IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER DELIVERY, VOL. 23, NO.

2, APRIL 2008 1007

A New Fuzzy-Based Total Demand Distortion

Factor for Nonsinusoidal Situations
Walid G. Morsi, Student Member, IEEE, and M. E. El-Hawary, Fellow, IEEE

Abstract—When considering one single range of short circuit

level, the values of “total demand distortion” (TDD) are enough to
quantify harmonic distortion in a certain current waveform. When
considering multiple ranges of short circuit levels the TDD is un-
able to determine whether the distortion is within the acceptable
limits or not. In this paper, a new fuzzy total demand distortion
factor (FTDDF) is proposed. The FTDDF indicates the level of dis-
tortion in the current waveform or (how close is the waveform to a
pure sinusoidal waveshape,) and also allows deciding whether the
distortion contained in the current is within the acceptable limit or
not. Moreover, the use of a fuzzy inference system (FIS) has the ad-
vantages of being simple, easy to implement and contains its knowl-
edge base. The proposed FTDDF is sensitive to the TDD and short
circuit level changes in all distortion cases in sinusoidal and non- Fig. 1. Single-phase nonlinear load supplied from sinusoidal source. PCC is
the point of common coupling.
sinusoidal situations. Therefore it will be very useful for many ap-
plications such as power-quality (PQ) evaluation, cost-benefit anal-
ysis of PQ mitigation techniques and setting penalty tariffs for cus-
TABLE I
tomers generating harmonics.
CURRENT DISTORTION LIMITS FOR GENERAL DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
Index Terms—Fuzzy logic, fuzzy sets, harmonics, power quality (120 V THROUGH 69 KV). MAXIMUM HARMONIC CURRENT
DISTORTION IN PERCENT OF I
(PQ), total demand distortion (TDD).

