NOTES ON MATERIAL MODELS

Fredy Andrés Mercado Navarro

Buenos Aires, Argentina
September 15, 2015

Abstract
Notes for programming an orthotropic constitutive relation for a shell finite element.

Contents
1 RESTRICTIONS ON THE CONSTANTS 2

2 POISSON CONVERTION, ADINA - JONES 2

3 3D ORTHOTROPIC MATERIAL MODEL 2

3.1 3D Compliance matrix - Strain-Stress - Jones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
3.2 3D Stiffness matrix - Stress-Strain - Jones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

4 SHELL ORTHOTROPIC MATERIAL MODEL 5

4.1 Shell Compliance matrix - Strain Stress - Jones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
4.2 Shell Compliance matrix - Strain-Stress - ADINA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
4.3 Shell Stiffness matrix - Stress-Strain - Jones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
4.4 Shell Stiffness matrix - Stress-Strain - ADINA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
4.5 Shear Modulus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

5 SHELL ISOTROPIC MATERIAL MODEL 7

5.1 Shell Stiffness matrix - Stress-Strain relation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

6 ROTATION OF SHELL LOCAL MATERIAL AXES 8

6.1 Using orthotropic material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
6.1.1 Define new local coordinate system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
6.1.2 Transformation 1: Rotate constitutive tensor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
6.1.3 Transformation 2: Local cartesian to convective . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
6.2 Rotation Proposed by Dvorkin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
6.2.1 Finding ẽ1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
6.2.2 Finding ẽ2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
6.2.3 When α is negative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
6.2.4 Finding ẽ1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
6.2.5 Finding ẽ2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

1
7 2D ROTATION OF CONSTITUTIVE RELATION 14

8 ROTATION GIVEN BY TSAY 15

9 FOURTH ORDER TENSORS 15

10 QUESTIONS 16

11 ANNEX 16
11.1 Shell orthotropic material - ADINA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

1 RESTRICTIONS ON THE CONSTANTS

Constitutive laws are defined in the local system of material axes. The determinant of C
must not be zero in order to be able to calculate the inverse. This imposes the following
restrictions on the constants. The material constants must be defined so that the stress-
strain constitutive matrix is positive definite. Then, for ADINA input values (the book of
Barbero has theory about this):
  12
Ei
|νji | < , i, j = a, b, c
Ej
 
2 E1 2 Eb 2 Ec
νab νbc νca < 0.5 1 − νab − νbc − νca ≤ 0.5
Eb Ec Ea
or  
Ea 2 E1 2 Eb 2 Ea
νab νbc νac < 0.5 1 − νab − νbc − νac ≤ 0.5
Ec Eb Ec Ec

2 POISSON CONVERTION, ADINA - JONES

ADINA and Jones follow different definitions for poisson’s ratio. It it possible to calculate
the value of νj i given a value for J νij from
 
Ej J
νij = νij
Ei
Then  
E2 J
ν12 = ν12
E1
Also  
E1
ν12 = J ν12
E2

3 3D ORTHOTROPIC MATERIAL MODEL

The stiffness and compliance matrices are mutually inverse.

2
3.1 3D Compliance matrix - Strain-Stress - Jones
    
1 S11 S12 S13 0 0 0 σ1
 2  S21 S22 S23 0 0 0   σ2 
 
   
 3  S31 S32 S33 0 0 0   σ3 
 
 =
212   0 0 0 S44 0 0  σ12 
 
  
223   0 0 0 0 S55 0  σ23 
231 0 0 0 0 0 S66 σ31
1 1 1
S11 = S22 = S33 =
E1 E2 E3
1 1 1
S44 = S55 = S66 =
G12 G23 G31
ν21 ν31 ν12
S12 = − S13 = − S21 = −
E2 E3 E1
ν32 ν13 ν23
S23 = − S31 = − S32 = −
E3 E1 E2
Note that there is no interaction between normal stresses and shearing strains. The
COMPLIANCE matrix is the one that relates strain and stress as:
    
1 1/E1 −ν21 /E2 −ν31 /E3 0 0 0 σ1
 2  −ν12 /E1 1/E2 −ν32 /E3 0 0 0   σ2 
 
   
 3  −ν13 /E1 −ν23 /E2 1/E3 0 0 0   σ3 
 
 =
212   0 0 0 1/G12 0 0  τ12 
 
  
223   0 0 0 0 1/G23 0  τ23 
231 0 0 0 0 0 1/G31 τ31
I have to be carefull because for Jones:
νij νji
=
Ei Ej
And this definition can be different for other authors. This produces a symmetric constitutive
matrix for an orthotropic material:
    
