Comprehensive BOSH Manual 2017 Ed02

Basic Occupational Safety and Health (BOSH) Manual
Objectives of this session:
By the end of this session, participants would

be able to:
OSH SITUATIONER
International and Philippine
Data - explain the current - identify the problems
OSH situation, both and issues associated
local and international. with OSH conditions in
the country.
Injuries Occur to Everyone, Everywhere Global OSH Data: ILO Report

and Anytime!
Annually :
• 337 million workers fall victims
of work-related accidents and
diseases
(causing more than 4 days absence)
• 2.3 million die of work-related

accidents (360,000) and diseases
(1.95M)
Source: ILO Safework - Introductory Report - 2008
Local Scenario:
Global OSH Data: ILO Report The Filipino Workers
Close to 50% of the deaths attributed to work

take place in Asia • 37.1 million employed Filipinos
(as of July 2011)
• Death rates five to six times higher in
developing countries Both in the formal and informal sectors
• 320,000 die from exposures to biological
1.3 million government employees
risks (viral, bacterial, insect or animal-related
risks)
8 million OFWs (ave. of 3,300 deployment daily)
• 170,000 deaths are in the agricultural
sector Source: Current Labor Statistics July 2011
Source: ILO Safework - Bureau of Labor and Employment Statistics
Introductory Report - 2008
Version 1-2017, Rev. 8 1

Total Employed Filipinos by Number of establishments in the Philippines : 2010

Major Industry Groups (in millions) (According to Employment Size)
Agriculture
- 12,097
33% Services -
19,379
52%
Manufacturing
- 5,631
15%
Total : 37.1 Million Filipino Workers

Source: NSO Labor Force Survey 2011
NSO Household Survey

Key Local OSH Data
(2000)
Data Sources:
• For every 100,000 workers, 700 receive
• Work Accidents/Illnesses Summary – BWC injuries that stop them from working
based on mandatory reporting requirements of the OSH
for about a day
Standards (OSHS)
• BLES Integrated Survey • Non-fatal injuries increase with age

• NSO Household Survey Data
• OSHC Database
2009/2010 BLES Integrated Survey (BITS)* 2009/2011 BLES Integrated Survey (BITS)
• 39,587 cases of occupational injuries in 2009 • 17,713 occupational injuries with lost workdays
with lost work days: 17,713
without lost work days: 21,874 Type of Injury:
113 fatalities superficial injuries and open wounds

154 permanent disabilities
dislocations, sprains and strains
17,447 temporary disabilities
burns, corrosions, scalds
*23,723 non agricultural establishments surveyed
nationwide with 20 or more workers foreign body in the eye

2009/2010 BLES Integrated Survey (BITS)* 2009/2010 BLES Integrated Survey (BITS)
• 17,713 occupational injuries with lost workdays • 17,713 occupational injuries with lost workdays
Causes of Injury:
Body parts injured:
stepping on, striking against, struck by objects
wrist and hand caught in or between objects
lower extremities falls of persons
exposure to extreme temperature
head
over-exertion
arm and shoulder struck by falling objects
2009/2010 BLES Integrated Survey (BITS) Key Local OSH Data
Cases of Occupational Diseases (2009): 71,894

• 17,713 occupational injuries with lost workdays Musculo-skeletal disorders
Hypertension
Agents of Injury: Occupational asthma
machines and equipment Infections, ulcers, dermatitis, TB
materials, objects Source: 2009/2010 BLES Integrated Survey
hand tools
Top three work-related EC Claims:
transport/conveying, packaging equipment  Renal disorders
building, structures  Disorder of the eyes
 Cardio-vascular diseases
Source: OSHC database of EC Claims
Profile of the Most-Commonly

Injured Worker OSH ISSUES AND CONCERNS
• male • low compliance rate to OSH Standards (OSHS)

• married
• absence of strict penalties
• 26-30 years old
• with 1-5 years work experience • fragmented OSH administration
• assigned in the first shift • outdated OSH Standards
This has been the pattern for so many years!
Source: BWC WAIR 2000

OSH ISSUES AND CONCERNS Emerging OSH Issues
• weak enforcement of OSHS • women workers’ OSH
• inadequate number of OSH personnel • child labor

• lack of OSH facilities in the regions • OSH in the informal sector,
agriculture, schools,
• low priority given to OSH information technology sector
• public apathy on OSH concerns • lifestyle diseases e.g. HIV and AIDS, smoking,
drugs and substance abuse
• OSH of migrant workers, sea-farers
Remember…
• Accidents and injuries result to losses of

lives, limbs, time and property
• Most accidents at work could have been

prevented
• Sound prevention need to be

implemented systematically in the
national and enterprise / workplace level

REMINDER!
If you don’t believe Unsafe / Unhealthy

in safety & health,
then try accidents & Acts and Conditions
illnesses!

Session Objectives: Session Objectives:

At the end of the session, the participants will be able At the end of the session, the participants
to: will be able to:
 Define work accidents;  Define and differentiate accidents,
unsafe acts and unsafe conditions;
 Discuss the accident theory and the
different effects of work accidents;
 Identify and enumerate different
situations and practices that constitute
 Discuss the basic immediate causes of work
unsafe acts and unsafe conditions
accidents;
Group Exercise
•Per group, write down at least ten (10) Unsafe Acts & Ten
(10) Unsafe Conditions.
•You may select your leader, secretary and spokesperson in

your group. Then, the spokesperson shall be the facilitator of
the group during the reporting.
•Every member of the group should be given a chance to

present his/her input/s.
•Activity duration: 30 minutes (20mins for report writing &

10mins reporting)
Background : A C C I D E N T T H E O RY
The WORK SYSTEM
People
People
Environment Equipment
Environment Equipment
Materials
Materials

Common Reasons for Accidents

ACCIDENT
Layman’s version:
An occurrence or event
that is: • ‘Oras na niya’
 damage
 unexpected • ‘Malas niya lang’
 unforeseen  injury • ‘Tanga kasi’
 unplanned  loss or • ‘Kasama sa trabaho’
 unwanted death These are not real causes - - -
only EXCUSES!
Can a workplace hazard

definitely lead to an accident or
an illness?
Hazard + Exposure = Accident or Illness
TYPES OF ACCIDENTS
Safety
Direct Contact
Hazards
Health Exposure
Hazards
Workplace Hazards

• Fall from height (nahulog/nahulugan) • Struck against (man in motion)
• Fall on the same level (nadulas / nadapa) • Caught in (in running / naipit)
• Caught on (snagged / nasabit) • Struck by (man stationary / hit by)

Iceberg Theory Direct Cost of Accidents

Direct Costs
• Medical Expenses
• Equipment Damage
• Wasted Raw Materials
• Insurance Premiums
• Litigation Expenses
Indirect Costs
Indirect Cost of Accidents Indirect Cost of Accidents

1. Injured Workers 3. Supervisors
• Lesser productivity due to interruption on day • lost productivity :
of injury
• when assisting the injured
• Loss in efficiency ; Loss of income
• 2. Other Employees • due to accident inspection and investigation
• loss productivity due to: • preparing reports
• work stoppage out of curiosity 4. Replacement worker
• when assisting injured worker • hiring or training
• due to inspection 5. Equipment
• Additional cost due to completion of added • downtime
work
Humane Aspects
• Sorrow due to loss

• Hardships and inconveniences
Accident
• Physical pain/discomfort Causation
• Psychological problems

Unsafe/Unhealthy
Immediate CAUSES of accidents ACT Violation of commonly-accepted safe
procedures or processes
• Unsafe Act CONDITION Physical/mechanical/
environmental condition
• Unsafe Condition which could have been
guarded or prevented
American National Safety Institute (ANSI)
Unsafe / Unhealthy ACT Examples of Unsafe Acts

• A human action that departs
from a standard or written job • Operating Equipment without
procedure or common practice, authority
safety rules, regulations, or • Disregard of SOP or instructions
instructions.
• Removing Safety Devices
• A violation of a commonly-
accepted safe procedures and • Using Defective equipment
or processes. • Improper/Non-use of PPEs
Examples of Unsafe Acts
• Horseplay
• Willful intent to injure
• Working while under the influence
of alcohol or drugs

Factors Contributing
to Unsafe Acts
• Improper Attitude
• Physical Limitations
• Lack of Knowledge or Skills

Unsafe Condition Examples of Unsafe Conditions
• The physical or chemical property of a • Inadequate guards/ protection

material, machine or the environment • Overloaded cable extensions
that may result in injury to a person, • Congestion
damage or destruction to property and • Inadequate warning systems
other losses; • Fire and explosion hazards
• could have been guarded or prevented.
Examples of Unsafe Conditions
• Slippery floors
• Damaged and exposed electrical
wirings
• Excessive noise
• Radiation exposure
• Inadequate illumination/ ventilation

Generally…
• 98% - preventable
Can accidents be • 2% - non-preventable
prevented? • 88% - unsafe / unhealthy

ACTS
• 10% - unsafe/unhealthy
CONDITIONS
Luck Luck
Illustrating Randomness: Lethal Randomness:
• 300 Sugar Pills
• 29 Laxative Pills

Ignoring No Injury Accidents Avoid Disaster
Is Like Passing the Jar of Pills Around:

Stop Passing the
• 300 People will have Accidents
Jar Around
• 29 People will be Slightly Injured
• One Will Be Seriously or Fatally Injured
Minor Accident? Remove the Causes
• There’s No Such Thing As a Minor If We Fail to Remove the Cause of

Accident the No-Injury Accident, Then We
• The Same Accident That Causes Fail to Remove the Cause of the
No Injury Today May Take Accident That Does Result in
Someone’s Life Tomorrow Injury
No Excuses Conclusion:
Accept No Excuses: Both the human and the

technical factors of accident
• Report Every Accident causation should be addressed.
• Investigate Every Accident
A comprehensive OSH program
• Eliminate Accident Causes
is needed to prevent accidents
from happening.

MATERIALS HANDLING
“It takes lesser time AND STORAGE
to do things right
than to explain why
things go wrong.”
Types of Materials Handling

Materials Handling Accidents
• Physical strain/over-exertion
A technique which includes the art of lifting, • Falling load
placing, storing or moving of materials
through the use of appropriate handling • Collision
equipment and men. • Hits, cuts, blows
• Trapped between objects
Classification of Materials Handling

Operation
• Manual Handling
• consists of lifting, transporting and packaging
of products using own physical strength.
Manual Handling
• Mechanical Handling
• pertains to more rigid, manually- or
mechanically-powered equipment mainly for
handling bulky and heavy items.

Hazards of Manual Handling Hazards of Manual Handling
The level of hazardousness of manual

materials handling (MMH) is determined
by these factors:
a) The materials to be handled
b) The task itself
c) The condition of the workplace
LIFTING TO ONE SIDE
Precautions in Manual Handling

• Examine the load and the
surrounding area prior to handling
• Get a firm grip of the object
• Use necessary personal protective
equipment
• Lift gradually
• Follow proper lifting method
Manual Handling Method
• Proper Lifting Technique

• Position the load close to the body
• Maintain a firm grip on the load Mechanical Handling
• Keep feet apart and bend knees
• Look forward to keep back straight
• Use muscle power of the legs
• Use smooth, controlled movements

Mechanical Handling Mechanical Handling

(manually-powered) (mechanically-powered)
• wheeler Mechanically-powered handling equipment

• hand pallet could be categorized into two:
• cart • lifting equipment
• transport equipment
• drum tilter
• trolley
• wheelbarrow
Lifting Equipment Lifting Equipment

• Cranes
• Variety of items for lifting heavy and bulky
items with minimal human intervention • Stationary
• Tower
• Examples of these are:
• Overhead traveling
• lever hoist
• chain hoist • Mobile
• electric chain hoist • Wheel Type
• Crawler Type
• Gantry
Materials Handling Accessories

Transport Equipment
• Forklift
• Ropes
• Tractor-trailer
• Chains
• Dump Truck
• Steel Straps
• Conveyor
• Leather/Plastic Straps

Mechanical Handling Precautions More Safety Tips on Materials Handling

• Provide enough space for materials
• Do not operate any equipment if handling and transport operations.
you are not trained to use it. • Know the materials to be handled.
• Operators must be authorized. • Keep the loading below the safe working-
load capacity.
• Handlers and operators must be
• Keep equipment and loads stable.
trained in safety and health.
• Set the speed limits low enough to
• Equipment are properly maintained maintain safe movement.
and regularly inspected. • Avoid overhead lifting in areas where
people are working underneath.
More Safety Tips on Materials

Handling
Principles of Material Storage
• Avoid materials handling methods that
require climbing and working at high
levels. SAFETY ACCESSIBILITY
• Transport and lift people only by the
equipment designed for the purpose.
• Carry out proper maintenance and
inspection duties.
• Provide adequate training and advice. ORDERLINESS
• Supply the people working in transport

and handling with appropriate personal
protective equipment.
Workplace Conditions
Things to Consider for a Better and
Safer Materials Storage • Walking and Working Surfaces
• Aisles and Passageways
• Facilities (illumination, ventilation, first
• Workplace Conditions
aid, access)
• Materials
• Emergency System

Materials Emergency System

• Stacking and Storage
- all stacks stable and secure • Warning Systems
- store materials at a convenient height - fire/emergency alarm system must
be operational
- proper limitations in storage height - hazard warning system must be
- rack/platform load limits posted available
- save space by introducing multi-level - emergency instructions and plans
racks are available
• Labeling • Firefighting System
- properly identified/classified - firefighting equipment are
accessible, visibly marked and well-
maintained
Safe Handling
“This morning, I came up late to my work station which was
(Summary) messy and all mixed up - some folders were full of dust,
pens and pins all mixed up, electrical wires and cable hanging
• Be alert for hazards. from all sides, dusty computer and gadgets, even too slow to
start up, floor was wet and untidy, I almost slipped upon arriving
• Follow company safety regulations. to office this morning! Tables were full of papers and documents
that were seemingly boldly marked “PENDING”, I could not even
• Take your time and don’t take chances. locate documents I needed for urgent submission first hour!
Worst?! There were ants and roaches on the cabinet!!
• Use proper lifting technique. I couldn’t imagine my workplace has been this cluttered
• Get help or mechanical assistance. and messy for quite a while now!!! “
• Wear appropriate PPE.

• Keep an eye on what others are doing.
• Let other workers know what you're doing. What do you think does this lady
need to do?
112
OBJECTIVES
At the end of this module, participants will

be able to:
• Understand what is housekeeping and
GOOD HOUSEKEEPING what is the value of good housekeeping.
• Be familiar with the 5S system.
• Know the elements of an effective 5S
and Housekeeping Program.

What are the signs of disorder? What are the signs of disorder?
• Cluttered and poorly arranged areas
• Tools and equipment left in work areas
• Untidy piling of materials
• Overflowing waste bins and containers
• Presence of items no longer needed or
in excess • Overcrowded/disorderly shelves and
storage areas
• Blocked aisles and exits
• Presence of spills and leaks
• Dusty floors and work surfaces
ACCIDENTS FROM POOR

HOUSEKEEPING
• Being hit by falling
objects
• Tripping over loose
objects on floors,
stairs and
platforms
• Slipping on greasy,
wet or dirty
surfaces
117
ACCIDENTS FROM POOR

HOUSEKEEPING ACCIDENTS FROM POOR
HOUSEKEEPING
• Striking against projecting, poorly
stacked items or misplaced material • Electrocution from exposed &
unattended live wires
• Cutting, puncturing, or tearing the
skin of hands or other parts of the • Fire incident/having skin burns from
body on projecting nails, wire or steel unexpected fires
strapping

Poor Housekeeping Poor Housekeeping
122
Poor Housekeeping
WHAT ARE COMPROMISED DUE TO POOR HOUSEKEEPING?
Safety Workplace morale Efficiency


WHAT IS 5S HOUSEKEEPING
• 5S is a tool that represents the basic
principles of housekeeping and workplace • Keeping your workplace orderly,
organization. It is more than cleaning and organized, clean and safe.
painting. It is a disciplined approach to
keep the workplace efficient and effective. • Housekeeping is not just
• 5S practice is a technique used to establish cleanliness; it is effective
and maintain Safe and Quality environment workplace organization.
in an organization • Housekeeping lessens accidents
• 5S stands for five Japanese words and related injuries and illnesses.
5S OF GOOD HOUSEKEEPING 1. SEIRI (SORT)

JAPANESE ENGLISH TAGALOG
SORT SURIIN
• Seiri is an action
SEIRI
to identify and
SINUPIN
SEITON SYSTEMATIZE
eliminate all
SEISO SWEEP SIMUTIN unnecessary
STANDARDIZE SIGURUHIN
items from the
SEIKETSU workplace
SHITSUKE SELF-DISCIPLINE SARILING-KUSA
Use Frequency Description Disposition

SEIRI (SORT)
Cannot be used or is • Defective goods and
unlikely to be used --------- dead inventory that ------ Discard
cannot be used
Rarely • Used about twice Move to Remote

INVENTORY
ITEMS, TOOLS used ---------- per year ------
area
FIXTURES,
MACHINES
• Used once every
Can be Occasionally one or two months ------- Store near Process
used used ----
• Used about once Store near work-
------ station
a week.
Often
used --------- • Used every day ------ Store at work-
station

SEIRI = SORT = SURIIN What is unnecessary?
• Is an ACTION to identify and eliminate all • Things that have fallen at the back of
unnecessary items from your workplace machines, tables, cabinets
• Seiri fights the habit to keep things • Stacks of unused items, newspaper, etc.
because they may be useful someday • Old and unserviceable office tools and
• Seiri helps to keep work area tidy, equipment
improves searching and fetching • Old out-dated notices
efficiency, and generally clears much • Personal effects at the area
space
SEITON = SET IN ORDER/SYSTEMATIZE = SINUPIN

2. SEITON (SYSTEMATIZE)
• Is an ACTION to put every necessary item in
• Seiton is an action good order
to put all essential
• Focuses on efficiency
materials in a
systematic order. - how quickly one can get the things
• “A place for needed
everything and - how quickly those things can be put away
everything in its • Achieved through locating a specific place for
place” specific items of a specific quantity needed
SEITON (SYSTEMATIZE) SEITON (SYSTEMATIZE)

3. SEISO (SWEEP) SEISO = SWEEP/SANITIZE = SIMUTIN

• An ACTION to clean your workplace
• An action to thoroughly
clean and/or
polish the • At the end of day, the work area is cleaned
workplace to up and everything is restored to its place,
attain a dirt or making it easy to know what goes where
dust-free state. • Cleanliness should be part of daily work,
• Also inspecting not an occasional activity initiated when
for defects things go messy
SEISO = SWEEP/SANITIZE = SIMUTIN SEISO (SWEEP)

• Cleanliness should be part of daily work,
not an occasional activity initiated when
things go messy
• Includes preventive maintenance that
ensures things do not fail during normal
operation
• The same is true with computers,
cleaning of hard disk, clean out the junk
and retain what are necessary.
4. SEIKETSU (STANDARDIZE OR SANITIZE) 4. SEIKETSU = STANDARDIZE/SANITIZE =

SIGURUHIN ANG KALINISAN
• A condition where high standard of good

• Seiketsu is a
housekeeping is maintained in a
condition
consistent fashion
where high
standard of • Cuts across Seiri, Seiton and Seiso,
housekeeping stitching them together and ensuring that
is attained. all techniques and methods are clear and
well-understood by all.

Visual Management: 5. SHITSUKE (SELF-DISCIPLINE)

–Includes:
• Work instructions • Shitsuke is a
condition where
• Hazard warnings all members
• Indicators where things are kept practice the above
• Equipment and tool destinations 4S spontaneously
• Cautions and reminders and willingly as a
• Plans and indicators of what way of life
happens when
BENEFITS OF 5S
SHITSUKE=SUSTAIN/SELF-DISCIPLINE=SARILING -
KUSA P - Productivity and efficiency increased
Q - Quality of product improved
• Accordingly, the habit becomes a C - Costs reduced
CULTURE. D - Delivery ensured on-time
• To keep the first 4S alive, it is necessary to S - Safe working environment
keep educating people for maintaining M - Morale is high.
standards
• We can sustain the 5S system with = Employees feel good in their second home.
periodic review of each work area = Improved company image.
FOR A 5S & HOUSEKEEPING

PROGRAM TO BE EFFECTIVE Steps in Organizing & Maintaining Good
You need: Housekeeping
Monitoring
• Management commitment and employee
Evaluation
support
Planning
• Housekeeping & 5S policy program and
Organization
procedures
Training
• Training
• Program monitoring and evaluation
• Housekeeping awards system

Management’s Role
Logic behind the 5S practices
• Providing adequate equipment
organization, neatness, cleanliness, • Including housekeeping in the planning
standardization of all operations
and self-discipline at the workplace • Including maintenance of good
housekeeping as part of individual’s job
responsibility
production of high quality products and delivery of • Providing clean up schedule and
high quality services
with little or no waste, and with high productivity personnel
• Maintaining executive supervisory and
interest
Supervisor’s Role
Worker’s Role
• Maintaining constant check on
housekeeping conditions • Follow housekeeping procedures
• Seeing that employee maintain good • Maintain an orderly workplace
housekeeping • Report to supervisors any unsafe
• Having unusual situations corrected or condition
cleaned up immediately
• Planning for orderliness in all operations
• Issuing definite instructions to employee
• Insisting on clean-up after every job 159
5S COMMITTEE 5S Action Plan

5S CHAIRPERSON
•Highest authority responsible • Activities to be undertaken to attain the
for implementing 5S activities
program objectives
•Acts as overall coordinator of
5S SECRETARIAT The 5S program • Yearly action plans
• Demonstrates the commitment of the top
PLANNING AND AUDIT AND EDUCATION AND management
IMPLEMENTATION PATROL PROMOTION
•Formulates the 5S Action Plan •Conducts periodic and spot •Develops training, promotional
•Implements 5S activities w/in Audits/Formulates/revises 5S and educational materials such
own group Audit checklist as pamphlets, posters, others.

