The Level of Effectiveness in the Implementation of

Security During Night Time in Barangay Comunal,

Calapan City

SUBMITTED TO:

MR. ROGELIO B. CAWIS JR., MDA-LEA

SUBMITTED BY:

MARC RAYWIN QUEBRAR INSULAR

 Chapter I

Introduction

Various crimes happen in every society. Crimes

can be considered petty such as theft or it can be heinous

such as kidnap and murder. Therefore in order to minimize

the occurrence of crimes, maintaining peace and order is

essential. This is where the role of the police and

military comes in. These organizations are the hands of the

government in handling the maintenance of overall peace and

order in the country

(https://camilleannedt.wordpress.com/2014/12/18/peace-and-

order-keeping-for-security-barangay-level/).

“Crime causes social, economic, health, and

psychological effects on victims and society at large. It

is a serious social problem that directly reduces the

quality of life of individuals and the community”. To

respond to this problem, societies have developed the

polity as an institution where the police, among others,

are recruited, trained and deployed. In support of this

idea, Morgan stated, “the primary function of police is

concerned with preventing crime and catching criminals”.

Traditionally, however, the maintenance of law and order in

any society has usually been the exclusive role of

conventional police and other law enforcement agents in the

absence of active participation of the wider members of the

community. During those days, the police not only faced

difficulty in tackling crime but also criticized for

unfriendly nature of the relationship with members of the

public. This has enjoyed a wide coverage among scholars.

Palmiotto, for example, stated that the police cannot

succeed in solving or preventing crime without the

assistance of the community. Thus to prevent crime

successfully there must be community partnership and

involvement. It was in reaction to this development that

the concept of community policing was introduced.

Community policing is a paradigm shift established at

the bedrock of community partnership in creating safe and

secure environment for all. It is policing whereby the

people take active part in their own affairs; the police

are not seen as a problem or stranger whose presence stands

for danger but as partners in development and those members

of the community are co-producers of justice and quality

police service. This fact indicates the need of involving

the community, the local government and the police to work

together to tackle crime. One rationale for public

involvement is the belief that police alone can neither

create nor maintain safe communities. Therefore, community

policing has emerged as a major issue in the development of

public safety for many countries in the world. For example,

England [3], Singapore, Canada [4], Israel and Scandinavian

countries i.e., Norweigian, Swedish, Danish, Finish,

Finnish, have variously introduced some form of community

policing by 2000. Community policing is a worldwide growth.

(https://www.omicsonline.org/open-access/community-

policing-practice-roles-challenges-and-prospects-in-

crimeprevention-in-east-gojjam-administrative-zone-2375-

4435-1000160.php?aid=89633)

Nordquist (2002) states that effective management

practices are integral to security, whether it is

proprietary or contractual and regulated by the state or

not. It is management who decides what money is spent

where, what rules and procedures are established and

enforced, and who has specific responsibilities for given

assignments. Finally, it is management who is responsible

for assuring security. If you have security problem in your

organization, you have a management problem. Those in

charge of security must be given the necessary authority to

fulfill their responsibilities and must have access to top

level management. Lines of communication must be kept open.

Planning, evaluating and updating must be continuous to

assure the full benefits of security equipment, procedures

and personnel.

https://uruae.org/siteadmin/upload/UH0516138.pdf

In Mesopotamia the rise of cities like Uruk , Umma,

Eridu, Lagash and Ur is called as “birth of civilization”.

However these cities were in a state of constant warfare

and in terms of looking at which the residents bore the

closest resemblance to police officers, the argument could

be that captured Nubian slaves were the first police force.

This group was often put to work as marketplace guards,

Praetorian guards or in other mercenary-like positions. As

a police force, their different color, stature and manner

or dress made them quite visible among Mesopotamians. The

idea of visibility could then be regarded as the first

principle of crime control. With the rise of the city-

states came forms of criminal justice that could be

considered as king’s policing. It’s conventional to note

that things like the Code of Hammurabi marked the first

known system of criminal law as well as the start of other

practices. The Hebrews developed the Mosaic Law and a

rudimentary adversverdana system. The Greek experimented

with highway with highway patrol and jury trials as well as

secret police and mercenary systems. Across Africa, trials

were being conducted while sitting down. Violators were

brought before thrones of justice in the name of the crown

and to keep the peace.

Then, as the people increase, they grouped together to

protect the communities. As communities grew, they also

develop and specializes their group to handle protection

and police service. In this century, they always have wars.

The community had to have warriors to carry out the tasks

of war, and then also they need to protect the community by

standing at gates and all sided of community specifically

on night. And curfew laws were enacted and strictly

enforced in the localities (Miller, 2005).

In medieval England, policing was conducted through a

system called frankpledge, or mutual pledge. Ten families

constituted a tithing; within a tithing each member was

responsible for the acts of all other members.

Later, a hundred was developed, made up of ten

tithing. Ten hundred was under the charge of the constable,

who can be considered as first police officers, responsible

for taking care of weapons of the hundred.

