A Francesca, Paola, Laura

A Francesca,
Paola,
Laura
L. Formaggia
F. Saleri
A. Veneziani
Applicazioni ed esercizi
di modellistica numerica
per problemi differenziali
12 3
LUCA FORMAGGIA
FAUSTO SALERI
ALESSANDRO VENEZIANI
MOX - Dipartimento di Matematica “F. Brioschi”
Politecnico di Milano
L’immagine di sfondo della copertina rappresenta una simulazione numerica del campo
di moto attorno a una imbarcazione da canottaggio da competizione (per gentile con-
cessione di CD ADAPCO Ltd. e Filippi Lido s.r.l.). Nei riquadri: in basso, geometria sem-
plificata e griglia di un disco freno per automobili; in alto, griglia di un modello di
carotide fornito da D. Liepsch e dalla F.H. di Monaco di Baviera (gentile concessione di
K. Perktold e M. Prosi). Entrambe le griglie sono state generate con il codice Netgen di
J. Schöberl (http://nathan.numa.uni-linz.ac.at/netgen/usenetgen.html).
Springer-Verlag fa parte di Springer Science+Business Media
springer.it
© Springer-Verlag Italia, Milano 2005
ISBN 10 88-470-0257-5
ISBN 13 978-88-470-0257-9
Quest’opera è protetta dalla legge sul diritto d’autore. Tutti i diritti, in particolare quelli rela-
tivi alla traduzione, alla ristampa, all’uso di figure e tabelle, alla citazione orale, alla trasmis-
sione radiofonica o televisiva, alla riproduzione su microfilm o in database, alla diversa
riproduzione in qualsiasi altra forma (stampa o elettronica) rimangono riservati anche nel
caso di utilizzo parziale. Una riproduzione di quest’opera, oppure di parte di questa, è anche
nel caso specifico solo ammessa nei limiti stabiliti dalla legge sul diritto d’autore, ed è sogget-
ta all’autorizzazione dell’Editore. La violazione delle norme comporta le sanzioni previste
dalla legge.
L’utilizzo di denominazioni generiche, nomi commerciali, marchi registrati, ecc, in

quest’opera, anche in assenza di particolare indicazione, non consente di considerare tali
denominazioni o marchi liberamente utilizzabili da chiunque ai sensi della legge sul
marchio.
Riprodotto da copia camera-ready fornita dagli Autori

Progetto grafico della copertina: Simona Colombo, Milano
Stampato in Italia: Signum Srl, Bollate (Milano)

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i=1
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!

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i (φj ) = δij
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x) = i=1 σ p)φi (
i ( x)"
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−1
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- & % &
0
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r P(K)
⊂ P (K)
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i (
p) = p(N i ) (
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K
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K"
0 1 -
Pr $ P(K)
K = Pr (K)
TK $ '"
r
1 Xh (Ωh ) - &
r
Xh " % ' (
5 % 1
Xhr = {vh ∈ C 0 (Ωh ) : vh |K ∈ Pr (K), ∀K ∈ Th }. B"34
7 B"C Pr ( (

( ( %"
% / n
i j k ( -
!

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7 B"C %
1 d
$ nl = d! j=1 (r + j)" % ##
(
. 1 " % (
2 % 3 "
r=1 P1 %
φn = ξi , 1≤i≤d+1 n = 1, . . . , d + 1.
r=2 P2 %
φn = ξi (2ξi − 1), 1 ≤ i ≤ d + 1 n = 1, . . . , d + 1,
B"3B
φn = 4ξi ξj , 1 ≤ i < j ≤ d + 1 n = d + 1, . . . , nl .
r=3 P3 %
1
φn = 2 ξi (3ξi − 1)(3ξi − 2), 1 ≤ i ≤ d + 1 n = 1, . . . , d + 1,
9
φn = 2 ξi (3ξi − 1)ξj , 1 ≤ i < j ≤ d + 1 n = d + 1, . . . , 3d + 1,
9
φn = 2 ξj (3ξj − 1)ξi , 1 ≤ i < j ≤ d + 1 n = 3d + 2, . . . , 5d + 1,
φn = 27ξi ξj ξk , 1 ≤ i < j < k ≤ d + 1 n = 5d + 2, . . . , nl .
P1 P2 P3
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b2 x
b2 x
b2
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b2 4 x
b2 4
16
x
b2
10
3 3 10 3
15
13 19 20
9
7 18 12 14
6 8 9
7 6 17 8
2 5 2 5 11 2
1 1 1
x
b1 x
b1 x
b1

Pr

P3 #

!

$
&

# C 0 % %
( &
( " M ( ## (
# ( # ( (
# "
% $ ( # "
$ (
( ( %
$
( "
// 1 % % ( 1 B"3B (

( P2 "
& // ## 1 φi (N

j ) = δij j
N
7 B"C" 6 # "
nl = 6
#
" A %
# % (
x1 , x
2 ) B"B9
# %
i ξ1 ξ2 ξ3 i ξ1 ξ2 ξ3
1 1 0 0 4 1/2 1/2 0
2 0 1 0 5 1/2 0 1/2
3 0 0 1 6 0 1/2 1/2
1 3 ( (
φi = ξi (2ξi − 1) i = 1, 2, 3" φ0 = 0 $
( ξi = 0 ξi = 1/2" # $ % 5 $
N i " ξi = 1 φi (N i ) = 1(2 − 1) = 1"
( ( φ4 = ξ1 ξ2 φ5 = ξ1 ξ3 φ6 = ξ2 ξ3 " %
# $
3 " F 1 # %
1"
$ / % # %
( ( 7 B"C"
i ξ1 ξ2 ξ3 ξ4 i ξ1 ξ2 ξ3 ξ4
1 1 0 0 0 6 1/2 0 1/2 0
2 0 1 0 0 7 1/2 0 0 1/2
3 0 0 1 0 8 0 1/2 1/2 0
4 0 0 0 1 9 0 1/2 0 1/2
5 1/2 1/2 0 0 10 0 0 1/2 1/2
*

( # " ♦

*
K # 5
1 ( (
r > 0"
P (K)
= Qr (K) # x
s %
2 2
r" x2 x
1 2
2
∈ Q (K) x3
1 ∈
/ Q (K)" %
⊂ Qr (K)
Pr (K) ⊂ Pdr (K) " '
K $ K ##
" > TK - "

( ( 1 (
- " ( Ni φi
( ( ( 1
(
nl

TK (
x) = Ni φi (
x), B"33
s=1
1 # # K K " &

1
( ( 1 P ( TK 1 B"33
$ 'N
* TK $ %L
( &
# ) " 1
( ( $ B"33
m K $ φi ∈ Pm (K)
%
m d # φi ∈ Qm (K)

TK ∈ [P (K)] K
d " 5
TK ∈ [Qm (K)]
nl

x= Ni φi (
x), x
∈ K.
i=1
# 1 5 %

d
( K B"9"8" TK ∈ [Q1 (K)]
d = 2 d = 3"
m = r & m < r
& 1 '
m = 1" m > r $ "
# "
r
1 Q r > 0 $ 1 &
. ( # (
$ "

,
(K)
Qr $ P = Qr (K)
$ # $
1 d
TK ∈ [Q (K)] " 1 $
Qh r = {vh ∈ C 0 (Ω h ) : −1
vh |K = vh ◦ TK
; vh ∈ Qr (K), ∀K ∈ Th }.
( ( (

K
( &
φ1i i = 0, . . . , r"
ξi i = 0, . . . , r [0, 1]
( # Qr (K) ( φ1 (x)φ1 (y) d = 2
i j
φ1i (x)φ1j (y)φ1k (z) d = 3 i, j, k 0 r"
−1
% vh |K $ TK $ -
'"
// #

1
r 1
d r+dr+d
P $ nl = d! j=1 (r + j) = =

r d
1 Qr $ nl = (r + 1)d " d = 2 % d = 3"

' ( % ni=1 i = n(n + 1)/2 % ni=1 i2 = n(n +
1)(2n + 1)/6"
& // PrP (K) = Pr (K)" *

## %
# $ P (K) = Pr (K)
% ( r" 6
d = 2" r $ (
i j
r $ ( x1 x2 i ≥ 0 j ≥ 0 i + j = s s = 0, . . . , r"
# s $ s + 1" ( i %
0 s ## # j j = s − i" *
r $
r
r+1

(s + 1) = s = (r + 1)(r + 2)/2,
s=0 s=1
( "
% s (
xi1 xj2 xk3 i+j+k = s" * i 0 s j k
( j + k = s − i" #
% i % s − i + 1 # j k # " *
s $
s
s
s
1 2
(s + 1 − i) = (s + 1) − i = (s + 1)2 − s(s + 1)/2 = (s + 3s + 2).
i=0 i=0 i=0
2
/

r $

1 r 2
2 s=0 s + 3s + 2" ( (
# %
# "
r
1 Q &
r
1 Q (K)" (
r
1 $ r + 1 ( Q
( " ♦
// % 1

Xhr 1 B"34 d r $
r=1 r=2 r=3

2 Nv Nv + Nl Nv + 2Nl + Ne "
3 Nv Nv + Nl Nv + 2Nl + Nf
& // ## % p ∈ Xh

r
( % p|K =
−1 r
p ◦ TK p ∈ P " TK #
p % p $
K"
> " 6 &
# " ( K1
K2 % % %
r
" V % % p ∈ Xh
r
% p|K1 (V) = p|K2 (V) p ∈ Xh 5 $ # V $
$ # $ p V"
% K1 K2 ## Γ12 " &
p % p|K1 (x) = p|K2 (x) x ∈ Γ12 " 6 5 $ #
p Γ12 $ 1 Γ12 "
r %
r + 1 " % ## # % %
# r − 1 " *
( 3 + 3(r − 1) = 3r "
B"9"B % Pr (K)
(r + 1)(r + 2)/2 # (r + 1)(r + 2)/2 − 3r
" r = 1
1
Xh Nv H r = 2 nl = 6 # &
% Nh = Nv + Nl " r = 3
1 # 2 $
1
3 Nh = Nv + 2Nl + Ne "
$ "

0
"

% (
"
6 B"9".
' ( C 0 " > % #
# "
K ♦
// K1 K2

%
Th e = K1 ∩ K2 $
$ %
( K ( '
TK1 TK2 % e =
e) = TK2 (
TK1 ( e) "
e K
x 2 ∈
1 , x e e
x1 ) = TK2 (
TK1 ( x2 ) = x ∈ e" % C 0
r
( P % e

K "
& // 7 ( 7 B"B4" TK1 TK2 &
= ∂K1 TK2 (∂ K)
TK1 (∂ K) = ∂K2 K1 K2
K " A B e" 1 %
V j j = 1, 2, 3 ( K V
Ki j = 1, 2, 3
j
Ki i = 1, 2" 6%
K1 TK1 (V 1 ) = VK1 = A" %
1
TK1 (V 2 ) = VK1 = B" ( VK1 1
2 j
j = 1, 2, 3 ( &
K " K2 TK2 (V 2 ) = V K2 = A
2

TK2 (V1 ) = V1
K2
= B" TK2 (V1 ) = A TK2 (V2 ) = B ## ( &
# K2 "
e K
V1 V
2 5 %
TK1 (e) TK2 ( e) e % "
1 ' B"C ( ( %
1
V $ ( (
x1 , x
2 ) $ 1
V %
(0, 0) % 1) = A
TK1 (V 1) = B
TK2 (V %
TK1 ( ,
x) = A + FK1 x TK2 ( .
x) = B + FK2 x
2 ) = B
TK1 (V 2) = A
TK2 (V
2 = B − A,
FK1 V 2 = A − B.
FK2 V
2 = −FK V
FK1 V 2 " 6 e x
1
2
1
x " 2 % 0 ≤ α ≤ 1 %
1

2 − V
1 = α(V
x 1) 2 = (1 − α)(V
x 2 − V 1 )" 0
(
( % V1 % (0, 0)
TK1 ( 2 = A − αFK V
x1 ) = A + αFK1 V 2 = B + (A − B) − αFK V 2 =
2 2
B + (1 − α)FK2 V 2 = TK2 [(1 − α)V

2 ] = TK2 (
x2 ).
Xh $ C 0 ( vh e $

vh |K1 (x) = vh |K2 (x) x ∈ e" F % 5 $ #
i ∈ e $ # "
Ni e N

* Ni ∈ e
TK1 TK2 (
Ni " 6 $ % 1
e " 7 B"BB
" ♦
A K1
V1K1
V1K2 e
V2K1
TK1 V2K2 B
K2
TK2
b3
V
TK2
TK1
b
K
b1
V eb b2
V

Kb

3

TK1 TK2
// 7 B"B3 TK &

Q1 # " % K % &
TK $ #
"
K
$ "

e e
TK1
TK1 TK2
TK2
eb eb

be

3

e -
. 4

-.
V3
V3 K
x2 V4
V1 V2
x2 V4
V1 K
θ4
TK
V2
x1
x
b2
x1
x
b2 TK b3
V b4
V
b3
V b4
V
b b
K
K
b1 b2
V b1 b2
V
V V
x
b1 x
b1

TK &

&
5

& // A % ( ( (

Q1
φ1 ( 2 ) = (1 − x
x1 , x 1 )(1 − x
2 ), φ2 (
x1 , x 1 (1 − x
2 ) = x 2 ),

φ3 ( 2 ) = (1 − x
x1 , x 1 )
x2 ,
φ4 (x1 , x
2 ) = x
1 x
2 .
lij = Vj − Vi ## % 1 #

nl
( % φi = 1
i=1

4
4
4

TK (
x1 , x
2 ) = φi ( 2 )Vi = [1 −
x1 , x φi (
x1 , x
2 )]V1 + φi (
x1 , x
2 )Vi
i=1 i=2 i=2
= V1 + φ2 ( 2 )l12 + φ3 (

x1 , x 2 )l13 + φ4 (
x1 , x x1 , x
2 )l14 .
"
6 TK K
12
TK 1 x2 = 0 0 ≤ x1 ≤ 1
" 5
12
TK ( x1 , 0) = V1 + φ2 (
x1 ) = TK ( x1 , 0)l12 + φ3 (
x1 , 0)l13 + φ4 (
x1 , 0)l14 .
i ## % φ3 (
1 ( # φ x1 , 0) = φ4 (
x1 , 0) = 0
12
TK ( x1 ) = TK (
x1 , 0) = V1 + φ2 (
x1 , 0)l12 = V1 + x
1 l12 % $
12
V1 l12 " TK (0) = V1
12 12
TK (1) = V2 " * x = TK ( x1 ) (x1 , 0)

K 1
V 2
l12 "
V
6% TK $ - '
K ## (
x
1 x
2 x
1 x
2 x
3 .
" * G # J(TK ) &
" #
% % |J(TK )| > 0 "
K TK,1 TK,2
TK % 1

∂TK,1 ∂TK,1

∂x1 x2
∂
|J(TK )| = .
∂TK,2 ∂TK,2
∂x1 x2
∂
A 1 v w R2
v × w = |v||w| sin(θ), B"3.
∂TK ∂TK
θ v w 5 |J(TK )| = × "
∂
x1 ∂
x2
1 %
∂TK ∂TK
= (1 − x
2 )l12 + x
2 l34 , = (1 − x
1 )l13 + x
1 l24 .
∂x1 ∂x2
kl
lij = lij × lkl |J(TK )| = φ1 l12
13
+ φ2 l12
24
+ φ3 l34
13
+ φ4 l34
24
"

( ( φj K
( 0 1 ( % $
Q1 " $ B" |J(TK )| ( K

kl kl kl kl
min(lij ) = min(lij ) φi ≤ |J(TK )| ≤ max(lij ) φi = max(lij ),
i i
$ "

## &

" ' J(TK ) $
kl
% lij "
A ( B"3. $ %
% K ## # π" 1 %
$ % " ( l12
13
l13 ( π ## l12 ≤ 0 |J(TK )| ≤ 0

V1 "
7 B"B3 Q1 $ - "
♦
/ ( Q1

%℄&!!%
%℄&!!%
"
!!% '
& (
)
* %

(

'

+ *

%
! !%

! !