I. INTRODUCTION

OTAL demand distortion (TDD), which is recommended

T in the IEEE Standard 159–1992 [1], is an index that quanti-
fies the harmonics distortion level in the current waveform. TDD
is the ratio of the harmonic current distortion to the maximum
demand load current. Since TDD values alone are not enough
to precisely describe the harmonic distortion level for certain
situations in the power system, TDD values should be related
to the ratio of the short circuit current to the maximum demand
load current. For example Fig. 1 shows a nonlinear load supplied
from a sinusoidal voltage source with root mean square value of
120 V and fundamental frequency of 60 Hz. The nonlinear load
consists of a pure resistance with a Triac which
is modeled by two thyristors connected in antiparallel and with
firing angle set to 25 . Two cases of line resistance are consid-
ered, the first is which corresponds to short circuit
current to maximum demand load current ratio of 32 and the
second case is which corresponds to short circuit
current to maximum demand load current ratio of 95. Both cases
will have the same value of TDD of 0.11 but depending on the
Manuscript received September 13, 2006; revised September 7, 2007. Paper
no. TPWRD-00547-2006.
The authors are with the Department of Electrical and Computer En-
gineering, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3J 2X4, Canada (e-mail:
walid.gamal@dal.ca; elhawary@dal.ca).
Color versions of one or more of the figures in this paper are available online
at http://ieeexplore.ieee.org.
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TPWRD.2007.916015
0885-8977/$25.00 © 2008 IEEE
ratio of the short circuit current to maximum demand load cur-
rent ( ) also called short circuit level (see Table I) it can be
inferred that the current distortion in the first case will be out-
side the allowable limit but the current distortion in the second
case will be within the limits. This example shows that although
the value of the total demand distortion index can quantify the
current harmonic distortion level, it cannot reveal whether this
distortion level is within or outside permissible limits. There-
fore there is a need for an index that can evaluate the current
harmonic distortion and reveal whether this distortion is within
or outside the allowable limits.
Measuring the TDD index is accompanied by some uncer-
tainties which stem from the following:
• current transducers inaccuracies due to the difference be-
tween the designed turns ratio and the actual voltage ratio;
• measurement instrumentation errors;
• changes in power system operating conditions.
Fuzzy systems are able to handle uncertain, imprecise, and
vague situations [2]–[14]. Therefore in this paper a new
fuzzy-based total demand distortion factor (FTDDF) is pro-
posed. A fuzzy logic-based approach is proposed to calculate
the FTDDF using Mamdani’s fuzzy inference mechanism
1008
Fig. 2. Schematic diagram of a fuzzy inference system (FIS).
(FIM). The approach has many advantages such as being
simple, easy to apply, flexible and able to handle imprecise
or uncertain problems. In order to test its validity it has been
applied to different distortion cases in sinusoidal and nonsinu-
soidal situations. The new FTDDF can handle both properties,
its value expresses to what degree the current waveform is
free of distortion, which means that a high value of TDD will
correspond to a low value of FTDDF and vice versa. Also
values of FTDDF greater than 0.85 indicate that the distortion
is within the limits.
The organization of this paper is as follows: Section II reviews
the definitions of TDD, then some basic concepts of fuzzy set
theory, fuzzy logic and fuzzy inference systems are introduced
in Section III. The fuzzy-based module used for calculating the
FTDDF is explained in Section IV, the simulation results and
observations are included in Section V and finally conclusions
are given in Section VI.
II. TOTAL DEMAND DISTORTION (TDD)
In distribution systems, the current harmonic distortion
should be limited to an acceptable limit to avoid heating,
losses and malfunctioning of power system components. The
TDD was introduced in [1] to measure the current distortion
level instead of the total harmonic distortion (THD) that was
introduced in the earlier version of the IEEE Standard [15].
According to [1] the TDD is defined as the total root-mean
square harmonic current distortion in percent of the maximum
demand load current
(1)
where is the maximum demand load current (fundamental
frequency component) at the point of common coupling. As
seen in Table I the permissible distortion limits for the TDD de-
pend on the ratio between the maximum short circuit current to
the maximum demand load current which is . Therefore
TDD values alone are not enough to reveal whether the current
distortion is within the allowable limits or not.
III. FUZZY SET THEORY AND FUZZY INFERENCE SYSTEMS
A. Fuzzy Set Theory
In 1965, Zadeh [2] introduced the concept of fuzzy set theory
as a theory in which everything is a matter of degree [3]. A fuzzy
set is a set without sharp boundaries, while a classical set is a
set with sharp and precisely defined boundaries. The degree of
belonging (also called degree of membership) of an element to
a fuzzy set ranges between 0 and 1, while in crisp set it is only
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER DELIVERY, VOL. 23, NO. 2, APRIL 2008
1 or 0 which means “belong to” or “does not belong to”. The
degree of membership is a result of mapping the input space also
called universe of discourse using a membership function (MF).
For example, if is the universe of discourse, then a classical
(crisp) set is expressed as
(2)
A fuzzy set is defined as a set of ordered pairs
(3)
Here, is the MF of in the fuzzy set .
Fuzzy logic was introduced as a superset of standard Boolean
logic by considering the fuzzy values that ranges from 0 to 1 in-
stead of only considering two values true or false and applying
the same logic operators such as and, or not etc. Thus the con-
cept is extended from two valued logic to multivalued logic,
which have many applications [3].
The conditional statement commonly known as IF-THEN rules
can be easily formulated using fuzzy logic. Rules consist of two
parts: the antecedent or the IF part, and the consequent or the
THEN part. The IF-THEN rule can take the following form:
where , and are linguistic variables, which are variables
whose values are sentences in a natural language.
B. Fuzzy Inference Systems (FIS)
Fuzzy inference is the process which maps the given input
into the output using fuzzy logic. Any fuzzy inference system
can be simply represented in four integrating blocks as shown
in Fig. 2.
1) Fuzzification: is the process of transforming any crisp
value to the corresponding linguistic variable (fuzzy
value) based on the appropriate membership function.
2) Knowledge base: contains membership functions defini-
tions and the necessary IF-THEN rules.
3) Inference engine: this simulates human decision making
through using implication and aggregation processes.
4) Defuzzification: is the process of transforming the fuzzy
output into a crisp numerical value.
IV. FUZZY INFERENCE SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION
This section explains the fuzzy logic-based approach used to
calculate the FTDDF which is an index that can indicate the
cleanness of the current waveform from the harmonic distor-
tion and can decide whether the existing distortion is within the
permissible limits or not. Fig. 3 shows a schematic diagram of
the FTDDF module proposed. This module was built using the
Fuzzy Logic Toolbox available in Matlab. The design procedure
is as follows.
A. Input and Output Fuzzification
The input to the FTDDF module is the ratio of the short cir-
cuit current to the maximum demand load current (short circuit
level) and the TDD. The values of range as shown
MORSI AND EL-HAWARY: A NEW FUZZY-BASED TOTAL DEMAND DISTORTION FACTOR FOR NONSINUSOIDAL SITUATIONS 1009