Subsequently hundred were combined form shires, which

were analogous to the present concept of countries. The

shires were under the direction of an officer, appointed by

the king, who was called a shire-reeve, a term that came to

be pronounced sheriff. In England also, Keepers of the

peace, established by King Richard, it is the appointment

of the Knight to keep the King’s peace by guarding the

gates and bridges and checking people entering and leaving

the town. Same country, Statue of Winchester provides for

the watchers who were stationed between sunset and sunrise

and surprise at the gate of walled town; Marching watches

were also formed (Miller, 2005).

In London, on 19th century Robert Peel the father of

modern policing system. This system was highly disciplined

in Metropolitan Police. They have night watcher,

constables, port patrols and watchmen were standby in

specific location in colonies. The general term is peelers

or bobbies. The officer worked full time; they wore special

uniform, and their primary function is to prevent crime.

Then these systems are implemented also in Southern United

State for the need of a widespread, rural, plantation and

farm-based population.

In France, they had two types of police patrol; The

Citizen Night Guard who are the watchmen for the protection

of the citizen and the Royal Guard for the protection of

the King.
 In Asia, they pay the selected people to protect their

special building such as plantation, banks, schools and

other public places. As the time pass by the police

themselves hired by the specific buildings, to protect the

employees and properties and also for maintaining the peace

and order in the company and to provide safety in the mind

of the employee.

While in Philippines, for today they adopted the

Robert Peel’s policing method. They use different method

such as barangay police or “tanod”, it is the most useful

method of security and it uses in specific location that

can route by the police security operation. Then the

bicycle was use in low visibility with civilization clothes

and used to route the area that have illegal doing. Then

the automobile are used in apprehend criminals in hot

pursuit (Miller, 2005).

As Barangay Comunal Calapan City, Oriental Mindoro was

under in Philippines, the community also uses the method of

having a barangay police officer or “tanod” within the

barangay. They hired the volume of people about 12 tanod,

who were responsible for maintaining the peace and order in

their barangay. They were using a bicycle and motorcycle

for rounding especially at night around the areas most

especially areas occurring crimes.

Background of the Study

The basic purpose of security is to eliminate the

opportunity of crime among the criminal element of society.

Although a thief’s desires to steal is not diminished by

the physical presence of a patrol officer. The belief that

the criminal action’s success is reduced in proportion to

the number of security officer, the thief observes in and

around in where or who would be the victim. Criminal’s

belief that likely to be caught in the act is deterrent to

any involvement in criminal or illegal activity.

The aggressive, high visibility, physically present

with mobile patrol enhances the criminal insecurity. The

work of patrol officers is not like the work of employees

that have special clientele in community, police patrol

serves the entire community. The most and very important

role of security patrol is their ability to successfully

handle non-criminal matter that are inherent in the police

service, such as responding in miscellaneous call and

providing services.
 Security, according to Wolfers, is a value of which a

nation can have more or less and which it can aspire to

have in greater or lesser measure. Writing during the same

period as Wolfers, Bernard Brodie observed that not

everyone views security as a matter of degree. He cited as

an example a statement by General Jacob L. Devers: National

security is a condition which cannot be qualified. We shall

either be secure, or we shall be insecure. We cannot have

partial security. If we are only half secure, we are not

secure at all. Although Brodie, Wolfers, and others have

criticized such views, the idea of security as a matter of

degree cannot be taken for granted. Knorr has noted that

treating national security threats as matters of more or

less causes a lot of conceptual uneasiness. And Buzan

refers to similar difficulties: The word itself implies an

absolute condition something is either secure or insecure

and does not lend itself to the idea of a graded spectrum

like that which fills the space between hot and cold.

If this were true, it would be necessary to depart

from common usage in defining security as an analytical

concept. This, however, does not appear to be the case. It

is quite common in ordinary language to speak of varying

degrees of security. One reason it is important to specify

the degree of security a country has or seeks is that

absolute security is unattainable. Buzan recognizes this,

but treats it as a 'logical problem' arising from the

essentially contested nature of security as a concept. If

security is conceived of as a matter of degree, Buzan

observes, then complicated and objectively unanswerable

questions arise about how much security is enough'. 49

This, of course, is precisely why security should be so

conceived. It is not clear why such questions should be

described as objectively unanswerable. They are precisely

the kind of questions that economists have been addressing

for a long time, i.e., how to allocate scarce resources

among competing ends. Nor is there anything peculiar about

the unattainability of absolute security. As Herbert Simon

notes, the attainment of objectives is always a matter of

degree. In a world in which scarce resources must be

allocated among competing objectives, none of which is

completely attainable, one cannot escape from the question

'How much is enough?' and one should not try.