%

// . x

1 x2
[0, 1] 0.02
K1 K2 % " K1 / (0, 0) (1.5, 0)
(0.1, 1.4) (1.6, 1.8) K2 / (1.3, 1.1) (1.5, 0) (0.1, 1.4) (1.6, 1.8)"

"
& // ( /0( #
" "
## 1 %
1
2+3 3 4 3 3 5 6℄ 2&+$ 4 3 3 5 6℄
( 1
"
!

+*℄(#333&*333&%
+*&℄1#2**%
1 %
0#*&*"##%%% #+3*3*℄%

" 1
+*&℄1#2&**%
0#*&*"##%%% #+3*3*℄%
1 7 B"B. # &
"
1 x
2 %
/ % ( → K2
K $ #
$
(
x1 , x
2 )" ♦
1.8 1.8
1.6 1.6
1.4 1.4
1.2 1.2
1 1
0.8 0.8
0.6 0.6
0.4 0.4
0.2 0.2
0 0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6
x
b2 x
b2
b
V3 b4
V b
V3 b4
V
b
K b
K
b1 b2
V b1 b2
V
V V
x1 x1

Q1
-
.
-
.
* 5

$

!

1 Xh ⊂ V (Ωh ) ( V (Ωh )
Th $ Πh

Nh

Πh : V (Ωh ) → Xh , Πh v(x) = σi (v)φi (x).
i=0
$ ΠK : V (K) → PK
K ∈ Th
b
N

ΠK v(x) = σi (v)φi (x), x ∈ K.
i=0
$ 1 ( Ωh "
( Ω $ Ωh ⊆ Ω " -
5 I6 ;D℄"
1 $ " 6
r r > 0 TK '" *
r r
P Q ( "
r
Πh % (
v ∈ C 0 (Ωh )
Nh

Πhr v(x) = v(Ni )φ(x), x ∈ Ωh ,
i=1
φi i& ( ( Ni "

( $ /
K 1 r ≥ 1 1
' TK q > d2 − 1 l = min(r, q)" C > 0 hK
q+1
% 0 ≤ m ≤ l + 1 ∀v ∈ H (K)
|v − Πhr (v)|H m (K) ≤ Chl+1−m
K
m
γK |v|H l+1 (K) . B"38
m>0 % ( (
γK "
r 1
# % Xh $ H & (
m
( H m > 1" %
Hm m > 1"
% m = 0, 1
1/2
2(l+1−m) 2m
|v − Πhr (v)|H m (Ωh ) ≤ C hK γK |v|2H l+1 (K) ≤
K∈Th
Cγhm hl+1−m |v|H l+1 (Ωh ) , B"39

*

γh = max γK " $ γh ≤ γ h 5

K∈Th

|v − Πhr (v)|H m (Ωh ) ≤ Chl+1−m |v|H l+1 (Ωh ) . B"3:
5 1

5 I*2C8
048℄"

Qr r≥1 # " 6%
% TK # 1
B"9"8" K Th 4
K Vj Kj j = 1, . . . , 4"
hK
ρK = min ρKj γK = .
1≤j≤4 ρK
' γK % ( 1 ' "
Qr
ΠK K " C > 0 %
0 ≤ m ≤ r + 1 ∀v ∈ H r+1 (K)
r
Q max(4m−1,1) k+1−1
|v − ΠK |H m (K) ≤ CγK h |v|H r+1 (K) . B"3;
' γK ##

' % L2
m = 0"
5 % ) " h
* " Pr + # %
Qr , - . Pr /
Parte I
Problemi stazionari

"#$ %

#

# /
u ∈ V : a(u, v) = F (v) ∀v ∈ V. 3"B
# $ O&

I* 4.℄ % /
0 / 1 0234 ' V 0 + a(·, ·) : V ×

V → R # " "$ α+
F : V → R # /
1/2 / 3
1
||u||V ≤ ||F ||V ′ ,
α

|F (v)|
||F ||V ′ = sup .
v∈V,||v||V =0 ||v||V
#

Ω ⊂ Rd d = 1, 2" V ⊂ H 1 (Ω)"
% ( "
# ) %
# Ω % % ΓD " V
V = HΓ1D 1
≡ {v ∈ H (Ω) : v|ΓD = 0}. 3"3
ΓD = ∅ 4
uL2 (Ω) ≤ CP ∇uL2 (Ω) , 3".
1 67
%

CP Ω " 0 3". 5

2 1
( L (Ω) H (Ω)
∇u2L2(Ω) ≤ uH 1 (Ω) ≤ (1 + CP2 )∇u2L2 (Ω) . 3"8
ΓD $ V = H 1 (Ω) $

$ # "
1 # ) &
% u = g ΓD g = 0"
# Ω ' 5 #
" % &
g Ω Ω $ R g $
"
$ ' % # Ω C1
1/2
g ∈ H (ΓD )"
( "B. &
G ∈ H 1 (Ω) G|ΓD = g
I* 4.℄"
◦
u≡ u − G,
◦
# / u∈ V ≡ HΓ1D (Ω) %
◦
a(u, v) = Fg (v) ≡ F (v) − a(G, v) ∀v ∈ V.
# 5 O&

Fg $ F (·) a(·, ·)"
(
* % # 1 %
O& a(·, ·) F (·) (
# ( "
%
Wg ≡ {v ∈ H 1 (Ω) : vΓD = g} 3"9
$ ( Wg
$ % " ) $ % %
'"
# % 5 ( (
% $ O& "
67
%

Gh
Gh ΓD
x0 x1 xn
+

. / ' (

" u ∈ Wg : a(u, v) = F (v) ∀v ∈ V ≡ HΓ1D , 3":
" Wg ≡ {v ∈ H 1 (Ω) : vΓ = g}+ g ∈ H 1/2 (ΓD ) Ω

! / ' # a(·, ·) * + "
D
V × V # F (·) * V +

$ /
,
||u||V ≤ C(||F ||V ′ + ||g||H 1/2 (ΓD ) ),
" C "$ α cγ

/2 /
6 Wg
( ( $ G+V"
G $ 5 #
" # 1
" (

# 5 gh =i∈BΓD g(xi )φi |ΓD BΓD
$ xi % # ΓD φi (

# " 6 $ Gh = i∈BΓD g(xi )φi "
( 1 Vh
% 1 % % %
# % 1 7 3"B" * $
% # % #
!"
* ( ( # 3":
0 < & 1
r
Gh ∈ Xh 1 B"34 #
1 / uh ∈ Gh + Vh ≡ Wg,h
67
%

Gh + Vh ≡ {vh ∈ Xhr : vh|ΓD = Gh } 3";
% a(uh , vh ) = F (vh ) vh ∈ Vh
Vh = {vh ∈ Xhr : vh|ΓD = 0}.

%

( #
) ( / u %

d du du
− ν +β + σu = f, x ∈ (a, b), 3"D
dx dx dx
# ' ν β

σ f
( x" ) 1
( % #
"
# 6 . )

"
( ( % # 3"D
' H m+2 (a, b) f ∈ H m (a, b) m ≥ 0"
/ / # #

−u′′ + u = 0 x ∈ (0, 1),
3"C
u(0) = 1, u(1) = e.
B" ( # # #

$ "
3" 0 < & 1
( 1 #
( h" 1 %
H 1 (0, 1) L2 (0, 1) h % 1/10 1/320 %
$ u(x) = ex "
5

& / /

# % % " %
( # 3"C1 (
1
v ∈ V ≡ H0 (0, 1)H (0, 1) ##
1 1
′′
− u v dx + uv dx = 0 ∀v ∈ V.
0 0
% v(0) = v(1) = 0

1 1
′ ′
u v dx + uv dx = 0 ∀v ∈ V. 3"B4
0 0
ΓD = {0, 1} ( # / u ∈ Wg 1

3"9 % a(u, v) = 0 ∀v ∈ V a : V × V → R $ (
#
1 1
′ ′
a(u, v) ≡ u v dx + uv dx. 3"BB
0 0
# # 3"BB 6 3"B/

## 1 % ( # a(·, ·)
V ×V" ## %/
& a $

1 1

|a(u, v)| ≤ u′ v ′ dx + uv dx
0 0
≤ u′ L2 (0,1) v ′ L2 (0,1) + uL2(0,1) vL2 (0,1) ≤ 2uV vV ;
& a $ "

a(u, u) = u′ 2L2 (0,1) + u2L2 (0,1) = u2V .
* 6 3"B 3"BB $ # "

Vh V 1 % dim(Vh ) →
∞ Vh → V ( 0 < 3"BB $/ uh ∈ Gh + Vh
! 67
%

% a(uh , vh ) = 0 ∀vh ∈ Vh " 1 Pr r = 1, 2, 3

Vh
Vh ≡ {vh ∈ Xhr : vh = 0 ΓD } , 3"B3
Xhr $ B". 6 B"
Th (0, 1) Nh Kj ≡

(xj−1 , xj ) h"
A % # (" ( 1 &
$ # % 7
3"3"

+

1 %
7 3". " %
( % # $ '
( (
" '
# # % # 7
3". " 7 % "
1 % % 1 ##
P r = 1, 2, 3 "
8 3 7 7

3"8 " 6 %

1 "
/ #
#
#%" 7 "

5

$
8

9

- /.

& 5

(

% 7 3"9" 4"44B9.C.
L 4"49B9C8 H " 92 1
2 1
1 7 3"9 %

1 #
" : 1 : 1
"
1 &

" > &
E # 3"B" P2 P3
% 7 3"9 E # 3"B"
% h $ /
r H 1 r + 1 L2 1 r" ♦
* 67
%

5
%

&

h P1 P2 P3
u − uh L2 u − uh H 1 u − uh L2 u − uh H 1 u − uh L2 u − uh H 1
1 111$ 0 11$$0! 1 ,%1$ 1111**$,* $0 0 %1/ $* *%1*
11$ 1111 /!/! 11 $,0/ /!$%1* 1111**$ ,1/%10 ,1 $/%1,
11 $ 0* %1$ 11 /00 *1$0%1, !* %1$ ,0%1 /,0$/%1/
11 $ !1$ %1$ 111*!!0! 11,!%1/ 1!1/%1$ !!/0% 100$%1/
111* $ *1 %1* 111 !, $10 %10 *10%1* !$ % ,! %10
111 $ $1 %1* 111* ! *,%1 *$1!/%1, ,!% 0 1/%1
5

h

L2 (0, 1)

H 1 (0, 1)
/ / # )
3"C1
2u(0) − 5u′ (0) = −3, u′ (1) = e. 3"B.
B" ( # # "
3" 1 ( &
(
"
& / /

A#
" 6 % u ∈ V ≡ H 1 (0, 1) %

5

,
1 1
u′ v ′ dx − u′ (1)v(1) + u′ (0)v(0) + uv dx = 0 ∀v ∈ V.
0 0
3"B. (

#/ u∈V %
1 1
′ ′ 2 3
u v dx + u(0)v(0) + uv dx = ev(1) − v(0) ∀v ∈ V, 3"B8
5 5
0 0
( #
1 1
′ ′ 2
a(u, v) ≡ u v dx + uv dx + u(0)v(0)
5
0 0
( F (v) ≡ ev(1) − 3/5v(0)" ( # $
2
a(u, u) = u′ 2L2 (0,1) + u2L2(0,1) + u2 (0) ≥ u2V .
5
F
2
|a(u, v)| ≤ u′ L2 (0,1) v ′ L2 (0,1) + uL2 (0,1) vL2 (0,1) + |u(0)| |v(0)|
5
≤ (2 + 2C/5)uH 1(0,1) vH 1 (0,1) ,
6 %@& %P

" ( F $ "

# 0 < 1 / uh ∈ Vh %
1
vh ∈ Vh Vh Xh
a(uh , vh ) = F (vh ) "

aij
aij ≡ a(ϕj , ϕi )
fi ≡ F (ϕi )" u % %

' ui #
I* 4.℄
Au = f . 3"B9
( 0 &

< %
"
/ 67
%

A # (" A #

1 # A#
7 3":"
( −u′ (0) + αu(0) = β u′ (1) = γ "

% (
α = 2/5 β = −3/5 γ = e = #% "

- 0.1 %- .
1 h
h = 0.1" > 1 7 3"; %

>> +3 334 33&4 33&4 3335&4 333$&4℄

>> ;& +33336&4$6 3333&354& 45<34 &=<34
$&&>><35 635=&<3>℄
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333$&&> 3335&℄

%
$ q e (
h e(h) ≃ Chq h '

C $
h"
h = h1 h = h2 q
q
e(h1 ) h1
≃ ⇒ q ≃ log(e(h1 )/e(h2 ))/ log(h1 /h2 ).
e(h2 ) h2

5

0
−1
10
−2
10
−3
10 1
1
−4
10
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10
1
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( " ♦
/ / T % L

A ( x ∈ (0, L) # ) /

−kAT ′′ + σpT = 0, x ∈ (0, L),
3"B:
T (0) = T0 , T ′ (L) = 0,
p $ A k ' σ

' ( T0 $ "
B" "

3" ( # 3"B:
0 < & 1 "
H01 (0, L) k σ p T0 % "
." 1 % 1 ##
1 # 1
T0 = 10
(
σ = 2 k = 200"
!1 67
%

& / /

) 3"B: (
T (x) = C0 eλ0 x + C1 eλ1 x , 3"B;
C0 C1 #

# λ0 λ1
−kAλ2 + σp = 0.

m = σp/(kA) λ0 = −m λ1 = m &
T (x) = C0 e−mx + C1 emx " C0
C1 # % %
C0 + C1 = T0 −C0 e−mL + C1 emL = 0"

T0 emL T0 emL T0 e−mL T0 e−mL

C0 = −mL
= , C1 = −mL = ,
e + emL 2 cosh(mL) e +e mL 2 cosh(mL)
T0 cosh(m(x − L))
T (x) = em(L−x) + e−m(L−x) = T0 .
2 cosh(mL) cosh(mL)
( # 3"B:" ΓD = {0} &