5S Audit Technique
5S Audit and Patrol Technique Description
Walking Rally Auditors go to a particular
• An activity carried out by the 5S Committee to workplace and pinpoint or
assess the overall performance of the 5S program identify areas for 5S
improvement
Type of Audit Frequency Duration Team Fixed-Point Photography Visual comparison of before
Composition and after situations through
5S Committee Once a month Preferably w/in 5S Patrol Team pictures
Audit 1st week of each
moth 5S Checklist Assessment by rating a
Management Every six months Preferably w/in 5S Patrol Team workplace against list of
Audit 1st week of June w/ Management items that need to be
and Dec. Representatives checked
*Audit specific date and time should not be announced.
How to Sustain 5S Activities Promotional Activities

• 5S newsletter
• Training
• Squash or Kalabasa awards
• Promotional Schemes
• 5S model Unit of the Year/Month
• Contests
• 30-minute 5S Habit
• Awards and Incentives
• 5S T-shirt
• Periodic audits
• Slogan making contest
• Poster making contest
SUPPLY ROOM BEFORE 5S
SUPPLY ROOM
AFTER 5S

Before 5S
Clutter and waste
of space
During 5S
Area is cleared
- 5S Management.Com
After 5S - Producing parts and

170
adding value
References Safety Quotes and Slogans

• A spill, a slip, a hospital trip.
• Alert today. Alive tomorrow.
• ISO 9001:2008 Quality Manual
• As soon as you see a mistake and don't fix it, it becomes your mistake.
• http://runningahospital.blogspot.com/2009/11/nicu-goes-lean.html • Avoid the worst. Put safety first.
• http://www.lmsi.ca/5s.htm • Be alert, be aware, be alive.
• http://www.qualitycoach.net/land/gbmp.htm • Broken tools can be replaced. You can't.
• http://wtce.utb.edu/wired/rich_products_5s_training.htm • Don't learn safety by accident.
• http://www.riqzmiecreation.com/?p=3893 • It's easier to ask a dumb question than it is to fix a dumb mistake.
• Wikipedia • No safety know pain, know safety no pain.
• Organ donor -- A person who doesn't wear his or her helmet.
• Safety is as easy as A-B-C: Always Be Careful.
• SAFE -- Staying Accident-Free Everywhere
Course Objectives
When you have through this course you will
be able to:
FIRE SAFETY •Identify basic fire hazards in a workplace

•Evaluate the main fire risk in a work place
•Advise on basic fire prevention and
prevention of fire spread in workplace.
•And be able to identify the existing means
of escape in a work place.

WHAT IS FIRE? BASIC PRINCIPLES OF FIRE

Fire is a rapid chemical
process in which
The Fire Triangle
oxygen combines with Before a fire can start, three
another substance in components have to be
the presence of the present in sufficient
quantities. These form a
source of heat energy. structure known as the Fire
The reaction of these FUEL Triangle.
elements is called When a substance is heated to a certain critical temperature
combustion, and called its “ignition temperature” or “temperature of
during the reaction, combustion” it will ignite and continue to burn till the
presence of fuel which may be in solid/Liquid /gaseous state,
heat, light and flames the proper temperature and uninterrupted supply of oxygen
are given off. (air).
THEORY OF FIRE THE FIRE TRIANGLE

HEAT
Extinguishing Media
Heat acts as the source of ignition and anything that gives off heat that can
Extinguishing a fire is based on start a fire. (Note that the source of ignition is not necessarily a
removing one of the elements flame, a sparks or fire itself, but the heat they give off)
of the fire triangle. It is important to be aware that the source of heat can not
only be equipment and activities which, by design, involve the
FUEL
Removing the FUEL production of heat but may also include a variety of other
this process is known as circumstances with which heat may not be expected at all.
Removing the STARVATION. This can be A range of equipment that could generate heat in proper use:
OXYGEN is called achieved by taking the fuel away Welding torches Ovens
SMOTHERING from the fire Blow lamp Electric fires
Soldering irons Light bulbs
Removing the HEAT is
Space heaters Electric irons etc….
called COOLING
Hot plates
THE FIRE TRAINGLE THE FIRE TRIANGLE

FUEL
OXYGEN
The fuel for the fire does not have to be recognized The oxygen essential for combustion is usually
fuel in the sense of petrol or gas. It may be any supplied from the surrounding air. However,
combustible material. the naturally present oxygen may be enhance by
Most substances are combustible under the right the presence of other sources of oxygen such as
circumstances. Although those circumstances vary Woods compressed air, the pure oxygen in gas cylinder
for different materials, usually the temperature in use for welding, or by the combustion of
which combustion takes place. Carbon or peroxide, nitrates and similar chemicals. (These
hydrocarbon based materials will burn readily at
the sort of temperatures often generated in a work
chemicals give off oxygen as they burn, further
place or domestic environment. The type of fuel is aiding their own combustion. They are
also important because different substances behave Gases sometimes known as oxidizing agents)
different ways when they burn. They includes solids
Note: That as the oxygen in an enclosed space is
such as:
used up by the fire, so the fire will go out)

CAUSES & CONSEQUENCES BASIC PRINCIPLES OF HEAT

OF FIRES TRANSMISSION & FIRE SPREAD
Workplace fires start when the heat generated by a deliberate DIRECT BURNING
work process, or by accidents, acts as a source of ignition on
This occurs where heat is transferred directly by contact from
a combustible material. All such fires are preventable by
one substance to another, thus if a piece of paper catches a
appropriate safety precautions, as we discuss later.
light then (the heat in a form of flames) can spread to the
Once a fire started it can spread very quickly by means of all next piece of paper and then to the next until the whole area
4 methods of heat transfer. is on fire.
Direct burning Similarly, oil base paints on walls can spread fires, as can a
pool or trail of flammable liquid.
Radiation
Note to that direct burning can take place across the gap
Conduction
where the wind conditions allow the flames to be fanned and
Convection thereby come into contact in other separate combustible
materials.
CAUSES & CONSEQUENCES OF

FIRES CAUSES & CONSEQUENCES OF FIRES
RADIATION
RADIATION cont…
Radiation is the general term for the process by which energy
The intensity of radiant heat diminishes with the distance
is lost from a source without direct contact. Heat radiation
from its source. however, depending on the temperature of
refers to the process whereby the heat given off by hot
the source, heat transfer may take place over quite large
objects passes through air and through certain types of
distances.
transparent materials such as glass. The radiant heat can in it
self be sufficient to act as a source of ignition. Example: A fire burning on one side of the street may be
sufficient to cause materials on the other side of the street to
Example 1: Radiator is an obvious source of heat and clothes
ignite.
which are left to dry too close to them may catch fire.
Example 2: Light bulbs give out heat (and in the case of
certain types of spot lights, a large amount of heat) and any
fabrics or flammable materials which are too close may start
to burn.
CAUSES & CONSEQUENCES OF FIRES CAUSES & CONSEQUENCES OF FIRES

CONDUCTION CONVECTION
Heat may be transferred to certain materials, known as conductors, without those Is the process whereby heat moves through a gas or liquid. When a gas or
materials them self actually burning. This is particularly the case with metals. liquid, such as air or water, is heated it expand and become a less dense.
Thus the heat generated by a fire (or any other process producing heat) may be As a result it rises and cooler air or water is drawn into replace it,
transferred to a separate location where it can act as a source of ignition.
creating a current
Heat spreads along conductor Convection currents created in the air by fire are a major means of fire
spread. They may carry burning materials through the air and into
contact with other combustible materials and also, depending upon the
Conductor (Pipe) intensity of the fire and the heat generated, create a strong localized wind
which may fan the flames and cause flare ups.
Conduction
Example : A house burning on one side of a street may be sufficient to cause

materials on the other side of the street to ignite. HOT AIR RISES
This has important implications for many steel frame buildings which feature
widespread use of metal within the structure of the building (ex. Steel girders)
and the services runs through it e.g. pipes, and various types of ducting Cooler air is drawn
in
Cooler air is
drawn in

THE CLASSIFICATIONS OF FIRE THE CLASSIFICATIONS OF FIRE

Fires are classified into four categories according to the fuel
type. The classification also serves as a basis for identifying the These are fires involving gases or liquefied solids
means of extinguishing different types of fire.
 Class A These are fires involving solid  Class - C Energized Electrical Fires
materials, normally of an organic nature
such as paper, wood, plastic, coal and
natural fibers. These fire usually These are fires where a fuel is metals
produced burning embers.
 Class D Metals like magnesium, D
 Class - B These are fires involving titanium, sodium, potassium, Aluminium
Flammable liquids or liquefied solids
Gasoline, kerosene, grease, fats and paints
FIRE PREVENTION TECHNIQUES FIRE PREVENTION TECHNIQUES
CLASS “A” FIRES – ORDINARY CLASS “B” FIRES – FLAMMABLE

COMBUSTIBLES: LIQUIDS OR GASES:
 Keep storage and working areas free of trash.  Consider nonflammable substitutes for cleaners.
 Place oily rages in covered containers.  Ensure solvent tanks have fusible links on covers.
 Control smoking in the area.
 Only refuel equipment in well ventilated areas.
 Limit sources of possible ignition.
 Properly store flammable liquids.
 Keep passages and fire doors clear at all times.
 Use flammable liquids only in well ventilated
areas.
 Know the locations of fire extinguishers.
 Ensure storage drums are properly grounded.
 Restrict welding and cutting to authorized areas.
FIRE PREVENTION TECHNIQUES

FIRE PREVENTION TECHNIQUES
CLASS “D” FIRES

CLASS “C” FIRES ELECTRICAL: D
COMBUSTIBLE METALS:
 Inspect wiring and insulation frequently.  Control dust and turnings.

 Ensure motors are kept clean and lubricated.  Follow established control procedures.
 Be cognizant of unusual odors.  Never use wet sand or water to extinguish fires.
 Ensure outlets and connections are not overloaded.
 Moisture releases oxygen which can fuel the fire.
 Never misuse fuses, look for correct rating.
 Keep motors free of dust and excess grease.  Metal fires can burn up to 5000 degrees.
 Ensure machinery is properly maintained.  Metals can be extremely difficult to extinguish.

PORTABLE FIRE FIGHTING

EQUIPMENT IDENTIFYING THE PROPER FIRE
EXTINGUISHER
The main types of portable fire fighting equipment are
FIRE EXTINGUISHERS. These are appliances designed  LOOK AT THE FACEPLATE
to be carried to the point of the fire and operated by
hand. They contain an extinguishing agent which is ACME FIRE
EXTINGUISHER
expelled by internal pressure on operating the release

mechanism and can be directed by means of a horn or
FIRE EXTINGUISHER
tube into the fire. The pressure may be by compression MULTI-PURPOSE
within the extinguisher or maybe the result of a DRY CHEMICAL
chemical reaction or release of gas from a cartridge,
triggered by the operation of the extinguisher
USING THE FIRE EXTINGUISHER
 CHECK THE GAUGE
ACME FIRE
EXTINGUISHER
TYPES OF FIRE EXTINGUISHER TYPES OF FIRE EXTINGUISHER

SPRAY FOAM
Spray foam extinguishers are fast DRY CHEMICAL POWDER
and powerful; they are ideal for
tackling both Class A & B fires Highly versatile in operation,
where petrol, oils and volatile these dry powder extinguishers
liquids may be involved. In use are suitable for Class “A” & “B”
they form a flame smothering seal type fire risks – electrical
over the surface of the material, hazards, flammable liquids
preventing re-ignition of the and gases. With its rapid
vapors. Ideal for multiple risk knockdown capability.
situations.

TYPES OF FIRE EXTINGUISHER

WATER H2O
TYPES OF FIRE EXTINGUISHER
Ideal for risk involving Class “A”
type fires such as wood, paper,
plastic, cartoon, rubber, fabrics. CARBON DIOXIDE CO2
This fire extinguisher is one of the Highly effective and non-

most efficient and useful ways of damaging in use CO2
putting out fires involving freely extinguishers are a convenient
combustible materials. Water answer for situations involving
works by rapidly cooling a fire Class “C “electrical hazards and
and this controllable-discharge flammable liquids. CO2 is
extinguishers can penetrate and harmless to delicate equipment
knock-out the most deep-seated and materials.
Class “A” type fires
HOW TO SELECT A FIRE

HOW TO SELECT A FIRE EXTINGUISHER
EXTINGUISHER Continued
 SELECTING A FIRE EXTINGUISHER DEPENDS  SELECTING A FIRE

ON: EXTINGUISHER DEPENDS ON:
 Nature of the combustibles or flammables.  The ambient conditions (wind, drafts, fumes etc.).
 Potential severity of the resulting fire. size,
 Adverse reactions of the extinguishing agent.
speed of travel, intensity etc.
 Effectiveness of the extinguisher on the type  Health and operational safety concerns.
material.  Upkeep and maintenance of the extinguisher.
 The ease of the use of the fire extinguisher.
 The personnel available to operate the
extinguisher. D
 The physical and emotional ability of the

user.
HOW TO EXTINGUISH SMALL HOW TO EXTINGUISH SMALL FIRES

FIRES
 CLASS “A” FIRES – ORDINARY  CLASS “B” FIRES - FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS OR

COMBUSTIBLES: GASES:
 Point the extinguishing agent at the base of the fire.  Point the extinguishing agent at the base of the fire.
 Do not attempt to put out the flames.  Do not attempt to put out the flames.
 Cool the material below its ignition temperature.  Attempt to prevent oxygenation of the fire.
 Soak fibrous material to prevent re-ignition.  Close solvent tanks lids etc.
 Establish a fire watch to ensure no re-ignition occurs.  Know that the fire may flare up momentarily.
 Use water, foam or multi-purpose dry chemicals.  Use foam, carbon dioxide, dry chemicals

HOW TO EXTINGUISH SMALL FIRES HOW TO EXTINGUISH SMALL FIRES
 CLASS “C” FIRES – ELECTRICAL  CLASS “D” FIRES - COMBUSTIBLE METALS:

EQUIPMENT:
 Multi-purpose extinguishing agent leaves a residue.
 Extinguishing agent cannot conduct electricity.  The agent cools the metal to below its ignition temp.
 Disconnect power to the source ASAP.  These residues are harmful to electronic equipment.
 Ensure the extinguisher doesn’t make contact.  Attempt to prevent oxygenation of the fire.
 Do not attempt to use water based extinguishers.  Use agents that deprive oxygen.
 Electrical fires can effect circuitry “downstream”.  Know that metal fires burn extremely hot (5000
 Use carbon dioxide, dry chemicals deg.).
INSPECTING A FIRE EXTINGUISHER INSPECTING A FIRE EXTINGUISHER
 INSPECTION REQUIREMENTS: CHECK
 INSPECTION PROCEDURES: LIST
 Inspect fire extinguishers once per month.

 Know the locations of your fire extinguishers.
 Inspect more often if local fire codes require it.
 Determine the likely types of fires in the area.
 Have fire extinguishers serviced once per year.
 Ensure the extinguisher is the right type (A.B.C.D.).
 Service more often if local codes require it.
 Inspect for rust, dents or other signs of damage.
 Document the monthly inspections on the card.
 Inspect the seal for tampering or previous use.
 Inspect the gauge and feel the weight.
CHECK
LIST  Is the extinguisher full of agent?
 Ensure the pin, nozzle and nameplate are intact.
 Report missing or damaged extinguishers.
EMERGENCY PROCEDURES
Many of the accidents & Fatalities occur during fire is due

to the panic behavior of the personals involved. Panic can
be defined as “A sudden and excessive feeling of alarm or ELECTRICAL SAFETY
fear usually affecting a body of persons, originating in
some real or supposed danger, vaguely apprehended, and
leading to extravagant and injudicious efforts to secure
safety”.
In order to control this type of situations, Emergency

procedures shall be develop and exercises were stimulated
to prevent the unpredictable & unforeseen events.

ABOUT THIS MODULE COURSE OBJECTIVES

• This course is intended to provide training in the basic  Accident Prevention.
concepts and techniques of electrical safety. It offers
an overview of the safety related work practices for  Introduce Electrical Safety and Establish Its Role
employees who face a risk of electric shock that is not
in Today’s Industry.
reduced to a safe level by the electrical installation.  Introduce Basic Concepts and Techniques of
Electrical Safety Related Work Practices.
• Where you are unsure of a particular course of action,
 Provide Electrical Safety Skills for Personnel Who
you should safely secure your work area and report
May Come Into Contact With Electrical Hazards.
the problem to your supervisor. Never attempt to
second guess electrical hazards.
TRAINING FOR UNQUALIFIED PERSONS ELECTRICAL SAFETY IS IMPORTANT
THE EMPLOYER MUST PROVIDE TRAINING : A GOOD PROGRAM WILL HELP:

 Train in Safety Related Work Practices.  Improve Quality.
 Conduct Training Prior to Job Assignment.  Improve Absenteeism. SAFETY
STATISTICS
 Explain The Specific Regulations That Apply.  Maintain a Healthier Work Force.
 Explain The Hazards Associated with Electricity.  Reduce Injury and Illness Rates.
 Acceptance of High-Turnover Jobs.
 Workers Feel Good About Their Work.
 Reduce Workers’ Compensation Costs.
LESSON PLAN  Elevate SAFETY to a Higher Level of Awareness.
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DEFINITIONS DEFINITIONS
(Continued)
Qualified Person: ISN’T Unqualified Person: CALL

LIFE 8999
 A person who has the training GREAT  A person who has little or no NOW!!
in avoiding the electrical training with respect to
hazards of working on or near avoiding the electrical
exposed energized parts. And hazards of working on or near
who is familiar with the exposed energized parts. And
construction and operation of who is not familiar with the
the equipment and hazards construction and operation of
involved with the job the equipment and hazards
involved with the job.

What is Electricity?
OHM’S LAW
A fundamental entity of nature consisting of
negative and positive kinds composed of
Voltage
electrons and protons usually measured in Current = -----------------
electrostatic units Resistance
Is our most versatile form of energy. Failure

By corresponding units of measure:
to ensure that safe design, considerations,
work procedures, servicing and maintenance Volts
operation are established often result in Ampere = -----------------
bodily harm (including fatalities),property Ohms
damage or both
How do we distinguish High and Where do accident usually

Low Voltage? Happen?
• High Voltage High Voltage or Low Voltage
• 660 and Up Volts
Reasons:
• Low Voltage • It is were the public moves
• 1 to 659 Volts • Workmen are less experienced
• It is treated less dangerous
DANGERS FROM What is electrical Hazard?