Fig. 3. Schematic diagram of the fuzzy total demand distortion factor (FTDDF)
module.

in Table I while the values of the TDD range from 0 to 1, a value

of 0 indicates no distortion while a value near 1 indicates high
distortion.
Rectangular form of the membership was used here to repre-
sent the short circuit level which represents the first input to the
FTDDF module. Rectangular membership function is suitable
to represent the ranges of the short circuit level since it is re-
quired to identify a certain range of values. Five linguistic vari-
ables are used to represent the short circuit level: low (L), some-
what low (SL), medium (M), somewhat high (SH), and high (H).
Each linguistic variable that is represented by a rectangular
membership function was designed to cover one of the ranges
of the short circuit levels listed in Table I. For example, the lin-
guistic variable low (L) is used to represent the short circuit level
( ), while linguistic variable somewhat low (SL) is used to
represent the short circuit level ( ) and so on.
On the other hand triangular membership functions are used
to represent the TDD which is the second input to the FTDDF
module since it is required to identify the limits of the TDD
as listed in Table I. Seven linguistic variables are used: very
low (VL), low (L), somewhat low (SL), medium (M), somewhat
high (SH), high (H), and very high (VH).
The linguistic variables used here identify the values of the
TDD according to Table I. For example, the linguistic variable Fig. 4. Input and output fuzzification. (a) Short circuit level. (b) Total demand
very low (VL) is used to identify a value of around zero TDD, distortion. (c) Fuzzy total demand distortion factor.
while the linguistic variable low (L) is used to identify a value
around 5% of the TDD index and so on. 3) If (S.C.LEVEL is L) and (TDD is SL) then (FTDDF is SH)
The FTDDF output is represented using the triangular mem- 4) If (S.C.LEVEL is L) and (TDD is M) then (FTDDF is M)
bership function due its simplicity. Seven linguistic variables are 5) If (S.C.LEVEL is L) and (TDD is SH) then (FTDDF is SL)
used here: low (L), moderately low (ML), somewhat low (SL), 6) If (S.C.LEVEL is L) and (TDD is H) then (FTDDF is ML)
medium (M), somewhat high (SH), moderately high (MH), and 7) If (S.C.LEVEL is L) and (TDD is VH) then (FTDDF is L)
high (H). These seven linguistic variables were used to cover 8) If (S.C.LEVEL is SL) and (TDD is VL) then (FTDDF is
the whole range of the FTDDF that extends from 0 to 1. Fig. 4 H)
shows the input and output membership functions. 9) If (S.C.LEVEL is SL) and (TDD is L) then (FTDDF is H)
10) If (S.C.LEVEL is SL) and (TDD is SL) then (FTDDF is
B. Fuzzy IF-THEN Rules
MH)
Thirty five rules are designed in the FTDDF module. The fol- 11) If (S.C.LEVEL is SL) and (TDD is M) then (FTDDF is
lowing are the rules that were designed through a spreadsheet SH)
rule editor that supports the IF-THEN rules. The development of 12) If (S.C.LEVEL is SL) and (TDD is SH) then (FTDDF is
these rules is based on different combinations of the input lin- M)
guistic variables using the “and” operator through the IF part of 13) If (S.C.LEVEL is SL) and (TDD is H) then (FTDDF is SL)
the statement, while the output linguistic variables help deter- 14) If (S.C.LEVEL is SL) and (TDD is VH) then (FTDDF is
mining the correct value for the FTDDF through the THEN part ML)
of the any rule. 15) If (S.C.LEVEL is M) and (TDD is VL) then (FTDDF is H)
1) If (S.C.LEVEL is L) and (TDD is VL) then (FTDDF is H). 16) If (S.C.LEVEL is M) and (TDD is L) then (FTDDF is H)
2) If (S.C.LEVEL is L) and (TDD is L) then (FTDDF is MH) 17) If (S.C.LEVEL is M) and (TDD is SL) then (FTDDF is H)
1010
18) If (S.C.LEVEL is M) and (TDD is M) then (FTDDF is MH)
19) If (S.C.LEVEL is M) and (TDD is SH) then (FTDDF is
SH)
20) If (S.C.LEVEL is M) and (TDD is H) then (FTDDF is M)
21) If (S.C.LEVEL is M) and (TDD is VH) then (FTDDF is
SL)
22) If (S.C.LEVEL is SH) and (TDD is VL) then (FTDDF is
H)
23) If (S.C.LEVEL is SH) and (TDD is L) then (FTDDF is H)
24) If (S.C.LEVEL is SH) and (TDD is SL) then (FTDDF is
H)
25) If (S.C.LEVEL is SH) and (TDD is M) then (FTDDF is H)
26) If (S.C.LEVEL is SH) and (TDD is SH) then (FTDDF is
MH)
27) If (S.C.LEVEL is SH) and (TDD is H) then (FTDDF is SH)