1 1/E1 −ν12 /E1 −ν13 /E1 0 0 0 σ1
 2  −ν12 /E1 1/E2 −ν23 /E2 0 0 0   σ2 
 
   
 3  −ν13 /E1 −ν23 /E2 1/E3 0 0 0    σ3 
 
 =
212   0 0 0 1/G12 0 0   τ12 
 
  
223   0 0 0 0 1/G23 0  τ23 
231 0 0 0 0 0 1/G31 τ31
Again, the same symmetry written different:
    
1 S11 S12 S13 0 0 0 σ1
 2  S12 S22 S23 0 0 0   σ2 
    
 3  S13 S23 S33 0 0 0 
  σ3 
 
 =
212   0 0 0 S44 0 0 
 τ12 
 
  
223   0 0 0 0 S55 0  τ23 
231 0 0 0 0 0 S66 τ31

3
 The compliance matrix is the inverse of the stiffness matrix, which is symmetric.

[S] = [C]−1

3.2 3D Stiffness matrix - Stress-Strain - Jones

The stress-strain relations in coordinates aligned with material principal directions are:
    
σ1 C11 C12 C13 0 0 0 1
 σ2  C12 C22 C23 0 0 0 
  2 
 
  
 σ3  C13 C23 C33 0 0 0 
  3 
 
 =
τ23   0 0 0 C44 0 0  212 
 
   
τ31   0 0 0 0 C55 0  223 
τ12 0 0 0 0 0 C66 231

2
S22 S33 − S23 1 − ν23 ν32
C11 = =
S E2 E3 ∆
S13 S23 − S12 S33 ν21 + ν31 ν23 ν12 + ν32 ν13
C12 = = =
S E2 E3 ∆ E1 E3 ∆
S12 S23 − S13 S22 ν31 + ν21 ν32 ν13 + ν12 ν23
C13 = = =
S E2 E3 ∆ E1 E2 ∆
2
S33 S11 − S13 1 − ν13 ν31
C22 = =
S E1 E3 ∆
S12 S13 − S23 S11 ν32 + ν12 ν31 ν23 + ν21 ν13
C23 = = =
S E1 E3 ∆ E1 E2 ∆
2
S11 S22 − S12 1 − ν12 ν21
C33 = =
S E1 E2 ∆
1
C44 = = G12
S44
1
C55 = = G23
S55
1
C66 = = G31
S66

2 2 2
S = S11 S22 S33 − S11 S23 − S22 S13 − S33 S12 + 2S12 S23 S13
1 − ν12 ν21 − ν23 ν32 − ν31 ν13 − 2ν21 ν32 ν13
∆=
E1 E2 E3
Where S is identical to ∆. Stiffness matrix is the inverse of the compliance matrix, which
is symmetric.

[C] = [S]−1

4
 To obatin the 3D isotropic compliance and stiffness matrices just do Ei = E, νij = ν,
Gij = G. For stiffness matrix we should know that:

1 − 3ν 2 − 2ν 3 (1 + ν)(1 + ν)(1 − 2ν)

∆= =
E3 E3

4 SHELL ORTHOTROPIC MATERIAL MODEL

4.1 Shell Compliance matrix - Strain Stress - Jones
For Jones:
νij νji
=
Ei Ej
The components of the shell compliance matrix are the same of the 3D compliance matrix
but considering a plane stress case.
    
1 S11 S12 − 0 0 0 σ1
 2  S12 S22 − 0 0 0   σ2 
 
  
 −   − − − − − −  σ3 = 0
212  =  0
    
   0 − S44 0 0   σ12 
 
223   0 0 − 0 S55 0   σ23 
231 0 0 − 0 0 S66 σ31
33 = S13 σ1 + S23 σ2

1 1
S11 = S22 = S33 = N O∗
E1 E2
1 1 1
S44 = S55 = S66 =
G12 G23 G31
ν21 ν12 ν31 ν13
S12 =− =− S13 =− =− S21 = SIM
E2 E1 E3 E1
ν32 ν23
S23 =− =− S31 = SIM S32 = SIM
E3 E2
* It is not involved in any calculation due to σ3 = 0.

