Totally Random?

Connected
Level 3
by Kate Potter
2016

Overview
This article provides an entertaining introduction to the mathematical
concepts of randomness, patterns, and fairness and demonstrates the
application of these concepts in our everyday lives.

A Google Slides version of this article is available at

www.connected.tki.org.nz.

Curriculum contexts

MATHEMATICS and STATISTICS: Statistics: Key mathematics and statistics ideas

Probability
 Probability is the chance that something will happen.
Level 3 – Investigate simple situations that involve  Randomness is the lack of pattern or predictability in events.
elements of chance by comparing experimental results
with expectations from models of all the outcomes,
acknowledging that samples vary.

ENGLISH: Reading Indicators

Level 3 – Ideas: Students will show a developing The student…

understanding of ideas within, across, and beyond texts.
 uses their personal experience and world and literacy knowledge
confidently to make meaning from texts
 makes meaning of increasingly complex texts by identifying main
and subsidiary ideas in them
 starts to make connections by thinking about underlying ideas in
and between texts
 makes and supports inferences from texts with increasing
independence.

The New Zealand Curriculum

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Meeting the literacy challenges

The main literacy demands in the text lie in the use of The following strategies will support students to understand,
continuous and non-continuous text, including drawings, respond to, and think critically about the information and ideas.
diagrams, and tables that support abstract ideas and ideas
You may wish to use shared or guided reading, or a mixture of
related to “patterns” and “randomness”. The students need to
both, depending on the reading expertise of your students and
negotiate these abstract concepts in a narrative text that tells the
the background knowledge they bring to the text.
story of two friends playing a dice game. Tables are used to
represent what happens when four students toss a coin forty After reading the text, support students to explore the activities
times, requiring the students to think critically and evaluate the outlined in the following pages.
information.

The narrative text contains subject-specific vocabulary, figurative

language, and colloquial expressions, requiring the students to
think critically in a different context.

INSTRUCTIONAL STRATEGIES

Dealing with abstract ideas Now ask the students to look at the tables on page 7.
Tell the students the title and ASK QUESTIONS to help them  How do these representations help you to know who did and
make connections to what they know, then ask them to predict who didn’t toss a coin?
what the article will be about.  What information did you draw on to help you know the
 What do you think “random” might mean? What does “totally answer?
random” mean? What do you expect to find out from reading
this text? Thinking critically about how abstract ideas are conveyed
After reading the article, have the students repeat their
TELL them that the article includes definitions of the words
explanation to a partner of the meanings of “random” and
“random” and “pattern”. Have them find these definitions, read
“pattern”. Then have them rate how confident they are in their
them, close the book, then tell a partner, in their own words,
understandings now. ASK QUESTIONS to start the students
what they think these words mean. Now ask them to rate their
thinking about how the author conveyed these tricky statistical
understanding of these terms on a continuum from 1 (“I still have
concepts.
no idea”) to 5 (“I can confidently explain these terms and give
examples of when to use them”).  How many of you feel that you are better able to explain
what these two words mean after reading this article? Why?
The text includes colloquial phrases that may be unfamiliar to
 Looking back over the article, what techniques did the author
some students, especially English language learners. ASK
use to get you interested and help you understand the
QUESTIONS to check their understanding.
words?
 Why does Miranda feel her “blood starting to boil”?
LIST the students’ suggestions. These may include (but are not
 What does it mean to talk about someone’s “lucky day”?
be limited to) the following:
Have you had one recently?
 Lots of direct questions (including the title) that challenge the
 Is Miranda really likely to “explode”? Why or why not?
reader to think about how they could be answered
 Have you heard the term “fair’s fair” before? What do you
 Humour, especially in describing Miranda’s feelings about
think people mean by it?
the game
 When people toss a coin, why do they call “heads” or “tails”?
 The familiar situation of playing a game and the feelings of
 At the end of the story, Miranda’s “heart is racing”? Is it tension it creates
really? What does that mean? Why do you think her heart
 The use of familiar emotions
is racing?
 The use of colloquial language to help explain a complex
Using the diagrams and tables to deepen understanding. subject in a way that the reader can relate to
Ask the students to read the section “Patterns, Patterns  Definitions accompanying the words “random” and “pattern”
Everywhere”. Have them work in pairs to figure out what  Activities that support the explanation and allow the reader to
comes next in the pattern. Prompt them to think about how experience the concept first hand
the visual representation made it easier for them to work out
 Examples that are familiar to us, from playing sport and
what came next.
listening to music
 How do these illustrations help you to understand a pattern?
 The photos and illustrations that support the descriptions.
 Would you be able to describe the pattern to someone
without showing them? How hard or easy would that be?

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Meeting the literacy challenges

TEACHER SUPPORT

Probability is the
chance that something
will happen.

Students investigate
outcomes to compare
experimental results
with expectations.

Randomness is the
lack of pattern or
predictability in events.

