITORING INITIAL OFF-SLIPS WEIGHT PROVIDES EARLY WARNING 13
OF HOLE-CLEANING DEFICIENCIES

Figure 8—During a subsequent trip on the HLC 1, the off-slips and moving weight plots begin to separate.
14 M.R. SEWELL, J. ARELLANO, L. KUHN, J. BILLINGSLEY AADE-04-DF-HO-41

Figure 9—The third trip plotted on the HLC 1 definitely indicates developing problems.
AADE-04-DF-HO-41 MONITORING INITIAL OFF-SLIPS WEIGHT PROVIDES EARLY WARNING 15
OF HOLE-CLEANING DEFICIENCIES

Figure 10—After hole-cleaning procedures were adjusted, the HLC 1 plots returned to normal tracking.
16 M.R. SEWELL, J. ARELLANO, L. KUHN, J. BILLINGSLEY AADE-04-DF-HO-41

Figure 11—The moving pickup weight plots fail to indicate a developing problem.
AADE-04-DF-HO-41 MONITORING INITIAL OFF-SLIPS WEIGHT PROVIDES EARLY WARNING 17
OF HOLE-CLEANING DEFICIENCIES

Figure 12—The off-slips weight plots on the HLC 1 show not only the trip that posed a problem,
but approximately at what depth the problem occurs.
18 M.R. SEWELL, J. ARELLANO, L. KUHN, J. BILLINGSLEY AADE-04-DF-HO-41

Figure 13—The first trip on the Matagorda Island ST 522L (ST 522L) well
results in a closely parallel, desirable plot comparison.
AADE-04-DF-HO-41 MONITORING INITIAL OFF-SLIPS WEIGHT PROVIDES EARLY WARNING 19
OF HOLE-CLEANING DEFICIENCIES

Figure 14—Plots made during subsequent short trips on ST 522L indicate developing problems.
20 M.R. SEWELL, J. ARELLANO, L. KUHN, J. BILLINGSLEY AADE-04-DF-HO-41

Figure 15—Plots from the next round trip on ST 522L show wide divergence.
AADE-04-DF-HO-41 MONITORING INITIAL OFF-SLIPS WEIGHT PROVIDES EARLY WARNING 21
OF HOLE-CLEANING DEFICIENCIES

Figure 16—Adjusting hole-cleaning procedures on ST 522L corrected

the divergence and alleviated problems.