(https://www.princeton.edu/~dbaldwin/selected%20articl

es/Baldwin%20(1997)%20The%20Concept%20of%20Security.pdf)

The security group is single largest unit of the

security organization. Actions taken by the patrol officer

have the most direct impact on the citizen’s satisfaction

and on the accomplishment of the security goals and

objectives. Security operation is the most visible form of

activity that enhances that welfare and safety of the

community. Individual security officers represent the

police department in its contact with the community.

Individual security officers play the major role in

determining the quality of justice in a given community.

Errors made by security officer have a significant negative

effect in the public’s perception and on the other

component of the Criminal Justice System. Moreover, the

security officer is the most important human element of the

security organization since all police field operation is

supported by police security activities.

The community holds security officer to a high level

of public trust while expecting them to prevent crime,

maintain peace and order and provide an equal and unbiased

application of enforcement in the community. To be an equal

opportunity enforcement officer, the individual must be

motivated to do the job and held accountable to the highest

standards at all times .Fellow officers depend on each

other for physical backup, emotional support and technical

guidance. Lack of motivation can be contagious and cause

problems for management if not recognized and treated

properly.

A key aspect of the police security is providing

visibility in their duty got the resident, visitors and

other in an area a strengthened sense of safety and

security. In short, the officers who are serving a type of

security particularly in specific area where many crimes

have occurred to improve a sense of safety and to reduce

the crime rate in those areas. Normally, criminals think

twice before executing their plans if there is obvious

presence of the security officers. Thus, security activity

should be carried in a manner that attracts a maximum

protection to the police officers or police vehicles

(Miller, 2005).

Law enforcement is the only several police functions.

Since information gathering usually does occur in all three

police functions. Most discussions categorizes the three

basic police functions such as law enforcement, order

maintenance and service related duties.

Nowadays, only few policemen are conducting

security operations because the other area is very large or

very far to their areas. And also, the different kinds of

calamities can affect the police security operations.

 Because of the importance of security in the

protection of the life and property and maintenance of

peace and order, it is necessary to determine the level of

satisfaction of the residents about the police security in

order to improve the conduct of security in a given

community.

And because of the strong desire of the

researcher to determine the level of effectiveness and the

idea’s of implementing the security measures in the

communities specifically in Barangay Comunal Calapan City

Oriental Mindoro about the security measures, the study was

conducted.

Research Locale

This study will focus on studying about the

security measures that can be propose in our beloved

Barangay Comunal Calapan City, Oriental Mindoro.

 Figure 1

The current Barangay Captain is Mr. ROLANDO DIMASACAT

SR. with his councilors; Mrs. RONETE RAMIREZ, Mr. ELMER

QUINONES, Mrs. MAYETH LAYGO, Mr. LITO DELOS SANTOS, Mr.

TIBURCIO GUNAY, Mrs. REBECCA CABRERA and Mr. SATURNINO

ARELANO (deceased). And with “Sangunian ng Kabataan (SK)”

headed by Ms. KATHLEEN JOY DEJUCOS and her councilors; Ms.

KAILAH ANNE RAYRAY, Mr. BRYAN ORCALES and Mr. ERIC MANALO.

And also with the help of the Barangay Police officers

headed by Mr. Roderic Quitain and his 12 barangay police

“tanod”.

As of 2018 for the detailed profile of Barangay

Comunal Calapan City, Oriental Mindoro, the total

population of our barangay was 3, 508 with the total

families of 902 and 767 household

Theoretical Framework

The Theory of Change (ToC) studied for this paper is

labeled the Community Security Practice Theory. Community

security is one of the seven dimensions of human security

elaborated in the 1994 Human Development Report in relation

to the security that people derive from the groups they

belong to and that provide a cultural identity and a

reassuring set of values. According to the United Nations

Development Programme (UNDP), the contemporary concept of

community security includes both group and personal

security, focusing on ensuring that communities and their

members are ‘free from fear’, or, in broader definition, to

ensure “freedom from want’. It supposes to bridge the gap

between a focus on the state and on the individual, and to

promote a multi-stakeholder approach that is driven by an

analysis of local needs. ‘A key focus is on developing

inclusive political processes to manage state-society

relations’. Community policing is an appropriate entry

point into the process of enhancing community security, but

is a narrower approach, i.e. it is not the same as

Community Security. While the Foundation in general uses a

political economy approach, this Theory of Change has not

been explicitly situated within the broader academic and/or

policy literature.

The Foundation’s Theory of Change did not define

community security or community per se but focused on the

weakness of the national police force (the PNTL) and their

‘ineffectiveness at responding to safety and security

needs’. The community is understood as a traditional local

unit – a suku or village - and is taken as being

represented via its elected leaders – the Suku Council– and

by customary authority figures. The point of departure –

the key assumption for the Foundation in Timor-Leste - was

‘low crime but high insecurity’ and ‘responses to the

security and safety issues facing most communities’ as

being ‘often driven by local leaders rather than the State

security apparatus’. The Foundation is focused on

‘interaction between the police and communities’ and

considers community policing as ‘a potentially important

tool through which to improve police-community relations,

develop a model of interaction between the state and

traditional leaders, strengthen accountability of the

police to the citizens, and generally improve the safety

and security environment in Timor-Leste. In turn, improved

policing should help strengthen the police as an

institution and position it to respond in a proactive way

to security threats and limit insecurity nationwide.’