3"B: ( v ∈ V ≡ HΓ1D
L L
′′
−kA T (x)v(x) dx + σp T (x)v(x) dx = 0 ∀v ∈ V.
0 0

L L
′ ′
kA T (x)v (x) dx + σp T (x)v(x) dx − kA[T ′ v]L
0 = 0, 3"BD
0 0
[f ]L
0 f (L) − f (0)" 6
( #/ T ∈ Wg %
a(T, v) = 0 ∀v ∈ V, 3"BC
a(·, ·) : V × V → R $ ( #

5

!
L L
′ ′
a(u, v) ≡ kA u (x)v (x) dx + σp u(x)v(x) dx.
0 0
2 1 % " ( # $

|a(u, v)| ≤ M uV vV M = kA + σp $ % V %L
a(u, u) = kAu′ 2L2 (0,L) + σpu2L2 (0,L) ≥ kAu′ 2L2 (0,L) ≥ αu2V , 3"34
α = kA/(1 + L2 /2)" ( % v(0) = 0 %
x 2
x x

2 ′ 2
|v(x)| = v (x)dx ≤ 1 dx (v ′ (x))2 dx ≤ xv ′ 2L2 (0,L)

0 0 0

L
vL2 ≤ √ |v ′ 2L2 (0,L) ,
2
% $ % L"

L2
v2H 1 = v2L2 (0,L) + v ′ 2L2 (0,L) ≤ 1+ v ′ 2L2 (0,L)
2
% $ 3"34" 7

% % %
a(u, u) ≥ min(kA, σp)u2V .
* % ( # %

%"
# L $
σp % %
"

Vh V 1 Nh " &
Gh #
0 < 3"BC $ /
Th ∈ Gh + Vh %
a(Th , vh ) = 0 ∀vh ∈ Vh ,
0 < & 1 Th

(0, L) Nh & {Kj } %
(
% h # Vh $
! 67
%

Vh ≡ {vh ∈ Xhr (0, L) : vh (0) = 0} ,
Xhr $ B"." u ∈ H q+1 (0, L) q>0

CM s
u − uh H 1 (0,L) ≤ h |u|H s+1 (0,L) ,
α
C s = min{r, q} |·|H s+1 (0,L)
H s+1 (0, L)" k σ p
M/α" %
σp M/α 5 / #
" * ( M % 0 <

" # % $ 6 ."

A # ( '
kA = 0.02π σp = 0.04π " 6 h %
1/10 1/320 7 3"D
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10
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10
1
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1
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10 10 10
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5

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/ / 6 = &

2H 7 3"C" %
Tsup U &
( Tinf "
T : (0, 2H) → R = ( #
%
⎧
⎨ d2 T
− = α(H − y)2 (0, 2H),
dy 2 3"3B
⎩
T (0) = Tinf , T (2H) = Tsup ,
α = 4U 2 µ/(H 4 κ) κ = 0.60 $ '

µ = 0.14< Q2 $ = "
B" H ( #
% $ "
3" ( 0 < & 1 "
." 1 % 1
. H = 1 Tinf = 273K Tsup = 293K U = 10Q"
* 1 %
K
Tinf
2H
Tsup
:

" !
& / /

&

(
αH 4
ψ(y) = C0 (H − y)4 + .
12
!! 67
%

) C0 = −α/12"
( φ(y) =
C1 + C2 y " # C1 =
T −T
Tinf C2 = sup2H inf " $
α Tsup − Tinf αH 4
T (y) = − (H − y)4 + y + Tinf + .
12 2H 12
( # % ) 3"3B
( v ∈ V = HΓ1D ≡ H01 (0, 2H) ΓD = {0, 2H}
( 4 2H ) "
′
% T
T ( y" E
2H 2H
′ 2H
′ ′
T v dy − [T v]0 = α (H − y)2 v dy.
0 0
( # / T ∈ Wg % a(T, v) = F (v)

v ∈V
2H 2H
a(T, v) ≡ T v dy, F (v) ≡ α (H − y)2 v dy.
′ ′
0 0
( # a : V ×V → R $

3"B". 1/(1 + CP2 )
CP $ L" 1 ( % % (
F :V →R$ 6 3"B
$ " # ( $ %
#" % %
# %
′′ 2 2 2
T = −α(H − y) ∈ L (0, 2H) T ∈ H (0, 2H)"

0 < 1 . $
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vh ∈ Vh "

# (
( 1 #
# % (0, 2)" 7 3"B4
5

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1
H (0, 2) ( h" 6
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10
1
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h = 0.1 5

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.

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h
/ / $ # #
T # % L # µ>0 "
% % % #
Q

0 x ∈ (0, L/2),
Q(x) =
6(x − L/2) x ∈ (L/2, L).
T ( )
−µT ′′ = Q, x ∈ (0, L). 3"33

!* 67
%

µ = 1 /
B" 1 % %

T (x) = −1/2 |x − L/2|3 + (x − L/2)3 3"3.
$ # 3"33
T (0) = 0, T ′ (L) = −3L2 /4; 3"38
3" L = 1 # (

1 # (
2 1
L (0, 1) H (0, 1)
H
." "
& / /

( # # 3"33
v ∈ V V = HΓ1D ΓD = {0}
) (
( 4 L ) " >
L L
′ ′ ′ L
µ T v dx − µ [T v]0 = Q v dx. 3"39
0 0
% 3"39 T v

H 1 (0, L)"
1 v ∈ L2 (0, L) Q L2 (0, L)"
( #/
u∈V % v∈V
L L L
′ ′ ′ L 2
µ T v dx = µ[T v]0 + Q v dx = 3µ(L /4)v(L) + Q v dx.
0 0 0
# # 5 ) &

O& " ( ( # a(T, v) ≡
L
µ 0 T ′ v ′ dx $ /
& / 6 %@& %P
|a(T, v)| ≤ µ||T ′ ||L2 (0,L) ||v ′ ||L2 (0,L) ≤ µ||T ||H 1 (0,L) ||v||H 1 (0,L) ;
5

!,
& " L

L
2 µ 2
a(T, T ) = µ T ′ T ′ dx = µ||T ′ ||L2 (0,L) ≥ ||T ||H 1 (0,L)
1 + CP2
0
1
T ∈ H (0, L)"
2
L
% ( F (v) ≡ 3µ(L /4)v(L) + 0 Q v dx $
Q ∈ L2 (0, L) "B3 6 %@&
%P
|F (v)| ≤ 3γµ(L2 /4) + ||Q||L2 (0,L) ||v||H 1 (0,L) .
# # O& "
µ = 1" T $
# 1 3

0 x ∈ (0, L/2),
T ′ (x) =
−3(x − L/2)2 x ∈ (L/2, L),

0 x ∈ (0, L/2), ′′′ 0 x ∈ (0, L/2),
T ′′ (x) = T (x) =
−6(x − L/2) x ∈ (L/2, L), −6 x ∈ (L/2, L).
%L T C 2 (0, L) $ ' ( &

) (" * 1 % $ %
′′′
#" % T L2 (0, L)
T ∈ H (0, L) T ∈ H 4 (0, L)"
3

0 < 1 &
V % % Vh # / Th ∈ Vh
% vh ∈ Vh
1 1
′ ′ 2
µ Th vh dx = 3µ(L /4)vh (1) + Q vh dx. 3"3:
0 0
(

(0, 1) 1 "
# ( % '
# )
1 # " 1 7 3"BB &
2 1
L (0, 1) H (0, 1) "
1 #

% 433$<5 L2 h = 0.1 3&=<&
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1

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1
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xi−1 xi xi+1 xi−1 xi xi+1

Q

4

h

%

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.

5

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ZL ZL
Q(x)ϕi (x) dx ≃ Πrh f (x)ϕi (x) dx,
0 0

r

Πrh f

r
8
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4

(0, L)

x = 0.5

9
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1
H (0, 1)
/ /" # # T
# 3"B"9 (

0 x ∈ (0, L/2),
Q(x) =
−π 2 cos (π (x − L/2)) x ∈ (L/2, L).
µ = 1"

$1 67
%

B" 1 % %

0 x ∈ (0, L/2],
T = 3"3;
1 − cos (π (x − L/2)) x ∈ (L/2, L),
$ # 3"33

T (0) = 0 T ′ (L) = π "
s
3" # H (0, L) K
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1 # (
H 1 (0, 1)
"
& / /"

( # # 3"B"9" &
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v∈V
L L
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0 0
( # 1 # 3"3D $ &

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% # # $ #
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% ( T 1 3"3; V (
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2
0 L/2
%L ( $
v
5

$
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L 2 L
µπ sin π x − v − µπ cos π x − vdx
2 L/2 2
L/2
L
L
= µπv(L) − µπ 2 cos π x − vdx.
2
L/2
* # 3"3D 1 $

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0 < 1 (
" # > 3"B ( M % &
x = L/2 = 1/2 )
% #
( " ( &
' % 7 3"B8
1 ( h = 0.1"
1
7 3"B8 1 H (0, 1)
1 % # # "
−2
10
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10 10 10

5

h = 0.1

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H 1 (0, 1)

-

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1 7 3"B8 % &
$ " * $ (
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1
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7 3"B9 ( # "
# x (
(χu′ )′ = 0 (0, L), 3"3C

χ1 (0, M ],
χ=
χ2 (M, L).
% x = 0 u0

x = L ( (
ua
−χ2 u′ (L) = s(u(L) − ua ),
s $ ' ( "
B" ( # # "

3" #
' $ % ("
." ( # 1
L = 1 M = 0.2 χ1 = 1 χ2 = 10 u0 = 100 ua = 10
s = 0.1"
& / /#

6 % ( # # " &
v ∈ V ≡ HΓ1D ΓD = {0}
3"3C (
(0, L)
L
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:

L
a(u, v) ≡ χu′ v ′ dx + su(L)v(L) F (v) ≡ sua v(L).
0
χ

% # "
H 1 (0, L) - # "
Ω1 = (0, M ) Ω2 = (M, L) χ $
3"3C u′′ = 0 u $ " &
# 3"3C 5 %
x = M " x = M =
χ1 u′ = χ2 u′ x = M " ( ( # &
3"3C ( v ∈ C ∞ (0, L)
(0, L)
L M L
0= χu′ v ′ dx = χu′ v ′ dx + χu′ v ′ dx =
0 0 M
3".4
M L
M L ′ ′
[χu′ v]0 + [χu′ v]M − (χu′ ) v dx − (χu′ ) v dx.
0 M
0 %L (χu′ )′ = 0"
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′ ′
3".4 % 0 = − [(χu) ]M v(M )" % [χu ]M = 0
v "
⎧
⎨ u1 (x) = C0,1 + xC1,1 x ∈ (0, M ),
u(x) = 3".B
⎩
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$! 67
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⎧
⎪
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⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎨ u1 (M ) = u2 (M ) ⇒ C0,1 + M C1,1 = C0,2 + M C1,2 ,
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ χ u′ (M ) = χ2 u′2 (M ) ⇒ χ1 C1,1 = χ2 C1,2 ,
⎪ 1 1
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎩
−χ2 u′2 (L) = s(u2 (L) − ua ) ⇒ −χ2 C1,2 = s(C0,2 + LC1,2 − ua ).
'
C0,1 = u0 ,
sχ2 (ua − u0 )
C1,1 = − ,
χ2 χ1 + Lχ1 − M s(χ1 − χ2 )
3".3
u0 (χ2 + L)χ1 − M sua (χ1 − χ2 )
C0,2 = ,
(χ2 + L)χ1 − M s(χ1 − χ2 )
sχ1 (ua − u0 )
C1,2 = .
χ2 χ1 + Lχ1 − M s(χ1 − χ2 )
% χ1 = χ2 % C0,1 = C0,2 C1,1 = C1,2 "
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# &
1
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559
u(x) =
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99
98.5
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%

// Ω ≡ (0, 1) × (0, 1)
#
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h % $ u(x, y) = ex+y "
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6 % u ∈ Wg = {w ∈ H 1 (Ω) :

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a(u, v) ≡ ∇u · ∇v dω + 2 uv dω = 0 ∀v ∈ V. 3".8
Ω Ω
( # $ % V" ##

(
|a(u, v)| ≤ max(χ1 , χ2 )∇uL2 (Ω) ∇vL2 (Ω) + 2uL2(Ω) vL2 (Ω)
≤ 2uV vV ,
6 %@& %P % χ $

% u∈V
a(u, u) ≥ min(χ1 , χ2 )∇u2L2 (Ω) + 2u2L2(Ω) ≥ u2V .
6 3"B 3".8 $ "

Vh 1 V (
0 < & 1 3".8 $/ uh ∈ Wg,h %
a(uh , vh ) = 0 ∀vh ∈ Vh . 3".9
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2
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// Ω R2 # ∂Ω =

ΓD ∪ ΓN ΓD ∩ ΓN = ∅ % ∂Ω "
b : Ω → R2 % b · n ≥ 0 ΓN µ : Ω → R (
f : Ω → R ( L2 (Ω) gD : ΓD → R gN : ΓN → R (
" %
0 < µ0 ≤ µ(x) ≤ µ1 , |b(x)| ≤ b1 , ∇ · b = 0, ∀x ∈ Ω.