28) If (S.C.LEVEL is SH) and (TDD is VH) then (FTDDF is
M)
29) If (S.C.LEVEL is H) and (TDD is VL) then (FTDDF is H)
30) If (S.C.LEVEL is H) and (TDD is L) then (FTDDF is H)
31) If (S.C.LEVEL is H) and (TDD is SL) then (FTDDF is H)
32) If (S.C.LEVEL is H) and (TDD is M) then (FTDDF is H)
33) If (S.C.LEVEL is H) and (TDD is SH) then (FTDDF is H)
34) If (S.C.LEVEL is H) and (TDD is H) then (FTDDF is MH)
35) If (S.C.LEVEL is H) and (TDD is VH) then (FTDDF is
SH)
For example, in rule 1, if the S.C.LEVEL is low which means
( ) and TDD is very low (around zero), then the FTDDF
should have very high value in order to express an ideal case or
a case that is within the allowed limits. On the other hand in rule
7, if the S.C.LEVEL is low which means ( same as before)
and TDD is very high (high distortion case), then the FTDDF
should be expressed as low in order to give accurate impression
about that distortion.
C. Fuzzy Inference Mechanism (FIM)
Mamdani’s FIM is used with the implication part modeled
by means of the minimum operator while the aggregation part
is processed using the maximum operator.
D. Output Defuzzification
Many defuzzification techniques exist [3], the center of area
(COA) or center of gravity (COG) method was used here, which
returns the center of area under the curve resulting from the
aggregation process.
For given values of the total demand distortion and short
circuit level the fuzzy inference system module calculates the
FTDDF. Table II shows the rule viewer inputs and output for
the two cases mentioned in the introduction. In the first case
the FTDDF gives 0.693 which is less than 0.85 therefore it is
outside the limit. In the second case the FTDDF yields 0.887
which is greater than 0.85 indicating that it is within the accept-
able limits.
V. APPLICATIONS AND RESULTS
To test the validity, performance and accuracy of the proposed
FTDDF, it is applied to different distortion cases under sinu-
soidal and nonsinusoidal situations.
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER DELIVERY, VOL. 23, NO. 2, APRIL 2008
TABLE II
RULE VIEWER OUTPUT FOR TWO CASES (WITHIN AND OUTSIDE THE LIMITS)
Fig. 5. Source voltage waveform (sinusoidal case).
A. Sinusoidal Voltage Source
Considering the circuit shown in Fig. 1 the source voltage is
sinusoidal such that as root mean square with
( ). The load resistance is . Different
distortion levels are generated by varying the firing angle of the
thyristors. Eight cases are introduced corresponding to different
firing angle, , 10 , 15 , 20 , 25 , 30 , 35 and 40 . Fig. 5
shows the voltage source waveform, Figs.6 and 7 showthecurrent
waveform with its fast Fourier transform (FFT) for case 3 which
correspond to and case 6 which corresponds to .
These two cases are shown for demonstration purposes.
Three short circuit levels are considered by changing the
value of the line resistance. The first short circuit level is
obtained by setting which corresponds to a
short circuit level of 13 lying in the first range ( ). The
second short circuit level is obtained by setting
which correspond to short circuit level equal to 37.5 lying
in the second range ( ). The third short circuit level
is obtained by setting which corresponds
to short circuit level equal to 367 lying in the fourth range
( ). The eight cases introduced above are considered
for each short circuit level, the TDD is measured at the point
of common coupling (PCC) and the FTDDF is calculated using
the developed FTDDF module. Figs. 8–10 show the resulting
TDD and FTDDF values obtained for the three short circuit
levels considered, respectively.
Inspection of Fig. 8 reveals observations as follows.
• The values of FTDDF for cases 1, 2 and 3 indicate that the
distortion in these cases is within limits.
• The values of the FTDDF for cases 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 indicate
that the distortion in these cases is outside the limits.
• As the thyristors firing angles increase the distortion in the
current increase as shown in Figs. 6 and 7, and therefore
the FTDDF values decrease.
• All cases that are within the limits have FTDDF values
above 0.85.
MORSI AND EL-HAWARY: A NEW FUZZY-BASED TOTAL DEMAND DISTORTION FACTOR FOR NONSINUSOIDAL SITUATIONS 1011