The Theory proposes that the ‘establishing of state-

community security models at the suku level, and building

those examples into institutional reforms to develop

proactive safety and security approaches, will contribute

to strengthened state-society relations, and a more stable

environment in Timor-Leste’.

The Theory and its implementation are based on a

multi-level approach, with specific sub-theories:

Sub-theory 1 - Collaborative security: If we can

establish space and mechanisms for cooperation between law

enforcement and leaders at the local level, then they can

be led through a series of steps to jointly provide

effective security from which practical experience based

community policing results can be integrated into higher

institutional reforms.

Sub-theory 2 – Key Actors: If we can connect

verifiable community policing results to higher level

security and political actors, as well as reform

initiatives, policies will be adopted which support

community-level cooperation and community-oriented

security.

Sub-theory 3- Citizens Action: If we can connect

collaborative security results with expectations by the

wider population through the media and outreach, the

political environment will become more conducive for

adopting institutional reforms, as well as changing

practical responses by [the national police] PNTL officers

working at the community

level(http://www.lse.ac.uk/internationalDevelopment/researc

h/JSRP/downloads/JSRP16.Djurdjevic.pdf).

Conceptual Framework

The factors effecting The level of

the level of
effectiveness of
effectiveness in the
implementation of security during

security during nighttime nighttime in

in Barangay Comunal
Barangay Comunal,
Calapan City in terms of:
a. Budget Calapan City

b. Personnel

Measures that can be propose to improve the security during

nighttime in Barangay Comunal, Calapan City

Figure 2
 Figure 2 shows the conceptual framework of this study

showing the hypothesized relationship between the

independent variable and dependent variables, enumerated as

follows:

The independent variable includes the factors

affecting the level of effectiveness in the implementation

of security during nighttime in Barangay Comunal in terms

of budget and equipments.

The dependent variable includes the level of

effectiveness in the implementation of security during

nighttime in Barangay Comunal,Calapan City, which are the

effect of the problems encountered.

The third box at the bottom of the Figure 2 shows the

recommendation proposed to address the problems encountered

by Barangay Comunal,Calapan City.

Statement of the Problem

1. What are the factors effecting the level of

effectiveness in the implementation of security during

nighttime in Barangay Comunal Calapan City?

2. What is the level of effectiveness of security during

nighttime in Barangay Comunal, Calapan City?

3. Is there a significant relationship between the factors

affecting the level of effectiveness in the implementation

of security and the level of effectiveness of the

implementation of security during nighttime in Barangay

Comunal Calapan City?

4. What measures can be propose to improve the security

during nighttime in Barangay Comunal, Calapan City?

Statement of the Hypothesis

There is no significant relationship between the

status of implementation involvement in crime and the level

of effectiveness of security in Barangay Comunal Calapan

City Oriental Mindoro.

Significance of the study

The findings of this case study are considered

significant to the following:

The Barangay Officials. This research will help them

understand and give more ideas of the implementation of

security measure in Barangay Comunal Calapan City, Oriental

Mindoro.
 The community. Those study will provide a better

information about their responsibilities as a citizen and

sustain their minds in securing their safety.

The students especially those who are taking up BS

Criminology. This will give them brighter idea about

security measures because when they are already in the world

of works, one of the main function of police is to protect

the people of nation.

The Barangay Tanods. This research will help them to

boost the more confindence as sometimes they are

discriminated by other people because of their function in

barangay while in fact they deserve to give importance and

recognize their contributions in maintaining the security in

their community.

The future researchers. They can use this study as a

guide for their own research and help them to broaden their

knowledge about it.

Scope and Delimitation

The main thrust of this research is to give the

community of Barangay Comunal Calapan City Oriental Mindoro

an idea of security measures that can be implemented and

help to keep the safety in barangay most especially at

night time.

The researcher will conduct this study with 50

respondents, 25 male and 25 female residents of Barangay

Comunal Calapan City Oriental Mindoro. This study will be

conducted starting first semester of the school year 2018-

2019.

Definition of Terms

Community: Some conceive community as a geographic area and

others look community as an area of common life. The

following definitions shows the essence of community,

According to UN office on drugs and crime, “community” can

refer to small neighborhoods, areas within a city, or small

villages or towns, or in some cases groups of citizens with

particular concerns. In addition as Taye Kejia stated in

his dissertation, ‘A community is defined as any group of

people which is likely to have a number of characteristics

in common such as, geographical area, occupation,

ethnicity, economic status, shared government and a common

cultural and historical heritage’. Moreover, as stated by

Oliver, ‘community is the term that refers to a group of

people who share three things: they live in a

geographically distinct area (such as a city or town), they

share cultural characteristics, attitudes and lifestyles

and they interact with one another on a sustained basis.