*1 67
%

B" ( # # ) &

⎧
⎨ −∇ · (µ∇u) + b · ∇u = f Ω,
u = gD ΓD , 3".:
⎩
µ∇u · n = gN ΓN .
3" % # 3".: $ "

." Ω = (0, 1) × (0, 1) ΓD = {0} × (0, 1) ΓN = ∂Ω \ ΓD
µ = 1 b = (1, 1)T f gD gN % 3".:
u(x, y) = sin(2πx) cos(2πy) #
1 B 3" 1 %
"
& //

% ) 3".: ( v ∈ V ≡
HΓ1D Ω" >

− ∇ · (µ∇u)v dω + b · ∇uv dω = f v dω.
Ω Ω Ω
( 0

µ∇u · ∇v dω + b · ∇uv dω = f v dω + gN v dγ.
Ω Ω Ω ΓN
( # 3".: $ / u∈

Wg = {w ∈ H 1 (Ω) : w|ΓD = gD } %
a(u, v) = F (v) ∀v ∈ V, 3".;

a(u, v) ≡ Ω µ∇u · ∇v dω + Ω b · ∇uv dω F (v) ≡ Ω f v dω + ΓN gN v dγ "
2 1 % 6 3"B"
# a(·, ·) F (·)
"
|F (v)| ≤ ||f ||L2 (Ω) ||v||L2 (Ω) + ||gN ||L2 (ΓN ) ||v||L2 (ΓN )
# $
≤ ||f ||L2 (Ω) + γT ||gN ||L2 (ΓN ) ||v||H 1 (Ω) ,
γT % "B3"

*
% a $ % ( v∈V %

1 1
vb · ∇v dω = b · ∇v 2 dω = b · nv 2 ,
2 2
Ω Ω ΓN
( ( % ∇ · b = 0"

1
a(u, u) = µ|∇u|2 dω + b · nu2
2
Ω ΓN
b·n ≥0 ΓN %
a(u, u) ≥ µ0 ∇u2L2 (Ω) .
L % $ # u

# % ( # $
2
α = µ0 /(1 + CP ) CP L"
% a(·, ·) $ % " ) ##

|a(u, v)| ≤ µ∇u · ∇v dω + b · ∇uv dω

Ω Ω
≤ µ1 ∇uL2 (Ω) ∇vL2 (Ω) + b1 ∇uL2 (Ω) vL2 (Ω)
≤ M uV vV ,
M = max{µ1 , b1 }" ## 1 % $

"

0 < # 3".; $/ uh ∈ Wg,h
%
a(uh , vh ) = F (vh ) ∀vh ∈ Vh ,
Vh 1 B 3 V"

) " ' %L (
# ) f (x, y) = 4π 2 (sin(2π(x +
y)) + sin(2π(x − y))) + 2π cos(2π(x + y)) gD = sin(2πx) cos(2πy) gN =
−2π cos(2πx) cos(2πy)" 1 #

* 67
%

1 0
10 10
1
−1
1 10
0
10
−2 2
1 10
−1
10 −3
10
1 1
−4
−2 10
10
2 −5
10 3
−3
10
−6
10
−4 −7
10 −3 −2 −1
10 −3 −2 −1
10 10 10 10 10 10
5

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∂ψ ∂ψ
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(0, Lx ) × (0, Ly ) ( #

∂ψ
−△ψ − α = γ sin(πy/Ly ) Ω,
∂x 3".D
ψ=0 ∂Ω,
Hβ Wπ
α = R γ = RLy R ' ( W
' 1 β = df /dy f $
6 % $ ( y "
B" 3".D β "

3" ( # 3".D"
." 1
1 / Lx = 107 Ly = 2π106
H = 200 W = 0.3 10−7 2 −2 R = 0.6 10−3 −1 "
−10 −1 −1
β = 0 β = 10 "
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# 5 (
" % $ (
ψ(x, y) = ψx (x)ψy (y), 3".C
#" %
∂ψ dψx ∂2ψ d2 ψx ∂2ψ d2 ψy

= ψy , = ψy , = ψx
∂x dx ∂x2 dx2 ∂y 2 dy 2
% 3".D (

1 d2 ψx dψx 1 d2 ψy
+α =− + γ sin(πy/Ly ) . 3"84
ψx dx2 dx ψy dy 2
% # x y

5 x y # $ "
# ψ
)
d2 ψx dψx d2 ψy
+α = Cψx + γ sin(πy/Ly ) = −Cψy ,
dx2 dx dy 2
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% ψ # Ω" 6 ψ=

L2
−γ π2y (peA+ x + qe A− x
− 1) sin(πy/Ly ) p = (1 − e )/(e −e A− L x
) A+ L x A− L x
% 2
π2
q = 1 − p A± = − α2 ± α
4 + L2 " ( # #
y
/ ψ ∈ V ≡ H01 (Ω) %

∂ψ
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∂x
Ω Ω Ω
&
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# 3"8B $ " &
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∂ψ
α v dω = ∇ · (βψ)v dω,
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∂ψ
α ψ dω = ∇ · (βψ)ψ dω = 0
∂x
Ω Ω
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1 1
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2 2

1 1
∇ · (βψ)ψ dω = ∇ · (βψ 2 ) dω = ψ 2 β · n dγ = 0,
2 2
Ω Ω ∂Ω
ψ ∈V"

( " % ( F 1
# 3"8B %
# $ "

0 < 3"8B ( / ψh ∈
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6
% L = 10 x̂ = x/L ŷ = y/L"
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ˆ $ # x̂ ŷ " 7
△
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R
β " 6 6 .
% %
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** 67
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// R % &
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( ( R 7 3"3B &
# " )
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% &
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% &
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K > 0 (
&
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& //

% u " %
I 48℄ 6 3
% % $
∂u
+ ∇ · q = −Ku,
∂t
q $ = " % =
$ ( # = $ ) %
# 7 < 5
q = −µ∇u.
# '
−µ△u + Ku = 0, Ω, 3"83
Ω ( R % ##

" ∂Ω % u
u = uext per x ∈ ∂Ω. 3"8.
3"83 $ 0 %"

1 # 1
( ( " # ( %
r, θ, ψ 3"83 ( %
I 48℄

∂ 2 u 2µ ∂ u µ 1 ∂2u ∂2u ∂u
−µ 2 − − 2 + + + cot ψ + Ku = 0.
∂r r ∂r r (sin ψ)2 ∂θ2 ∂ψ 2 ∂ψ
% # ( $

% % u $ u = u(r)" * θ ψ

∂ 2 u 2µ ∂ u
−µ − + Ku = 0, 0 < r < R.
∂r2 r ∂r
# # r2

∂ 2 ∂u
− µr + Kr2 u = 0 3"88
∂r ∂r
#
*/ 67
%

u(R) = uext . 3"89
#

$
u′ (0) = 0. 3"8:
# 3"88 3"89 3"8: "

5 ( # # 3"83 3"8. &
" G ∈ H 1 (Ω) $ ( #
G|∂Ω = uext % u ∈ G + V V ≡ H01 (Ω) %

µ ∇u · ∇vdω + K uvdω = 0, ∀v ∈ V.
Ω Ω
# # $ 6

3"B" ( ( # µ ∇w∇vdω + K wvdω $ w v
Ω Ω
V $ % V

µ ∇v · ∇vdω + K v 2 dω ≥ min(µ, K)||v||2V .
Ω Ω
# 3"88

3"89 3"8: ) #
( % ΓD = {R} #
" G # V
1
HR (0, R) ( H 1 (0, R) x = R
( / u ∈ G + V %
R R
2 ∂u ∂v
µr dr + Kr2 uvdr = 0 ∀v ∈ V. 3"8;
∂r ∂r
0 0

R R
2 ∂u ∂v
a(u, v) ≡ µr dr + Kr2 uvdr. 3"8D
∂r ∂r
0 0
6 3"B $ 5 # " (
( # $ V
6 %@& %P
|a(u, w)| ≤ R2 (µ + K)||u||V ||w||V , ∀u, w ∈ V,

*0
$ # % ( # $ V
% '
" #
# "
* $ 5 &
O& " ( #
# # ( -
) "

R
(u, v)w ≡ r2 uvdr
0

w ≡ r2 ||u||w ≡ (u, u)w % L2w (0, R)
( ( % ( ||u||w < ∞"
1 ( ( / % (u, v)w $ )&
|| · ||w L2w (Ω)"
(
I 43℄/
B" # / α, β ∈ R
R
(αu1 + βu2 , v)w = r2 (αu1 + βu2 ) vdr = α (u1 , v)w + β (u2 , v)w
0

R
(u, αv1 + βv2 )w = r2 u (αv1 + βv2 ) dr = α (u, v1 )w + β (u, v2 )w ;
0
R
3" / (u, v)w = r2 uvdr = (v, u)w H
0
R
." & / (u, u)w = r2 u2 dr ≥ 0" %L r2 $
0
r = 0 (u, u)w = 0
u = 0"
% (u, v)w ≤ ||u||w ||v||w u, v ∈ L2w (0, R) % L2w (0, R)
$ ? # I 48℄"
1 ¾
Hw1 (0, R) ≡ {w ∈ L2 (0, R) : w′ ∈ L2w (0, R)},

2

=41!℄

u∈V ⊆
H 1 (Ω)
a(u, v) = F (v) ∀v ∈ V,
a(·, ·)

V × V F (·)

V

H 1 (Ω)
M γ
||uh ||V ≤ , ||u − uh ||H 1 (Ω) ≤ inf ||u − vh ||H 1 (Ω) ,
α α vh ∈Vh
M F (·) α γ

a(·, ·)

γ ≫ α

inf ||u − vh ||H 1 (Ω)
vh ∈Vh
Vh

!

"

# $

h % !

&

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γ

(

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h ) *

'

!

,1 67
%

||u||2H 1 (0,R) = ||u||2w + ||u′ ||2w " $
w
? #" 6
1
& '
H0,w (0, R) ≡ v ∈ Hw1 (0, R) : v(R) = 0 .
> % H 1 (0, R) ⊂ Hw1 (0, R) (
R
||f ||2Hw1 (0,R) ≤ R u2 + (u′ )2 dx = R2 ||u||2H 1 (0,1)
2
||u||H 1 (0,1) < ∞ ⇒ ||u||Hw1 (0,R) < ∞"

V ≡ Hw1 (0, R)" ( # a(u, v) $
1
H (0, R) - $
a(u, u) ≥ min(µ, K)||u||2H 1 , ∀u ∈ Hw1 (0, R).

w
6 3"B # / u ∈ G+V ≡

{w ∈ Hw1 (0, R) : wΓD = g} %
a(u, v) = 0, ∀v ∈ V.
E # $ # "
> % % K =0 $ # (
I 48℄ " C;" % (
C1
u(r) = + C2
r
C1 C2 % # "
r = 0 % C1 = 0, C2 = uext

$ "

# 3"8; 5 (
Hw (0, R) H 1 (0, R)

1
1 1
H & ( % Hw & ( "
r r
Wh = {vh ∈ X
h : vh (R) = uext } Vh = {vh ∈ Xh : vh (R) = 0}
# / uh ∈ Wh %
a(uh , wh ) = F (wh ), ∀vh ∈ Vh .
% %
1 - %
" E ( %

,
+ ,
aij = a(ϕj , ϕi ) %
R R
∂ ϕi
2 ∂ ϕj
aij = µr dr + Kr2 ϕj ϕi dr.
∂r ∂r
0 0
6 ( " E&

' $ # &
% ( ' %L
S " (
1 r ( aij
2r 2r + 2" (
#
4 1 6 8 #
2 4 6 ' ' "

(
P2 ( ' &
1
1 7 3"33 &
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5? 1?"
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20? &
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%
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%
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=520,℄.
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−4
20 5
x 10
18
u =5 mmHg
ext
uh(7 nodi quadr) − uh(3 nodi quadr)

16 u =20 mmHg 4
ext
14
3
[mmHg]
12
10 2
O2
8
u
1
6
4
0
2
0 −1
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05
r [mm] r [mm]
5

uext = 5 -

. uext = 20 mmHg -

.

5 ;

&
6%

&
4

- ? ?

. ) ,- - =1!℄.

u∈V ⊆
H 1 (Ω)
a(u, v) = F (v) ∀v ∈ V,
a(·, ·)

V × V F (·)

V

H 1 (Ω)
M γ
||uh ||V ≤ , ||u − uh ||H 1 (Ω) ≤ inf ||u − vh ||H 1 (Ω) ,
α α vh ∈Vh
M F (·) α γ

a(·, ·)

γ ≫ α

inf ||u − vh ||H 1 (Ω)
vh ∈Vh
Vh

!

"

# $

h % !

&

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'
γ

(

&

h ) *

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!

,! ;

" % &
% 1 %" % %
"
#
" (
1 % # "
/ /

) & &
Lu = −µu′′ + bu′ + σu,
u ∈ V ≡ H01 (0, 1) µ σ b $ (
"
& / / A % L : V → V ′

( # a(·, ·)
V′ < Lu, v >V = a(u, v) = a(v, u) =V < u, Lv >V ′

V′ < Lu, v >V = a(u, v) = −a(v, u) = −V < u, Lv >V ′ .
L 5

% % LS % %
LSS 5 " ( L∗
1
V′ < L∗ u, v >V ≡ a(v, u) =V < u, Lv >V ′ ,
% ⎧
⎪ 1 ∗
⎨ LS = 2 (L + L ) ,
⎪
L = LS + LSS , con
⎪
⎩ L = 1 (L − L∗ ) .
⎪
SS
2
)
( # H01 (0, 1)
1 1 1
′′ ′ ′
(−µu + σu) vdx = µ u v dx + σuvdx ≡ aDR (u, v).
0 0 0
′′
Lu = −µu + σu
( 1 V ′ < Lu, v >V "
2

,$
6 ( ( u′ v ′ u
v % % aDR (·, ·) $ "
6 "
% b " ( # (
1 1
′
aT (u, v) ≡ b u vdx = −b uv ′ dx = −aT (v, u). ."B
0 0
b $ $
LS u = −µu′′ + σu, LSS u = bu′ . ."3
6 b " %
1 1 1 1
′ 1 ′ 1 ′ 1
aT (u, v) = bu vdx = bu vdx + (bu) vdx − b′ uvdx.
2 2 2
0 0 0 0
$ #

"
(
1 1
1 # ′ $ 1 # $
bu + (bu)′ vdx = − (bv)′ + bv ′ udx.
2 2
0 0

1 ′ ′′ 1 ′ 1 ′
LS = −µu + σ − b u, LSS = bu + (bu) . .".
2 2 2
♦
/ /

) & & (
Lu = −µ△u + b · ∇u + σu
µ σ b u ∈ H01 (Ω)"
& / / > %
1 1 1
b · ∇u = b · ∇u + ∇ · (bu) − (∇ · b) u.
2 2 2

,* ;

V ′ < Lu, v >V ≡ (−µ△u + b · ∇u + σu) vdω =
Ω

1 1
µ∇u · ∇vdω + (b · ∇u) vdω + ∇ · (bu)vdω−
Ω 2 Ω 2 Ω

1
(∇ · b) uvdω + σuvdω ≡ a(u, v).
2 Ω Ω

( # Ω
µ∇u · ∇vdω + Ω (σ − 12 ∇ · b)uvdω $
aS (u, v) ≡
( "
( 0

1 1
aSS (u, v) ≡ (b · ∇u) vdω + ∇ · (bu)vdω =
2 Ω 2 Ω

1 1
− ∇ · (bv)udω − (b · ∇v) udω = −aSS (v, u).
2 Ω 2 Ω
$ LS u = −µ△u− 12 (∇·b)u+σu

1 1
$ LSS u = 2 (b · ∇u) + 2 ∇ · (bu). ♦
/ / # /

⎧
⎪ 2
∂2u ∂2u ∂2u ∂2u ∂u
⎨− +β 2 +γ +δ 2 +η = f in Ω,
i,j=1 ∂xi ∂xj ∂x1 ∂x1 ∂x2 ∂x2 ∂x1 ."8
⎪
⎩
u=0 su ∂Ω,
β γ δ η ' f $ (

x = (x1 , x2 ) ∈ Ω "
B" ' %
#"
3" % 0 < & 1
"
." # $ &
( # K %
# "
& / /

# 5 (
2

,,
−∇ · (K∇u) + B · ∇u = f ."9
Ω K B -

M 1
⎡ 1 ⎤
⎡ ⎤
1−β(1 − γ) η
⎢ 2 ⎥
K≡⎢
⎣
⎥,
⎦ B ≡ ⎣ ⎦.
1 0
(1 − γ) 1 − δ
2
."9 # u=0 ∂Ω " )
# $ 1 I*2C8℄ 6 " :
2
µ0 > 0 % χ R ##
2