ELECTRICITY
• Shock • An electrical source of

danger
• Burn
• A potential risk for an
electrical accident
• Fire

What are the types of Electrical

Hazard?
Examples of physical Hazard
There are two types: • Wet floors
Physical hazard- is a problem in which • Bare or frayed wires
the equipment or area surrounding it • Overloaded circuits
poses a threat due to physical condition • An electrical cord under a rug or trap.
Behavioral hazard- is when a • Energized equipment with exposed circuits
person, by the way they act or
behave, poses a threat for electrical
accident
RESISTANCE OF
Examples of behavioral Hazard?
MATERIALS
• Indifference Most metals ………………………...…>0 to 50 ohms
Human body (wet, ear to ear) ………100 ohms
Human body (damp, hand to foot) …400 to 600 ohms
• Lack of knowledge Human body (wet skin) ………….…1000 ohms
Human body (dry skin) ………….…100,000 to 800,000
ohms
• Working while stressed Dry wood …………………………….100,000 ohms
Wet wood …………………….……...1,000 ohms
Rubber …………………….100,000,000,000,000 ohms
• Taking shortcuts or risk
ELECTRIC SHOCK EFFECT TO THE HUMAN

OCCURRENCE MECHANISM BODY
• Breakdown of insulation • Disturbance to normal body function

• Human body comes in contact with bare • Burns on body tissue
conductor • Secondary accident
• Current flows through the human body • Involuntary grip
• Ventricular fibrillation
• Death

FACTORS AFFECTING PERSONAL SENSITIVITY TO

ELECTRIC SHOCK ELECTRIC SHOCK
• Amount of current flow • Age

• Duration of current flow • Skin condition
• Current pathway • Sex
• Body condition • Heart condition
PROTECTIVE MEANS PROTECTIVE MEANS

• Use of grounding system • Proper Installation of Electrical
• Decrease the line to earth voltage Circuit
• Use equipment with double • Insulation
insulating structure • Grounding
• Installation of earth leakage circuit • Fuse/Circuit Breaker
breaker • Lock-Out Tag-Out (LOTO)
• Equipment utilizing extra low voltage • Regular Inspection and Maintenance
• Remote control system Use of PPE
REMINDERS REMINDERS
• Strictly follow established standards • Observe proper maintenance
• Install temporary or permanent schedules
electrical installations properly • Conduct regular inspections
• Place warning signs • Only qualified personnel are allowed
• Use protective devices • Use appropriate electrical test
• Replace protective device with the instruments
same kind and rating • Always assume that the circuit is
energized

REMINDERS SELECTION OF WORK PRACTICES
• Observe LOTO  Knockouts and Panel Fillers:

• Use insulated tools
• Do not work alone on any part of the
circuit
Ensure knockouts and panel fillers
• Use the proper PPE are in place to prevent accidental
contact by unqualified personnel.
SELECTION OF WORK PRACTICES SELECTION OF WORK PRACTICES

(Continued) (Continued)
 Illumination:  General:
SOME TIPS TO CONSIDER
Safety-related work practices must be employed to
prevent electric shock or other injuries resulting
Employees may not enter spaces
from either direct or indirect electrical contacts,
containing exposed energized
when work is performed near or on equipment or
parts unless illumination is provided that enables he or
circuits which are or may be energized.
she to perform the work safely.
The specific safety-related work practices must be
Employees may not reach blindly into areas which may
contain energized parts. consistent with the nature and extent of the
associated electrical hazards.

 De-Energized Parts  Energized Parts
 Live parts must be de-energized before work is permitted  If the exposed live parts are not de-energized (i.e., for
on or near them, unless it can be demonstrated that de- reasons of increased or additional hazards or infeasibility),
energizing introduces additional or increased hazards or is other safety-related work practices must be used to protect
infeasible due to equipment design or operational employees who may be exposed to the electrical hazards
limitations. involved.
 Live parts that operate at less than 50 volts to ground need  Such work practices must protect employees against
not be de-energized if there will be no increased exposure contact with energized circuit parts directly with any part of
to electrical burns or to explosion due to electric arcs. their body or indirectly through some other conductive
object.


 Working On or Near Exposed Energized Parts  Overhead Lines

 If work is performed near overhead lines, they must be de-
 Only qualified persons may work on electric circuit parts or
energized and grounded, or other protective measures
equipment that have not been de-energized.
provided before work is started.
 Such persons must be capable of working safely on
 If the lines are to be de-energized, arrangements must be
energized circuits and must be familiar with the proper use
made with the person or organization that operates or
of special precautionary techniques, personal protective
controls them to de-energize and ground them.
equipment, insulating and shielding materials, and
insulated tools.
 All protective measures, must prevent employees from
contacting lines directly with any body part or indirectly
through conductive materials, tools, or equipment.

LOCKOUT TAGOUT OVERVIEW LOCKOUT TAGOUT DEFINITIONS

DANGER
- SAFETY AND HEALTH STANDARDS  Authorized Employee LOCKED
OUT
DO NOT OPERATE
- GENERAL INDUSTRY The Person Who Locks or Tags Out Machines This Lock/Tag may
only be removed by
To Perform Servicing or Maintenance. NAME: _______________
DEPT : _______________
EXPECTED COMPLETION
DATE: ________________
- LOCKOUT TAGOUT STANDARD  Affected Employee

TIME: _________________
An Employee Whose Job Requires Him or Her To Operate or Use a

Machine or Piece of Equipment On Which Servicing or Maintenance
Is Being Performed.

 Lockout Tag-out Operations  Application of Locks and Tags

 A lock and a tag must be placed on each disconnecting
 While any employee is exposed to contact with parts of fixed means used to de-energize circuits and equipment on
electric equipment or circuits which have been de-energized, which work is to be performed. The lock must be
the circuits energizing the parts must be locked out or securely attached.
tagged or both.
 Each tag must contain a statement prohibiting
 Fixed equipment refers to equipment fastened in place or unauthorized operation and removal of the tag.
connected by permanent wiring methods.
 If a lock cannot be applied, or if the employer can
 The employer must also maintain a written copy of the demonstrate that tagging procedures will provide a level
procedures. of safety equivalent to that obtained by the use of a lock,
a tag may be used without a lock.


 Application of Locks and Tags  Application of Locks and Tags
A tag used without a lock, must be supplemented by at least A lock may be placed without a tag only under the following
one additional safety measure that provides a level of safety conditions:
equivalent to that obtained by the use of a lock.
1. Only one circuit or piece of equipment is de-energized, and
Examples include: 2. The lockout period does not extend past the work shift, and
3. Exposed employees are familiar with this procedure
1. Removal of an isolating circuit element
2. Blocking of a controlling switch
3. Opening of an extra disconnecting device

 Verification of De-Energized Condition  Verification of De-Energized Condition

1. A qualified person must operate the equipment operating 3. Tests must determine if any energized condition exists as
controls or otherwise verify that the equipment cannot be a result of inadvertently induced voltage or unrelated
restarted. voltage back feed even though specific parts of the circuit
have been de-energized and presumed to be safe.
2. A qualified person must use test equipment to test the
circuit elements and electrical parts of equipment to Note: If the circuit to be tested is over 600 volts, nominal, the
which employees will be exposed and verify that the test equipment must be checked for proper operation
circuit elements and equipment parts are de-energized. immediately before and immediately after this test.

 Reenergizing Equipment  Reenergizing Equipment

The following requirements must be met, in the order given, 3. Each lock and tag must be removed by the employee who
before circuits or equipment are reenergized, even applied it or under his or her direct supervision. If this
temporarily. employee is absent, then the lock or tag may be removed by
a designated qualified person provided that:
1. A qualified person must conduct tests and visual
inspections, as necessary, to verify that all tools,  The employer ensures that the employee who applied
electrical jumpers, shorts, grounds, and other such the lock or tag is not available at the workplace, and.
devices have been removed.
 The employee is aware that the lock or tag has been
2. Exposed employees must be warned to stay clear of removed before he or she resumes work.
circuits and equipment during re-energizing.
 A visual determination ensures all employees are clear.

VEHICULAR AND MECHANICAL EQUIPMENT VEHICULAR AND MECHANICAL EQUIPMENT

(Continued)
Elevated Equipment: Elevated Equipment:
Vehicles or mechanical equipment Clearance may be reduced if:

capable of having elevated parts near
energized overhead lines must be 1. If the vehicle is in transit with its
operated so that a clearance of 10 ft. structure lowered, the clearance may be
(305 cm) is maintained. reduced to 4 ft. (122 cm). If the voltage is
higher than 50kV, the clearance must be
If the voltage is higher than 50kV, the increased 4 in. (10 cm) for every 10kV
clearance must be increased 4 in. (10 over that voltage.
cm) for every 10kV over that voltage.
VEHICULAR AND MECHANICAL EQUIPMENT VEHICULAR AND MECHANICAL EQUIPMENT

Elevated Equipment: Employees On The Ground:

Employees standing on the ground may not contact the vehicle or
Clearance may be reduced if: mechanical equipment or any of its attachments, unless:
2. If insulating barriers are installed to 1. The employee is using protective equipment rated for the
prevent contact with the lines, and if the voltage; or
barriers are rated for the voltage of the
line being guarded and are not a part of 2. The equipment is located so that no un-insulated part of its
or an attachment to the vehicle or its structure that provides a conductive path can come closer than
the approach distances outlined in to the line than permitted in
raised structure, the clearance may be
to the distance given in safety manual.
reduced to a distance within the
designed working dimensions of the
insulating barrier.
VEHICULAR AND MECHANICAL EQUIPMENT PORTABLE LADDERS

(Continued)
Employees On The Ground: Portable Ladders:

If any vehicle or mechanical equipment capable of having parts Portable ladders must have nonconductive side
of its structure elevated near energized overhead lines is
intentionally grounded, employees working on the ground near
rails if they are used where the employee or the
the point of grounding may not stand at the grounding location ladder could contact exposed energized parts.
whenever there is a possibility of overhead line contact.
Additional precautions, such as the use of barricades or

insulation, must be taken to protect employees from
hazardous ground potentials, depending on earth resistance
and fault currents, which can develop within the first few feet
or more outward from the grounding point.

CONDUCTIVE APPAREL HOUSEKEEPING DUTIES
Conductive Apparel: Housekeeping Duties:

Conductive articles of jewelry and clothing may not  Where live parts present an electrical contact
be worn if they might contact exposed energized hazard, employees may not perform housekeeping
parts. However, such articles may be worn if they duties at distances where there is a possibility of
contact.
are rendered nonconductive by covering, wrapping,
or other insulating means.  Adequate safeguards (such as insulating
equipment or barriers) must be provided.
 Electrically conductive cleaning materials may not

be used in proximity to energized parts unless
procedures are followed which prevent electrical
contact.
ELECTRICAL SAFETY INTERLOCKS USE OF EQUIPMENT
Interlocks: Portable Electric Equipment:

Only a qualified person may defeat an electrical safety 1. Handling. Portable equipment must be handled in a
interlock, and then only temporarily using established manner which will not cause damage. Flexible electric
cords connected to equipment may not be used for
procedures while he or she is working on the equipment.
raising or lowering the equipment. Flexible cords may
The interlock system must be returned to its operable not be fastened with staples or otherwise hung in such
condition when this work is completed. a fashion as could damage the outer jacket or
insulation.
USE OF EQUIPMENT USE OF EQUIPMENT

Portable Electric Equipment: Conductive Work Locations:

2. Visual inspection. Portable cord- and plug-connected Portable electric equipment and flexible cords used in highly
equipment and flexible cord sets (extension cords) must be conductive work locations (such as those inundated with
visually inspected before use on any shift for external defects water or other conductive liquids), or in job locations where
and for evidence of possible internal damage (such as pinched employees are likely to contact water or conductive liquids,
or crushed outer jacket). must be approved for those locations.
3. Cord- and plug-connected equipment and flexible cord sets

(extension cords) which remain connected once they are put in
place and are not exposed to damage need not be visually
inspected until they are relocated. If there is a defect or
evidence of damage they must be removed from service.


Connecting Attachment Plugs: Test Instruments and Equipment:

1. Employees' hands may not be wet when plugging and
1. Use. Only qualified persons may perform testing work on
unplugging flexible cords and cord- and plug-connected
electric circuits or equipment.
equipment, if energized equipment is involved.
2. Visual inspection. Test instruments and equipment and all
2. Energized plug and receptacle connections may be handled
associated test leads, cables, power cords, probes, and
only with insulating protective equipment if the condition of
connectors must be visually inspected for external defects and
the connection could provide a conducting path to the
damage before the equipment is used. If there is a defect or
employee's hand (if, for example, a cord connector is wet from
evidence of damage they must be removed from service.
being immersed in water).
3. Locking-type connectors must be properly secured after

connection.

Test Instruments and Equipment: Flammable or Ignitable Materials:

3. Rating of equipment. Test instruments and equipment and Where flammable materials are
their accessories must be rated for the circuits and equipment
present, electric equipment capable
to which they will be connected and must be designed for the
environment in which they will be used. of igniting them must not be used,
unless measures are taken to
prevent hazardous conditions from
developing. Such materials include,
but are not limited to: flammable
gases, vapors, or liquids;
combustible dust; and ignitable
fibers or flings.
PERSONNEL PROTECTION PERSONNEL PROTECTION

(Continued)
 Protective Clothing and Equipment Considerations: Barriers and Signage: DANGER DANGER DANGER
STOP HIGH
VOLTAGE
HIGH
VOLTAGE
HIGH
VOLTAGE
 Appropriate for the particular hazard(s)

 Maintained in good condition Barriers and signage should be
 Properly stored when not in use strategically placed in the work
 Kept clean, fully functional, and sanitary area to control access and ensure that only trained and
qualified personnel enter hazardous areas.
The arrangement of such equipment will vary

depending on the layout of the work area and the
specific needs of the job.


Signage: DANGER DANGER DANGER

Barriers and Barrier Tape:
HIGH HIGH HIGH
DANGER DANGER DANGER
VOLTAGE VOLTAGE VOLTAGE STOP HIGH

VOLTAGE
HIGH
VOLTAGE
HIGH
VOLTAGE
SOME TIPS TO CONSIDER SOME TIPS TO CONSIDER

Warning signs should be: Barriers and Barrier Tape should be:
 Standardized where possible  Standardized where possible

 Distinctive from other signage  Distinctive from other types of guards
 Posted at the appropriate height  Placed so that energized parts are not reachable
 Clearly warn personnel of the hazards  Positioned usually at least 3 feet from the hazard
 Posted at all entry ways to the work area  If barriers or tape or not sufficient, post attendants

General Protective Equipment and Tools: General Protective Equipment and Tools:
1. When working near parts, insulated 1. Fuse handling equipment, insulated

tools or handling equipment must be for the circuit voltage, must be used to
used. remove or install fuses when the fuse
terminals are energized.
2. If the insulating capability of insulated
tools or handling equipment is subject to 2. Ropes and hand lines used near
damage, the insulating material must be exposed energized parts must be
protected. nonconductive.
PERSONNEL PROTECTION
(Continued)
General Protective Equipment and Tools:

GENERAL PRECAUTIONS
1. Protective shields, barriers, or insulating materials must be
used to protect employees from electrical injuries while
working near exposed energized parts.
2. When normally enclosed live parts are exposed for

maintenance or repair, they must be guarded to protect
unqualified persons from contact with the live parts.

REGULATORY STANDARD
COURSE OBJECTIVES THE GENERAL DUTY
 Accident Prevention.
 Introduce Machine Guarding and Establish Its
Role in Today’s Industry. EMPLOYERS MUST: Furnish a place of
 Introduce Basic Concepts and Techniques of employment free of recognized hazards
Machine Safeguarding. that are causing or are likely to cause
 Provide Machine Safeguarding Skills for Safety death or serious physical harm to
Officers, Maintenance Workers and Floor
Supervisors.
employees.
MACHINE GUARDING IS REMEMBER

IMPORTANT
A GOOD PROGRAM WILL HELP:
Any machine part, function, or process
 Improve Quality. which may cause injury must be
SAFETY
 Improve Absenteeism. STATISTICS safeguarded. When the operation of a
 Maintain a Healthier Work Force. machine or accidental contact with it can
 Reduce Injury and Illness Rates. injure the operator or others in the vicinity,
the hazards must be either controlled or
 Acceptance of High-Turnover Jobs.
eliminated.
 Workers Feel Good About Their Work.
 Reduce Workers’ Compensation Costs.
 Elevate SAFETY to a Higher Level of Awareness.
BASICS OF MACHINE GUARDING BASICS OF MACHINE GUARDING
Where Mechanical Hazards Occur Where Mechanical Hazards Occur
 The Point of Operation:  The Point of Operation: Where work is performed

on the material, such as:
 Power Transmission Apparatus:
 Cutting
 Other Moving Parts:  Shaping
 Boring
 Forming of stock
LATHE

Where Mechanical Hazards Occur Where Mechanical Hazards Occur
 Power Transmission Apparatus: All components  Other Moving Parts: Any part of the machine
of the mechanical system which transmit energy which moves while the machine is working.

to the part of the machine performing the work.  Rotating parts
 Feed mechanisms

 Reciprocating parts
300 RPM  Transverse moving parts

 Auxiliary parts of the machine
Hazardous Mechanical Motions and Actions Hazardous Mechanical Motions and Actions
A wide variety of mechanical motions and actions
may present hazards to the worker: Recognition of these hazards is the first step
toward protecting workers from the danger
 Rotating members  they present.


Reciprocating arms
Moving belts

 Meshing gears 
 Cutting teeth
 Any parts that impact or shear
Hazardous Mechanical Motions Hazardous Mechanical Actions

Motions Actions
 Rotating  Cutting
 Reciprocating  Punching SHEARITE
 Transverse  Shearing
NIP POINT
CUTTING BLADES
 Bending

Hazardous Mechanical Motions Hazardous Mechanical Motions

 Rotating Motions  Rotating Motions
- Collars - Couplings - Cams Rotating motions can grip clothing, and through
- Clutches - Flywheels - Shaft ends mere skin contact force a limb into a dangerous
- Spindles - Meshing gears - Horizontal shafts position. The danger increases when projections
such as set screws, bolts, nicks, abrasions, and
- Vertical shafts
projecting keys or set screws are exposed on
rotating parts.

Hazardous Mechanical Motions Hazardous Mechanical Motions
 Reciprocating Motions  Reciprocating Motions
NIP POINT NIP POINT

RECIPROCATING MOTION
CAUGHT “IN-BETWEEN”
RECIPROCATING MOTION OR “STRUCK-BY”

Hazardous Mechanical Motions

Hazardous Mechanical Motions
 Transversing Motions  Rotating Motions

TRAVEL
NIP POINTS
IN-RUNNING NIP POINTS

BASICS OF MACHINE GUARDING

BASICS OF MACHINE GUARDING
Hazardous Mechanical
Actions Hazardous Mechanical Actions
 Cutting Actions  Cutting Actions

- Rotating motions  Band saws
- Reciprocating motions  Circular saws
- Transverse motions
 Boring machines
The danger of cutting action exists at the point  Drilling machines
of operation where finger, arm and bodily  Turning machines (lathes)
injuries can occur and where flying chips or  Milling machines
scrap material can strike the head, particularly in
the area of the eyes or face.
Hazardous Mechanical Actions Hazardous Mechanical Actions

 Punching Actions  Shearing/Bending Actions
20 TON DANGER
 Power presses  Mechanical shears CUTTING EDGE
 Iron workers  Hydraulic shears
 Pneumatic shears
 The principle hazard occurs
PRESS PRESS PRESS PRESS
ACME SHEARITE
at the point of operation PRESSES  The principle hazard occurs POWER SHEARS
where stock is inserted, held at the point of operation
or withdrawn. where stock is inserted, held
or withdrawn.
SHEAR TERROR

 Requirements for Safeguards
 Non-mechanical Hazard Considerations:
 Be securely attached  Power sources are potential sources of danger
 Create no new hazards  How will guarding affect equipment operation?
 Withstand operational conditions  Ensure proper grounding of systems
 Allow for safe routine maintenance  Replace frayed, exposed , or old wiring
 Consider effects of - High pressure systems
 Allow for safe operator adjustments - Extreme temp. conditions
 Withstand environmental conditions - Pulsation, vibration, or leaks
 Provide protection from falling objects - Noise or unwanted sounds
 Prevent contact with hazardous conditions - Cutting fluids and coolants
 Create no interference in the conduct of work HOT SURFACE

 Operator Training Considerations:  Operator Training Considerations:

 Provide instruction and or hands-on training
 Discuss the purpose of safeguards Defeating, altering, or removing safeguards
 Cover associated hazards thoroughly can cause injury to co-workers and can
 Involve guard designers in the training leave the person performing such actions
 Describe how to properly use safeguards liable under the OSHS.
 Describe how safeguards provide protection
 Describe circumstances for safeguard removal
 Explain what to do if safeguards are damaged
 Explain what to do if safeguards are missing
 Protective Clothing and Equipment Considerations:  Protective Clothing and Equipment Considerations:
ENGINEERING CONTROLS  FIRST CHOICE  Appropriate for the particular hazard(s)
 Work Station Design  Tool Selection and Design
 Process Modification  Mechanical Assist
 Maintained in good condition
 Properly stored when not in use
 ADMINISTRATIVE CONTROLS  SECOND CHOICE
 Kept clean, fully functional, and sanitary
 Training Programs  Job Rotation/Enlargement
 Pacing  Policy and Procedures
 PERSONNEL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT LAST CHOICE

 Gloves  Wraps
 Shields  Eye Protection
 Non-Slip Shoes  Aprons
METHODS OF MACHINE GUARDING METHODS OF MACHINE GUARDING
 Guarding Method Dependant on:  Manufacturers Recommendation:

 Type of material
Before beginning the process of guard
 Type of operation
procurement, design, or installation, the
 Method of handling equipment manufacturer should be
 Size or shape of stock consulted for advice.
 Physical layout of the work area
 Production requirements or limitations

 Generally:  Safeguards Are Grouped Under 5

Classifications:
 Power transmission apparatus is best
protected by fixed guards that enclose the  Guards
danger areas  Devices
 Locations/Distance
 Point of operation hazard guarding will
 Feeding and ejection methods
vary
 Miscellaneous aids
 Guards:
 Guards are barriers which prevent access
GUARDS to danger areas, there are four general

types:
 Fixed guards
 Interlocked guards
 Adjustable guards
 Self-Adjusting guards