Reading standard: by the end of year 6

The Literacy Learning Progressions

Effective Literacy Practice: years 5–8

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Learning activities – Exploring the
mathematics and statistics
Activity 1 – Tabling data
Discuss the four tables in the coin toss activity “Who gives a
toss?” on page 7. Explain that these are called tally sheets and
that people use tally sheets to keep a record of data. Have the
students create their own tally sheets and test whether it is true
that, in a game that uses a normal dice, every player has the
same chance of throwing a six.
To make this activity even more interesting, you could include
one or more secretly weighted dice and, once the students have
filled in their tally sheets, invite them to guess which dice
was/were weighted. Instructions for creating a loaded dice are
included under “Resource links”. Note that you will need to make
sure you know who has the weighted dice and make sure they
don’t swap their dice during the test!
Extending the learning
An Experiment with Dice is an interactive activity that explores
probability. The activity asks students to work out the most likely
total score if they throw two dice together and add the scores.
The students create a tally sheet and record their data. They can
then use an interactive tool to graph their data. The activity
explains the reason for the shape of the graph and the difference
between theoretical and experimental results.
Students can choose to create a pie, line, or bar graph. This
gives them the opportunity to compare the similarities and
differences between the three different types of graph and think
about which was most effective in showing the results.
RESOURCE LINKS
NZMaths
“Random or not” (a range of statistics activities relating to
probability): http://nzmaths.co.nz/taxonomy/term/317?page=2
“Long running” (theoretical probability versus experimental
estimates of probability): http://nzmaths.co.nz/resource/long-
running
Statistics New Zealand
Statistical investigation interactive games:
www.stats.govt.nz/tools_and_services/schools_corner/Activities/I
nteractive-Games.aspx
Figure It Out
Statistics, Level 2–3 (Revised edition)
http://nzmaths.co.nz/figure-it-out-carousel-interface#c=11;p=0
 Sneaky Snakes, page 21
 Way to Go, page 22
 Which When?, page 23
 In Between, page 24
TEACHER SUPPORT MATERIAL FOR “TOTALLY RANDOM?” CONNECTED, LEVEL 3, 2016
The following activities are a guide for
supporting students to explore and develop
understandings about the statistics concept of
randomness. Some activities extend student
content knowledge across the learning areas.
Adapt these activities to support your students’
learning needs.
Activity 2 – Fun with probability
The game Two-up originated in colonial Australia and was
popular with Australian troops during the First and Second World
Wars. Today it is illegal in Australia on all days but ANZAC Day.
However, a children’s version provides a fun way to learn about
probability (see “Resource links” below for details on the rules
and history of the game). Having played a game, discuss why
the adult game is illegal. What makes it different from other
games of probability?
See “Resource links” below for more probability games and
activities. After they have tried some, ask the students to suggest
other games they know about that involve an element of chance.
Have some examples on hand and talk about the aim of each
game, the most important rules, and the role that chance plays in
each game. Draw out the idea that a large part of what makes
such games fun is the uncertainty.
Encourage the students to invent their own game of chance. It
should be reasonably simple, and they will need to write down
the rules so that they are clearly understood before people begin
to play. Keep the rules for the earlier games close at hand so
that the students can refer to them as they put together their
rules. Give the students time to try each other’s games and
then discuss whether or not the outcome for each game really
was random.
Statistics, Level 3 (Revised edition) http://nzmaths.co.nz/figure-it-
out-carousel-interface#c=24;p=0
 Scratch ’n’ Win, page 18
 Superbeans, page 20
 Dicey Differences, page 24
Statistics, Level 3–4 (Revised edition) http://nzmaths.co.nz/figure-
it-out-carousel-interface#c=33;p=0
 Left to Chance, page 1
 Crossing the Line, page 20
 The Unit Fraction Game, page 21
 Dylan’s Dominoes, page 22
Probability
Number games: Probability game for kids:
www.kidsmathgamesonline.com/numbers/probability.html
Teaching primary school children about probability: Teacher
Handbook (Unit 1: Randomness, pages 16–33):
www.education.ox.ac.uk/wordpress/wp-
content/uploads/2011/11/Teachers-Probability-Handbook.pdf
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Learning activities – Exploring the mathematics and statistics
RESOURCE LINKS (continued)
Randomness
Census at school: Teaching randomness:
http://new.censusatschool.org.nz/wp-
content/uploads/2012/11/Teaching-randomness21.pdf
Randomness and chance activities:
www.tinkerplots.com/activities/randomness-and-chance-activities
Playing with dice
How to load dice (four ways to load dice):
www.wikihow.com/Load-Dice
Maths Fun: Activity: An experiment with dice:
www.mathsisfun.com/activity/dice-experiment-2.html
TEACHER SUPPORT MATERIAL FOR “TOTALLY RANDOM?” CONNECTED, LEVEL 3, 2016
Two-up
Kidspot: How to play Two-up for kids:
www.kidspot.com.au/things-to-do/activities/how-to-play-two-up-
for-kids
Two-up or ‘Swy’, the Digger’s gambling game:
www.diggerhistory.info/pages-asstd/two_up.htm
RSL Magnetic Island: Two-up (history and rules):
http://rslmagneticisland.com/two-up
The Sydney Morning Herald: Anzac 100: The mathematics
behind two-up (article): www.smh.com.au/national/ww1/anzac-
100-the-mathematics-behind-twoup-20150414-1mkygh.html
[For teachers only]
iPod shuffle
BBC News Technology article “How random is random on your
music player?” www.bbc.com/news/technology-31302312
ISBN 978–0–478–16738–2 (WORD) ISBN 978–0–478–16739–9 (PDF)
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