µKij χi χj ≥ µ0 ||χ||2 . .":
i,j=1
1

K @ I* 44 ℄ #
$ 1 "
1 %
1
1 − β > 0, (1 − β)(1 − δ) − (1 − γ)2 > 0. .";
4
% - ."; 5
(1 − γ)2
δ <1− . ."D
4(1 − β)
K

λ0,1 = (2 − β − δ) ± (β − δ)2 + (1 − γ)2
# " % ."; ( " &

µ0 .": %
" % µ1 " &
V = H01 (Ω) # ( # $/ u ∈ V %
v∈V
(K∇u) · ∇vdω + (B · ∇u) vdω = f vdω.
Ω Ω Ω
# ( ( #

a(u, v) ≡ (K∇u) · ∇vdω + B · ∇uvdω
Ω Ω
,/ ;

|a(u, v)| ≤ (µ1 +|η|)||u||V ||v||V .
% f V
′

V " 2 % f vdω $
Ω
( F (v) =V ′ < f, v >V "
% # $ ##
% ( # $ " ( #
1 2
(∇u)u = ∇|u| L %
2

a(u, u) = (K∇u) · ∇udω + B · (∇u)udω ≥
Ω Ω
2 1 # $ 2 2
µ0 ||∇u||L2 + ∇ · Bu2 dω ≥ α||u||V + B · nu2 dγ = α||u||V
2
Ω ∂Ω
α = µ0 /(1 + CP2 ) CP $ L" &

$ O&
"

V
Vh ⊂ Xhr Xhr $ B"34 6 B" Vh
r
( Xh #" ( #
/ uh ∈ Vh % vh ∈ Vh ## a(uh , vh ) = F (vh )"
# $ # (
# "
I* 4.℄ 6 " . u ∈ H s+1 (Ω)
γ
||u − uh ||H 1 ≤ Chq |u|H q+1 ,
α
M $ ( # C $
q = min(r, s)" %
γ = µ1 + |η| |η| ≫ µ0 % γ/α ≫ 1
1 " #
+ # ,"
1 % η=0 ( # a(u, v) $
."B"3" ( K

a(u, v) = (K∇u) · ∇vdω = ∇u · (K∇v) dω = a(v, u).
Ω Ω
# %

) ' Aij = a(ϕj , ϕi ) % η =0 $
2

,0
% 1 - %
( # "
I* 44 ℄/
B" ( # # 6%H

% ( &
% ( & " (
A $ ( 6%<@
"
3" ( &
( 6%<
I 4.℄H
/ / % 1

# ( &

/
!
1 10
r=1 ML = ,
2 01
⎡ ⎤
100
1⎣
r=2 ML = 0 4 0⎦,
6
001
⎡ ⎤
1000
1 ⎢0 3 0 0⎥
r=3 ML = ⎢ ⎥.
8 ⎣0 0 3 0⎦
0001
%
M M
ii = Mii
M ML r = 1, 2 r = 3/
j Mjj
⎡ 8 ⎤
⎡ ⎤ ⎢ 97 0 0 0
⎥
128 0 0 0 ⎢ 81 ⎥
1 ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ 0 0 0 ⎥
= ⎢ 0 648 0 0 ⎢
⎥=⎢ 194 ⎥
M ⎣ ⎦ 81 ⎥.
1552 0 0 648 0 ⎢ 0 0 0 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
0 0 0 128 ⎣ 194 ⎦
8
0 0 0
97
/1 ;

& / / 6 &
1
% Mij = 0 ϕi ϕj dx" r = 1 ( #
( (0, 1) ϕ0 (x) = 1 − x, ϕ1 (x) = x
⎡ 1 1 ⎤
⎢ 3 6 ⎥
M=⎢
⎣
⎥.
⎦ ."C
1 1
6 3

' ' O &
!
1 10
ML = .
2 01
" 1 % &
M
1
0 ϕi ϕj dx
" 5 )
( "
r = 2 ( # (

1 1
ϕ0 = 2(1 − x) −x , ϕ1 = 4x(1 − x), ϕ2 = 2x x − .
2 2

⎡ 2 1 1 ⎤
−
⎢ 15 15 30 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ 1 8 1 ⎥
M=⎢ ⎥.
⎢ 15 15 15 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎣ ⎦
1 1 2
−
30 15 15
'
ML % "
M
1 % )
( " %L
( $ . %
ϕ̂i ϕ̂j
8"
r = 3 /
" (
#O #
% % "
2

/
DD
DD += & # $<% #& $<% #<%*&> & #& $<% #<%*
&> & #< $% #<%*= & #< $% #<& $%!℄
DD *
E* F#*E%"# #% #E%*3*% "(
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+ 6 34* $$ 453* <$ 3* = 563℄
+ $$ 453* &> >3* <&> 453* <$ 3℄
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DD F
F
6 => 3 3 3
3 6 = 3 3
3 3 6 = 3
3 3 3 6 =>
DD F;
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6 ML F;

M F" ♦
/ ;

%

// #
⎧ ′′ ′
⎨ −εu (x) + bu (x) = 1, 0 < x < 1,
."B4
⎩
u(0) = α, u(1) = β,
ε > 0 α, β, b ∈ R " ( #

1 1
5 " # % "

( 1 b = −1 ε = 10
−3
α = 0, β = 1" " * h $

% K
& //

6 # ( # # &
( ."B4 ( v
1
H0 (0, 1) % V &
(0, 1) ( " # /
u ∈ H 1 (0, 1) % v ∈ V
1 1 1
′ ′ ′
ε u v dx + b u vdx = vdx
0 0 0
u(0) = α u(1) = β " 6 3

G ∈ H 1 (0, 1) # # ( /
u ∈ G + V % a(u, v) = F (v) v ∈ V
1 1 1
′ ′ ′
a(w, v) ≡ ε w v dx + b w vdx, F (v) = vdx.
0 0 0
( F (v) $ " ( # a(·, ·) $

γ = ε + |b|.
a(·, ·) $ V × V " ( ( w∈V
1 1
′ 2 2 b 2 1 2
a(w, w) = ε (w ) dx + b w′ wdx = ε||w′ ||L2 + w 0 = ε||w′ ||L2 ,
2
0 0

/
w $ #" L
2
a(w, w) ≥ α||w||V α = ε/(1 + CP2 ) CP $
L" # $ #
6 3"B"
$ #
#"
."B41 $ uP = x/b" $

½ uG = C1 + C2 ebx/ε + x/b C1 C2
# u
⎧
⎪ C + C2 = α,
⎨ 1
⎪
⎩ C + C eb/ε + 1 = β.
1 2
b
5
2(e10 x − 1)
# $ u(x) = − x.
e105 − 1

# 1 &
% ( h
r
Vh ⊂ Xh (0, 1) V ( r
#" uh #
$/ uh ∈ Vh % vh ∈ Vh
a(uh , vh ) = F (vh ).
1 %
ε + |b| q
||u − uh ||V ≤ (1 + CP2 ) h |u|q+1 , ."BB
ε
u ∈ H s+1 (0, 1) q = min(r, s)" % |b| ≫ ε
ε + |b|
$ ≫ 1 (
ε
h " ) I* 4.℄
1 P
|b|h
1 % Pe > 1 Pe L "
2ε
0 <
' Pe < 1" * 5
" 5
1

&

)

%

uO = C1 eλ x + C2 eλ x , λ1 λ2
&

1 2
& ;

−εx2 + bx = 0
/! ;

" $ & I* 4.℄
# )
|b|h ′′
( − u u′′ .
= −εPe
2
) # ε∗ =
ε (1 + Pe) $ ) $
|b|h Pe
Pe∗ = = ,
2ε∗ 1 + Pe
% $ B h" P
h"

6L % # $ - (
( (
I* 4.℄ 6 8 8"B" /
1
|b|h
ah (uh , vh ) ≡ a(uh , vh ) + u′h vh′ dx,
2
0
# % uh $

1 |a(wh , vh ) − ah (wh , vh )|
||u − uh ||V ≤ Khq |u|q+1 + inf sup
Cε wh ∈Vh vh ∈Vh \0 ||vh ||V
|b|h
≤ Khs |u|q+1 + ||uh ||V ,
2
ε + |b|
q $ % ."BB K = (1 + CP2 ) " *
ε
# ( #
&
1 " * $
P "

1 % %" ( #
1 0 <
h = 0.1 h = 0.05 #
7 ."B"
h 7 ."3 Pe < 1
|b|h 2ε
<1⇒h< = 0.002.
2ε |b|

/$
4.5 3
Soluz Numerica Soluz Numerica
Soluz Esatta Soluz Esatta
4
2.5
3.5
3 2
2.5
1.5
2
1.5 1
1
0.5
0.5
0 0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
@

" 67
h = 0.1 h = 0.05

2.5 Soluz Numerica
Soluz Numerica Soluz Esatta
2.2
Soluz Esatta
2
2.1
1.5 2
1.9
1
1.8
0.5
1.7
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25
@

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h = 0.01 h = 0.005 -

& )

.
) h = 0.001 &

7 .".
# "
7 ."8 P
Pe > 1/ %
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2
1 E # ."B L (0, 1) %
1
H (0, 1) 0 < P "
h$ 0 <
. 3 " P $ B"
/* ;

1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
@

" 67
h = 0.001

2 2
1.8 1.8
1.6 1.6
1.4 1.4
1.2 1.2
1 1
0.8 0.8
0.6 0.6
0.4 0.4
0.2 0.2
0 0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

@

" :B

h = 0.1 h = 0.05
h 67
L2 (0, 1) 67
H 1 (0, 1) :B
L2 (0, 1) :B
H 1 (0, 1)
11 11! 1 , !,*1! 11/!, ! $!! $
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111 $ 111 /*! ,0!* 11 10 , 10/*
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2 2
Computed Solution Computed Solution
Exact Solution Exact Solution
1.8 1.8
1.6 1.6
1.4 1.4
1.2 1.2
1 1
0.8 0.8
0.6 0.6
0.4 0.4
0.2 0.2
0 0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
@

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h = 0.01 h = 0.005
# %

% 1 #
$ $ % (&0 ¾
I* 4.℄ ."3"3"" 7 .":
) %L
"
2 2
Soluzione Numerica Soluzione Numerica
Soluzione Esatta Soluzione Esatta
1.8 1.8
1.6 1.6
1.4 1.4
1.2 1.2
1 1
0.8 0.8
0.6 0.6
0.4 0.4
0.2 0.2
0 0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
@

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h = 0.1
h = 0.05
2
8

3

&

4 %6
// ;

// #

⎧ ′′ ′
⎨ −εu (x) + u (x) = 1, 0 < x < 1,
."B3
⎩ ′
u(0) = 0, u (1) = 1,
ε > 0 " ( #

1 % ( ε = 10
−6
0 < 1 " %
% 0 < 1 )
1 % "
& //

( # # "
& '
# u ( v V ≡ v ∈ H 1 (0, 1), v(0) = 0 "
( # # / u∈V %
v∈V
1 1 1
′ ′ ′
ε u v dx + u vdx = vdx + εv(1).
0 0 0
1
( F (v) ≡ 0 vdx + εv(1) $
1

vdx + εv(1) ≤ (1 + εγT )||v|| ,
V

0
γT
$ "B3"
1 1
( # a(u, v) ≡ ε 0 u′ v ′ dx + 0 u′ vdx $ "
# ( u v "
L
2 1 2 2
a(u, u) = ε||u′ ||L2 + u2 (1) ≥ ε||u′ ||L2 ≥ εC||u||V ,
2
C = 1/(1 + CP2 ) CP L"
6 # ."B3" &

) uG = C1 + C2 ex/ε + x C1 C2
# #"
(
% $ u(x) = x"

/0

# 1 #
(&
1
h Vh ( Xh
x = 0" ( 0 < &
1 / uh ∈ Vh % vh ∈ Vh
a(uh , vh ) = F (vh ).

1 & &
1 % # """" 6
6L 1 "
Pe"
0.9 Soluz Numerica

Soluz Esatta
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
@

" 67

h = 0.1 )
10−15
7 ."; 0 <

h = 0.1" %
L 0.5 × 106 " ♦
// #

⎧
⎪ d du du
⎨− µ(x) + β(x) + σu = 0, a<x<b
dx dx dx
⎪
⎩
u(a) = 0, u(b) = 1,
β(x) µ(x) ( µ(x) ≥ µ0 > 0 x ∈ [a, b]
σ $ "
01 ;

B" ( # #

% # "
3
3" β = 10 , σ = 0 µ(x) = x (
a b"
." %
3 3
0 < a = 1, b = 2 a = 10 , b = 10 + 1" #
"
8" 2 1
% 1 "
P % (&0 h = 0.05
"
& //

A # ( #"
# ( V ≡ H01 (a, b) ( H 1 (a, b)
" ( #
b
a(w, v) ≡ (µw′ v ′ + βw′ v + σwv) dx,
a
( G ∈ H 1 (a, b) % G(0) = 0 G(1) = 1"

( # # / u ∈ G + V % a(u, v) = 0
v ∈V"
# % &
( # H 1 (a, b) V "
# ¿ $ % µ ∈ L∞ (a, b) β ∈ L∞ (a, b)" (
% |a(w, v)| ≤ max(||µ||L∞ , ||β||L∞ , σ)||w||V ||v||V "
( # " w (
V %
b
2
a(w, w) = µ (w′ ) + βw′ w + σw2 dx ≥
a
b
2
min(µ0 , σ)||w||V + βw′ wdx.
a
3
8
#

9 5 %

C
4

H 1 (a, b)
β(x) ∈ L2 (a, b)

%

&

9
&
#

D

0

b b # $ b b
′ 1 d w2 1 b 1 ′ 2 1
βw wdx = β dx = [βw]a − β w dx = − β ′ w2 dx.
2 dx 2 2 2
a a a a
( % w(a) = w(b) = 0"

%β ′ ≤ 0 % ( # $
# $ # " > % #
% ( σ > 0
L " α 5

µ0
α = max , min(µ0 , σ) ,
1 + CP2
CP $ L"

% % σ = 0" # 6 3"B"
3
6 µ = x β = 10
σ = 0" # ( (
−xu′′ + βu′ = 0.
5 v = u′

−xv ′ + βv = 0.
dv βdx
# v = x " log v =
β β
log x + C0 v = C0 x C0 " u =
C0 β+1
β+1 x + C1 C1 " #
1
xβ+1 − aβ+1
u= .
bβ+1 − aβ+1

% a = 1, b = 2
( # (
µ0 = 1" a = 103 , b = 103 + 1 (
µ0 = 103 " L #
βh
$/ Pe = = 500h 1 (
2µ0
# % h <
1/500" % Pe = 1000h/2000 ⇒ h < 2 % $
1 b − a = 1"
0 ;

% # "
# $ # 5
% 1 µ
µupwind = µ (1 + Pe)" - 5 1
µ∗ = µ (1 + φ(Pe)) ( φ(·) (
φ(x) > 0 ∀x > 0, φ(0) = 0.
% % &
# h "
# # #&
% h→0 Pe → 0 #
" # # & $
(
2τ
φ(τ ) = τ − 1 + , per τ > 0.
e2τ − 1
' % # 7 "
1 1
Soluz Numerica
Soluz Esatta 0.9
0.5 0.8
0.7
0 0.6
0.5
−0.5 0.4
0.3
−1 0.2
0.1
−1.5 0
1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 1000 1000.2 1000.4 1000.6 1000.8 1001
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7

a = 1 b = 2
a = 1000 b = 1001 E
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0
1 1
0.9
Soluz Numerica
0.8 Soluz Esatta
Soluz Numerica
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0.7
0.6
0.5 0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0 0
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⎧ ′ ′ ′
⎨ − (µu − ψ u) = 1, 0 < x < 1,
."B.
⎩
u(0) = u(1) = 0,
µ $ ψ ( "
0! ;

B" # # ."B.