 Fixed Guards:
 Fixed Guards:
ADVANTAGES
 Fixed guards are a permanent part of the
machine and not dependent upon moving parts  Can be constructed to suit many different
to perform its intended function. applications
 In-plant construction is often possible
 Can provide maximum protection
 Usually requires minimum maintenance
 Can be suitable to high production operations
 Can be suitable to high repetition operations

 Fixed Guards:  Interlocked Guards:

LIMITATIONS  Interlocked guards are designed to automatically
shut off or disengage the machine if the guard is
May interfere with visibility opened or removed
Can be limited to specific operations
Machine adjustments and repair often
AUTOMATIC AUTOMATIC
require guard removal, thereby VISUAL ALARM AUDIBLE ALARM
necessitating other means of protection
for maintenance personnel
 Interlocked Guards:  Interlocked Guards:

 Interlocked guards may use:  Interlocks should not prevent “inching” by
remote control if required
 Electrical power
 Mechanical power  Replacing guards should not automatically
restart the machine
 Hydraulic power
 Pneumatic power
OR ANY COMBINATION OF POWER SOURCES IMPORTANT
 Interlocked Guards:  Adjustable Guards:

ADVANTAGES  Typically adjusted by the operator
 Accommodate various sizes of stock
 Can provide maximum protection
 May require additional operator training
 Allows access to machine for removing jams  Adjustable guards are typically used on:
without time consuming removal of fixed guards
 Bandsaws
LIMITATIONS
 Tablesaws
 Requires careful adjustment and maintenance  Power presses
 May be easy to disengage jams  Routers
 Similar equipment

 Adjustable Guards:  Self-Adjusting Guards:

ADVANTAGES  Adjusts automatically to the work
 Accommodate various sizes of stock
 Can be constructed to suit many specific applications
 May require additional operator training
 Can be adjusted to admit varying sizes of stock
 Self-Adjusting guards are typically used on:
LIMITATIONS
 Radial arm saws
 Hands may enter danger area  Tablesaws
 Protection may not be complete at all times  Circular saws
 May require frequent maintenance and or adjustment  Routers
 Jointers
 The guard can be defeated by the operator
 Similar equipment
 May interfere with visibility
 Self-Adjusting Guards:
ADVANTAGES
 Off-the-shelf guards are often commercially available
LIMITATIONS
 Protection may not be complete at all times

DEVICES
 May require frequent maintenance and or adjustment
 May interfere with visibility
 Devices:  Devices:
 Devices fall into four general types:  Devices may perform one of several function:
 Presence-Sensing devices  Stop a machine if a body part is in danger

 Restrain or withdraw a hand if it is in danger
 Pullback devices
 Require activation by the use of both hands
 Restraint devices
 Provide a barrier synchronized to the operation
 Safety trip controls

 Presence-Sensing:  Presence-Sensing:
 Photoelectric
 Radio frequency Before beginning the process of
 Electromechanical procurement, design, or installation, the
equipment manufacturer should be
PRESS PRESS
consulted for advice.
ACME
PRESSES
 Presence-Sensing:  Pullback Devices:

 Photoelectric
 Attached to Wrists
 Radio frequency
20 TON  Positioning Critical
 Electromechanical
 Adjustment Critical NYLON
PULLBACK
PRESS PRESS
 Maintenance Critical STRAPS
ACME  Training Critical ATTACHED TO
PRESSES WRISTBANDS
 Must Stop Machine
Immediately!
 Restraint Devices:  Safety Trip Controls:

 Uses Cables or Straps  Body Trip Bars
 Affixes to Hands  Hand/Arm Trip Bars
 Tripwire Cables
 May Need Feeding Tools
 Positioning Critical
 Adjustment Critical
 Adjustment Critical
 Positioning Critical
 Maintenance Critical
 Maintenance Critical  Training Critical
 Training Critical  Manual Reset Needed
 Must Restrain Body Part  Must Stop Machine
From Hazard! Immediately!

 Two-Hand Control:  Location/Distance Safeguarding:

 Needs Constant Pressure  Position Dangerous Areas of Machines So That
 Needs Concurrent Pressure They Are Not Accessible During Normal
 Positioning Critical 20 TON Operations. Examples Include:
 Adjustment Critical  Position Hazard Areas Against a Wall
 Locate Hazards Out of Reach of Operators
PRESS

PRESS
Maintenance Critical ACME
 Training Important PRESSES  Add Enclosures or Fences to Restrict Access
 Must Stop Machine  Design Stock Feeding Openings Away From Hazards
 Position the Operators Control Station Away From
Immediately!
Hazards
METHODS OF MACHINE GUARDING

 Feeding and Ejection Methods:
 Automatic Feeds - Fed From Rolls, Indexed by
 Feeding and Ejection Methods:
Machine
 Manufacturers Should Be Consulted to Determine:
 Semiautomatic Feeds - Fed by Chutes, Movable  Feeding and Ejection Add-on Options
Dies, Dial Feed, Plungers, or Sliding Bolsters  Latest Technology Available
 Best Available Technology
 Automatic Ejection - Air or Mechanical Ejection  Operator Training Requirements
 Maintenance Staff Training Requirements
 Semiautomatic Ejection - Air or Mechanical  Cost Estimates for Upgrades
Ejection Initiated by The Operator  Feasibility Assessment Information
 Robotics - Perform Work Usually Performed by

Operator

 Miscellaneous Aids:  Guard Construction:
 Examples of Possible Applications:  Many Machines Come With Safeguards
 Awareness Barriers - (Not adequate for  Many Older Machines Now Have Safeguards
continuous hazards) Available
 Color coding of hazard areas  Manufacturers Are Increasingly More Concerned
 Signage
With Liability
 Shields (i.e. splash, eye protective, thermal etc.)
 Holding and Positioning Tools  Companies Not Specialized in Guarding Issues


METHODS OF MACHINE GUARDING  User Designed and Installed Guards:
 Often the Only Practical Solution for Older Equipment

 Builder Designed and Installed Guards:
 Can Be Designed and Built to Fit Unique & Changing
 Usually Conform to Design and Function of Situations
Machine Better
 Can Be Installed on Individual Dies and Feeding
 Can Be Designed to Strengthen the Machine in Mechanisms
Some Way or to Serve Some Additional Functional
 Can Help Promote Safety Consciousness in the
Purposes
Workplace
 Sometimes Do Not Conform As Well As “Builder
Designed”
 Depending on Talent and Resources May Be Poorly
Designed

 Point-of-Operations Guards :
Defined as: “The area on a machine where work is  Mechanical Power Transmission Apparatus Guards:
actually performed upon the material
 The only openings usually needed are for:
being processed.”
 Lubrication
 Complicated by the Number and Complexity of
 Adjustment
Machines in Use  Repair
 Must Fully Safeguard the Employee  Inspection
 Must Allow Production to Continue
 Hazard Analysis Is Usually Required 300 RPM
 If Poorly Designed, Built, or Installed Guards May

Create a Hazard Rather Than Eliminating One.

 Guard Material: LOCKOUT TAGOUT OVERVIEW
 Under Many Circumstances, Metal Is the Best
Material for Guards. Guard Framework Is Usually  Authorized Employee
Made From Structural Shapes, Pipe, Bar, or Rod
Stock. Filler Material Generally Is Expanded or The Person Who Locks or Tags Out Machines To Perform Servicing
or Maintenance.
Perforated or Solid Sheet Metal or Wire Mesh. It
May Be Feasible to Use Plastic or Safety Glass
Where Visibility Is Required.  Affected Employee
An Employee Whose Job Requires Him or Her To Operate or Use a
 Guards Made of Wood Generally Are Not Machine or Piece of Equipment On Which Servicing or Maintenance
Recommended Because of Their Flammability and Is Being Performed.
Lack of Durability and Strength. However, in
Areas Where Corrosive Materials Are Present,
Wooden Guards May Be the Better Choice.

LOCKOUT TAGOUT OVERVIEW WORK AT WORKING SAFELY

 Normal Operations
1. Covered If an Employee Must Remove or Bypass Guards Training is the key to success in managing safety in the
or Devices work environment. Attitude is also a key factor in
maintaining a safe workplace. Safety is, and always will
2. Covered Where Employees Are Required to Put A Body be a team effort, safety starts with each individual
Part in a Machine Process Area
employee and concludes with everyone leaving at the
3. Covered Where Employees Are Required to Put A Body end of the day to rejoin their families.
Part in a Machine Having a Danger Zone
Personal Protective • Determine the different types of PPE

• Distinguish the appropriate and approved
Equipment types of PPE needed in a workplace
• Know the limitations of PPE
Guidelines in PPE use

Personal Protective 1. Identify the hazard
2. Understand the effect
Equipment 3. Choose the appropriate and approved type of PPE
4. Train workers
Personal protective equipment are variety of - When PPE is necessary
devices and garments designed to serve as - What PPE is necessary
a barrier between workers and workplace - How to properly wear and adjust the PPE
hazards. - The limitations of PPE
- The proper care, maintenance, useful life, and
disposal of PPE

Personal Protective
Equipment Occupational Head Hazards & Effects
HAZARDS EFFECTS
Impact from falling objects Perforation/fracture

Head Protection Eye & Face Protection
Bump against rigid
of the skull
Hearing Protection Respiratory Protection stationary objects
Penetration by sharp objects
Hand & Arm Protection Foot Protection
Contact with live electrical Electrical shock
Torso Protection Fall Protection
conductors
Fire hazards Burns
Parts of a Hard Hat

Hard Hat or
Safety Helmet 1. The hard outer shell protects the head from
sharp objects, such as falling tool.
A rigid device that is 2. The suspension system includes the
worn to provide head headband and straps on the inside of the
protection from falling hat.
materials and which is 3. The chin strap secure the hard hat to the
held in place by a wearer’s head.
suitable suspension.
4. The brim redirects a falling object away.
Characteristics of Hard Hats (ANSI Z89.1)

Types of Headwear
HARD HAT must be able to absorb the shock
of the blow from falling objects and be able to Type 1 - protection from impact and
resist penetration from sharp objects. penetration at the crown (top)
Hard hats vary as to electrical resistant
capability. Type 2 - protection from impact, penetration
at the crown (top) and laterally (sides)
Additional characteristics of a hard hat is
its ability for low water absorption and
slow flammability rate of the shell.

Classes of Safety Helmets

(ANSI Z89.1) Eye & Face
Class “A” or “G” - in addition to impact and penetration
resistance, provide electrical protection from low Protection
voltage conductors. Proof tested to 2,200 volts
Class “B” or “E”– in addition to impact and penetration Eye and face protective
resistance, provide electrical protection from high equipment shall be required
voltage conductors. Proof tested to 20,000 volts where there is a reasonable
probability of injury that can
Class “C” – provide impact and penetration protection be prevented by such
and should not be used around electrical hazards. equipment.
Effects of Occupational Eye and Face

Occupational Eye and Face Hazards Hazards
1. Large flying particles and fragments from operations EFFECTS

such as caulking, chiseling, metal working and
riveting. 1. Permanent loss of vision
2. Dust, fumes, mists, and small particles from 2. Temporary loss of vision
woodworking, light grinding, sanding, metal 3. Inflamed eyes
working, spot welding, scaling, and paint spraying. 4. Skin Burns
3. Vapors and liquids from solvents and paints. 5. Lacerations
4. Intense heat and radiation from furnace tending, 6. Fractures
electric welding, and oxyacetylene welding and 7. Broken Teeth
cutting.
Eye and Face Protection Safety Spectacles or Glasses are primary protective
(ANSI Z87.1) devices intended to shield the wearer’s eyes from flying and
striking objects, glare and injurious radiation hazards.
1.Safety Spectacles
2.Eye Goggles
Goggles are primary protective devices intended to fit the face
3.Face Shields immediately surrounding the eyes.

Use of Eye and Face Protections

Face Shield is a protective device
"A a general rule, face shields should
intended to shield the wearer’s face, or be worn over suitable basic eye
portions thereof from striking objects protection."
or chemical, heat and glare hazards.
- National Safety Council
When Should You Wear a Hearing Protection ARM’S LENGTH RULE

Device?
 “If two people (with no hearing
You should wear a hearing impairment) have to raise their voices or
protection device whenever shout to be heard in a distance of less
you are exposed to noise that than an arm’s length from each other,
is 85 - 90 decibels or greater the sound level is potentially
hazardous.”
for an 8-hour period of time. blah, blah, blah…
Types of Hearing Protectors Types of Hearing Protectors
Earplugs Earmuffs
Hearing protectors placed inside the ear to block A device composed of a headband with
out noise. To work effectively, they should fit two cushioned ear cups that form a seal
snugly into the ear canal.
around the outer ear, covering it
completely and blocking out the noise.

RESPIRATORY HAZARDS FILTRATION RESPIRATORS

or Mechanical Respirators
Acids/Mists screen out dust and some form
Solvents/Vapors of mist. Such Filters need to be
replaced at frequent intervals.
Gases / Smoke
Dusts/Particulates CHEMICAL CARTRIDGE
DEVICES remove contaminants
Heavy Metals/Fumes by passing the tainted air
through material that traps the
harmful portions. There are
specific cartridges for specific
contaminants.
AIR-SUPPLYING EQUIPMENT Hand and Arm Hazards

Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) 1. Temperature extremes
Supply air from an air tank is strapped at 2. Chemical exposures and splashes
the person’s back.
3. Sharp objects
4. Fire
5. Abrasive materials
6. Live Electrical Conductors
Common Hand & Arm Injury Different kinds of gloves

• Burns
• Bruises
• Abrasions
• Cuts
• Punctures
Metal-meshed Leather gloves Vinyl & neoprene
• Fractures gloves resist
sharp edges and
shield your hands
from rough
gloves protect
your hands
• Amputations prevent cuts surfaces and heat against toxic
chemicals
• Electrocution

GLOVES continued… GLOVES continued…
Rubber gloves Latex disposable Lead-lined gloves are Cotton gloves

Welder’s gloves
protect you when gloves are used to used to protect your help grasp
protect your
working around protect your hands hands from radiation slippery objects
hands from heat
electricity. from germs and sources. and protect
and flames
bacteria against slivers,
dirt,, moderate
heat or cold.
Common Foot and Leg Injury

Foot and Leg Protection
• Fractures
Hazards:
Falling or rolling objects
• Punctures
Sharp objects • Burns
Live Electrical conductors • Cuts
Hot surfaces
• Amputations
Wet, slippery surfaces
• Electrocution
Safety Shoes
Safety Shoes Classification
(ASTM F 2413)
Steel toe cap Heavy Duty or Class 75

footwear protects your
toes from being crushed Medium Duty or Class 50
by falling objects.
Mid-sole steel plate

protects the foot from punctured
hazards.

Electrical Properties of Safety Shoes LIMITATIONS OF PPE
ELECTRICAL RESISTANCE footwear are

1. The hazard still exists.
insulated with tough rubber to prevent shocks 2. A defective PPE offers no protection
and burns from electricity.
3. The PPE may introduce additional hazard.
4. Most PPE are not for continuous use.
ELECTROSTATIC DISSIPATING footwear
conducts static electricity to floors that are 5. Improper wearing may not give maximum
grounded. protection.
6. It may transfer hazard to another
location.
Summary
• Assess the workplace for hazards
• Use engineering and work practice controls to
eliminate or reduce hazards before using PPE
• Select appropriate and approved PPE to protect INDUSTRIAL
employees from hazards that cannot be
eliminated HYGIENE
• Inform employees why the PPE is necessary, how
and when it must be worn
• Train employees how to use and care for their PPE,
including how to recognize deterioration and
failure
• Require employees to wear selected PPE
What is Industrial Hygiene ?

Objectives: The science and art devoted to
anticipation, recognition, evaluation
• Discuss the fundamental concepts of and control of environmental factors and
Industrial Hygiene stresses arising in or from the workplace,
which may cause sickness, impaired health
and well-being, or significant discomfort
• Recognize the different environmental among workers or among citizens of the
hazards in the workplace community.
• Evaluate and identify the control of the

different environment hazards.

Purpose of Industrial Hygiene
 To improve working conditions

and ensure the health of workers
Recognition of
Work Environment
Hazards
Environmental Hazards Chemical Hazards

… arise from excessive airborne concentration
Chemical Physical
Mist
Vapor
Fumes
Biological Ergonomics Gas
Dust
Chemical Hazards
Chemical Hazards
Mist
- fine particles of a liquid float in air (particle size Mist
of 5um to 100um) - Alkali used in bottle cleaning, production of liquid,
- Acids used in electroplating, dyeing treatment of hand soap and lithography,
leather, metal pickling, laboratory agents, cleaning Ex. Sodium Hydroxide
agents Potassium Hydroxide
Ex. Formic Acid Ammonium Hydroxide
Acetic Acid
Sulfuric Acid
Hydrochloric Acid

Chemical Hazards
Chemical Hazards
Vapor (Solvent)
Fumes ( Heavy Metals)
-substances that are liquid at room temperature
evaporate. - gas condensed in air, chemically changed and
becomes fine solid particles which float in air.
- lacquers/paints, cleaning agents, waxes and linoleum,
adhesives, textiles, anesthetic
- welding, soldering, cutting
ex. Ethanol
Acetone
Benzene Ex. Iron Oxide fumes
Hexane Lead fumes
Methyl Acrylate Cadmium fumes
Ethyl Ether
Chemical Hazards Chemical Hazards

Dusts/ Particulates
Gases
-small solid harmful substances created by the
-substances in gaseous state and are always breaking up of larger particles by process such as
airborne in room temperature. grinding, crushing, drilling, explosion.
- combustion process, refrigeration, fertilizers, sewer - Silica dust (building materials such as stone, bricks,
gas, fumigating agent concrete/cement); Metal dust (welding rods and
alloys); Asbestos dust (insulators, sprayed coatings,
Ex. Carbon Monoxide, Ammonia roofing tiles).
Hydrogen Sulfide, SulfurDioxide
Methyl Bromide
Hydrogen Phosphide gas (from
Magnesium & Aluminum Phosphide
Classification of Chemicals
What is a Hazardous Chemicals (Based on Health Effects)
A Health Fire and Dangerous for 1. Toxic

Risk Explosion Environment 2. Irritant
Hazard
3. Corrosive
4. Carcinogenic
5. Teratogenic
6. Mutagenic

! (Based on Health Effects)
Toxic Chemicals Irritants

 Non-corrosive substances, which can cause
 Overexposure can cause injury or death inflammation through immediate, prolonged
or repeated contact with the skin or mucous
 Chemicals with a lethal dose (LD50) of >50 and membrane.
<500 mg/kg body weight
 Chemicals with a lethal concentration (LC50) in air Examples:
of >200 and <1000 ppm
Inflammation of the skin
Eye irritation
Irritation to the respiratory system
(Based on Health Effects)
Corrosives Flammable Liquids
 Strong acids & bases that can destroy human tissue and can - Give off vapors at room temperature
corrode metals.
- Have a Flash point below 100o F
 Examples:
Examples: alcohols – methanol, IPA
Acids Bases
esters - ethyl acetate
acetic acid ammonium hydroxide
ethers - diethyl ether
citric acid potassium hydroxide
gasoline, lighter fluid, paint thinner
muriatic acid (HCl) drain declogger (NaOH)
Oxidizers Compressed Gases

 All compressed gases have large amount of
 substances that readily decompose under energy stored in the cylinder from the compression
certain conditions to yield O2 or react to of gas
promote or initiate combustion of flammable
or combustible materials  Dropping or knocking over a cylinder can cause
the energy to release
 fire hazard
 May even propel like a rocket
Examples: acetylene , compressed air, methane
oxygen

Water Reactives Explosives

• Substances often react violently with water  substances and preparations capable by chemical
and may ignite or generate toxic, flammable, or reaction of producing gas at such a temperature,
pressure and speed as to cause damage to people
corrosive gases
and surroundings
Examples:
 are chemicals that are capable of catching fire or
Solids Liquids exploding if subjected to certain conditions such
calcium carbide (F) acetyl chloride (F) as flame, shock or friction, even static electricity
magnesium (F) chlorosulfonic acid  includes pure chemicals such as trinitrotoluene
(TNT)
Physical Hazards
 Excessive Noise
Noise
 Inadequate Illumination
• Sound produced by pressure vibration describing
 Extreme Temperature a disorder or unwanted noise
Extreme Pressure
Vibration • Unit of measurement:decibels
• Instrument Used: sound level meter
Radiation
• Types of noise: continuous, impact
Noise
Microphone Classification of Noise
Windscreen
Function Selector Continuous/Steady Noise
Preamplifier
Digital Display
- the variation in noise level involves maximum
Mounting Ring intervals of 1 second or less
Analog Meter
Level Range Selector
Control Section Impact/Impulsive Noise
- the variation in noise level has an interval over
1 second