Then we just need: E1 , E2 , G12 , G23 , G31 and ν12 , ν23 , ν31 and E3 . All nine material
constants.

4.2 Shell Compliance matrix - Strain-Stress - ADINA

νij νji
=
Ej Ei

5
     
e1 S11 S12 − 0 0 0 σa
 e2  S12 S22
   − 0 0 0   σb 
 
 −  − − − − − −  σc = 0
 
2e12  =  0
  
   0 − S44 0 0   σab 
 

2e23   0 0 − 0 S55 0   σbc 
2e13 0 0 − 0 0 S66 σac

e33 = S13 σa + S23 σb

1 1
S11 = S22 = S33 = N O∗
Ea Eb
1 1 1
S44 = S55 = S66 =
Gab Gbc Gac
νab νba νac νca
S12 =− =− S13 =− =− S21 = SIM
Eb Ea Ec Ea
νbc νcb
S23 =− =− S31 = SIM S32 = SIM
Ec Eb
* It is not involved in any calculation due to σ3 = 0.

Then we just need: Ea , Eb , Gab , Gbc , Gac and νab , νac , Ec , νbc . All nine material constants.

4.3 Shell Stiffness matrix - Stress-Strain - Jones

The stiffness matrix can be derived directly from the shell compliance matrix or from the
general components of the 3D stiffness matrix by not including those terms related to the
3-axis.
    
σ1 Q11 Q12 0 0 0 0 e1
 σ2  Q12 Q22 0 0 0 0   e2 
 
  
 σ3   0 0 0 0 0 0   e3 
 
 =
τ12   0 0 0 Q44 0 0  2e12 
 
   
τ23   0 0 0 0 Q55 0  2e23 
τ31 0 0 0 0 0 Q66 2e31

E1 E2 ν12 E2 ν21 E1
Q11 = Q22 = Q12 = =
A A A A
Q44 = G12 Q55 = kG23 Q66 = kG31

Where:
A = 1 − ν12 ν21
All nine material constants are necessary to completely determine the state of strain and
stress in one point. See preceding sections.

6
4.4 Shell Stiffness matrix - Stress-Strain - ADINA
The stiffness matrix can be derived directly from the components of the shell compliance
matrix of Seccion 4.2. Remember that the third of the Reissner-Mindlin assumptions (σ33 =
0) is enforced through the linear constitutive relation. It simply involves deleting the third
row and column to get the most general form of C.
    
σa R11 R12 0 0 0 0 ea
 σb  R12 R22 0 0 0 0 
  eb 
 
  
 σc   0 0 0 0 0 0 
  ec 
 
 =
τab   0 0 0 R44 0 0  2eab 
 
   
 τbc   0 0 0 0 R55 0   2ebc 
τac 0 0 0 0 0 R66 2eac

S22 Ea S11 Eb S12 νab Ea νba Eb

R11 = = R22 = = R12 = − = =
B D B D B D D
R44 = Gab R55 = kGbc R66 = kGac

Where:
2 2
2 Eb − Ea νab Ea − Eb νba
B = S11 S22 − S12 = =
Ea Eb2 Ea2 Eb
D = 1 − νab νba
To completely determine the state of strains and stresses we need, for the stresses: Ea ,
Eb , νab , Gab , Gbc and Gac . For the strains: νac , Ec and νbc .
Ea
νba = νab
Eb
If the goal is only to calculate the stiffness matrix of an element or group of elements, I
just need six material constants: Ea , Eb , νab , Gab , Gbc and Gac .

4.5 Shear Modulus

Shear modulus is defined as:
τij
Gij =
γij

5 SHELL ISOTROPIC MATERIAL MODEL

5.1 Shell Stiffness matrix - Stress-Strain relation
    
σ1 1 ν 0 0 0 0 1
 σ2  ν 1 0 0 0 0   2 
    
 σ3 
 = E 0
 0 0 0 0 0   3 
 
τ23  (1 − ν 2 ) 0
   0 0 (1 − ν)/2 0 0  212 
 
τ31  0 0 0 0 k(1 − ν)/2 0  223 
τ12 0 0 0 0 0 k(1 − ν)/2 231

7
 Figure 1: Torsion-Tube test

6 ROTATION OF SHELL LOCAL MATERIAL AXES

We want to rotate the local cartesian system where the material of the shell is defined to give
that new orientation to the orthotropic material. The rotation is performed on the plane of
the shell. See Figure 2.