Thus, community could be understood as group of people

sharing the same city, similar social class, having same

culture, sharing the same objectives and have similar

psychological makeup.

Crime: Crime is an illegal activity which causes

physical or moral injuries on others. According to the

Ethiopian criminology code of 2006, Article 23, sub article

1, crime is an act which is prohibited and made punishable

by law (Ethiopia criminology code). Crime is the omission

of a duty that makes the offender liable to punishment by

law or a behavior that is prohibited, as well as behavior

or an act that is required by law

Crime prevention: Crime prevention is an attempt to

eliminate crime either prior to the initial occurrence or

before further activity. According to the NCPI, crime

prevention is a practical method for the direct control of

crime. It involves analyzing criminal attack methods and

designing specific actions within the environments of

potential victims to reduce criminal opportunities and

manage the crime risk.

 Community policing: Community policing involve the

importance of active partnership between the police, civil

societies and other agencies of government work together in

identifying and solving problems to improve the overall

quality of life as whole and crime prevention in

particular.

As stated by Deluca and Stone: Community policing is

the desire to bring policing closer to citizens whose lives

and property are supposed to be protected [9].

The Bureau of Justice Assistance (BJA: 1994) states:

‘Community policing is democracy in action. It requires the

active participation of local government, civic and

business leaders, public and private agencies, residents,

churches, schools and hospitals [10]. All who share a

concern for the welfare of the neighborhood should work

together with police officers. The above-mentioned bodies

must take a unified stand against crime, violence and

disregard for the law and must make a commitment to

increasing crime prevention and intervention activities.

It also helps to better understand the relationship

between the police and the community they serve. For this

reasons, the investigation of the concept and the practice

of community policing has been a strong driver for this

study.

(https://www.omicsonline.org/open-access/community-

policing-practice-roles-challenges-and-prospects-in-

crimeprevention-in-east-gojjam-administrative-zone-2375-

4435-1000160.php?aid=89633)

Rural : The term ‘rural’ is a concept that is easily

understood at a common-sense level, yet difficult if not

impossible to define (Anderson, 1999). In this section, we

discuss the dimensions of ‘rurality’ and how it has been

defined in the extant research concerned with crime, before

discussing a new classification.

(https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/918f/8aa8dc0a7b43d8f

6be650a0f109546fc08c6..pdf)

Barangay. It refers to a community consists of not

less that 2000 inhabitants in the urbanized cities in MMA

or Metropolitan Manila Area. (Local Government code 1991).

Sangguniang Kabataan. It is a youth legislature in

every local village or community. It also intitiates

policies, programs and projects for the development of

youth in their respective political territories.

 Residents. Refers of individuals who resides in a

certain place, the people living in a place for some

continuous period of time.

Chapter 2

Related Literature

This chapter presents the literature that has bearing

andrelationship to the present study. This gave the researc

her broaderperspective which aid the researchers in concept

ualizing and understanding of the study of Police Beat

System. The literature and studies cited will help the

researchers in the interpretation of findings.

Local Literature

Director General Nicanor A. Bartolome, Chief of the

Philippine National Police (PNP), ordered all policemen

doing office work to go out and render at least four hours

of security patrols in their areas of jurisdiction.“They

will now be conducting patrol before they go to the office

and before they go home,” said Bartolome. The target time

will be from 8:00 a.m. to 10:00 a.m. in the morning and

from 3:00 p.m. to 5:00 p.m. in the afternoon. According to

Bartolome, the PNP objective is to make use of that time on

matters that need the police concerns most, which is

patrolling the streets”. It was implemented by Bartolome in

Metro Manila while he was director of the National Capital

Region Police Office (NCRPO).

After the assessment that it was effective, Bartolome

said he wants to implement it across the country because

aside from policemen doing office work, he said some

policemen in other units will also be required to conduct

beat patrol.

He, however, clarified that only those assigned in

areas where the threat of big rebel groups like communist

and Moro rebels will be tapped for patrol. “Some of those

assigned in internal security operations will be used for

visibility because we all know that it is an essential

component to prevent crime,” said Bartolome.

Moreover, Abat (2013) stated that in Davao City, the

police station is increasing police visibility in

communities to reduce the numbers of crimes. Most of the

policemen are outside for advocacy programs and to maximize

visibility. And also don’t let the ride in a mobile since

mostly they are on foot patrol to observe more the

community safety, this way they could easily establish

connection with the community against criminal acts.

Policemen also go house-to-house in different villages in

subdivision within the area of their responsibilities to

make sure that they are safe by the police force.

Hence, Rińen (2014), stated that Cebu City is further

strengthening police visibility in public areas where

implemented by the police as part of their strategy to

lower street crimes in program dubbed Metro Cebu

Comprehensive Deployment System (MCCDS) which in this

program they will maximize police visibility out in the

streets to prevent crimes from happening and witness more

augmentation of policemen out in the streets in beat, foot,

and mobile in covert operations. “The response to street

crimes is always police presence”, apart from increasing

the number of policemen in foot and mobile patrols, other

strategies that will be employed the establishment of

checkpoints, deployment of covert personnel and with all

these done in random manner.