Arm’s Length Rule

Heat
“If two (2) people with no hearing impairment
have to raise their voices or shout to be heard in a • Environmental and physical work factors that
distance of less than arms length from each other, constitute the total heat load imposed on the
body
the sound level is potentially hazardous.”
• Unit of measurement: WBGToC
• Instruments Used:
Globe thermometer
Natural Wet Bulb thermometer
Psychrometer
Heat Stress
Excessive Heat Load
Factors influencing heat stress
1. Air Temperature
2. Air Humidity
3. Air Velocity
Wet Bulb 4. Radiant Temperature
Thermometer 5. Physical Workload
6. Work Rest Regimen
Illumination Types of Lighting

• Measure of the stream of light falling on a surface
 General lightning
Lux : unit of measurement
Lux meter: instrument used  Local lightning

Factors in Determining Extreme Pressure

Quantity of Light
High Pressure
 Nature of Work Occupational Exposure:
 Environment Underwater tunneling
Diving
 Worker’s Eyesight
Sewage construction
Aviation
Radiation Inadequate Ventilation

Types of Radiation:
Ventilation is the process of supplying
Ionizing Radiation and removing air by natural or
• Cosmic radiation coming from outer space mechanical means to and from any
and radioactive materials space.
• X-rays, Gamma Rays, Alpha and Beta
Particles
Non-Ionizing Radiation
• Lasers, Microwave, Infrared (IR), Visible
light, Ultraviolet (UV) radiation, radio
frequencies
Biological Hazards Ergonomic Hazards

These include… Customs, habits, and laws of work.
Bacteria
Virus These include…
Fungi Improperly designed tools or work areas
Molds Improper lifting or reaching
Poor visual conditions
Microorganisms
Repeated motion in awkward position

Confined Spaces Hazards Recognition

Recognition of the different hazards can be
Any space with one or more of the following accomplished by…
characteristics:
Limited or restricted means for entry or exit;  Walk-through survey/ocular inspection
Not designed for continuous employee occupancy;  Reviewing process involved
Unnatural ventilation;  Knowing the raw materials used, products
and by-products
Is large enough and so configured that an  Gathering of worker’s complaints
employee can bodily enter and perform work.
 CSDS/MSDS
Contents of the CSDS/MSDS

What is CSDS/MSDS?
1. Identification of the Chemicals
A summary of the important health, 2. Composition/Information on Ingredients.

safety and toxicological information on 3. Hazards Identification.
the chemical or the mixture ingredients. 4. First-aid Measures.
5. Fire-fighting Measures.
6. Accidental Release Measures
7. Handling and Storage
8. Personal Protection
Contents of the CSDS/MSDS Recognition of Hazards

9. Physical and Chemical Properties
10. Stability and Reactivity
11. Toxicological Information
12. Ecological Information
13. Disposal Considerations
14. Transport Information
15. Regulatory Information
16. Other Information

Examples of Processes or
Operation
Type of Type of
Process Contaminant Process Contaminant
Industry Industry
 Dust  Fumes
Sewing Car Assembly Welding  Ultraviolet
Textile
Dyeing  Organic Vapor rays
Drilling/Grinding/  Dust
Electronics Soldering  Lead Fumes Piping
Cutting
Plating  Acid Mist
Painting  Organic Vapor Molding  Organic Vapor
Construction Rubber &
Sanding  Dust Plastic Products
Hazard Evaluation
Determination of the magnitude or
Evaluation of Work level of hazards with the use of IH
equipment through WEM
Environment
 Analysis of samples
Hazards
 Comparison of results of
measurement with the standards
Purpose of
Work Environment Measurement Work Environment Measurement
(WEM) (WEM)
Refers to the determination of  To monitor worker’s exposure to
environmental stresses and their harmful substances;
hazardous effects on worker’s health  To evaluate the effectiveness of
through direct measurement of the environmental control measures
working environment using IH adopted to improve the workplace;
equipment.
 To maintain favorable environment
conditions.

Rule 1070 of Occupational Safety

and Health Standards (OSHS) Types of Environmental
Rule 1077 : Working Environment Measurement
Monitoring
(WEM)
•The employer shall exert efforts to maintain and control
the working environment in comfortable and healthy  Area/Environmental Sampling
conditions for the purpose of promoting and maintaining
the health of his workers.  Personal Sampling
•The employer shall carry out the WEM in indoor or other
workplaces where hazardous work is performed and shall  Biological Monitoring
keep a record of such measurement which shall be made
available to the enforcing authority.
•The WEM shall be performed periodically as may be
necessary but not longer than annually.
Area/Environmental Sampling Personal Sampling
Actual Personal Air Sampling Equipment Set-

up
Biological Sampling
 Sampling Pump
Low Flow – 50- 350 mL/min -
High Flow - 1 - 5 L/min
Sampling Media
Filter Cassettes
Sorbent Tubes
Impingers
Sample Bags

Direct-Reading Instruments
(Gas Detection Instruments) WEM Instruments
Instruments like:
 Combustible Gas
Detector
 Oxygen Monitor
 Toxic Gas Detector
 Detector Tube Pump
can be use for on-the
spot assessment of
ambient air •Activated •Membrane filters
•Midget Impingers
•Glass / Quartz fiber filters
charcoal tubes •Bubblers •Cellulose filter filters
Evaluation of Results of WEM Analysis of Samples

o The results of measurement are evaluated to determine
whether or not they represent actual health hazards. Analytical equipment Sample
o Results are compared with the accepted standards of
maximum allowable concentrations or levels as prescribed –Gas Chromatograph –Solvents
by the: –High Performance –Inorganic chemicals
Liquid
Occupational Safety and Health Standards (OSHS) of Chromatograph
the Department of Labor and Employment (DOLE);
American Conference of Governmental Industrial –Atomic Absorption –Metals
Hygienists (ACGIH) – Threshold Limit Values (TLVs) Spectrophotometer
& Biological Exposure Indices (BEIs)
Occupational Safety & Health Administration (OSHA) –X-ray Diffractometer –Mineral dust
National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health –Asbestos fibers
(NIOSH)
–UV-Vis –Acids and Other
Spectrophotometer Chemicals
Threshold Limit Value (TLV) TLV of Airborne Contaminants

 Threshold Limit Value(TLV) – exposure Particulates Mists
guidelines established for airborne
concentration of many chemical Asbestos –2 fibers/cc HCl - 5 ppm
compounds. H3PO4 - 0.25 ppm
Dust (resp.)- 5 mg/m3
Dust (total)- 10 mg/m3 H2SO4 - 0.25 ppm
 Categories: HNO3 - 2 ppm
– TLV/TWA - Time Weighted Average
– TLV/STEL - Short Term Exposure Limit
– TLV/C - Ceiling

TLV of Airborne Contaminants Recommended Illumination Levels
GASES VAPORS Type of work / operation performed Minimum lighting

level
CO 50ppm Acetone 1,000ppm Discrimination of detail is not essential 50 lux
passageway, corridor, warehouse
Benzene 25ppm-C Slight discrimination of detail 100 lux
CO2 5,000ppm
Toluene 100ppm Engine, boiler, locker, washrooms, etc.
Cl2 1ppm Moderate discrimination of detail 200 lux
Methanol 200ppm
O2 19.5 % Close discrimination of detail 300 lux
Ethanol 1,000ppm
Discrimination of fine detail 500 - 1000 lux
H2S 10 ppm Methyl 500ppm-C
Discrimination of extremely fine detail 1000 - 2000 lux
Chloride
Examples of Permissible Heat Exposure Threshold Limit Values

[Values are given in 0C and (0F) WGBT] Permissible Noise Exposure (PNE)
Level
Workload
Work-Rest Regimen Duration/day Sound Level
Light Moderate Heavy
Hours (hr) dB(A)
Continuous work 30.0 (86) 26.7 (80) 25.0 (77)
8 90
6 92
75% work – 25% Rest, 30.6 (87) 28.0 (82) 25.9 (78)
each hour 4 95
3 97
2 100
50% work – 50% Rest,
31.4 (89) 29.4 (85) 27.9 (82) 1½ 102
each hour
1 105
25% work – 75% Rest, 1/2 110
each hour 32.2 (90) 31.1 (88) 30.0 (86)
1/4 115
Objective in the control of hazardous

Control Measures substances :
To prevent or
minimize exposure
of workers to
harmful
environmental
hazards which could
lead to serious
occupational
illnesses and
diseases and even
death.

Generalized Diagram of
Methods of Control
SOURCE AIR PATH RECEIVER
Interactions Between People and Environment
ENGINEERING CONTROL
Environment Control Measures
1. Substitution
2. Modification in Process/Equipment
1. Engineering control 3. Maintenance of
equipment
2. Administrative control
4. Isolation
3. Personal Protective Equipment
5. Wet method
6. Industrial Ventilation
PURPOSE OF INDUSTRIAL
INDUSTRIAL VENTILATION VENTILATION
To ensure condition of thermal
The process of supplying or comfort
removing air by natural or To renew the air in the workplace,
mechanical means to and from any therefore diluting eventual air
space. contaminants to acceptable levels.
To prevent hazardous air
contaminants from reaching the
workers breathing zone

TYPES OF INDUSTRIAL GENERAL VENTILATION

VENTILATION
It aims at the removal of air in the
work environments so that the
General or Dilution Ventilation possible contaminants are diluted
Local Exhaust Ventilation to levels considered to be not
harmful to health.
DILUTION VENTILATION IS LESS

General or Dilution Ventilation EFFECTIVE AND MORE EXPENSIVE WHEN
1. Contaminants is highly toxic
2. Emitted materials are primarily
particulates
3. Emissions vary with time
4. Emission sources consist of
large point sources
Natural Ventilation Mechanical 5. Employees work in the
Ventilation immediate vicinity of the
emission source
Short Circuiting
Important Pointers for Work Environment
Improvement through Industrial Ventilation
1. Air exhausted must be replaced by a supply

air
2. Avoid cross drafts of air near local exhaust
hoods
3. Short circuiting of air must be prevented

LOCAL EXHAUST VENTILATION (LEV)
It aims at the removal of

the air contaminants from
Zone of the working environment
Contaminant
Release Operators Breathing before they can reach the
Zone Clean Air
Discharge Supply
breathing zone of the
Opening workers in harmful
concentration.
TABLE OF RANGE OF
LOCAL EXHAUST VENTILATION
CONTROL VELOCITIES
SYSTEM
Duct Stack Range of Control Velocities:
Air Cleaning Device
Condition of Dispersion of Examples Control Velocity,
Contaminant m/sec
Released with practically no Evaporation 0.25 – 0.50

velocity into quiet air from tanks
Released at low velocity into Spray booth, 0.50 – 1.0

moderately still air plating, welding
Active generation into zone of Barrel filling, 1.0 – 2.5

rapid air motion crushers
Released of high initial velocity Grinding, abrasive 2.5 – 10.0

Hoods Fan into zone of rapid air motion blasting
ADMINISTRATIVE CONTROL ADMINISTRATIVE CONTROL

1. Reduction of work periods 1. Reduction of work periods
2. Adjusting work schedules 2. Adjusting work schedules
3. Employee information and training 3. Employee information and training
4. Job Rotation
5. Education of supervisors
6. Housekeeping and Maintenance

PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT TYPES OF RESPIRATORS

(PPE)
Dust / Gas Respirators
Goggles/Spectacles 1. Air Purifying Respirators

2. Air - supplying Respirators
Face Shields
Gloves
Aprons
Types of Respirators (Air-Purifying) Types of Respirators (Air-Supplying)
Dust Mask/ Mechanical Filter Chemical Cartridge Type Self Contained Breathing Apparatus SCBA
Criteria for Selection REMEMBER…

of Respirators
All hazards can be controlled
• Identification of contaminants There are usually many alternative methods
of control
• Maximum possible concentration of Some methods of control are better than the
contaminants in the workarea others
• Acceptability in terms of comfort Some situations will require more than one
control method to obtain optimum results
• Compatibility with the nature of job
• Proper fit to the face of user to prevent
leakage

Summary Summary
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
ECOGNITION
• Ocular inspection Vapours
• MSDS Gases Fumes
Work Dispersion
• Raw Materials Dust
• Process Generation
Diffusion
Chemical Substance Noise
VALUATION ONTROL
Raw Materials Mist Environment
•WEM •Engineering Heat
Process Contamination
•Laboratory Analysis • Administrative
•Comparison w/standards •PPE’s Contamination of Work Environment
Safe and Healthy Working Environment
Entrance Injury
to
Human
Body
Accumulation
Excretion
Illness OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH
Death
Metabolic
Reaction
Damage to Human Environment
OBJECTIVES:
PHYSICAL HAZARD • Discuss and explain common hazards in
the workplace and their effects to
workers’ health.
ERGONOMIC HAZARD CHEMICAL HAZARD
• Recommend appropriate measures to

BIOLOGICAL HAZARD prevent occupational and work-related
illnesses.

OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH ( ILO/WHO ) HAZARD AND RISK

Promote and maintain the highest degree of physical,  HAZARD  RISK
mental & social well-being of workers of all
occupations; - any source of - the chance or
potential damage, probability that a
Prevent workers from departures due to health harm or adverse person will be
caused by their working conditions;
health effects on harmed or
Protect workers in their working environment from something or experience an
hazards and risks usually causing adverse health someone under adverse health effect
effects;
certain conditions at if exposed to a
Place & maintain a worker in an occupational work. hazard.
environment adapted to his/her physiological ability.
WORKPLACE HAZARDS
Safety Hazards Health Hazards Will exposure to hazards in the
 working conditions where  working conditions which
workplace ALWAYS cause injury,
harm to the workers is of an result in an illness illness or other adverse health
immediate and violent nature
effects?
 result in broken bones, cuts,  exposure to dangerous
bruises, sprains, loss of limbs, substances or conditions,
etc. such as chemicals, gases,
 the harm results in some kind dusts, noise etc.
of injury to the worker
 associated with poorly  often, latency between
guarded or dangerous exposure and disease
equipment and machinery
Factors that Determine Disease

Development
Genetic Physical
factors properties
Workplace factors Lifestyle Magnitude of
+ exposure
WORK- Workplace
Workers’ susceptibility Age
Workers’
Susceptibility RELATED Factors Duration of
_______________________________ DISEASE exposure
Timing of
Gender
exposure
Medical Multiplicity of
history exposure

Chemical Hazards
Routes of entry into the body
Inhalation Skin Contact
CHEMICAL HAZARDS
Ingestion
Chemical Hazards
Chemical Hazards Classification of Toxic Effects
Routes of excretion
• Local toxicity- occurs at the site of chemical contact
• Systemic toxicity- occurs distant from point of contact,

may involve many organ systems
• Acute toxicity- occurs almost immediately

(hours/days) after an exposure
Gastro-intestinal Renal (urine) Respiratory Skin (sweat, hair, nails) • Chronic toxicity- represents cumulative damage to
(feces) (exhalation) specific organ systems; occurs many months or years
to have recognizable clinical disease

Health Effects
 Renal Diseases Effects Chemical Agent Industry/Process
 Respiratory Diseases Renal Diseases: Battery, chemical

acute/chronic renal Mercury, cadmium, industries,
 Skin Diseases failure chloroform pesticide
 Hematologic Diseases Respiratory Diseases:

Irritation, inflammation Solvents, ammonia Chemical industries
 Cardiovascular
Pneumoconiosis Inorganic dust Mining, construction,
Diseases sandblasting, coal
 Neurologic Diseases
Cancer Chromium Plating, metal refining
 Carcinogenic
 Teratogenic

Blood Diseases: Liver Disease:

Anemia Lead Battery mfg., lead Acute liver toxicity Carbon Cleaning fluids, dry
smelting tetrachloride cleaners
Liver cancer Vinyl chloride Plastics & vinyl
Aplastic anemia Benzene Solvent & soap mfg.
chloride mfg.
Skin Diseases: Cardiovascular Disease:

Allergic/contact Plastic epoxides Plastic, varnish Hypertension Lead, Cadmium Battery mfg. &
dermatitis recycling
Acne Cutting oils, grease Machine-tool Atherosclerosis Carbon disulfide Degreasing, dry
operators cleaning
Skin Cancer Arsenic, tar Petroleum refinery Arrythmias Fluorocarbon, Refrigeration, solvent
trichloroethylene workers
Chemical Hazard: Prevention

 Routes of entry can determine the methods of
prevention
 Practice proper personal hygiene
PHYSICAL HAZARDS
 Ensure access of workers to washing facilities, food
storage, and provide eating areas away from workplaces
 Biological monitoring helps in early determination of
diseases cause by chemicals in the work environment
Physical Hazards
• Noise
• Vibration
• Extreme Temperature
• Illumination
• Radiation

Ear Anatomy NOISE FACTORS
• Intensity
• Duration
• Type
NOISE NOISE
Types of Noise-Induced Hearing Loss Other Harmful Effects of Noise
• Temporary Threshold Shift (auditory fatigue) • Hypertension

• temporary loss of hearing acuity after exposure • Hyperacidity
to loud noise • Palpitations
• recovery within 16-48 hrs • Stress-related disorder
(sleep disturbance & irritability)
• Permanent Threshold Shift
• irreversible loss of hearing
NOISE NOISE: PREVENTION

Early Signs of Hearing Loss  Baseline and Periodic Audiogram
• Difficulty in understanding spoken words in
a noisy environment
• Need to be near or look at the person
speaking to help understand words
• Familiar sounds are muffled
• Complaints that people do not speak clearly
• Ringing noises in the ears (tinnitus)

VIBRATION
• Physical factor which affects man by
transmission of mechanical energy from
oscillating sources
• Types
• Segmental vibration
• Whole body vibration
Segmental Vibration: Whole Body Vibration:

• Health Effects:
—Hand Arm Vibration Syndrome (HAVS) • Health effects:
—tingling, numbness, blanching of • Disorders of the spine
fingers
—pain • Low back pain
VIBRATION: PREVENTION
• Administrative Measures
• Adequate information and training to operators of
vibrating machinery on correct and safe work
practices
• Arrange work schedules to include rest periods
• Technical Measures
• Choice of tools with lowest vibration and
ergonomic designs
• Medical Procedures
• Pre-employment medical screening and
subsequent clinical examination at regular interval

EXTREME HOT TEMPERATURE Health Effects of Heat Stress
Disorders Causes Clinical Features

• Sources of heat stress: Heat Stroke Failure of temperature Convulsions, muscle
control center in brain itching, delirium with hot &
dry skin, body temp >410
• Natural Conditions Heat Exhaustion Physical exertion, loss of Dizziness, blurred vision,
water & electrolytes cold & clammy extremities
• Hot work processes related to
Heat Cramps Loss of water & Cramps in extremities
furnaces, kilns, boilers and smelting electrolytes
Milaria rubra Malfunction of sweat Itchy skin rashes
glands
HEAT STRESS: PREVENTION

 Acclimatization
 Adapting the worker to a very hot environment by
exposing to the area progressively (3-4 hours in
the first working days and the duration increases
afterwards)
 Hydration
 Frequent drinking of small amounts of water
Electromagnetic Spectrum
RADIATION
Source Frequency in hertz (Hz) Types Sources Health Effects

X-rays, about
1 billion 22
Ionizing X-rays Skin reddening, sterility congenital
Gamma rays 10
billion Hz
20 Gamma rays defects, death
can penetrate 10
the body and damage X-rays 18
internal organs and tissues 10
by damaging important 16
Non-ionizing Ultraviolet Skin redness, premature skin ageing, skin cancer
Ultraviolet radiation 10
molecules like DNA. 14
This is called “ionization.” Visible light 10 Infrared Corneal/conjunctival burns, retinal injury, cataract
12
Microwaves, several billion Hz, Infrared radiation 10 Eye and skin problems
can have “thermal” or hearing 10 Laser
Microwaves
10
effects on body tissues 8
Power frequency EMFs 50 or 10 Microwaves Current conduction and heat
Radio waves 6
60 Hz carry very little energy, 10 Radiofrequency
have no ionizing effects 800 - 900 MHz 4
and usually no thermal 15 - 30 Hz & Very low frequency (VLF) 10
effects. They can, however,
50 - 90 Hz 3,000 - 30,000 Hz
Extremely low frequency 10
2 Extremely Low
cause very weak electric
currents to flow in the body.
(ELF) 3 - 3,000 Hz
Direct current
60 Hz
0
Frequency

ILLUMINATION
Lighting is provided in order to satisfy the
following requirements:
a. to assist in providing a safe working

environment
b. to assist in the performance of visual

tasks
c. to develop an appropriate visual

environment
Inadequate Illumination: Prevention

Inadequate Illumination
 Adequate lightning
Health Effects of Poorly Lighted Workplace  Both the quantity and quality of light is important
• Visual Fatigue for optimum vision
• Double Vision
• Headaches  Baseline and periodic eye examination
• Painful irritation
• Lacrimation
• Conjunctivitis
BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS
BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS VIRUSES FUNGI
BACTERIA PARASITES

Selected Infectious Diseases and Selected Infectious Diseases and

Occupations Occupations
Agent / Disease Occupation
Colds, influenza, scarlet fever, May be contracted anywhere
diphtheria, smallpox Ringworm (in horses, cattle, Pet shop salesmen, stockmen,
deer, pigs, cats, dogs, birds) breeders of cats and dogs, and
Tuberculosis Silica workers, people exposed other animal handlers
to heat and organic dusts, and
medical personnel
Anthrax Animal handlers and handlers Tetanus Farmers (spores in soil) or
of carcasses, skins, hides, or anyone in contact with manure.
hair of infected animals,
including wool carpet
processors and handlers.
Selected Infectious Diseases and

TUBERCULOSIS
Occupations • caused by the bacteria,
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
• caused by droplet nuclei
released when sneezing and
Rabies (e.g. dogs, bats, rats, Veterinarians, letter carriers,
pigs, cats) laboratory research workers,
coughing
agricultural workers. • Symptoms: weight loss, low
grade afternoon fever,
Fungus Farmers, outdoor workers, persistent cough and
animal handlers sometimes, blood-streaked
expectoration or hemoptysis
DOTS Strategy…the Solution!