Fig. 6. Current waveform for case three. (a) Time domain waveform. (b) FFT Fig. 7. Current waveform for case six. (a) Time domain waveform. (b) FFT
spectrum. spectrum.

Inspection of Fig. 9 reveals observations as follows.

• The values of FTDDF for cases 1, 2 and 3 indicate that
the distortion values in these cases are within acceptable
limits while the FTDDF values for the remaining cases in-
dicate that the distortion in these cases are outside accept-
able limits.
• Since the short circuit level considered here is greater than
that of Fig. 8. Therefore FTDDF values plotted in Fig. 9 is
much higher than those of Fig. 8 which indicates that the
FTDDF is very sensitive to changes in short circuit level.
• It is clear that the FTDDF values indicate to what degree
the current waveform is close to the sinusoidal waveshape
(free of harmonics) and also the FTDDF is able to indicate
whether the distortion is within the acceptable limits or not.
With the inspection of Fig. 10, observations are made as fol-
lows.
• The FTDDF for the first six cases indicate that the distor-
tion is within the permissible limits while for the remaining
cases the FTDDF values indicate that the distortion is out-
side the permissible limits.
• It can be noticed that since the short circuit level has been
Fig. 8. TDD and FTDDF values for short circuit level 13.
increased in this part the FTDDF values also increase more
than the previous parts.
• The FTDDF tracks the changes in the short circuit level third harmonic such that the rms is with (
and the distortion in the current waveforms. ) plus with ( ) (see
Fig. 11). The remaining data are kept as in the sinusoidal sit-
B. Nonsinusoidal Voltage Source uation (A). Figs. 12 and 13 show the current waveform with its
Considering the circuit shown in Fig. 1, the source voltage fast Fourier transform (FFT) for case 3 which corresponds to
that is now nonsinusoidal contains the fundamental plus 13.78% and case 6 which corresponds to .
1012
Fig. 9. TDD and FTDDF values for short circuit level 37.5.
Fig. 10. TDD and FTDDF values for short circuit level 367.
Figs. 14–16 show the resulting TDD and FTDDF values ob-
tained for the three short circuit levels considered, respectively.
Inspection of Fig. 14 reveals the following observations.
• The FTDDF values indicate that the distortion in all cases
is outside the limits because the voltage now becomes non-
sinusoidal and also the short circuit level is too small.
• The FTDDF values decrease with the increase in the distor-
tion in the current waveform when increasing the thyristor
firing angle.
Inspection of Fig. 15 reveals the following observations.
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER DELIVERY, VOL. 23, NO. 2, APRIL 2008
Fig. 11. Source voltage waveform (nonsinusoidal case).
Fig. 12. Current waveform for case three. (a) Time domain waveform. (b) FFT
spectrum.
• The FTDDF values indicate that the distortion in all cases
are outside the limits which indicate that the FTDDF values
is affected by voltage distortion.
• The FTDDF gives higher values than that in the previous
part due to the increase in the short circuit level which
indicates the high sensitivity of the FTDDF for any changes
in the short circuit level.
Inspection of Fig. 16 reveals the following observations.
• The FTDDF values for cases 1, 2 and 3 indicate that the
distortion is within the acceptable limits even though the
MORSI AND EL-HAWARY: A NEW FUZZY-BASED TOTAL DEMAND DISTORTION FACTOR FOR NONSINUSOIDAL SITUATIONS 1013