Therefore, safety is a freedom from harm or danger and

the state of being safe which every person assures in the

place they were living and for their daily lives. People
need to feel safe at all times under any circumstances. It

does not matter if you are at home, at work, at school,

travelling at social event or in desperate need of

emergency assistance.

Local Study

In the study of Mari et al. (2011), it was

investigated that in a survey conducted among their

respondents, the implementation of Police Patrol Unit is

effective in addressing the peace and security in the

community.

The study of Tais et al. (2012) on the status of

Police Patrol Unit stated that Police Visibility Operation

is very important on the prevention of crime and

suppression of criminals.

Foreign Literature

According to Levinson (2004), “the patrol exercise is

not only limited to crime control but also to reduce the

fear within the neighborhood”. This builds stronger

relationship between police and community and wins the

resident trust. Therefore, patrolling is one way of

securing, protecting, preserving the life and property and

assuring the safety of the people in the community.

Omaha police are stepping up their presence in two

well-known neighborhoods. The new beat patrols will hit the

streets of Dundee and Benson at 5:30 p.m. each night with

the goal of keeping everyone in these busy neighborhoods

safer.

Capt. Shayna Ray said with a newly graduated class,

there are now more officers on the street. It's welcome

news for Megan Hunt and her business partner, who just

opened up the Hello Holiday shop in Dundee.

Definitely having cops doing a beat in the Dundee

neighborhood, as well as the Benson neighborhood, would not

only make the nightlife scene a little bit safer for

everybody, but just give some peace of mind to the business

owners in the whole area.

Hence, officers are to become experts in the area,

they are supposed to reach out to the community, they're

supposed to be out on foot patrol and bike patrol “Reyes

said”.
 This unique shift will allow them to focus on those

demand times, as well as be a little more proactive in the

area," said City Council President Pete Festersen.

The new beat will also reach out to residential areas,

where Ray says they're trying to put a dent in burglaries.

Moreover, beat policing is based on traditional

policing (late 19th century) and utilizes the close

relationship with the community members within the assigned

beat to strengthen police effectiveness and encourage

cooperative efforts to make a safer community. Beat police

typically patrol on foot or bicycle which provides more

interaction between police and community members (Miller

2013).

Foreign Study

Random preventive patrol strategies are based on the

idea that visible police presence in an area provides a

general deterrent effect on crime and that, subsequently,

the general public’s fear of crime is reduced by that same

police presence. It would be expected, as a result, that

crimes that would normally take place in fairly public

areas, such as general property offenses or street crimes,

would be more significantly impacted by preventive

patrolling practices, whereas offenses typically committed

in relative seclusion would be less susceptible to the

deterrence effects of preventive patrolling. The

utilization of police resources for random preventive

patrol activities is, however, ineffective at deterring

crime and apprehending offenders. Research suggests that

targeted preventive activities in strategic zones where the

majority of crimes occur, or when treatments driven by

specific policies or practices aimed at meeting

strategically defined goals are utilized, is far more

effective in reducing crime (Sherman & Weisburd, 1995).

The first study that aimed to discern the

effectiveness of preventive patrolling practices took place

in Kansas City, Missouri in 1972-1973. The Kansas City

Preventive Patrol Experiment took place within fifteen

beats, and each beat was assigned to a proactive group

where preventive patrols were increased, a control group

where no changes were made to preventive patrolling

practices, or a reactive group where preventive patrolling

was suspended (Kelling et al., 1974). Generalized, the

findings of the Kansas City Experiment showed no

significant impact on crime deterrence, citizen fear of

crime, community attitudes toward the police, or police

response time (Kelling et al., 1974).

 The Kansas City Experiment suffered from a number of

errors in methodology, as outlined by Larson (1975), but

also provided a number of interesting facts surrounding

patrol deployment and perceived police presence as an

unintended by-product. It is important to first note the

most applicable shortcomings identified in the Kansas City

Experiment in order to understand why the general finding

that preventive patrol activities appeared to have no

significant impact cannot be taken at face value. Perhaps

most importantly, the areas designated as reactive beats

still received a significant visible police presence

through responses to service calls, the routine operations

of specialized units, and patrol-initiated activities such

as building or car checks and stopping motorists for

traffic violations. Further, as a result of using multiple

patrol units dispatched in response to calls for service in

the reactive groups, and coupled with an increased use of

emergency lights and sirens, there was no diminished public

awareness of a police presence in these areas.

In essence, according to Larson (1975), the nature and

design of the Kansas City Experiment served to empirically

test whether patrol units could be spatially redistributed

within a confined region or zone without an actual or

perceived degradation in service, instead of actually

testing whether preventive patrol practice were effective.