Ten Leading Causes of Death by Sex
Number, Rate/100,000 Population & Percentage, Directly Observed Therapy Short Course
Philippines, 2004
Both Sexes
With DOTS
Cause Male Female
No. Rate Percent* 90% CURE RATE
1. Heart Diseases 40,361 30,500 70,861 84.8 17.6
2. Vascular System Diseases 28,930 22,750 51,680 61.8 12.8
3. Malignant Neoplasm 21,395 19,129 40,524 48.5 10.1
4. Accidents** 28,041 6,442 34,483 41.3 8.6
5. Pneumonia 15,822 16,276 32,098 38.4 8.0
6. Tuberculosis, all forms 17,841 8,029 25,870 31.0 6.4
7. Ill-defined and unknown causes of
10,941 10,362 21,278 25.5 5.3
mortality
8. Chronic lower respiratory diseases 13,084 5,891 18,975 22.7 4.7
9. Diabetes Mellitus 7,970 8,582 16,552 19.8 4.1
10. Certain conditions from perinatal
7,809 5,371 13,180 15.8 3.6
period
Source: 2004 Philippine Health Statistics, Last Update: February 11, 2008
* percent share from total deaths, all causes, Philippines ** External Causes of Mortality

Body Fluids with High Viral Load

HIV and AIDS
A- Acquired
H- Human
• Blood
I- Immunodeficiency I- Immune
• Semen
V- Virus • Vaginal and cervical mucus
D- Deficiency
 virus which causes AIDS • Breastmilk
S- Syndrome • Amniotic fluid
• serious and usually fatal • Cerebrospinal fluid
condition in which the body’s
immune system is severely
weakened and cannot fight off
infection.
Modes of Transmission HIV is NOT transmitted…

• Unprotected penetrative sex
• through casual contact in any setting– schools,
— semen, blood, vaginal secretions
homes, hospitals
• Blood transfusion on infected blood and blood products
• Sharing needles among • through insect, food, water, clothes, toilets,
swimming pools, and drinking and eating utensils
I.V. drug users
• Vertical/perinatal
— mother to infant
• Breastfeeding
Prevention of HIV Infection VIRAL HEPATITIS

REMEMBER ABCDE!
TYPE MODES OF TRANSMISSION EFFECTS
 Abstinence Hepatitis A & E Feco-oral route (ingestion of Complete recovery,
contaminated food and drinks) some can be carriers
 Be Faithful
Hepatitis B, C, D Blood-borne, sexually, Chronic and long-
 Condom perinatally standing with
cirrhosis and liver
 Do not inject cancer
Drugs/no sharing of
needles Immunization to Hepatitis provides protection
 Education specially to those working in the health-care
setting.

ERGONOMICS
ERGONOMIC
HAZARDS
ERGONOMICS ERGONOMICS
ILO Definition: Human Biological Science
The application of human biological science in +
conjunction with the engineering sciences to achieve Engineering Science
optimum mutual adjustment of human to the work, the ____________________________________
benefits being measured in terms of efficiency and
well-being MAXIMUM SATISFACTION AND INCREASE
Three main goals: PRODUCTIVITY
1. to make work safe and humane
2. to increase human efficiency “ fitting the job to the worker”
3. to create human well-being
ERGONOMICS ERGONOMICS
the task Health Effects
(job content &
context)
• Painful joints
the the
organization tool • Pain, tingling, numbness in hands, wrists,
forearms, shoulders, knees and feet
• Shooting or stubbing pains
• Swelling or inflammation
the
environment
the
workstation
• Carpal tunnel syndrome

ERGONOMICS Risk Factor: ERGONOMICS

Health Effects
• Fingers or toes turning white
• Back or neck pain
• Stiffness Repetitive
movement
Risk Factor: ERGONOMICS

Forceful exertion Static posture

Awkward posture
Extreme range of motion

ERGONOMICS
ERGONOMICS: PREVENTION
Recognizing and Assessing Ergonomics Risk factors:
1. Do surveys, interviews and review of records to

recognize stressful factors
2. Identify the ergonomic hazard and evaluate the risk
factors
3. Select interventions with the objective of reducing the
magnitude and duration of risk factors
4. Workers education and training is vital in the success
of ergonomic interventions
STRESS
The harmful physical and emotional

responses that occurs when the
STRESS requirements of the job do not match
the capabilities, resources or needs of
the worker.
STRESS: Effects STRESS

Manifestations of Stress
PSYCHOLOGICAL PHYSIOLOGICAL BEHAVIORAL
 Fatigue  Heart rate  Drug use
 Anxiety  Blood pressure  Alcohol intake
 Tension
 Indigestion  Heavy smoking
 Irritability
 Impulsive
 Depression
emotional behavior
 Boredom
 Poor work & family
 Inability to
concentrate relationship
 Low esteem  Social isolation
 Family
abandonment
 Sleep problems

STRESS
Coping with Stressful Situations
• Alter or change your perception of stressful

situation
• Practice relaxation techniques
• Take mechanisms for your problem
MONITORING
• Systematic, continuous, repetitive

health-related activities that should
lead to corrective action
• Types of monitoring
1. Ambient / Environmental
2. Biological
3. Medical Surveillance
BIOLOGICAL Biological Monitoring

MONITORING • Measurement of a substance, its
metabolites or its effects in body tissues,
fluids or exhaled air of exposed person
• Assess exposure and health risk of

workers
• Complements exposure assessment by air

sampling

Biological Monitoring MEDICAL

Chemical / Sampling Time BEI
SURVEILLANCE
Determinant
LEAD
Lead in Blood Not critical 30ug/100ml
MERCURY
Total inorganic in urine Prior to shift 35ug/g
Total inorganic in blood End of shift at end of 15ug/L
workweek
CARBON MONOXIDE
Carboxyhemoglobin in End of shift 3.5% of Hgb
blood
Medical Surveillance
Medical Surveillance
• Know the hazard - How worker is exposed
- How worker is affected
• Identify cases
• Characterize the hazard - Exposure levels
- Exposure duration
• Analyze Trends and Patterns in the
Workforce to Guide Prevention Efforts • Know the worker - Susceptibilities
• Obtain information on - Directed towards specific

• Meet Regulatory Requirements medical examinations organ system
• Analyze Medical Data - Disease, recovery, rehab

- Effectiveness or failure of
control measures
Rule 1960:
Standards, Policies and Guidelines Occupational Health Services
• Occupational Safety and Health Standards 1961: General Provisions
• Rule 1050 1. Every employer shall establish in his place of employment
• Notification and Keeping of Records of Accidents occupational health services in accordance with the
and/or Occupational illnesses regulation and guidelines provided for under this rule.
• Rule 1070
• Occupational Health and Environmental Control 2. The employer, workers, and their representatives, where
they exist, shall cooperate and participate in the
implementation of the organizational and other measures
• Rule 1960 relating to occupational health services.
• Occupational Health Services

Rule 1960:
Rule 1960:
Occupational Health Services
Occupational Health Services *Alternate each day
** Alternate workshift in a day
Hazardous Workplaces:
Number of OH Physician OH Dentist OH Nurse First Aider
1963: Emergency Health Services workers
1 – 50 1 Full time
51 - 99 1 Part time 1 Full time
1963.01: Medicines and Facilities 4 hours/day
6x/week
100 – 199 1 Part time 1 Part time 1 Full time 1 Full time
4hrs/day 3x/week 4hrs/day
1963.02: Emergency Medical and Dental Services * 3x/week *
200 - 600 1 Part time 1 Part time 1 Full time 1 Full time
4hrs/day 6x/week 4hrs/day
** 6x/week **
601 - 2000 1 Full time or 1 Full time 1 Full time every 1 Full time every
2 Part Time shift shift
4hrs/day 6x/week
2000 and more 1 Full time 1 Full time 1 Full time every 1 Full time every
1 Part time shift shift
4hrs/day 6x/week
Rule 1960: Rule 1960:

Occupational Health Services *Alternate each day Occupational Health Services
Non - Hazardous Workplaces: ** Alternate workshift in a day
Number of OH Physician OH Dentist OH Nurse First Aider

workers 1963.03: Emergency Hospital
1 - 99 1 Full time
100 – 199 1 Part time 1 Full time • An employer may not establish an emergency hospital
4hrs/day 6x/week or dental clinic in his workplace as required in these
200 - 600 1 Part time 1 Part time 1 Full time 1 Full time regulations where there is a hospital or dental clinic
4hrs/day 4hrs/day which is located not more than five (5)
3x/week * 3x/week * kilometers away from the workplace, if situated in
601 - 2000 1 Part time 1 Part time 1 Full time every 1 Full time every any urban area, or which can be reached in twenty-
4hrs/day 4hrs/day shift shift five (25) minutes of travel, if situated in rural area,
6x/week ** 6x/week ** and the employer has facilities readily available for
2000 and 1 Full time 1 Full time 1 Full time every 1 Full time every transporting workers to the hospital or dental clinic in
more 1 Part time shift shift case of emergency.
4hrs/day
6x/week
Rule 1960:
Occupational Health Services
• Health Examinations:
• Entrance
OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH
• Periodic PROGRAMS
• Special examination
• Transfer examination
• Separation examination

Key Elements of the Health and Safety Programs

Occupational Health Program
Hazards/ Source Health Effect Health Program
Health Protection Disease
Chemical
Solvents Paints, Irritant, Surveillance for chemical
Health Promotion Thinners Multisystem exposure
effects Exposure monitoring
(Biologic Monitoring)
Health Rehabilitation Physical

Noise Woodwork Hearing Hearing Conservation
Operations Impairment Program
Health and Safety Programs Health Promotion
Hazards/ Source Health Effect Health Program • Physical activity, Nutrition, Weight reduction
Disease
Biologic
Tetanus Dirty Nails, soil Lockjaw, rigidity, Immunization
• Immunization
death • OSHS, RULE 1960
Ergonomic
Stresses Awkward Musculoskeletal Management or
Cumulative postures, Heavy Disorders personnel methods; • Smoking cessation
Trauma loads Workplace • RA 9211 Tobacco Regulation Act of 2003
Disorder modification
Worker education
and training;
Back Care Program
Health Promotion Health Promotion

• Drug Abuse Prevention and Control
• RA 9165 Comprehensive Drugs Act of 2002 • HIV and AIDS Prevention and Control
• Department Order No. 53-03: Guidelines for the • RA 8504 Philippine AIDS Prevention and Control
Implementation of a Drug-Free Workplace Policy Act of 1998
and Program for the Private Sector • National Workplace Policy on STD/HIV/AIDS
initiated by DOLE – 1997
• Tuberculosis Prevention and Control • Department Order 102-10: Guidelines for the
• Executive Order No. 187, Instituting a Implementation of HIV and AIDS Prevention and
Comprehensive and Unified Policy for Tuberculosis Control in the Workplace
Control in the Philippines (CUP) (March 2003)
• Department Order No. 73-05: Guidelines for the • Hepatitis B Prevention and Control
Implementation of Policy and Program on • Department Advisory No. 05: Guidelines for the
Tuberculosis (TB) Prevention and Control in the Implementation of Workplace Policy and Program
Workplace on Hepatitis B

DEPARTMENT ORDER NO. 56-03 Approach in Ensuring

Well-Being of Workers
RATIONALIZING THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE FAMILY WELFARE
• Looking at developmental • Looking at regulatory
PROGRAM (FWP) IN DOLE strategies
requirements
SECTION 2. New Priorities of the Family Welfare Program
a) Reproductive Health and Responsible Parenthood • Information
b) Education/Gender Equality • Education • Relevant laws, standards,
c) Spirituality or Value Formation • Training issuances and guidelines
• Campaigns • Enforcement
d) Income Generation/Livelihood/Cooperative
• Good practices • Implementation
e) Medical Health Care
• Inspection
f) Nutrition • Successful cases
• Evaluation
g) Environmental Protection, Hygiene and Sanitation • Competitions
h) Sports and Leisure • Demonstrations
i) Housing • Interventions
j) Transportation
Participatory Approach Benefits to the workers

• Enhanced worker motivation and job
satisfaction
• Participation and involvement from
stakeholders • Added problem-solving capacity
• Coordinated intervention • Greater acceptance of change
• Learning from • Greater knowledge of work and organization
• specifications/guidelines, • Reduces the extent and severity of work
• scientific data related injuries and illnesses
• best practice • Improves employee morale and productivity
• Reduces workers’ compensation costs
Summary:
“I still need more healthy rest in order to
• Exposure to workplace hazards have ill-
work at my best. My health is the main
effects to the workers’ health.
capital I have and I want to administer it
intelligently.”
• Monitoring prevents the occurrence of
---Ernest Hemmingway
work-related and occupational diseases.
Nobel Prize winner for literature
• Establishing workplace policies and
programs will definitely benefit
everyone.

WHAT IS A JOB HAZARD ANALYSIS?
• A job hazard analysis (JHA), also called a

JOB HAZARD ANALYSIS job safety analysis (JSA), is a technique to
identify the dangers of specific tasks in
order to reduce the risk of injury to
workers.
INSTRUCTIONS FOR CONDUCTING A JOB HAZARD

ANALYSIS
Why is a JHA important?
• Once you know what the hazards are, HOW TO START ?
you can reduce or eliminate them
before anyone gets hurt. • Involve employees
• The JHA can also be used to investigate  Discuss what you are going to do and
accidents and why
 Explain that you are studying the task,
not employee performance
• To train workers how to do their jobs  Involve the employees in the entire
safely. process

ANALYSIS
ANALYSIS
SET PRIORITIES HOW TO DO IT
Consider giving priority to: 1. Break the job task into steps.
 jobs with the highest injury or illness rates;
 jobs where there have been “near misses” – where an EXAMPLE:
incident occurred but no one got hurt;
 jobs where you have identified violations of OSH JOBS STEPS POTENTIAL HAZARDS PROTECTIVE MEASURES
standards; 1. Reach into box to the
right of the machine,
 jobs with the potential to cause serious injuries or
grasp casting and carry
illness, even if there is no history of such problems;
to wheel.
 jobs in which one simple human mistake could lead to 2. Push casting against
severe injury; wheel to grind off burr.
 jobs that are new to your operation or have been 3. Place finished casting
changed; and in box to the left of the
 jobs complex enough to require written instructions. machine.


ANALYSIS INSTRUCTIONS FOR CONDUCTING A JOB
HAZARD ANALYSIS
HOW TO DO IT
Identify the hazards of each step. EXAMPLE:
For each hazard, ask: JOBS STEPS POTENTIAL HAZARDS PROTECTIVE MEASURES
1. Reach into box to the Strike hand on edge of
• What can go wrong? right of the machine, metal box or casting; cut
• What are the consequences? grasp casting and carry
to wheel.
hand on burr. Drop casting
on toes.
• How could it happen? 2. Push casting against Strike hand against wheel,
wheel to grind off burr. sparks in eyes. Wheel
• What are other contributing factors? breakage, dust, sleeves
• How likely is it that the hazard will 3. Place finished casting
get caught.
Strike hand against metal
occur? in box to the left of the box or casting.
machine.
INSTRUCTIONS FOR CONDUCTING A JOB

HAZARD ANALYSIS
HAZARD ANALYSIS
ELIMINATE OR REDUCE HAZARDS
 Review the list of hazards with Safer way to do the job

employees who do the job. Describe each step
Be specific – don’t use generalizations like “Be Careful”
 Discuss what could eliminate or reduce Changes in equipment
them. Equipment changes, or engineering controls, are the
first choice because they can eliminate the hazard.
e.g. machine guards, improved lighting, better
ventilation

INSTRUCTIONS FOR CONDUCTING A JOB HAZARD ANALYSIS
HAZARD ANALYSIS EXAMPLE:
ELIMINATE OR REDUCE HAZARDS
JOBS STEPS POTENTIAL HAZARDS PROTECTIVE MEASURES
1. Reach into box to the Strike hand on edge of Provide gloves and safety
Changes in work processes right of the machine, metal box or casting; cut shoes.
 Administrative controls, or changes in how the task is grasp casting and carry hand on burr. Drop casting
done, can be used if engineering controls aren’t possible to wheel. on toes.
e.g. rotating jobs, changing the steps, training 2. Push casting against Strike hand against wheel , Provide larger guard over
wheel to grind off burr. sparks in eyes. Wheel wheel. Install exhaust
 Changes in personal protective equipment breakage, dust, sleeves system. Provide safety
 When engineering and administrative controls aren’t get caught. goggles. Instruct employee
to wear short sleeved shirts.
possible or don’t adequately protect the workers, use
3. Place finished casting Strike hand against metal Provide tool for removal of
personal protective equipment
in box to the left of the box or casting. completed stock.
e.g. gloves, hearing protection machine.

