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THEORY
Fluid statics or hydrostatics is the branch of fluid mechanics that
studies fluids at rest (hydrostatic condition). When a body is submerged in
a liquid in hydrostatic equilibrium, the fluid exerts a force on all surfaces
and the pressure variation is due only to the weight of the fluid.
The determination of these forces is important in the design of storage
tanks, ships, dams, and other hydraulic structures. For fluids at rest the
force must be perpendicular to the surface since there are no shearing
stresses present. The pressure varies linearly with depth if the fluid is
incompressible. The magnitude of the resultant fluid force is equal to the
pressure acting at the centroid of the area multiplied by the total area.
P=ρgh (1)
F = (ρ g h) A (2)
, where; "P" is the hydrostatic pressure (N/m2), "ρ" is the density (Kg/m3),
"g" is the gravity acceleration (m/s2), "h" is the depth of the centroid, "f" is
the hydrostatic Force (N) and "A" is the total area (m2). Since all the
differential forces that were summed to obtain "F" are perpendicular to the
surface, the resultant "F" must also be perpendicular to the surface. The
point through which the resultant force acts is called the center of pressure.
{1}
EXPERIMENTAL APPARATUS
Water is admitted to the top of the tank by flexible tube and may be
drained through a cock in the base. The water supply may be obtained from
the hydraulic bench. The water level is indicated on a scale.
{2}
Figure 3: Dimensions of Hydrostatic Pressure
Note: The apparatus is designed in a way that the top and bottom faces of
the quadrant are concentric circular arcs centered on the pivot so, the
resultant hydrostatic force at every point passes through the pivot axis and
does not contribute to the moment, so that only the moment due to
hydrostatic pressure distribution on the vertical rectangular face of the
quadrant.
D: height of the quadrant face (=100mm), m
H: Vertical distance between the bottom of the quadrant face and the
pivot arm (200mm), m
L: Horizontal distance between the pivot point and the balance pan
(275mm), m
{3}
Theory- Partly submerged vertical plane surface
Below is a diagrammatic representation of the apparatus defining the
physical dimensions.
, where:
h": Distance between the line of action of force below the pivot, (m).
F = (ρ g h) A, (N) (3)
A = B d, (m2) (4)
B d2
F=ρg (6)
2
{4}
Experimental depth of center of pressure
The momentum "M" can be defined as:
M = F h", (Nm)
F h" = WL =m g L (7)
Ix = Ic + A h2 (10)
B d3 d 2 B d3
Ix = +Bd( ) = , (m4) (11)
12 2 3
{5}
Theory- Fully submerged vertical plane surface
Below is a diagrammatic representation of the apparatus defining the
physical dimensions.
, where:
h": Distance between the line of action of force below the pivot, (m).
F = (ρ g h) A, (N) (14)
A = B d, (m2) (15)
D
F = ρ g B D (d − ) (17)
2
{6}
Experimental depth of center of pressure
The momentum "M" can be defined as:
M = F h", (Nm)
F h" = WL =m g L (18)
Ix = Ic + A h2 (21)
D2 D 2
Ix =B D[ + (d − ) ], (m4) (22)
12 2
D2 D 2
+ (d− )
12 2
h" = D +H−d (24)
d−
2
{7}
PROCEDURES
1- Position the empty Perspex tank on the hydraulic bench.
2- Locate the weight hanger in the groove at the end of the balance arm.
3- Ensure that the drain valve is closed
4- Move the counter-balance weight until the balance arm is horizontal
5- Add a small mass (50 g) to the weight hanger.
6- Add water to the tank until the hydrostatic thrust on the end-face of
the quadrant causes balance to rise.
7- Continue to add water until the balance arm is horizontal.
8- Read the depth of immersion “d” from the scale on the face of the
quadrant; more accurate results can be obtained from reading with
the line of sight slightly below the surface, to avoid the effect of
surface tension.
9- Repeat the above procedure for each load increment produced by
adding a further weight to weight hanger.
{8}
Thermo-Fluid Lab. (A)
Experiment No. 1
Hydrostatic Pressure
Objectives
{9}
Schematic of Hydrostatic Pressure Apparatus
10
{10}
Experimental Setup
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PROCEDURES
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11
{11}
Data Reduction
Partly submerged vertical plane surface
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12
{12}
Table 2. Readings for partially submerged vertical plane surface
CONCLUSIONS
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13
{13}
Data Reduction
Fully submerged vertical plane surface
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14
{14}
Table 4. Readings for fully submerged vertical plane surface
CONCLUSIONS
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15
{15}
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