Figure 2: Local coordinate system for laminates

The axes of orthotropy that ADINA uses are given by Figure 3.

1. (r̄, s̄, t) is the local Cartesian system.
2. The a-b and r̄, s̄ planes are coplanar.
3. d is the unit projection of r12 onto the r̄ − s̄ plane.
4. β is the input material angle.
For the MITC4 shell element we need to use the appropiate constitutive relation for the
integration in the convective coordinate system:

τ̃ ij = C̃ ijkl ˜kl
The constitutive law is known in the Local Cartesian system of orthonormal base vectors
e̊i , i = 1, 2, 3. Denoting this constitutive tensor by C̊mnop , the constitutive tensor we need is:

C̃ ijkl = g i .e̊m g j .e̊n g k .e̊o g l .e̊p C̊ mnop

8
 Figure 3: Definition of axes of orthotropy for MITC4

6.1 Using orthotropic material

Next 3 points were found in Stegmann PhD thesis. There are intermediate steps between C̊
and C̃. They are described next.

6.1.1 Define new local coordinate system

Define unitary vector d = e̊1 . Its direction will define the principal direction a of the
orthogonal material.
r12 r2 − r1
d = e̊1 = =
|r12 | |r2 − r1 |
r1 and r2 are position vectors of nodes 1 and 2, respectively. Now define the principal
direction b of the orthogonal material.
ê3 × e̊1
e̊2 =
|ê3 × e̊1 |

Where ê3 = e̊3 is the vector defined by Dvorkin and Bathe in their paper (1983, page 79).
With this I have three orthogonal base vectors that define the new local coordinate system.

(e̊1 ,e̊2 ,e̊3 )

6.1.2 Transformation 1: Rotate constitutive tensor

Make an in-plane rotation of C̊ mnop . The angle to rotate is β. We can do:

C̆ = T (β)T C̊ T (β)

For more details on the standard transformation matrix T see e.g. Cook et al. (1989).

9
 Other alternative is to do:

C̆ijkl = (ĕi .e̊m ) (ĕj .e̊n ) (ĕk .e̊o ) (ĕl .e̊p ) C̊mnop
Where ĕi are unitary base vectors e̊i rotated an angle β in the direction shown in Figure 3.
This rotation has to be in the plane defined by e̊1 and e̊2 . The axis of rotation is going to
be defined by e̊3 , the un-rotated vectors are e̊1 and e̊2 and we want to get ĕ1 and ĕ2 . The
formula for the rotated vector is:
 
x
e̊i = y  , i = 1, 2.

z
So:
 
u
e̊3 = ĕ3 =  v 
w
 
u(ux + vy + wz)(1 − cos β) + x cos β + (−wy + vz)(sin β)
ĕi =  v(ux + vy + wz)(1 − cos β) + y cos β + (wx − uz)(sin β)  , i = 1, 2.
w(ux + vy + wz)(1 − cos β) + z cos β + (−vx + uy)(sin β)
Note that rotated base vectors are also of unitary modulus.

6.1.3 Transformation 2: Local cartesian to convective

Transform the rotated constitutive relation to the convective coordinate system to build
stiffness matrix in this coordinate system (transformation could be to general cartesian, but
not for this case).

All this means that the last transformation is:

C̃ ijkl = g i .ĕm g j .ĕn g k .ĕo g l .ĕp C̆ mnop

A very important thing to be considered is that when we define the above transformation
we have previously defined the Local Cartesian coordinate system. This means that C̃ ijkl is
always influenced by its orthogonal base vectors e̊i .

6.2 Rotation Proposed by Dvorkin

The idea is to rotate the Local Cartesian system where the material is defined an angle φ.
The mission is to find this angle, so that we can find the base vectors ẽ1 and ẽ2 .