Assign Actions Assign Actions

• Accountability for carrying out actions It is important to assure that all
should be clearly assigned, understood, members of the work team understand
and initialed by the respective person the actions that must be put in place to
indicating their personal commitment assure safety and protect the
and accountability for that action. environment while the job is
performed. This will assure personal
accountability and allow everyone to be
clear who will implement the action
INSTRUCTIONS FOR CONDUCTING A JOB HAZARD INSTRUCTIONS FOR CONDUCTING A JOB HAZARD
ANALYSIS ANALYSIS
What do I do next ? What do I do next ?
Correct the unsafe conditions and processes. Review the JHAs.
You may find hazards you missed before

 Train all employees who do the job on the
changes
When the task or process is changed
 Make sure they understand the changes When injuries or close calls occur when doing the task
INSTRUCTIONS FOR CONDUCTING A JOB HAZARD Summary – JSA Training Steps

ANALYSIS
1) Define meaning of JHA
What do I do next ? 2) Benefits and why JHAs are important
3) Select the job to be analyzed
Use the JHAs 4) Prepare the JHA form
5) Break the job task into steps
6) Identify the hazards
Training
7) Identify the controls
8) Correct unsafe conditions and processes
Accident investigation
9) Assign additional needed actions/follow-ups
10)Review JHAs
11)Use JHAs for training and accident investigation
Version 1-2017, Rev. 8 100

• Should a JHA be completed each work

shift on the routine task with the most Safety and Health
hazards involved ?
Inspection
• Should a JHA be completed on all non-
routine tasks?
Session Objectives
At the end of the session, the
participants will be able to: Unsafe Act
• Articulate the importance of inspection to

the OSH programs as a whole;
• Identify the elements of an effective safety
inspection;
• Discuss the types of inspection; and, MONITORING
• Identify personnel who are best capable to Safety Inspection / Work Environment Measurement
conduct safety inspection.
Safety Inspection Purposes of Safety Inspection

“An inspection is a service to an organization
• Eliminate Hazards
and its workforce; NOT a burden.”
• Assess Effectiveness of OSH Program
Inspections are needed because • Display Visible Management
nothing is completely risk-free...
Commitment to Safety
 Things wear out
 Conditions change • Establish Accountability
 People are not perfect • Identify Training Needs
Managers have moral and legal responsibilities • Fulfill Legal Obligations
to provide a safe and healthful workplace.
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Elements of an effective safety Elements of an effective safety

inspection inspection
• The inspectors must:
• Have sound knowledge of the
facility/workplace; • Exercise diplomacy in handling
personnel and situations.
• Be knowledgeable of the relevant
standards, codes and regulations; • The inspection process must be
• Be familiar with the organization’s systematic.
accident experience and potentials; • There must be a method of
• Possess the ability to make intelligent reporting, evaluating and using
decisions for corrective action; and, the gathered data.
Types of Inspection Types of Interval Inspection

Continuous Inspection
•a process conducted as part of their job Regular Inspection
responsibilities in noting and correcting
•a process conducted for a specific
potential danger
area or equipment
Periodic/Interval Inspection
•a systematic process with specific intervals
General Inspection
and widely regarded as “real” safety and
health inspection •a planned walk-through of an entire
Intermittent/Emergency Inspection area
•an unscheduled inspection may be needed
to find and correct unsafe conditions
including places not usually inspected
Preparing for inspection

Frequency of Inspection • Review previous accident investigation and
• Loss severity potential of the inspection reports, maintenance records, other
necessary documents
problem
• The potential for injury • Decide the flow of the inspection and be
familiar with the area to be inspected
• How quickly can the part become
• Formulate checklist
unsafe
• Coordinate with affected persons and
• History of failures inspection team
“THE HIGHER THE RISK, THE HIGHER
• Wear required Personal Protective Equipment
THE FREQUENCY OF THE (PPE)
INSPECTION”
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Inspection Tools Inspection Tools

• Clipboards • Camera
• Inspection forms and checklists • Flashlight
• Pens/pencils • Sampling devices (air, noise,
• Lock-out/tag-out supplies •light, temperature)
• Measuring tape/ruler • Sampling containers
• Tape Recorder • Special PPE
Inspection Checklist Sample Workplace Inspection Sheet

Inspection Location: ___________________________________ Date of Inspection: _________________
Department/Areas Covered: _____________________________ Time of Inspection: _________________
• Serve as
reminders of Observations For Future Follow-up
what to look Hazard(s) Observed Recommended Action Responsible Action Taken Date
and Location Person
for and as
records of
what have
been
covered.
• Objective
rather than
subjective.
Copies to: ____________________________________ Inspected by: _____________________
Inspection Items
Inspection Proper • Housekeeping
• Data gathering • Electrical Installations
• Interview of workers/supervisors • Portable Tools/Power Tools
Remember: Inspections must not • Safety Signs/Signage
interrupt • Machines and Equipment
• normal operations. • Materials Handling and Storage
• Welfare Facilities
• Firefighting Equipment
• Chemicals
• Personal Protective Equipment
• Waste Storage and Disposal
• Etc.
Version 1-2017, Rev. 8 103

After Inspection Inspection Report

• Writing of inspection report Report Formats can be:
• Correction of hazards • Bullet-type report
• Monitoring and evaluation • Narrative/paragraph
form
• Other formats (e.g.
risk assessment, etc)
Corrective Actions Implementation and Monitoring
Management’s Role
• Immediately correct everything possible.
• Report at once conditions beyond one’s •decision-making esp. when money is
involved
authority and suggest solutions.
• Take intermediate action as needed. Safety Officer’s Role
• follow-up and monitoring
Supervisor’s and Worker’s Role
• execution
In summary,
Who will conduct the inspection?
• Safety Professionals SAFETY INSPECTION PROCESS FLOW
• Company or Facility Management

• First-line Supervisor or Foreman PLAN AND
RECOGNIZE ASSESS, REPORT
& INSTITUTE
(INSPECTION MONITOR
• Maintenance Personnel PREPARE
PROPER) CONTROLS
• Safety and Health Committee

• Employees
• Other inspection teams
Version 1-2017, Rev. 8 104

Short Story
This is a story about four (4) workers named S_CCESS
EVERYBODY, SOMEBODY, ANYBODY and NOBODY.
There was an important job to be done and It is never complete without
EVERYBODY was asked to do it. EVERYBODY was
sure SOMEBODY would do it. ANYBODY could have
done it, but NOBODY did it. SOMEBODY got angry
about that, because it was EVERYBODY’s job. U.
EVERYBODY thought ANYBODY could do it, but
NOBODY realized that EVERYBODY would not do it.
It ended up that EVERYBODY blamed SOMEBODY
when NOBODY did what ANYBODY could have
done.
ACCIDENT
INVESTIGATION
Accidents are CAUSED…they do
not just happen!
Accident Investigation Purposes of Accident Investigation
•A methodical effort to collect and •To establish all facts

interpret the facts of accident.
•An inquiry as to how and why the •To draw conclusion
accident occurred in order to explore •To make recommendations
actions that should be taken to prevent
or minimize recurrence of the accident. •To prevent recurrence
•Most important thing- Investigation is
not intended to place blame.
Version 1-2017, Rev. 8 105

Reasons Why Accidents

Principles of Accident Investigation Are Not Reported
• Natural fear many people have of being

The investigation of any accident associated with an accident event.
event will never progress unless that
• Idea of investigating a situation that has
event is first properly reported to the resulted in some degree of loss
appropriate management within an
organization • Reflect unfavorably on their own
performance or that of their department.
• Simply do not wish to interrupt work
production
Types of Accident Who Should Conduct Accident

to be Reported Investigation?
•Supervisors
•Fatal Accidents • More familiar with the people involved
•Accident-causing injury or • Have a better understanding of the
operation
illness • Know all safe work practices/rules
•Diseases pertaining to his/her job
• Employees may be willing to speak more
•Dangerous occurrences freely
•Near misses • Have a personal stake in the investigation
Advantages of Having the Supervisor as the Accident Disadvantages of Having the Supervisor as the
Investigator Accident Investigator
• More familiar with the • Possible whitewash or cover-up.

people involved. • Supervisor tend to be more
• Have a better understanding sympathetic to his/her subordinate.
of the process or operation. • Lack of knowledge on technical
safety.
• Have a personal stake in
accident investigation. • Focus may not be on the incident
but on the operation.
• Employees may be willing to • Has tendency to create conflict
speak more freely. between safety and productivity.
Version 1-2017, Rev. 8 106

Who Should Conduct

Accident Investigation? Size of Investigating Team
•Safety Officer/Man
• Serves as secretary of the safety and health • The extent of injury
committee • The potential for injury or damage
• Coordinates all safety and health programs for
the employer and employees • The potential for repetitions
• Conducts safety and health inspections as • The department involved
member of the SH committee
• Conducts investigation of accident as member • Requirement for specialized knowledge
of the SH Committee • Legal requirement
• Maintains or help in the maintenance of
efficient accident record system
Investigation is a 4 Step Process Control the Scene

• Provide medical care for injured
Accident 1. Control the Scene
• First Aid
• On Scene Evaluation
• Transport for Medical Care
3. Analyze Data 2. Gather DATA • Control existing hazards
• Prevent further injuries
• Get more help if needed
4. Write
Report • Preserve evidence
Gather Information:
Interview Process
The Interview
 When? Where? • Interview as soon as
 In group or possible after the
individually? incident
• Do not interrupt medical
care to interview
 Put the person at • Interview each person
ease. separately
 Reassure them that • Do not allow witnesses
this is a fact-finding to confer prior to
process only. interview
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The Interview The Interview

•Take Notes! •Use closed-ended questions later to
•Ask open-ended questions gain more detail.
• “What did you see?” • After the person has provided their
• “What happened?” explanation, these type of questions
•Do not make suggestions can be used to clarify
• “Where were you standing?”
• If the person is stumbling over a word
or concept, do not help them out • “What time did it happen?”
The Interview The Interview

•Don’t ask leading questions •Summarize what you have been told.
• Bad: “Why was the forklift operator driving • Correct misunderstandings of the
recklessly?” events between you and the witness
• Good: “How was the forklift operator
driving?” •Ask the witness/victim for
•If the witness begins to offer reasons, recommendations to prevent
excuses, or explanations, politely decline recurrence
that knowledge and remind them to • These people will often have the best
stick with the facts solutions to the problem
Gather Information:
The Interview Accident Scene
• Examine the accident scene. Look for
•Get a written, signed statement from things that will help you understand
the witness what happened:
• It is best if the witness writes their own • Dents, cracks, scrapes, splits, etc. in
statement; interview notes signed by the equipment
witness may be used if the witness • Tire tracks, footprints, etc.
refuses • Spills or leaks
• Scattered or broken parts
to write a statement
• Diagram the scene
Version 1-2017, Rev. 8 108

Gather Evidence Gather Information: Records

•Take photographs
• Photograph any items or scenes which may • Check training records
provide an understanding of what
happened to anyone who was not there. • Was appropriate training provided?
• Photograph any items which will not • Check equipment maintenance records
remain, or which will be cleaned up (spills, • Is regular PM or servicing provided?
tire tracks, footprints, etc.) • Is there a recurring type of failure?
• 35mm cameras, Polaroids, and video • Check accident records
cameras are all acceptable.
• Have there been similar accidents or injuries
Digital cameras are not recommended - involving other employees?
digital images can be easily altered
Analyze Data Data Analysis List
• Gather all photos, drawings, interview • Accident Title

material and other information • Date, Time, Location
collected at the scene.
• Persons involved
• Determine a clear picture of what
• Witnesses
happened
• Work & Environmental Conditions at
• Formally document sequence of events
time of accident
• Immediate actions taken at scene
Determine Causes
• Employee actions
Determine Causes
• Safe behavior, at-risk
behavior • Procedures
• Environmental conditions • Existing (or not), followed (or not),
• Lighting, heat/cold, appropriate (or not)
moisture/humidity, dust, • Training
vapors, etc. • Was employee trained - when, by
• Equipment condition whom, documentation
• Defective/operational,
guards, leaks, broken parts,
etc.
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Change Analysis Find Root Causes

• When you have
determined the
• What was not normal before the contributing factors, dig
accident deeper!
• If employee error, what
• Where the abnormality occurred
caused that behavior?
• When was it first noted • If defective machine, why
• How it occurred wasn’t it fixed?
• If poor lighting, why not
corrected?
• If no training, why was it?
Make Recommendations Prepare A Report

•Accident Reports should contain
• Determine corrective actions the following:
• Recommendations based on key • Description of the incident and
contributory factors and underlying/root injuries
causes • Sequence of events
• Select the ones likely to be most effective, • Pertinent facts discovered during
most cost beneficial and most acceptable the investigation
• Establish time table
• Conclusions of the investigator(s)
• Recommendation(s) must be communicated
• Recommendations for correcting the
clearly
problem(s)
RULE No. 1050 – Notification & Keeping of Accidents

and/or Occupational Illnesses
OSH RULE REPORT/FORM WHEN TO WHERE TO

REPORT REPORT
Rule No. Work Accident On or before the 2 copies, to

RULE 1050 1050 – Illness Report 20th day of the be submitted
Notification (WAIR) – month following to concerned
& Keeping of DOLE/BWC/IP-6) the date of RO & copy
Accidents occurrence of the furnished the
NOTIFICATION AND KEEPING and/or accident Bureau
Occupational
OF RECORDS OF Illnesses
Annual Exposure
Data Report (AEDR)
On or before Jan
30 of the
ACCIDENTS AND / OR – (DOLE/BWC/IP-6b) following year
OCCUPATIONAL ILLNESSES Fatal/major Within 24 hours

accident
Version 1-2017, Rev. 8 110

Implement and Follow up
“An accident/incident report is not the

end of an accident/incident response • Implement corrective actions as soon
as possible
and investigation process, it is in fact
• Monitor implementation of corrective
the start of the corrective process” actions as to their effectiveness
• Conduct follow up and review
Investigation Traps
• Put your emotions aside! CONCLUSION
• Don’t let your feelings interfere - stick to the
facts! • An ounce of prevention is better than a
• Don’t be subjective. pound of cure, as the saying goes, but we
• Do not pre-judge. still can’t discount the importance of that
• Find out the what really happened. “pound of cure”.
• Do not let your beliefs cloud the facts.
• Never assume anything. • The only way to prevent the recurrence of
• Assign cause, not blame. an accident/incident is to have an
accurate understanding of the event.
• Do not use names in recommendations if
referring to an individual’s actions.
Version 1-2017, Rev. 8 111

Definition of Terms
Emergency
a potentially life-threatening
situation usually occurring
Emergency Preparedness suddenly and unexpectedly.
Disaster
a sudden, calamitous event
bringing great damage, loss or
destruction.
Types of Emergencies Man-made Emergencies

Man-made emergencies
events caused by man’s negligence in • Chemical Leak / Spill
handling his technology. • Structure Collapse
• Industrial / Community Fire
Natural emergencies
• Construction Cave-In
events that are caused by the forces
of nature. • Major Transportation Accident
• Public Demonstration
Cyclical Nature of
Natural Emergencies
Emergency Management
Prevention
• Drought
• Floods
• Volcanic Eruption Recovery Preparedness
• Earthquake
• Thunderstorms
Response
Version 1-2017, Rev. 8 112

Emergency Preparedness
Emergency Prevention
Encompasses all activities that are necessary
The practice of activities designed to to prepare people and organizations to
prevent accidents and emergencies respond to emergencies and disasters.
from occurring.
Procedures:
Procedures: •Personnel Training
•Fire Prevention •Drills and Exercises
•Safety and Health Review •Supplies and Equipment
•Inspection •Protection of Records
•Mutual Aid
Emergency Response Emergency Response

Follows preparedness and involves life
saving and protection activities that are • Fire and Spill Procedures
implemented during an emergency. • Facility Evacuation
• Security Considerations
Procedures: • Public Relations and Emergency
•Direction and Control Information
•Communications • Coordination between Facility and Off-
site Agencies
•Emergency Shutdown Procedures
Emergency Recovery Elements of an Emergency

Preparedness Program
Embodies all activities necessary to bring the
Review Evaluate
organization back to normal or routine Hazards Resources Develop
Emergency
operations. Plan &
Procedures
Procedures: Conduct Emergency
Drills &
•Incident Investigation Exercises
Preparedness
•Damage Assessment
Integrate with
•Cleanup and Restoration Educate the community plan
public Conduct
•Business Interruption Training
•Claims Procedures Jump
Version 1-2017, Rev. 8 113

Elements of…(continuation) Elements of…(continuation)
Review Hazards Evaluate Resources

• Probability of hazards • Facilities
• Types of hazards posed • Equipment
• Number of people or things exposed • Supplies
to the hazard and its adverse • Staff Expertise
consequences
• Staff Training
Elements Elements

Develop Emergency Plan and
Procedures Integrate with Community
• Blue print for emergency procedures Plan
• Used for training new employees • Community officials should be involved
• Refresher training for employees and in the company’s emergency planning
managers process and that the company be
• Reference tool under emergency involved in local planning
circumstances Elements
Elements
Conduct Training Conduct Training (cont’n)
• Hazardous Materials Characteristics • Fire Fighting

• Evacuation Procedures • Personal Protective Equipment
• Emergency Reporting Procedures • Preventive Maintenance
• Fire Extinguisher Use • Spill Response
• Leak/Emergency Warning Signs • First Aid
Elements
Version 1-2017, Rev. 8 114


Conduct Drills and Exercises
Educate the Public
• Reveal weaknesses in the plans and
• The public will learn of the procedures
facilities/company’s
• Identify deficiencies in resources
effort to ensure safety
• Improve level of coordination among
• Protect the public during personnel, departments and agencies
emergencies
• Gain public recognition and confidence
Elements
Elements of…(continuation) Priorities for Survival

• First Aid
Conduct Drills and Exercises (cont’n) • Ranges from a box of band-aids to a
mini-hospital
• Improve the proficiency and confidences of • Bandage materials, wound
personnel
treatment, medication, thermometer,
• Clarify individual role and responsibility etc.
• Increase the government’s and community’s • Convenient to buy first aid kits but
cooperation with the company
more economical to assemble one
• Enhance overall emergency response
• Worthless even if fully loaded if you
capabilities
Elements do not know how to use the contents
Priorities for Survival Priorities for Survival

• Food
• Water • Eating will boost morale and relieve
• Rule of thumb, at least 0.5 gallon of stress
drinking water per day for an active • Granola bars, MREs or Ready to eat
person meals, canned goods, noodles, nuts,
• Consider hot weather, high activity, crackers, comfort foods
cooking, personal hygiene, etc. • Protein drinks, milk, juice
• A good guideline: 1.5 gallons/day for • Include vitamin and mineral
each person supplements
Version 1-2017, Rev. 8 115

Others
• Flashlights with extra batteries

• Candles
Practical Tips
• Lighter
• Transistor radios
• Personal documents (legal)
• Pre-paid phone cards
• Credit cards
Earthquake Safety Earthquake Safety

• Before the QUAKE • During the QUAKE
• Define a number to call to inform about • If indoors, stay in the building.
everyone’s safety
• Take shelter under solid furniture, i.e.
• Define a meeting place tables or desks.
• Train in first aid • Keep away from overhead fixtures,
• Prepare your home/office for a quake windows, cabinets and bookcases.
• Anchor large appliances and furniture to walls • If driving- STOP, but stay in the vehicle.
• Attach TVs to shelves
• Install latches to cabinet doors
Earthquake Safety Earthquake Safety
• During the QUAKE • After the QUAKE

• Do not stop under trees, light posts, • Retrieve your first aid kit
electrical power lines or signals. • Check for hazardous situations
• If outside, stay outside. Move to an open • Expect aftershocks to occur
area away from buildings, trees, power • Check your survival kit
lines and roadways. • Listen for information updates and
instructions on earthquake
Version 1-2017, Rev. 8 116

Fire Safety Fire Safety
• Be thoroughly familiar with your • If you suspect or see fire, give alarm to
Company’s Emergency Plans others
• Know exits within your work area • Feel door before opening
• When Fire Alarm sounds, evacuate as • Call Fire Department. DO NOT re-enter!
instructed STOP! DROP! And ROLL!
• Move quickly but calmly
• Give a hand to others if necessary
Fire Safety Flood Safety

• After the FIRE • Before the FLOOD
• Do not return until authorities declare it • Determine if you are in a flood prone
safe area
• Discard food, medicine, and other items
contaminated by smoke. • Know NOW where the higher ground
• Check every room and closet of every floor
is
for hidden smoke, sparks, or embers that • Monitor weather reports, especially
may have been blown inside. during the rainy season in your area.
• If you are fortunate to have little or no • Make sure everyone knows the best
damage, see if others need your help. routes for evacuation.
Flood Safety Flood Safety

• During the FLOOD
• Before the FLOOD
• Evacuate to higher ground.
• Move precious property like • Turn off the main electricity and water
important documents in upper floors. valves before evacuating.
• Fill spare water containers in case • Stay clear of flooded areas until the water
water source becomes contaminated. has completely gone.
• Move emergency food supply to • Do not walk/drive through moving water.
higher floors. • Keep an eye out for snakes and other
stressed animals coming out of flooded
areas.
Version 1-2017, Rev. 8 117

Flood Safety Flood Safety

• After the FLOOD
• After the FLOOD • If electricity was interrupted, discard
• Check out for structural damage before refrigerated and frozen food unless you
entering. know it remained safely cooled.
• Check for fire hazards. • Do not use your water source until you are
• Keep electricity off until the house has sure it is pure. Test it.
dried out. • All appliances, heating system, and
• Discard all food that came in contact with electricity system that have been flooded
the polluted flood water. need to be cleaned, dried and inspected
before use.
OSH SYSTEM & LEGISLATION

IN THE PHILIPPINES
“If we Fail to Plan
We Plan to Fail”
With Due Courtesy & Reference to and with:
Department Of Labor & Employment

OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY & HEALTH CENTER
OSH SYSTEM IN THE PHILIPPINES

OSH SYSTEM IN THE PHILIPPINES
At the end of this session, OSH
participants will be able to: Prevention: Enforcement:

Compensation/
Updating of
Health & Safety
E.O. 307 Admin. Code
•identify laws and policies 1987
Rehabilitation:
P.D. 626
& other related
OSH Policies:
• OSHC
which govern OSH • DOLE Labor
Admin. Code
1987
inspectors • ECC
administration in the Phils.; • BWC
•determine government
agencies which administers
such laws;
•explain the various strategies
for OSH administration.
Version 1-2017, Rev. 8 118

OSH RELATED LAWS

The DOLE is the lead agency of the
• Commonwealth Act No. 104
government in charge in the
(First Industrial Safety Law) administration and enforcement of laws,
1936 policies, and programs on occupational
• Republic Act No. 184 safety and health.
(Electrical Engineering Law)
1947 (Legal basis: Presidential Decree No. 442)
• Republic Act No. 1054 LABOR CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES
(Free Emergency Medical & Dental Treatment
Law) 1954
LABOR CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES

Philippine Constitution
As embodied in Article 162, Chapter 2 of
Book Four of the Labor Code of the
Philippines, “The Secretary of Labor and Constitutional mandate to
Employment shall by appropriate orders set
and enforce mandatory occupational safety
safeguard the worker’s social
and health standards to eliminate or and economic well-being as well
reduce occupational safety and health as his physical safety and health
hazards in all work places and institute new
and update existing programs to ensure
safe and healthful working conditions in all
places of employment.”
POLICY FRAMEWORK POLICY FRAMEWORK
1. Labor Code of the Philippines Article 162 of the LCP

•Art. 162 – mandatory OSH Secretary of Labor should:
Standards •set mandatory standards;
•Art. 164 – OSH Trainings •enforce such standards.
•Art. 165 – administration and Article 164 of the LCP
enforcement
Secretary of Labor should:
•Art. 128 – visitorial and
enforcement power • develop and implement training programs;
• increase no. & competence of OSH personnel.
Version 1-2017, Rev. 8 119