Understanding the shortcomings of the Kansas City

Experiment results in a clearer understanding of why the

conclusion that routine preventive patrol activity has

little or no value is not justifiable. In fact, Larson’s

(1975) analysis of the experiment provides the framework

for understanding Sherman and Weisburd’s (1995) hypothesis

that patrol dosage in the Kansas City Experiment actually

varied by a statistically insignificant amount from normal

patrol levels, which is why the Kansas City Experiment

seemingly provided support for the concept that preventive

patrol has no effect even though other studies provided

contradictory evidence and conclusions. It is through

targeted patrol dosage in specific zones, or hot spots, and

through the use of strategically defined objectives during

patrol activities, that the effectiveness of certain types

of preventive patrol efforts becomes identifiable.

However, in United Kingdom there is a program that

have been evaluated specific safety outcomes and found

improvements due to the presence of police in some areas.

These programs hold lessons for community safety in the

United Kingdom. Police Visibility is a comprehensive

community and citizen safety program that incorporates many

interventions and partners to improve safety and to create

safer working environments and safer communities. There is

evidence that visibility of police has reduced offending

behavior and victimization, reduced crime rates, and has

provided safer environments. Citizen in the community

report that they felt safer since the program was

introduced. Other benefits of the visibility of police was

establish to improved relations between people and the

police, and increase the level of respect people have for

their fellow citizens.

Sherman and Weisburd (1995), McGarrell et al. (2001),

and Braga (2001) all provide insights into the effects of

“hot spot” policing, which is a form of place-oriented

preventive patrol. McGarrell et al. (2001) also examined

the effects of providing a clear strategic goal for

officers during preventive patrol activities, namely the

locating and seizure of illegally possessed firearms, and

its subsequent effect on crime. These studies provide the

basis for the conclusion that certain preventive patrol

practices are effective under certain circumstances and

random preventive patrol activities are ineffective, even

though the conclusions of the aforementioned Kansas City

Experiment dominated police thinking about patrol

strategies for more than two decades (Sherman & Weisburd,

1995).
 Tested the effects of intensified, but intermittent,

patrol on identified “hot spots” of criminal activity in

Minneapolis, Minnesota. In the study, one hundred and ten

locales were identified and split into two even groups,

with the experimental group receiving substantially

increased levels of patrol dosage as opposed to the control

group. It is worth noting that the experiment was designed

only to measure the effect of heightened police presence at

these locations, and that the activities of officers during

the time they were within each zone was not restricted; in

fact, the observed activities of officers during the time

spent within the boundaries of the hot spot included

activities unrelated to patrol, such as reading, sunning,

and general conversation. The study found clear, albeit

modest, general deterrence effects as a result of increased

police presence in the targeted areas, though with two

caveats: first, there was no test of whether criminal

activity was merely displaced to other areas so general

deterrence effects throughout the community cannot be

claimed, and second, the experiment had not been replicated

and therefore may be limited in external validity thus far.

Along a similar line of inquiry, evaluated the effect

of directed patrol efforts, wherein police units were freed

from the responsibility of responding to calls for service

and were instructed to proactively patrol their assigned

neighborhood with an emphasis on locating and seizing

illegally owned firearms. Two different methodologies were

utilized in order to examine the effects of a general

deterrence approach versus a specific deterrence approach:

in target area one, police were instructed to increase

traffic stops to maximum levels in order to create a sense

of significantly increased police presence, testing a

general deterrence strategy that was also anticipated to

lead to seizures of illegal weapons and drugs; in target

area two, police were instructed to focus on investigating

suspicious persons, a specific deterrence strategy, and

conducting more thorough investigations for illegal weapons

and drugs with each suspicious person. Interestingly, the

results of the study show a significant reduction in

firearms related crimes in the specific deterrence beat,

but actually show an increase in the general deterrence

beat. One possible explanation provided by McGarrell et al.

(2001), for the success of the targeted offender/specific

deterrence approach lies in the possible interpretation of

police actions within that zone, as a result of proactive,

directed preventive patrol efforts, as heightened

surveillance as well as removing firearms from those

potential offenders most likely to use them. In effect, a

directed strategy for preventive patrol activities in

higher crime locations yields a significant impact in the

reduction of violent crimes.

According to Bragas (2001), he stated that perhaps the

most compelling evidence for the effectiveness of place-

oriented preventive patrol as opposed to random preventive

patrol analysis and systematic review of “hot spot”

policing studies. Out of nine studies, seven showed

noteworthy crime reductions as a result of place-oriented

patrol activities, and it should be noted that intervention

types ranged among three broad categories: enforcement

problem-oriented-policing (POP) interventions, directed and

aggressive patrol programs, and the use of crackdowns and

raids. It is also important to note that methodological

problems in the research and evaluation designs of two

studies most likely accounts for the lack of observed

reduced criminal activity in said studies, and the

remaining study showing no discernable impact on reducing

crime suffered from issues in implementation that could

account for a lack of significance in results. Overall,

review contributes to a growing body of research evidence

supporting the conclusion that targeting “hot spots” of

crime with focused, strategic intervention efforts is

effective at reducing crime, both at the targeted zone and

in surrounding areas, and is far more effective than random

preventive patrol activities. These findings also provide

positive indications that displacement of crime from a

targeted zone to a less actively patrolled zone may be

unfounded, though only five of the studies review measured

the potential displacement of criminal activity.