( ψ "
ψ/µ
3" # # u = ρe ρ ( &
" #
ρ" ψ = αx
α "
." # # u ρ (
1 "
8" ( B 3
% " ψ = αx
# µ = 0.1µ = 0.01 α = 1
α = −1" h = 0.1
h = 0.01"
& //

# 5 / (
% ψ ' #
′
− (µu′ ) + ψ ′ u′ + ψ ′′ u = 1,
x ∈ (0, 1) # u(0) = u(1) = 0" ( #

# $/ u ∈ V ≡ H01 (0, 1) %
1 1 1 1
a(u, v) ≡ µu′ v ′ dx + ψ ′ u′ vdx + ψ ′′ uvdx = vdx,
0 0 0 0
v ∈ V " 1 ( # %

ψ ∈ H 2 (0, 1)" # E # % v, ψ, ψ ′ ∈
L∞ (0, 1) % C $ E
#/
1
| ψ ′ u′ vdx| ≤ ||ψ ′ ||L∞ ||u′ ||L2 ||v||L2 ≤ ||ψ ′ ||L∞ ||u||V ||v||V ,
0
1
| ψ ′′ uvdx| ≤ ||ψ ′′ ||L2 ||u||L∞ ||v||L∞ ≤ C 2 ||ψ ′′ ||L2 ||u||V ||v||V .
0
2 1 % ( # # $

" #
( ψ ′ u′ u %

0$
1 1 1 1
2 2
a(u, u) = µ (u′ ) dx + ψ ′ u′ udx + ψ ′′ u2 dx = µ (u′ ) dx+
0 0 0 0
1 2 1 1 1 1
1 ′ d(u ) ′′ 2 ′ 2 1 ′′ 2
ψ dx + ψ u dx = µ (u ) dx − ψ u dx + ψ ′′ u2 dx =
2 dx 2
0 0 0 0 0
1 1 1
2 1 µ0 1
µ (u′ ) dx + ψ ′′ u2 dx ≥ 2 ||u||2V + ψ ′′ u2 dx,
2 1 + CP 2
0 0 0
CP $ L" ψ ′′ ≥ 0

′′
( # $ " % ψmin =
min(ψ ′′ )"

µ0 ′′ 2
a(u, u) ≥ − |ψmin | ||u||V ,
1 + CP2
% ( # $ %L ##
µ0 ′′
− |ψmin | > 0.
1 + CP2
% min ψ ′′ < 0 ( "

6 ( # ρ" u = ρeψ/µ
##
ψ′
u′ = ρ′ eψ/µ + ρeψ/µ ⇒ µu′ = µρ′ eψ/µ + ψ ′ u.
µ
- # u %
u(0) = u(1) = 0 ⇒ ρ(0) = ρ(1) = 0.
# ρ # )

⎧ # $′
⎪
⎨ − µeψ/µ ρ′ = 1 x ∈ (0, 1),
⎪
⎩ ρ(0) = 0, ρ(1) = 0,
( # # $/ ρ∈V %

1 1
µ eψ/µ ρ′ v ′ dx = vdx ∀v ∈ V.
0 0
( # $ %L ψ ∈ L∞ (0, 1)

% ## ( "
$ ( % µ > 0 %
# % 5 L"
0* ;

6 1 ψ = αx" 6
( ( #
′
x −αx/µ
−µ eαx/µ ρ′ = 1 da cui ′
ρ = C1 − e ,
µ
C1 $ "
µ x µ
ρ = −C1 e−αx/µ + e−αx/µ + 2 e−αx/µ + C2 ,
α α α
C2 $ " C1 C2
#" 6M (
! !
1 1 − e−αx/µ −αx/µ 1 eαx/µ − 1
ρ= + xe ⇒ u = x − .
α 1 − eα/µ α eα/µ − 1

E # ) 1
#
% ( ."./
||ψ ′ ||L∞ (0,1) h ||ψ ′′ ||L∞ (0,1) h2

e .
2µ 6µ
1
.
2µ 6µ
h< ′
, h< ."B8
||ψ ||L∞ (0,1) ||ψ ′′ ||L∞ (0,1)
1 "

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|ψ ′ |h
µ → µ∗ = µ 1 + .
2µ
* % % &
1 1
."3"B"
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1
H 1" 5
5 "

0,
0.7 0.7
Soluz Numerica
Soluz Esatta Soluz Numerica
0.6 0.6 Soluz Esatta
0.5 0.5
0.4 0.4
0.3 0.3
0.2 0.2
0.1 0.1
0 0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
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µ = 0.1, α = 1 h = 0.1 -
. h = 0.01 - .

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6 # ( # # ρ"

1 ρ ( #
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% # "
E % #
1 ψ/µ ′ ′
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ρ" * % % ρ
ρh uh u %
( uh = ρh eψ/µ . > ψ ≫ µ eψ/µ ≫ 1 %L
( 1 % 5
uh " δρ = ρ − ρh %
ψ/µ
uh = ρh e = (ρ + δρ)eψ/µ = ρeψ/µ + δρeψ/µ = u + δu
δu ≡ δρe " ψ ≫ µ ( eψ/µ 1
ψ/µ
δρ" 0 u ρ
δu δρeψ/µ δρ
= = .
u ρeψ/µ ρ
A # %L ( &

% ψ # % 1
ψ/µ $ /
B" % 5
H
3" uh ρh "
0/ ;

0.7 0.7
0.6 0.6
0.5 0.5
0.4 0.4
0.3 0.3
0.2 0.2
0.1 0.1
0 0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
2 u

µ = 0.1, α = −1 h = 0.1 -
. h = 0.01 -
.

# )

1
1.8 Soluz Numerica
Soluz Esatta
0.9
1.6 Soluz Numerica
Soluz Esatta
0.8
1.4
0.7
1.2
0.6
1 0.5
0.8 0.4
0.6 0.3
0.4 0.2
0.2 0.1
0 0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
2 u

µ = 0.01, α = 1 h = 0.1 -
. h = 0.01 - .

# )

%" 6
µ = 0.1 ψ = αx α = 1 ( u"
7 ."B4 µ = 0.1
" L 5h
# 1 % # L T 4"9 4"49
" h = 0.1 h = 0.01
20.4081 2014.9633" 0 L2 &
1
0.015137 0.00015581 ( 100 H
0.62769 0.064534 ( 10" E
"
α = −1 ) 1
(
7 ."BB"
µ = 0.01 L $ 50h" h = 0.1 $
1 1 7 ."B3 " h = 0.01

00
1 1
Soluz Numerica
Soluz Esatta
0.9 Soluz Numerica
Soluz Esatta
0.9
0.8 0.8
0.7 0.7
0.6 0.6
0.5 0.5
0.4 0.4
0.3 0.3
0.2 0.2
0.1 0.1
0 0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
4

h = 0.1 -
.
h = 0.05 -.
4 %6
0.04 0.04
0.035 0.035
0.03 0.03
0.025 0.025
0.02 0.02
0.015 0.015
0.01 0.01
0.005 0.005
0 0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

2 ρ
µ = 0.1, α = 1 h = 0.1 -
. h = 0.01 - .

)

#

h = 0.1 h = 0.01
$$/!00// ,! 0/$10
K(A)
111 ! ,* 0!$!%1$
eL2
110$$! 1110 eH 1
8

ρ
µ = 0.1 α = 1
1 7 ."B3 "
+ , $ # " 7 ."B.
# % (&0
h = 0.1 h = 0.05"
% % 1
% α = −1"
( ρ" 7 ."B8 &
µ = 0.1 α = 1 h = 0.1 0.01"
5585 h = 0.1 1.74 × 106 h = 0.01"
11 ;

0.7 0.7
Soluzione Calcolata
Soluzione Esatta Soluzione Calcolata
Soluzione Esatta
0.6 0.6
0.5 0.5
0.4 0.4
0.3 0.3
0.2 0.2
0.1 0.1
0 0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
2 u ρ

! -h = 0.1

h = 0.01
.
900 900
Soluz Numerica
Soluz Esatta
800 800
Soluz Numerica
Soluz Esatta
700 700
600 600
500 500
400 400
300 300
200 200
100 100
0 0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
2 ρ
µ = 0.1, α = −1 h = 0.1 -
. h = 0.01 - .
h = 0.01

)
&
−3 −3
x 10 x 10
4 4
3 3
2 2
1 1
0 0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
2 ρ
µ = 0.01, α = 1 h = 0.1 -
. h = 0.01 - .
4
h = 0.1

1
h = 0.1 h = 0.01 h = 0.001
K(A) 5584.9988 1743198.1509 224080749.234
eL2 75.7181 0.86903 0.0087028
eH 1 2016.603 224.4889 22.4743
8

ρ
µ = 0.1 α = −1
u ρ #
7 ."B9 L2 u ρ $
5 × 10−4 "

α = −1 7 ."B: ρ
- " %
$ α = 1 -
E # ."3 .". ## % "
µ = 0.01 α = 1 % ρ $
h = 0.1/ (
+ , ' "
# h = 0.01 7 ."B;"
40 40
x 10 x 10
10 10

5 5
0 0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
2 ρ

µ = 0.01, α = −1 h = 0.1 -
. h = 0.01 -
.
* 5 α = −1 %
M % %
E # ."8 ."9 7 ."BD" E # ."9
## "
h % h -
1 "
* u ρ µ = 0.01 &
ψ/µ $ + ,
ρ # u /
α>1 ρ 1

1 ;

h = 0.1 h = 0.01 h = 0.001
K(A) 3.917901e + 34 3.526591e + 42 1.282097e + 44
eL2 0.00049809 0.00010876 1.2482e − 06
eH 1 0.049641 0.02894 0.0032238

8

ρ
µ = 0.01 α = 1
h = 0.1 h = 0.01 h = 0.001

0,01F ! */,** F! ! 1/ ,0F!*
K(A)
/0$F!1 0 $, F 0 0 !F
eL2
!!0F! ,,,0!$!F! $1/1F ,
eH 1
8

ρ
µ = 0.01 α = −1
1 1
0.9 0.9
0.8 0.8
0.7 0.7
0.6 0.6
0.5 0.5
0.4 0.4
0.3 0.3
0.2 0.2
0.1 0.1
0 0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
2 u ρ µ = 0.01 h = 0.001 α = 1 -

.
α = −1 -.
)
&

)

ρ u" 2 α = −1 ρ -

u # " # ) &
( M % u
#
7 ."BC"
♦
5%" 1
# # &
" # #
ρ " ' $ I ;.℄" "
#% I D8℄ 6 " 9"3 / +E ( -
# %
) ," ( # # $ &
- %

1
"
// # ) & &
⎧
⎪ −△u + ∇ · (βu) + u = 0 in Ω ⊂ R2 ,
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎨
u=ϕ su ΓD , ."B9
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎩
∇u · n = β · nu su ΓN ,
Ω $ ∂Ω = ΓD ∪ΓN ΓD ∩ΓN = ∅ ΓD = ∅"

# ( #
T
( β = (β1 (x, y), β2 (x, y))
ϕ = ϕ(x, y)"
||β||L∞ (Ω) ≫ 1 # &
1 & 1 0& 1
0 < &
1 "
1 Ω = (0, 1) × (0, 1) β = (103 , 103 )T ΓD = ∂Ω
⎧
⎪ 1 per x = 0 0 < y < 1,
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎨
ϕ = 1 per y = 0 0 < x < 1,
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎩
0 altrove.
1 % % % # # (

% #
"
& //

( v ∈ V ≡ HΓ1D (Ω).
( 0 %

∇u · ∇vdω − ∇u · nvdγ + β · nuvdγ − β · ∇vudω + uvdω = 0.
Ω ∂Ω ∂Ω Ω Ω
6 # ΓD ΓN

1! ;

− ∇u · nvdγ + β · nuvdγ =
∂Ω ∂Ω

− (∇u · n + β · nu) vdγ − (∇u · n + β · nu) vdγ.
ΓD ΓN
ΓN ∇u · n − β · nu = 0 ΓN " * 1

% + &
, ΓN " ΓD #
v = 0" G(x, y) ( H 1 (Ω) % G(x, y) = ϕ(x, y)

ΓD " ' %L G $ % ϕ ∈ H 1/2 (ΓD ) %
Ω ' "
1 " # ( # 5 /
u∈G+V % v∈V
a(u, v) = 0,

a(u, v) ≡ ∇u · ∇vdω − β · ∇vudω + uvdω.
Ω Ω Ω
# ( ( 3"B"

% β ( L∞ (Ω)" 6
% ( # $ H 1 (Ω)"
V ( w ∈V

1
a(w, w) = ||∇w||2L2 (Ω) − β · ∇w2 dω + ||w||2L2 (Ω) .
2
Ω
||w||2V "

" ( 0
#

1 2 1 2 1
− β · ∇w dω = − β · nw dγ + ∇ · βw2 dω.
2 2 2
Ω ΓN Ω
%
∇·β ≥0 in Ω e β·n≤0 su ΓN , ."B:
% ( # $ # $ # "

4

β
9
G
%
∇ · β = 0

- *.

8

G H I - G B.