For MITC4 the local cartesian system where the material law is defined has the following
base vectors:

10
 Figure 4: Rotation of local cartesian system

g3 g2 × ê3
ê3 = ê1 = ê2 = ê3 × ê1
|g3 | |g2 × ê3 |

The base vectors of the new, rotated local cartesian system are ẽ1 , ẽ2 and ẽ3 . Our axis
of rotation will be ê3 , then:

ẽ3 = ê3
ẽ1 and ẽ2 are in the same plane that ê1 and ê2 . We define a unitary vector pointing from
node 3 to node 4:
ẽ1 = Aê1 + Bê2
A = cos θ
B = sin θ
A2 + B 2 = 1
√
B = 1 − A2

11
 r4 − r3
a=
|r4 − r3 |
I want:
ẽ1 · a = cos β
ê1 · a = cos α
ê1 · ẽ1 = cos θ

6.2.1 Finding ẽ1

For ẽ1 :
β=β
Then:
(Aê1 + Bê2 ) · a = cos β
A (ê1 · a) + B (ê2 · a) = cos β
√
A (ê1 · a) + 1 − A2 (ê2 · a) = cos β

c = ê1 · a d = ê2 · a

d2 + c2 A2 + (−2c cos β) A + cos2 β − d2 = 0

p = d2 + c2 r = cos2 β − d2



q = (−2c cos β)

pA2 + qA + r = 0
p
−q + q 2 − 4pr
A1 =
2p
p
−q − q 2 − 4pr
A2 =
2p
This means that all I need to get φ, ẽ1 and ẽ2 is: ê1 , ê2 , ê3 , r3 , r4 and β.

6.2.2 Finding ẽ2

For ẽ2 :
β = β + π/2

12
6.2.3 When α is negative
α < 90 degrees because it depends on vector a and ê1 .

ẽ1 = Aê1 + Bê2

A = cos θ
B = sin θ
A2 + B 2 = 1
√
B = 1 − A2
r4 − r3
a=
|r4 − r3 |
I want:
ẽ1 · a = cos β
ê1 · a = cos α
ê1 · ẽ1 = cos θ

6.2.4 Finding ẽ1

For ẽ1 :
β=β
Then:
(Aê1 + Bê2 ) · a = cos β
A (ê1 · a) + B (ê2 · a) = cos β
√
A (ê1 · a) + 1 − A2 (ê2 · a) = cos β

c = ê1 · a d = ê2 · a

d2 + c2 A2 + (−2c cos β) A + cos2 β − d2 = 0

p = d2 + c2 r = cos2 β − d2



q = (−2c cos β)

pA2 + qA + r = 0
p
−q + q 2 − 4pr
A1 =
2p
p
−q − q 2 − 4pr
A2 =
2p
This means that all I need to get φ, ẽ1 and ẽ2 is: ê1 , ê2 , ê3 , r3 , r4 and β.

13
6.2.5 Finding ẽ2
For ẽ2 :
β = β + π/2

7 2D ROTATION OF CONSTITUTIVE RELATION

Let’s define first the unrotated constitutive matrix. Theory of this section is based on the
book about Composite Materials of Vinson and Sierakowski, page 64.
    

 σ1  Q11 Q12 Q13 0 0 0   1  
σ Q12 Q22 Q23 0 0 0 
   
2 2

 
 
 

     
σ3 Q Q Q 0 0 0 
    
13 23 33 3

= 

 σ23 

 0
 0 0 Q44 0 0 
 223  
σ 0 0 0 0 Q 0 2
   
13 55 31

 
   
 

   
σ12 0 0 0 0 0 Q66 212
   

If m = cos θ and n = sin θ, and θ is defined positive and we refer to the x-y or 1-2 planes
only, we have
    

 σx  Q̄11 Q̄12 Q̄13 0 0 Q̄16   x  
σ Q̄12 Q̄22 Q̄23 0 0 Q̄ 
   
y 26 y

 
 
 

     
σz Q̄ Q̄ Q̄ 0 0 Q̄ 
    
13 23 33 36 z

= 

 σyz 

 0
 0 0 Q̄44 Q̄45 0   2yz 
σ 0 0 0 Q̄ Q̄ 0 2
   
xz 45 55 xz

 
   
 

   
σxy Q̄16 Q̄26 Q̄36 0 0 Q̄66 2xy
   

I have

m2 n2
 
0 0 0 2mn
2
 n
 m2 0 0 0 −2mn  
 0 0 1 0 0 0 
[T ] =  
 0
 0 0 m −n 0 

 0 0 0 n m 0 
2 2
−mn mn 0 0 0 (m − n )
 2
n2

m 0 0 0 −2mn
 n2 m2 0 0 0 2mn 
 
 0 0 1 0 0 0
[T ]−1 = 


 0 0 0 m n 0 
 
 0 0 0 −n m 0 
mn −mn 0 0 0 (m2 − n2 )
where [Q̄] = [T ]−1 [Q][T ]−T , or more explicitly,