Article 165 of the LCP Article 128 of the LCP

• DOLE solely responsible 1. Inspectors have access to employer records and
for administration and premises
• at any time when work is undertaken
enforcement of OSH
• can copy such records
laws, regulations, and • can question workers
standards
2. Can order compliance of labor laws (after due
• But, chartered cities notice and hearing)
may conduct industrial 3. Secretary can order stoppage of work or
safety inspections. suspension of operations in imminent danger cases
2. Presidential Decree 626 – created the 6. R.A. 6969 – Nuclear and Other
Employee’s Compensation Commission Hazardous Substances and Chemicals
in 1975 Act
3. Sanitation Code of the Philippines 7. Local Government Act – decentralized
4. R.A. 8504 – HIV/AIDS Prevention Act – some national government functions to
signed in February 13, 1998 LGUs. Ex. Inspection of buildings, health
care provisions, etc.
5. R.A. 9165 – Comprehensive Dangerous
Drugs Act of 2002
POLICY FRAMEWORK OSH LAWS & ISSUANCES
8. E.O. 307 – created OSHC as national

focal point on:
• training
• research
• information Book IV, Title I – Occupational Safety and
• technical services/assistance Medical, Dental and Health Standards,
Occupational Safety (OSHS)1978
on OSH matters.
Version 1-2017, Rev. 8 120

A set of mandatory
Region
DOLE Frontline/ CA 2 rules on OSH which
R
Enforcer Region
codifies all safety
1
Region
3 NC orders.
R
Region
- 16 regional 4A Region
Region
offices 4B
5
Patterned after the
Region
8 Standards of other
- 87 field offices Region
6 developed countries
Region
- 574 LLCO (+) 7
Carag
a Objective: protection of workers
Region 10
Region
9
Region
11
from occupational risks and hazards
Coverage: all workplaces, except safety in mines
Region
12
Selected OSHS Provisions

1. Coverage and Scope Rule 1001
2. Duties of Employers and Workers Rule 1005
Salient Features of 3. Hazardous Workplaces Rule 1013
OSH STANDARDS 4. Imminent Danger Rule 1012.02
and Some 5. Registration Rule 1020
6. Training of Personnel on OSH Rule 1030
Administrative 7. Health and Safety Committee Rule 1040
Rules 8. Accident/Illness Report Rule 1050
9. OH and Environment Control Rule 1070
10. Personal Protective Equipment Rule 1080
11. Authority of Local Government Rule 1980
12. Penal Provisions Rule 1990
Rule 1000. General Provisions Rule 1000. General Provisions

Duties of Employers
Objective : to protect every man against • Furnish safe and healthful working conditions
injury, sickness or death • Give job safety instruction
Scope : applies to all places of • Comply with OSHS
employment • Use approved safety devices
Duties of Workers
 Cooperate with management
 Report unsafe condition
 Use all safe devices
Version 1-2017, Rev. 8 121

Hazardous Workplaces
• Exposure to dangerous environmental elements, Highly Hazardous Establishment
contaminants or work conditions
• Construction work, logging, fire-fighting, mining,
quarrying, blasting, stevedoring, dock work,
deep sea fishing and mechanized farming
• Where potential hazard within the
company may affect the safety and/ or
• Manufacture or handling of explosives and
health of workers not only within but
pyrotechnic products
also persons outside the premises of
• Use or exposure to power driven or explosive the workplace
material
• Exposure to biological agents as bacteria, fungi,
viruses, protozoa, nematodes and other
parasites
Imminent Danger
Rule 1020 - Registration
• Shall be free of charge

• A condition or practice that could
reasonably be expected to cause death or
• Use DOLE-BWC-IP-3 form
serious physical harm before abatement
under the enforcement procedure can be
accomplished. • Valid for lifetime except :
- change in business name
- change in location
- change in ownership
- re-opening after previous closing.
Rule 1030 – Training of Personnel on OSH Rule 1030 – Training of Personnel on OSH
• Amended by D.O. 16, S. 2001 – Training and
Accreditation of Personnel on Occupational safety • Accreditation of safety practitioners
and Health
• Recognizes that OSH personnel have fields of
now lies with the Regional Offices
specialization
• Sets requirements, duties of OSH personnel: • Written contract with a qualified
- OSH practitioner consultant or consulting organization
- OSH consultant
- OSH training organization if there is no full time safety officer
- OSH consulting organization
(Procedural Guidelines for Accreditation of Practitioners,
Consultants and Organizations on OSH)
Version 1-2017, Rev. 8 122

Training and Personnel Complement

Non - hazardous workplace
Hazardous workplace
Number of Minimum Number of Safety Officers
Workers Hazardous Highly Hazardous Number of Workers Minimum Number of Safety Officers
1 – 50 One (1) part-time One (1) full-time
51 – 200 One (1) full-time One full-time & 1 – 250 One (1) part-time
one part-time
251 - 500 Two (2) part-time
201 - 250 One full-time & one part- Two (2) full-time
time
501 - 750 One (1) full-time
251 - 500 Two (2) full-time Two full-time &
one part-time 751 - 1000 Two (2) full-time
Every additional 500 One (1) additional full-time
or a fraction thereof Every additional 500 or a One (1) additional full-time
Every additional 250 One (1) additional full-time fraction thereof
or a fraction thereof
Rule 1040. Health & Safety Committee

OSH STANDARDS
• Plans and develops accident prevention
program
Rule 1030/DO 16 - Training and Accreditation of
Personnel in OSH • Directs implementation of programs
A full-time safety officer • Conducts safety meetings at least once a
month
must be duly accredited as
OSH Practitioner • Reviews reports of inspections, accident
investigations, & implementation of
programs
• Provides OSH trainings for staff
735
OSH STANDARDS
RULE 1040 - Health and Safety Committee

Act
OSH RULE REPORT/FORM WHERE TO FILE WHEN TO
FILE
Rule 1040 Report of Safety 2 copies, to be - Within one
Health and Organization - submitted to (1) month
Safety DOLE/BWC/IP-5) concerned RO after the
Committee (Yearly Re- copy furnished the organization
organization) Bureau
- At least on
Minutes of the quarterly
Meeting – No form basis
needed
Version 1-2017, Rev. 8 123

Rule 1050. Notification & Keeping of OSH STANDARDS

Records of Accidents and/or Illnesses
RULE 1050 - RULE 1050 - Notification & Keeping of
Accident and/or Occupational Illnesses
• Accidents/illnesses must be reported to OSH RULE REPORT/FORM WHEN TO REPORT WHERE TO

REPORT
the DOLE Regional Office every month Rule 1050 Work Accident Illness -On or before the 2 copies, to
Report (WAIR) - 20th day of the be submitted
• Basis of accident trends
Notification and
Keeping of DOLE/BWC/IP-6) month following the to concerned
Accidents WAIR date of occurrence of RO copy
and/or the accident furnished the
Occupational Bureau
Illnesses Annual Exposure -On or before Jan. 20
Data Report (AEDR) - of the following year
(DOLE/BWC/IP-6b)
Fatal/major accident Within 24 hours
Rule 1070. Control of

Physical & Chemical Agents Rule 1080. Personal Protective Equipment
• Threshold Limit Values (TLVs) • Every employer should furnish at his

own expense workers with PPE
• Permissible Exposure Limits (PELs)
• Of approved design
• Work Environment Measurements
(WEM) should be done annually
OSH STANDARDS
Occupational Health Personnel
REQUIRED REPORTS UNDER RULE 1960
OSH RULE REPORT/FORM WHERE TO FILE WHEN TO Number of Workers OH Personnel

REPORT
50 or less
Rule 1960 Annual Medical 2 copies On or before the
Occupational Report - submitted to last day of
Health DOLE/BW/OH-47A concerned RO March of the year 51 to 200
Services AMR copy furnished the following the
Bureau covered period
201 to 300
more than 300
Version 1-2017, Rev. 8 124

Penal Provisions*
Occupational Health Facilities
• Fine from P 1,000.00 to P 10,000.00;
Per 100 workers in excess of 300
• Imprisonment of not less than three (3)
months to three (3) years;
Within 5 kms. Or 25 min. of • Both fine and imprisonment; and
travel
• Aliens can be deported.
Emergency Health Provider
* From the LCP
Recent DOLE Issuances Range of Strategies

• D.O. – 98 - Construction Safety
13
• D.O. – 99 - Hazardous Work of Children
04
• D.O. – 01 - Rule 1030
16 1. Prevention Program
• D.O. – 03 - SARS Prevention and Control at the
47
•Primary Prevention – promotion of health
Workplace
• D.O. 53 – 03 - Drug-free Workplace by personal, workplace and community
• D.O. 57 – 04 - New Labor Standards Enforcement efforts
Framework •Secondary Prevention – measures for early
• D.O. 73 – 05 - TB Prevention at the Workplace detection and prompt and effective
• D.C. 01 – 08 – OSH in Call Centers
• D.C. 01 – 09 – Ship-Building Industry interventions
• D.A. 05 – 10 – Implementation of Workplace Policy/ •Tertiary Prevention – measures to reduce
Program on Hepatitis B impairments & disabilities, reduce sufferings
& promote adjustments.
Range of Strategies
2. Legislation and Enforcement Enforcement is one response

•Bureau of Working Conditions
•DOLE Regional Offices but not the only response!
3. Compensation Program
•Employees’ Compensation Commission
•Social Security System
•Government Service Insurance System
Version 1-2017, Rev. 8 125

ROLES OF A
SAFETY OFFICER
Voluntary &
compliance is Overview on OSH Practitioner
still Accreditation
the (Department Order No. 16)
BEST!
With Due Courtesy & Reference to and with:
Department Of Labor & Employment

OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY & HEALTH CENTER
BUREAU OF WORKING CONDITIONS
Department Order No. 16

Series 2001
Rule 1047 of the OSHS
RULE 1032 : Definitions
Safety Officer - refers to any employee / The principal function of the

worker trained and tasked to implement Safety Man is to act as the
occupational safety and health programs employers' principal assistant and
in the workplace in accordance with the consultant in the application of
provisions of the Standards and shall be programs to remove the hazards
synonymous to the term “Safety Man” from the workplace and to correct
as used in these Standards. unsafe work practices
Rule 1047 of the OSHS Rule 1047 of the OSHS
Serves as Secretary to the Submits to the employer a

Health and Safety Committee report of the activities of the
committee, including
recommendations made
Version 1-2017, Rev. 8 126


Acts in an advisory capacity on Conducts investigation of
all matters pertaining to health and accidents as member of the
safety for the guidance of the Health and Safety Committee
employer and the workers and submits his separate report
and analysis of accidents to the
employer

Coordinates all health and Conducts health and safety
safety training programs for the inspection as member of the
employees and employer committee

Maintains or helps in the Provides assistance to
maintenance of an efficient government agencies in the
accident record system and conduct of safety and health
coordinates actions taken by inspection, accident investigation
supervisors to eliminate accident or any other related programs
causes.
Version 1-2017, Rev. 8 127

Duties and Responsibilities

Rule 1047 of the OSHS
• Advocate, implement and administer
For purposes of effectiveness the company’s programs and policies
in a workplace where full-time • Ensure safety information to
safety officer is required, he employees through IEC materials
shall report directly to the • Dispense PPE for protection
employer • Submit requirements to the
government agencies
Duties and Responsibilities Authority
• Maintain a constant audit of all • Much authority is given

existing, planned, and proposed • Authority necessary to
installations, processes, and meet responsibilities.
procedures for unsafe conditions or • Without authority, safety
acts. professional will not fulfill
• Develop and present training responsibilities.
programs to all supervisors.
Accountability Relationships
• Performance Criteria: • Manager
• proper interpretation and fulfillment of the
• Reduction of the frequency and duties and responsibilities and related
severity of accidents. authority
• Reduction of costs stemming from • Department heads and supervisors.
accidents. • The safety engineer is responsible for
• The efficiency and smoothness of a providing advice and guidance about safety
department's operations within and industrial hygiene
operations of the plant as a whole. • Employees.
• providing advice and guidance about any
employee's specific job or work area.
Version 1-2017, Rev. 8 128

Relationships
• Unions.
• fulfilling his contractual obligations
regarding matters of safety and
health.
• Outsiders.
• establish appropriate relationships with
professional and organizational
groups.
Objectives Department of Labor and

Employment
• Discuss / understand the legal
basis and importance of
accreditation program on OSH.
• Identify/be familiar with the

requirements and procedures
of accreditation of OSH
Practitioner.
THE FILIPINO WORKFORCE OSH LEGISLATIONS

(DOLE’s CLIENTS)
Strategic Goals
• Book IV, Title I

GOAL 1:
GOAL 2:
A Globally
GOAL 3:
A Secure GOAL 4:
Chapter I
A Gainfully Competitive Workforce A Safe and Medical and
Employed Workforce
Workforce Healthy
Workforce Dental Services
Chapter II
Workforce with safe and
healthy working Occupational
environment
Safety
Version 1-2017, Rev. 8 129

Legal Basis Salient Features

Rule 1030
amended by DO 16 s 2001
DO 16 s 2001 and
DO 92 s 2008
(Training and
Training and Accreditation
Accreditation of on OSH )
Book IV, Title I – Occupational Safety Personnel in
Medical, Dental and
Occupational
and Health Standards, OSH
(OSHS)
Safety as amended
DOLE Accreditation Program DOLE Accreditation Program on OSH

on OSH (Pursuant to Rule 1030/DO 16)
Rationale
Purpose
Established as a strategy and support
mechanism Increase the number of competent
to complement OSH personnel qualified to
OSHS implement OSHS
enforcement
778
Requirements for Accreditation of OSH

Practitioner
OSH STANDARDS
1. Completion of Prescribed 40-Hour BOSH
Rule 1030/DO 16 - Training and Accreditation of Personnel in OSH training from DOLE accredited or
recognized Safety Training Organizations
(STOs).
A full-time safety 2. Relevant experience in OSH
officer must be duly • Three (3) years experience if applicant is
duly licensed by PRC
accredited as OSH
Practitioner • Four (4) years experience if applicant is a
graduate of any 4 or 5 year college
course without PRC license.
• Ten (10) years experience if applicant

is a college undergraduate 780
Version 1-2017, Rev. 8 130

What are the documentary requirements ? What are the documentary requirements?
1. Duly accomplished Application Form 5. Photocopy of Certificate of

(DOLE-BWC-AF-PCN-A1). Completion on the Bureau prescribed
2. Updated Original Certificate of BOSH training course issued by DOLE
employment Accredited STOs (minimum of 40 hours)
3. Original copy of actual functions/job
description duly signed by the 6. Photo copy of Certificate of
employer or authorized official of the Attendance/ Participation to other OSH
company. related trainings/ seminars from DOLE
- -
4. Photo copy of previous employment accredited / recognized
certificate organizations/institutions.
What are the documentary Process Flow

requirements? Phase I - Receiving of Application
7. Photo copy of college diploma, transcript Initial Evaluation of documents
of records and/or PRC license, if any
Phase II - Panel Interview/Validation
8. Proof of applicant’s achievements/ of OSH Experience/ Presentation of
accomplishments/participation on OSH Originals
( i.e. awards/recognitions, OSH reports)
Phase III - Final Evaluation/ Review of Application
Note: All pages of documents submitted (Approval/Disapproval of Application)
must be signed by the applicant and
original of all documents submitted must Phase- IV – Issuance of Certificate/ID Card
be presented to the authorized evaluator (Payment of accreditation fees)
during applicant’s interview.
Effects of Accreditation
Validity and Renewal of Accreditation
 Accreditation shall be valid for three (3) Accreditation shall be synonymous with license to
practice OSH.
years and shall be renewed upon
compliance with minimum requirements Thus, NO person organization shall be allowed,
pursuant to D.O. 16, unless suspended, hired or other wise employed as practitioner /
consultant while organization SHALL NOT BE
cancelled or revoked.
AUTHORIZED to conduct OSH trainings and
 Accreditation shall be renewed within the services, unless the requirements of this Rule
are complied with.
prescriptive period of 30 calendar days
prior to expiration thereof. * NO employer or organization shall hire or employ practitioner or consultant
on OSH unless accredited by the Department.
Version 1-2017, Rev. 8 131

Duties and Responsibilities of DOLE Duties and Responsibilities of DOLE

Accredited OSH Practitioners Accredited OSH Practitioners
(Rule 1034:03) (Rule 1034:03)
1. Develop, implement,
promote OSH programs in 3. Perform at least quarterly
the workplace. appraisal/assessment of the
implementation of OSH programs,
2. Advise/assist the employer to 4. Prepare annual report of OSH

comply with the provisions of programs of an establishment.
the OSHS, especially
submission of OSHS
reporting forms. 5. Assist government inspecting
authority
Renewal of Accreditation
(Rule 1034-04) ACCREDITATION FEES
• Accreditation for practitioners and consultants
shall be renewed every three (3) upon
compliance with the following: Pursuant to Rule 1970 of the OSHS,
amended by D.O. 9, series of 2001.
1) submission of updated resume using the
prescribed form for renewal
2) submission of an annual performance report Practitioner
as certified by the employer/client
Certificate P150.00
( Community Service)
3) presentation and submission of additional Annual/Renewal P100.00 x 3 years
OSH training certificates
4) payment of renewal fees Total P450.00
DEPARTMENT CIRCULAR NO. 1

DEPARTMENT CIRCULAR NO. 2 Series of 2008
Series of 2008
POLICY GUIDELINES GOVERNING THE OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY
AMENDING CERTAIN PROVISIONS OF THE OCCUPATIONAL AND HEALTH OF WORKERS IN THE CALL CENTER INDUSTRY
SAFETY AND HEALTH STANDARDS
The amended provision provides:  Coverage - all establishments, workplaces,

operation and undertakings in the call center
“1003.03: Application to Transportation: industry
Establishments engaged in land, sea and air transportation 
are likewise covered by these standards.”
Version 1-2017, Rev. 8 132

DEPARTMENT CIRCULAR NO. 1

Series of 2008
POLICY GUIDELINES GOVERNING THE OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY

AND HEALTH OF WORKERS IN THE CALL CENTER INDUSTRY
Workplace policy on occupational safety and health

THANK YOU
 Components of the Occupational safety and health

 Hazard and risk prevention control
 Capability building for Safety and Health
Committee members
 Referral and access to medical and welfare
services
 Roles and responsibilities of employers and workers
 Enforcement and monitoring
Version 1-2017, Rev. 8 133

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Basic Occupational Safety and Health (BOSH) Manual

Objectives of this session:

By the end of this session, participants would

Injuries Occur to Everyone, Everywhere Global OSH Data: ILO Report

• 2.3 million die of work-related

Close to 50% of the deaths attributed to work

Version 1-2017, Rev. 8 1

Total Employed Filipinos by Number of establishments in the Philippines : 2010

Total : 37.1 Million Filipino Workers

NSO Household Survey

• BLES Integrated Survey • Non-fatal injuries increase with age

113 fatalities superficial injuries and open wounds

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2009/2010 BLES Integrated Survey (BITS) Key Local OSH Data

Cases of Occupational Diseases (2009): 71,894

materials, objects Source: 2009/2010 BLES Integrated Survey

Source: OSHC database of EC Claims

Profile of the Most-Commonly

• male • low compliance rate to OSH Standards (OSHS)

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OSH ISSUES AND CONCERNS Emerging OSH Issues

• weak enforcement of OSHS • women workers’ OSH

• inadequate number of OSH personnel • child labor

• Accidents and injuries result to losses of

• Most accidents at work could have been

• Sound prevention need to be

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If you don’t believe Unsafe / Unhealthy

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Session Objectives: Session Objectives:

•You may select your leader, secretary and spokesperson in

•Every member of the group should be given a chance to

•Activity duration: 30 minutes (20mins for report writing &

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Common Reasons for Accidents

Can a workplace hazard

Hazard + Exposure = Accident or Illness

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• Fall from height (nahulog/nahulugan) • Struck against (man in motion)

• Caught on (snagged / nasabit) • Struck by (man stationary / hit by)

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Iceberg Theory Direct Cost of Accidents

Indirect Cost of Accidents Indirect Cost of Accidents

• Sorrow due to loss

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American National Safety Institute (ANSI)

Unsafe / Unhealthy ACT Examples of Unsafe Acts

Examples of Unsafe Acts

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• Lack of Knowledge or Skills

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Unsafe Condition Examples of Unsafe Conditions

• The physical or chemical property of a • Inadequate guards/ protection

Examples of Unsafe Conditions

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prevented? • 88% - unsafe / unhealthy

Illustrating Randomness: Lethal Randomness:

• 300 Sugar Pills

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Ignoring No Injury Accidents Avoid Disaster

Is Like Passing the Jar of Pills Around:

• One Will Be Seriously or Fatally Injured

Minor Accident? Remove the Causes