1$

1 &
1 & Vh ⊂ Xhr B"34 (
ΓD uh % vh ∈ Vh
##
a(uh , vh ) = F (vh ).
$ ||β||L∞ h ||β||L∞ h
L Pe ≡ = "
2µ 2
% Pe < 1"
5 + # ,
7 7 " # $

" ( # 1
I* 4.℄ 6 " 9/
h
ah (uh , vh ) = a(uh , vh ) + (∇uh , ∇vh ) .
||β||∞
* 1 % ( # ( # &

5 ## # )
" # %
B 1 M
."3"B"
% % &
1 -
( 0 < $ ' 85 " 7 '87 "
% L ) #
Lu = −△u + ∇ · (βu) + u,
& ."B"3
1 1
LSS u = (β · ∇u) + ∇ · (βu).
2 2
( ( # #
0

hK
ah (
uh , vh ) = a(
uh , vh ) + δ L
uh , LSS vh ,
|β|
K∈Th
5

Pe )
9
%

!
)
9 Peloc =
||β||L∞ (Ki ) hi
max Ki )
i% hi
i 2µ
1* ;

K $ Th δ $
1 "
% % )&
( (
( "
A + # , % &
# " ( &
#
# ( ("
5 % $ '
% hr+1/2 r
1 "
# %
$ # % ∇·β = 0 meas(ΓN ) = 0 ."B:
1 "
8 1 # # &
1 " 1 # #
0 $ 9"

/ # ) 3
1
! .!( /0/0#

-!.!1#
-! 0#
#

0#
2000#
2000#
#
(3%3%#

000#
4%5 6789:
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%.! $ $ $
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=

%.!
$!.
$ $ $

%.! $ $ $ $

%.! $ $

*

%+ 0 #
4%5#

+0>>#

1,

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67

) h = 1/50 Pe = 10 4

/ # ) 3
0
0#

?!.!10#
(3%3%#
?! !.
<(3%3%#
4%5 6789:
202;

%.! $ $ $ $

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$ $ $ $$ $

*
%+ 0 #
4%5 #

7 ."34 &
0 < 1 h = 1/50
L $ B4" $ # "
7 ."3B &
1 h = 0.1"
7 ."34"
1 7 ."3B
0 )
- + ," ♦
1/ ;

" $

9 -
. 4:6 - . ) h = 1/50 J

;9
4:6 & 9

//" #
⎧
⎪ ∂ 1 2 2 ∂ 1 3
⎪
⎪ −△u + x y u − xy u = f in Ω ⊂ R2 ,
⎪
⎪ ∂x 2 ∂y 3
⎪
⎪
⎨
u=0 su ΓD , ."B;
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ ∂u
⎪
⎪
⎩ ∂n + u = 0 su ΓN ,
⎪
∂Ω = ΓD ∪ ΓN ΓD ∩ ΓN = ∅" Ω $ %

x
, y r = 1"
B" ( ( #
# ."B;H ( %
#H ( &
ΓN # H
x
= y = 0H
3" # 0 < & 1 H
." x
=
y = 0 x
= y = 1000
" 2 1
. 2 2
1 2 2 1 3
f (x, y) = x y + − xy "
2 3

10
& //"

!T
1 2 2 1 3
> % β = x y , − xy
2 3
."B; 5

∂ 1 2 2 ∂ 1 3
x y u − xy u = ∇ · (βu) = β · ∇u,
∂x 2 ∂y 3
% β $ "

( # # (
/ % ( v
1
( V ≡ HΓ
D
(Ω) ( H 1 (Ω) ΓD "
Ω ( 0 /

∇u · ∇vdω − ∇u · nvdγ + β · ∇uvdω = f vdω.
Ω ΓN Ω Ω
E # ΓN ( #/

u∈V % v ∈V

∇u · ∇vdω + uvdγ + ∇ · (βu) vdω = f vdω. ."BD
Ω ΓN Ω Ω
% # $ # 1 % % ( #

a(u, v) ≡ ∇u · ∇vdω + uvdγ + β · (∇u)vdω
Ω ΓN Ω
$ " # /
B" Ω # 1 # u v V H

3" ΓN $ # 1 % u v ΓN
L2 (ΓN ) "

1 1
a(u, u) = ||∇u||2L2 + u2 dγ + β · ∇u2 dω ≥ ||∇u||2L2 + (β · n) u2 dγ.
2 2
ΓN Ω ΓN
6
β·n≥0 su ΓN , ."BC
1 ;

% % ΓN # 95

Ω $ ' % ( # $ " 2 %
meas(ΓN ) = 0 % # $
# "
# # %
# ."BD $ ( V %L f ∈ V ′
V " -
2
$ f ∈ L (Ω)"
."BC 5 #
ΓN " ( (
)2 + (y − y)2 = 1 $
(x − x
n = [n1 , n2 ]T con n1 = x − x
, n2 = y − y.

1 2 2 1
) − xy 3 (y − y) ≥ 0.
x y (x − x
2 3
x
= y = 0 /
/ /
3 3
|y| ≤ x per x ≥ 0, |y| ≥ |x| per x ≤ 0,
2 2
7 ."33" ."BC &
% % ΓN #
Ω"
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
−0.2
−0.4
−0.6
−0.8
−1
−1 −0.8 −0.6 −0.4 −0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
+
Ω xe = ye = 0 " *

)
& & G B

p

&
y=± 3/2x

1
Vh 1 & V/ uh ∈ Vh % vh ∈ Vh ##

∇uh · ∇vh dω + uh vh dγ + ∇ · (βuh ) vh dω = f vh dω. ."34
Ω ΓN Ω Ω
( Ω &

# Vh Xhr
B"34"
||β||L∞ h
L # $ Pe = "
2
= y = 0 % ||β||L∞ < 12 % h
x
" 2 x = y = 1000 ||β||L∞ ≈ 21 × 1012
0 < h
−11
10 " # &
( 1
( 0 < "

1 # $ :"

/ A # )
%
000000#
0 %$@ #
# A#
! ! !00#
-!!1#
-! 0#
#
-! <%$3%$3%#
-! 2<+$$3+#
-! ($$#

0#

0/$003%#
B ! 6789:
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%! $ $ $

%! $ $ $ $

%!2$
0 #
B !#
7 ."3. (0, 0)

(1000, 1000) ( /
( %
"
♦
;

4

" * 5

h ≈ 0.05 -

.E

)

5

(1000, 1000) h ≈ 0.05 -

.E
& )

%

// # ) &
−µu′′ + σu = 0 x ∈ (0, 1)
u(0) = 0 u(1) = 1 µ, σ "
B" # #

"
3" A 1 #
"
." * # K * &
0 < K
K 7 ( &
% #
"
8" # # "
4
9" µ = 1 σ = 10 "
# ( 1 1 %
"

& //

% G ( H 1 (0, 1) % G(0) = 0 G(1) = 1
1
( G(x) = x" a(u, v) ≡ µu′ v ′ + σuvdx
0
( # # 5 /
1
u ∈ G + V ≡ H0 (0, 1) % a(u, v) = 0 v ∈ V "
( # a(·, ·) $ # ( "
( # µ σ (
1
2
a(u, u) = µu′ u′ + σu2 dx ≥ min(µ, σ)||u||V ,
0
# # 3"B"
5 " &
ρ x ρ x
$ u(x) = C1 e 1 + C2 e 2 ρ1 ρ2
2
−µt + σt = 0" #

√ √
σ/µx
e − e− σ/µx
u(x) = √ √ .
σ/µ
e − e− σ/µ

1 & # &
0 < $/ uh ∈ Vh % vh ∈ Vh
a(uh , vh ) = F (vh ). ."3B
1 Vh Xh1

( ( # ϕi i = 1, 2, . . . , N
N 1 & B"B;"
( # ."3B ( # (
5
(µK + σM) U = F,
i, j = 1, 2, . . . N
1 1
Kij = ϕ′j ϕ′i dx, Mij = ϕj ϕi dx, Fi = F (ϕi )
0 0
U $ Ui = uh (xi )" %

i− $

$
1 1
Soluz Numerica
Soluz Esatta
Soluz Numerica
Soluz Esatta
0.5 0.5
0 0
−0.5 −0.5
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

2
"
67
h = 0.2 -

. h = 0.1 -.
1 1
Soluz Esatta Exact Solution
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.5
0.6
0.5
0.4
0
0.3
0.2
0.1
−0.5 0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
2

"
67
h = 0.025 -

. h = 0.01 -.
1 1
0.9 0.9
0.8 0.8
0.7 0.7
0.6 0.6
0.5 0.5
0.4 0.4
0.3 0.3
0.2 0.2
0.1 0.1
0 0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
2

"
67

h = 0.2 -
. h = 0.1 -.
* ;

1 1
0.9 0.9
0.8 0.8
0.7 0.7
0.6 0.6
0.5 0.5
0.4 0.4
0.3 0.3
0.2 0.2
0.1 0.1
0 0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
2

"
67

h = 0.05 -
. h = 0.025 -.
% L B 1

/
6
h< = 0.024494897. ."33
10000
1 7 ."38 ."39 %
0 < h" 6
% h = 0.01 7 ."39 " h = 0.025
."33 "
7 ."3:
."3;" ) $ "
♦
// R ( ## 1 Ω
% 7 ."3D" &
Γin $ Cin "
1 %$ $ 1 1
( " %/
Γup

+1 , Cf H
# Γdown '
=
#H
)
( + , Cdry 1
"

,
/
B" ) 1 $
µH
3" 1 1 5
H
." # 1 + , σH
8" # $ "
%
B"

C ΩH
3" # H
." # 1 H &
2
% C ∈ H (Ω) C ∈
3
H (Ω) 1
H
8" "
9" 1 % 10 m % 2
m" / 1 u = [ux, uy]T
ux = uM (2 − y)y m/s uy = 0 Cup = 10g/m Cin = 100g/m3
3
Cdry = 1g/m3 α = 0.1" h = 0.1

/
σ = 0.5 µ = 10−6 uM = 10H
µ = 0.1 σ = 300 uM = 2H
0 < & 1
)
"
Fabbrica Γr
111111
000000 111111111111111111111111111111
000000000000000000000000000000
Γup Γin u Γdown
000000000000000000
111111111111111111
111111111111111111111111111111111111111
000000000000000000000000000000000000000
Γr
x
4 "
/ ;

& //

% C =
C(x, y) 1" $
/
B" H
H
3" 1H % u 1
% ∇ · u = 0H
." # "
( # 1 &
I 48℄ 6
3 1 9"3 9". ; % C $
∂C
= −∇ · (qt + qd ) − σC,
∂t
/
B" qt $ = 1

qt = uC H
3" qd $ = ) % # 7 < 5
qd = −µ∇C µ ) 1"
%L # $ #

∇ · (uC − µ∇C) + σC = 0. ."3.
# 1 5 M /
B" Γin $ Cin /
%H
3" Γdown $ 1 % # $ ' &
Γin C
= Γdown " %
∇C · n = 0 n
H
." Γup $ % 1 &
1 H %
% Cf H
8" 1 Γr $ =
) ( 1
µ∇C · n = α (Cdry − C) , ."38
α "

0
1 # ) %
1 /
⎧
⎪
⎪ −µ△C + ∇ · (uC) + σC = 0 (x, y) ∈ Ω,
⎪
⎪
⎨ C = Cin su Γin ,
C = Cf su Γup , ."39
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ µ∇C · n = 0 su Γdown ,
⎩
µ∇C · n + αC = αCdry su Γr .

# # (&
#" % ΓD = Γin ∪ Γup #
1
%" V ≡ HΓ (Ω) (
D
1
H (Ω) ΓD " % ."391
( v ∈V" Ω (
# / C ∈ H 1 (Ω) ( ."392
."393 %

µ ∇C∇vdω + αCvdγ + ∇ · (uC) vdω + σ Cvdω = α Cdry vdγ,
Ω Γr Ω Ω Γr
Γdown Γr ( % v

ΓD " ( R(x, y) %
RΓin = Cin e RΓup = Cf .
Cin ∈ H 1/2 (Γin ) Cf ∈ H 1/2 (Γup )
R $ ( "9 "
Cin Cf ( "
( #

a(C, v) ≡ µ ∇C∇vdω + αCvdγ + ∇ · (uC) vdω + σ Cvdω ."3:
Ω Γr Ω Ω
(
F (v) ≡ αCdry vdγ. ."3;
Γr
# ( / C ∈R+V % v∈V
a(C, v) = F (v).
( # ( "
"
# 6 %@& %P %
1 ;

|µ ∇w∇vdω| ≤ µ||w||V ||v||V .
Ω
."3: $ % %

H 1 (Ω) H 1/2 (Γr ) $

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8"31
h2 4 h3 h4
D2 ui±1 = D2 ui ± hD3 ui + D ui ± D5 ui + D6 ui + ≀(h4 ),
2 6 24

h4

τi (u) = −(b0 + 2b1 )ui + (2a1 + a0 − h b1 )D ui + a1 h − b1 D4 ui + . . .
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12

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a0 12 6
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12 −1 1 1
−d = f ⇒ − D Tu = f ⇒ − 2 Tu = Df , $'
h2 h 12

f = (f (xi ))$ (

D = 12I − 12I + D = 12I + T.

δ 2 "
$'

δ2

1 2
− δ u= 1+ f $)
h2 12
*

−1
δ2

1
− 1+ δ 2 u = f.
h2 12
% $) +

d2 u 1 2 h2 d4 u
= δ u − + O(h4 ).
dx2 h2 12 dx4
!! ! ;

) −d4 u/dx4 = d2 f /dx2

d4 u
h2 = −δ 2 f + O(h4 ), 8"34
dx4
8"BC 8"

% "
# "#&% < "#%% " " " "#"*%

@ < (#+ <& ℄*<*"*"% B&
(#+ 3 ℄*<*"*"% &
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· ∆,∞ 1 &
/ h % 1/10 1/160 (
% % 8
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5=<3 $=>3<34 &>54<35 455<3> =556<3=
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$=> 33& 33 333$
♦
// ( 8"B4 8"BB

# / u : [0, 1] → R %
⎧ 4 2
⎪ d u − d u + u = (4π 2 (4π 2 + 1)) sin(2πx)
⎪
⎪ (0, 1),
⎪ 4 dx2
⎨ dx
⎪
u(0) = u(1) = 0, 8"3B
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎩ du (0) = du (1) = 2π.
⎪
dx dx
( #&
" h
% $ u(x) = sin(2πx)"
! 5
!$
& //

h ( (0, 1)
xi i = 0, . . . , n ) 1 8"3B $
i = 2, . . . , n − 2
ui−2 − 4ui−1 + 6ui − 4ui+1 + ui+2 ui−1 − 2ui + ui+1
− + ui
h4 h2 8"33
2 2
= 4π (4π + 1) sin(2πxi ) + sin(2πxi ).
u &

" %
8"B1 % $ 3 8"B4 8"BB"

−3un + 4un−1 − un−2 −3u0 + 4u1 − u2

− = 2π, = 2π. 8"3.
2h 2h

{ui }
" 1
% 5 B8 %
# (
⎧ 4
⎪
⎪ d u d2 u
⎪ α 4 + β 2 + σu = f x ∈ (a, b),
⎪
⎨ dx
⎪ dx
u(a) = gD (a), u(b) = gD (b), 8"38
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎩ du (a) = gN (a),
⎪ du
(b) = gN (b),
dx dx
α, β, σ ∈ R f gD gN ( x"
/
& "/ "#%a "#&%bH

& "/ $
(a, b)H
&
' / α β σ % 8"38H
& 0" / # % ( f gD gN "
&
0 {ui } "
!* ! ;