Fig. 15. TDD and FTDDF values for short circuit level 37.5.

Fig. 13. Current waveform for case six. (a) Time domain waveform. (b) FFT
spectrum.

Fig. 16. TDD and FTDDF values for short circuit level 367.

• FTDDF clearly expresses this situation through giving

values greater than 0.85 for the acceptable cases 1, 2 and
3 while giving values less than 0.85 to the remaining
unacceptable cases.
• The FTDDF is very sensitive to any changes in either
Fig. 14. TDD and FTDDF values for short circuit level 13. the TDD or the short circuit level or any distortion in the
voltage waveform that affect the waveform of the current.

voltage is nonsinusoidal. This is due to that the increase in VI. CONCLUSION

the short circuit level is enough to bring the TDD values A new fuzzy-based FTDDF is proposed in this paper to eval-
within acceptable limits. uate the current harmonic distortion. Applying FIS to obtain the
1014
FTDDF has the advantages of being simple, easy to be imple-
mented, flexible, can be easily altered, adjusted and contains its
knowledge base so no need for an expert after the designing
stage. From the results obtained when applying the proposed
FIS into different distortion cases in sinusoidal and nonsinu-
soidal situations, it is found that the new FTDDF is able to
convey two important information: it can give an indication on
how much free is the current waveform from distortion or (how
much near the sinusoidal waveshape) also decide whether the
distortion contained in the current is within the acceptable limit
or not, which cannot be obtained from the TDD alone. Also
the FTDDF proves to be very sensitive to any changes in the
TDD values or short circuit values. In addition FTDDF values
are affected by any distortion in the voltage waveform which
already affects the current waveforms. The proposed FTDDF
can be very effective for evaluating the harmonic distortion for
power-quality (PQ) purposes also in making a cost-effective
analysis for applying PQ mitigation techniques as well for set-
ting penalty tariffs for customers generating harmonics.
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Walid G. Morsi (S’07) was born in Ismailia, Egypt,
in 1975. He received the B.Sc. (Eng.) degree and
M.Sc. degrees in electrical engineering from Suez
Canal University, Port-Said, Egypt, in 1998 and
2002, respectively, and is currently pursuing the
Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering at Dalhousie
University, Halifax, NS, Canada.
Currently, he is a Research and Teaching Assis-
tant with the Electrical and Computer Engineering
Department, Dalhousie University. His research
interests include power definitions under nonsinu-
soidal conditions, power quality analysis, and artificial intelligence applications
in power systems.
M. E. El-Hawary (S’68–M’72–F’90) received the
B.Eng. degree in electrical engineering (Hons.)
from the University of Alexandria, Egypt, 1965, and
the Ph.D. degree from the University of Alberta,
Edmonton, AB, Canada, in 1972, where he was a
Killam Memorial Fellow.
Currently, he is Associate Dean of Engineering
and has been Professor of Electrical and Computer
Engineering at Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS,
Canada, where he has been since 1981. He served
on the faculty, and was a Chair of the Electrical
Engineering Department at Memorial University of Newfoundland for eight
years. He was Associate Professor of Electrical Engineering at the Federal
University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, for two years and was
Instructor at the University of Alexandria. He pioneered many computational
and artificial-intelligence solutions to problems in economic/environmental
operation of power systems. He has written ten textbooks and monographs,
and many refereed journal articles. He has consulted and taught for more than
30 years.
Dr. El-Hawary is a Fellow of the IEEE, the Engineering Institute of Canada
(EIC), and the Canadian Academy of Engineering (CAE).