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 Q̄11 = Q11 m4 + 2(Q12 + 2Q66 )m2 n2 + Q22 n4
Q̄12 = (Q11 + Q22 − 4Q66 )m2 n2 + Q12 (m4 + n4 )
Q̄13 = Q13 m2 + Q23 n2
Q̄16 = −mn3 Q22 + m3 nQ11 − mn(m2 − n2 )(Q12 + 2Q66 )
Q̄22 = Q11 n4 + 2(Q12 + 2Q66 )m2 n2 + Q22 m4
Q̄23 = n2 Q13 + m2 Q23
Q̄33 = Q33
Q̄26 = −m3 nQ22 + mn3 Q11 + mn(m2 − n2 )(Q12 + 2Q66 )
Q̄36 = (Q13 − Q23 )mn
Q̄44 = Q44 m2 + Q55 n2
Q̄45 = (Q55 − Q44 )mn
Q̄55 = Q55 m2 + Q44 n2
Q̄66 = (Q11 + Q22 − 2Q12 )m2 n2 + Q66 (m2 − n2 )2

8 ROTATION GIVEN BY TSAY

This kind of transformation for the stiffness and compliance matrices are very complex even
for a simple rotation about an axis. The complete expressions are given by Tsai in Mechanics
of Composite Materials, Part II, Theoretical aspects, 1966. As far as I know, the rotation
given by Tsai is only for a rotation about the cartesian axis number 3.

Figure 5: Laminate stacking convention

9 FOURTH ORDER TENSORS

In elasticity and associative plasticity problems the tensor D has the symmetries:

Dijkl = Djikl = Djilk = Dklij

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 In three dimensions:
 
D1111 D1122 D1133 D1112 D1123 D1113
D2211 D2222 D2233 D2212 D2223 D2213 
 
D3311 D3322 D3333 D3312 D3323 D3313 
D=
D1211 D1222 D1233

 D1212 D1223 D1213 

D2311 D2322 D2333 D2312 D2323 D2313 
D1311 D1322 D1333 D1312 D1323 D1313
 
D11 D12 D13 D14 D15 D16
D21 D22 D23 D24 D25 D26 
 
D31 D32 D33 D34 D35 D36 
D= D41 D42 D43

 D44 D45 D46 

D51 D52 D53 D54 D55 D56 
D61 D62 D63 D64 D65 D66

10 QUESTIONS
1. Why ADINA asks for E3 but not for ν23 or ν13 ? Positions C(i,3) and C(3,i) should be zero
due to σ33 = 0 constraint.

11 ANNEX
11.1 Shell orthotropic material - ADINA
Material constants are defined in the principal material directions a,b and c. The constitutive
relation defined in this system is not symmetric:
    
ea 1/Ea −νab /Eb −νac /Ec 0 0 0 σa
 eb  −νba /Ea 1/Eb −νbc /Ec 0 0 0   σb 
 
  
 ec  −νca /Ea −νcb /Eb 1/Ec 0 0 0  σc = 0
 
2eab  = 
  
   0 0 0 1/Gab 0 0   σab 
 

 2ebc   0 0 0 0 1/Gbc 0   σbc 
2eac 0 0 0 0 0 1/Gac σac
νji νij
=
Ei Ej
If we use last equation, then:
νba νab νca νac νcb νbc
= = =
Ea Eb Ea Ec Eb Ec
Finally:
Ea Ea Eb
νba = νab νca = νac νcb = νbc
Eb Ec Ec

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     
ea 1/Ea −νab /Eb −νac /Ec 0 0 0 σa
 eb  −νab /Eb 1/Eb −νbc /Ec 0 0 0    σb 
 
  
 ec  −νac /Ec −νbc /Ec 1/Ec 0 0 0   σc = 0
 
2eab  = 
  
   0 0 0 1/Gab 0 0   σab 
 

 2ebc   0 0 0 0 1/Gbc 0   σbc 
2eac 0 0 0 0 0 1/Gac σac
The required material constants for the Shell element are:

Ea , Eb , Ec , νab , νbc , νac , Gab , Gbc , Gac

Material constants for the shell element correspond to those of the plane stress element.
They are:
E1 , E2 , ν12 , G12
ADINA defines poissons ratio as can be seen in Figure 6:
b
νba = −
a

Figure 6: Definition of νba

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