Given the briefly summarized results of the

aforementioned experiments and systematic reviews, it is

difficult to justify random preventive patrol efforts in

light of far more effective results from directed patrol

activities in the reduction of crime. Theoretically, random

preventive patrol activities should provide general

deterrence effects for publicly visible crimes, such as

vandalism, disorderly conduct, robberies and burglaries,

and potentially aggravated assault. However, targeted

patrol activities appear to have the same effect with

regards to increased public visibility in providing a level

of general deterrence while simultaneously providing far

more effective specific deterrence effects, as noted in the

studies and reviews above. Therefore, the effectiveness of

random preventive patrol activities is conclusively

inefficient when compared with other methods of targeting

and reducing criminal activity within any given zone

(Braga, 2001).
 (https://www.academia.edu/24209632/REVIEW_OF_RELATED_L

ITERATURE_AND_STUDIES)

CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents the research methodology,

which the researcher will use in conducting this study.

This includes the research design, respondents of the

study, research instrument, and administration of

questionnaire, data gathering procedure, and statistical

treatment data.

Research Design

The researcher will use descriptive-correlational

method for the study to determine the possible security

measures that can be proposed to implement in Barangay

Comunal Calapan Oriental Mindoro, Philippines. This is of

value in providing the facts on which scientific judgment

may be based. Descriptive methods involves collection of

data in order to test the given hypothesis concerning the

implementing of security measures during night time in

Barangay Comunal Calapan City,Oriental Mindoro.

According to Bradbury (2005) a descriptive-

corellational method refers to a type of study in which

information is collected without making any changes to the

study subject. This means that the experimenter cannot

directly interact with the environment in which he/she is

studying in a way that would cause changes related to the

experiment. These types of studies are also sometimes known

as observational studies.

Descriptive-Correlational method helps to

determine if two or more variables are associated with each

other by explaining their relationship but necessarily

implying that this relationship is also a cause. Almost

similarly, it is a descriptive-correlational between data

to describe it but not endeavor to establish whether these

are statistically significant or not.

Research Respondents

The respondents of the study are the specific

residents of Barangay Communal Calapan City Oriental

Mindoro. The actual number of the respondents is shown in

table 1.
Number of Respondents

Categories Number of respondents

Male 25

Female 25

Total 50

Table 1

Research Instrument

In order to gather data, the researcher conducted

personal interviews to the head of the peace and order

committees in Barangay Comunal Calapan City Oriental

Mindoro. A semi-structured questionnaire will be use in the

interview and further questions will be raise during

interviews. Also, the whole interview will be audio

recorded for the preservation of the interviewee’s answers.

Documents are requested and given to the researcher that

includes barangay profile and map. After the interview

materials and equipment used by the peace and order

committee together with the Barangay Peace and Security

Officer or the tanod will presented to the researcher and

will be photographed for documentation.

 Scaling and Quantification

Interpretation and scoring of data will collect base

on the five point’s numerical scale, which will use by the

researcher where each points get the following

corresponding verbal description. The numerical scale is

equivalent to the following verbal description.

Scaling and Quantification

Numerical Scale Statistic Range Description

5 4.5-5 STRONGLY AGREE

4 3.5-4.4 AGREE

3 2.5-3.4 NEUTRAL

2 1.5-2.4 DISAGREE

1 .5-1.4 STRONGLY DISAGREE

Data Gathering Procedure

The researcher will submit a letter of request to

seek permission to conduct initial interview and will

distribute survey questionnaire to the residents in

Barangay Comunal Calapan City Oriental Mindoro. The

researcher will explain each item on the guide questions to

the selected respondents and will supervise the filling up

of questionnaire.

Statistical treatment Data

The researcher will use the Bradbury’s

correlational to test the relationship between two

variables. The Bradbury product moment coefficient is more

widely used in measuring an association between two

variables. Given prepared measurement (X1, Y1), (X2, Y2),

(Xn, Yn) the Bradbury product moment coefficient is a

measure of association given by where X and Y are sample

mean of X1, X2, Xn and Y1, Y2, Yn, respectively.

R=n (Exy) – (E x) (E y)

Y (nE x2 – (Ex 2) (nE y2 _ (Ey)2

Where:

E x2 – square the sum of all the X’s

E y2 – square the sum of all Y’s

(EX) 2 – sum of all squares of the X’s

(EY) 2 – sum of all squares of the Y’s

Exy – sum of the product of X and Y

N Exy – (N) multiplied by the same of the products x