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⎧
⎪
⎪ d2 u 1 du 1 x 2
⎪
⎨ − dx2 − x dx = 1 + 2 R , x ∈ (0, R),
8"39
⎪
⎪ du
⎪
⎩ (0) = 0, u(R) = U,
dx
u #
# # R &
" $
U x=0 "
#
( xi = R sin(πi/(2n)) i = 0, . . . , n R = 1 U = 1"
& //

6 #
( I 43℄
u(x) = a0 x4 + a1 x3 + a2 x2 + a3 x + a4 . 8"3:
# % du/dx(0) = 0 $ ( a3 = 0" 6%

% 8"3: 1 ) " >
1 2
−16a0 x2 − 9a1 x − 4a2 = 1 + x ,
2R2
1
a0 = − 32R 2 a1 = 0 a2 = −1/4" %
x = R 1 a4 = U + 9R2 /32"

# $
1 x4 1 9
u(x) = − − x2 + U + R2 .
32 R2 4 32

% ) 1
("
xi+1 = xi + hi , i = 0, . . . , n − 1,
!/ ! ;

hi > 0 % xi 1 %

"
% % . Di2 &
' " 6 %
(
du
(xi ) ≃ a0 ui−1 + a1 ui + a2 ui+1 . 8"3;
dx

h2i 2 h3 d3 u
ui+1 = ui + hi Dui + D ui + i 3 (ξ+ ),
2 6 dx
h2i−1 2 h3 d3 u
ui−1 = ui − hi−1 Dui + D ui − i−1 3 (ξ+ ),
2 6 dx

a0 ui−1 + a1 ui + a2 ui+1 = ui (a0 + a1 + a2 )

1
+Dui (−a0 hi−1 + a2 hi ) + D2 ui (a0 h2i−1 + a2 h2i ) + ≀(h2i−1 + h2i ).
2
A % % % u xi "
'
⎧
⎪
⎪ a0 + a1 + a2 = 0,
⎪
⎨
−a0 hi−1 + a2 hi = 1,
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎩ a0 h2i−1 + a2 h2i = 0.
$
hi h2i − h2i−1 hi−1

a0 = − , a1 = , a2 =
hi−1 (hi + hi−1 ) hi−1 hi (hi + hi−1 ) hi (hi + hi−1 )
##
(hi−1 /hi )(ui+1 − ui ) − (hi /hi−1 )(ui−1 − ui )

Dui ≃ 8"3D
hi + hi−1
% $ 3 1 &

hi−1 hi 3
6 d u/dx3 u(ξ) ξ ∈ (xi−1 , xi+1 )" ##
% % u # . "
6 % &

! 5
!0
2ui−1 2ui 2ui+1

D 2 ui ≃ − + 8"3C
hi−1 (hi + hi−1 ) hi−1 hi hi (hi + hi−1 )
% $ 5 B hi = hi−1

(hi − hi−1 )/3d3 u(ξ)/dx3 ξ ∈ (xi−1 , xi+1 )
% u ∈ C 3 "
% ) 1
i = 1, . . . , n − 1

ui−1 hi ui hi − hi−1
−2 + + 2−
hi−1 (hi + hi−1 ) xi hi hi−1 xi

ui+1 hi−1 1 xi 2
+ −2 − =1+
hi (hi + hi−1 ) xi 2 R
x0 = 0 xn = R

" %
u(R) = U # # ( un = U
x = 0 $ - # "
x0
" 6 #
% % (
% 8"B h0 = h1 = h
du 2h0 + h1 h1 + h0 h0
(x0 ) ≃ − u0 + u1 − u2 . 8".4
dx h0 (h1 + h0 ) h1 h0 h1 (h1 + h0 )
#

8".4 "

( $
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A % 0 &6%#@%&# xj =
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f v = Df
f (xj ) '
! 5
$
⎧
⎪ dl (−1)l+j
⎪
⎪ , l = j,
⎪
⎪ dj xl − xj
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ −xj
⎪
⎨ 2(1 − x2 ) , 1 ≤ l = j ≤ n − 1,
⎪
j
dlj = 8".B
⎪
⎪ 2n2 + 1
⎪
⎪ − , l = j = 0,
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ 6
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ 2
⎪
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6
dj = 1 j = 1, . . . , n − 1 d0 = dn = 2" vj
% $ & f
xj " ( # %
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2
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(0, 1)" %
0 &6%#@%&# / &
% u0 = un = 0
ũ " 6 #
n−1
ũ ∈ R
%
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2 $ % % 0 &

6%#@%&# (0, 1)"

B: % % &
1 # )
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3

(a, b)
9 dt/dx = 2/(b−a)
x = t(b−a)/2+(b+a)/2
$ ! ;

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∂ ∂u ∂ ∂u
− K(x, y) − K(x, y) = 0, 8".3
∂x ∂x ∂y ∂y
( K $ u &

" &
) 1 3 # 8".3
Ω = (0, 1) × (0, 1)

101 (x − 0.5)2 + (y − 0.5)2 − 0.04 > 0,
K(x, y) =
1

⎧
⎪ ∂u
⎪
⎪ = 0 ({0} ∪ {1}) × (0, 1),
⎪
⎪ ∂x
⎨
u = 10 (0, 1) × {0}, 8"..
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎩
u = 0 (0, 1) × {1}.
% 9 "
& //

# 8".3 $ # @
1 = "
(
( # "
# I!6D8℄"

Ω xi,j = (xi , yj ) i = 0, . . . , nx
j = 0, . . . , ny xi = x0 + ihx yj = y0 + jhy hx = 1/nx hy = 1/ny
$! ! ;

x0 = 0 y0 = 0" hx hy

h = hx = hy M n = nx = ny "
' K # ## %
) 1 # ## ( &
8"B4 x y % 9
I* 44 ℄ 6 B3"
' # &
x xi,j " # $

% 3 %
xi−1,j xi,j xi+1,j " 6
K(x ∂u ∂u
∂ ∂u i+1/2,j ) (xi+1/2,j ) − K(xi−1/2,j ) (xi−1/2,j )
K (xi,j ) ≃ ∂x ∂x
∂x ∂x h
% $ 3 h xi±1/2,j = (xi ± h/2, yj )"

3 h

∂ ∂u
K (xi,j )
∂x ∂x
8".8
K(xi+1/2,j )(ui+1,j − ui,j ) − K(xi−1/2,j )(ui,j − ui−1,j )
≃ .
h2
# 8".8 ( 3
#" (
h ∂K h2 ∂K 2 h3 ∂K 3
K(xi±1/2,j ) = K(xi,j ) ± (xi,j ) + (xi,j ) ± (xi,j )
2 ∂x 8 ∂x2 48 ∂x3
+O(h4 ),
2 2 3 3
∂u h ∂u h ∂u
u(xi±1,j ) = u(xi,j ) ± h (xi,j ) + (xi,j ) ± (xi,j )
∂x 2 ∂x2 6 ∂x3
+O(h4 ),
# 8".8
K(xi+1/2,j )(ui+1,j − ui,j ) − K(xi−1/2,j )(ui,j − ui−1,j )

h2
∂u2 ∂K ∂u
= K(xi,j ) (xi,j ) + (xi,j ) (xi,j ) + O(h2 ).
∂x2 ∂x ∂x
y
" % ) 1
% % 9 '
K"
!

$$
# #
% u "
∂u/∂x = 0 5 ) 1
∂u 3 2 1
(0, yi ) ≃ u0,i + u1,i − u2,i .
∂x 2h h 2h
&
8".;" 6
- "
5 ( 7 8":
(0, 0) (1, 1)
# "
(i − 1, j + 1) (i, j + 1) (i + 1, j + 1) k+n k+1+n k+2+n
(i − 1, j) (i, j) (i + 1, j) k−1 k k+1
(i − 1, j − 1) (i, j − 1) (i + 1, j − 1) k−2−n k−1−n k−n

:

;

;

# ' &

5 (
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7 8"; 4 B4 4"9
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# # =
#
## ( " ♦
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1 1
0.9 0.9
0.8 0.8
0.7 0.7
0.6 0.6
0.5 0.5
0.4 0.4
0.3 0.3
0.2 0.2
0.1 0.1
0 0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1

;

-! . %

h = 1/50 -
. h = 1/100 8

9
1
// % ) 1 &
8 ( h
x−y
# −∆u = −2e Ω = (0, 1) × (0, 1) u = ex−y ∂Ω
1 % %
x−y
$ u(x, y) = e "
& //

Ω xi,j = (xi , yj )
8"."B"
# 8"34
x %
y" % (
−1 0 1−1
1 δx2 2 1 δy2
− 2 1+ δx u − 2 1 + δy2 u = f, . 8".9
h 12 h 12
δx2 ui,j ≡ ui+1,j − 2ui,j + ui−1,j , δy2 ui,j ≡ ui,j+1 − 2ui,j + ui,j−1 " 8".9 5

0 1 0 1
1 δy2 1 δx2 δx2 δy2
− 2 1+ δx2 u − 2 1+ 2
δ u= 1+ 1+ f
h 12 h 12 y 12 12

!

$,
1 2 1 1 1 2 2
− (δ + δy2 )u − 2 δx2 δy2 u = f + (δx2 + δy2 )f + δ δ f. 8".:
h2 x 6h 12 144 x y
8".: ui,j %
δx2 δy2 ui,j = δy2 ui−1,j − 2δy2 ui,j + δy2 ui+1,j

= ui−1,j−1 − 2ui−1,j + ui−1,j+1 − 2(ui,j−1 − 2ui,j + ui,j+1 )
+ui+1,j−1 − 2ui+1,j + ui+1,j+1
%
4 20
− (ui−1,j + ui,j−1 + ui+1,j + ui,j+1 ) + 2 ui,j
h2 h
1 25
− 2 (ui−1,j−1 + ui−1,j+1 + ui+1,j−1 + ui+1,j+1 ) = fi,j
h 6
8".;
5
+ (fi,j−1 + fi−1,j + fi,j+1 + fi+1,j )
12
1
+ (fi−1,j−1 + fi−1,j+1 + fi+1,j−1 + fi+1,j+1 ).
24

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−∆u + u = − sinh(x + y) − cosh(x + y) Ω,
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Ω = (0, 1)2 " 0A

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5

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Parte II
Problemi tempo-dipendenti

*!
%
&

# # " E
# " 9"B"
# # ( (&
% I* 4.℄ 6 : % I 48℄ 6 3 I*2C8℄
6 BB" # % # &
% O&
#" # (
# / u ∈ V ⊆ H 1 (Ω) V $ % %
? # % t>0

∂u
, v + a (u, v) = F (v) ∀v ∈ V, 9"B
∂t
u(x, 0) = u0 (x) L2 (Ω) '
# /
B" F (v) ∀v ∈ V H

3" # a (u, v) ∀u, v ∈ V H
." # a (u, v) v ∈ V α>0
λ≥0 %
2 2
a(v, v) + λ||v||L2 ≥ α||v||V . 9"3
$ % λ = 0"

2 % # # # #
%L $ # ( #
" ( % 9"3 # 9"B
ω = e−λt u"
9"B e
−λt
5 1 % ω $
# / ω∈V %

∂ω
, v + a (ω, v) + λ (ω, v) = e−λt F
∂t
** $ "&

v ∈V"

( # a (·, ·) $ # ( #
a∗ (w, v) = a (w, v) + λ (w, v)
$ # " # # u
# # ω
5 I*2C8℄"
# # ΓD ⊂ ∂Ω
( 6 3 . " V ≡
HΓ1D " G(x, t) G(x, y, t) # 3
# % ' # ( /
u ∈ G+V % t > 0 9"B u(x, 0) = u0 (x)" *
# $ / u∗ ≡ u − G % t > 0
%

∂ u∗ ∗ ∂G
, v + a (u , v) = F (v) − , v − a (G, v) ∀v ∈ V, 9".
∂t ∂t
u∗ (x, 0) = u0 (x) − G" # # 9". $

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+

&

/ / # / u = u(x, t) %
⎧
⎪ ∂u ∂ ∂u
⎪
⎪ − µ + βu = 0 QT = (0, 1) × (0, ∞),
⎪
⎪ ∂t ∂x ∂x
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎨ u = u0 x ∈ (0, 1), t = 0,
⎪
⎪ u=η x = 0, t > 0,
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎩ µ ∂ u + γu = 0 x = 1, t > 0,
∂x
µ = µ(x) ≥ µ0 > 0 u0 = u0 (x) ( β, γ, η ∈ R"
B" # γ
( '
( µ u0 "
3" #
0 < & 1 H #
0P "
." γ = 0
# #
"
& / /

( # # "
( ( # % (&
( ( v = v(x) &
(0, 1)" % ( $ ( # &
" % v $ &
# % " -
& '
V ≡ HΓ1D (0, 1) ≡ v ∈ H 1 (0, 1), v(0) = 0 " &
( # / t > 0
u(t) ∈ H 1 (0, 1) u(0, t) = η %/
!1
∂ u(t) ∂ u(t) ∂ v ∂ u(t)
,v + µ , + β (u(t), v) − µ v =0 ∀v ∈ V, 9"8
∂t ∂x ∂x ∂x 0
u(x, 0) = u0 (x) x ∈ (0, 1)"

*/ $ "&

- # A# &
v # 9"8 /

∂u ∂u ∂v
,v + µ , + β (u, v) + γuv|x=1 = 0 ∀v ∈ V.
∂t ∂x ∂x
% 1 &
∂u ∂v
µ" %L L2 (0, 1)
∂x ∂x
∂u ∂v
( µ $ # µ ∈ L∞ (0, 1)"
∂x ∂x
# % &
" " % G ∈ H 1 (0, 1) (
% G(0) = η # " %L η &
t
6 3"
# 5 ( / u ∈ G+V %/

∂u ∂u ∂v
,v + µ , + β (u, v) + γuv|x=1 = 0 9"9
∂t ∂x ∂x
v ∈ V u(x, 0) =u0 " # $ ( 9".

∂u ∂v
a (u, v) ≡ µ , + β (u, v) + γuv|x=1 "
∂x ∂x
% L2 (0, 1)" &
% # $ # # % "
( # 5 (
6 %@& %P 1 V" ( /
2 2 2 2
∂w ∂v 2∂w 2 2 ∂v 2
µ , ≤ ||µ|| ∞ 2 2 2 2 ,
∂x ∂x L (0,1) 2
∂x 2 2 2
L2 (0,1) ∂x L2 (0,1)
≤ ||µ||L∞ (0,1) ||w||V ||v||V

9":
|β (u, v) | ≤ β||w||L2 (0,1) ||v||L2 (0,1) ≤ β||w||V ||v||V ,
|γuv|x=1 | ≤ |γ|CT2 ||w||V ||v||V .

|f (1)| ≤ CT ||f ||V
f ∈ V"

( # a (·, ·) #&
" ( µ $ 1 (
" % ( w∈V
$ +

;

*0
2 2
∂w ∂w 2 ∂ w 22 2
µ , ≥ µ0 2 2
2 ∂x 2 2 ≥ µ0 C||w||V ,
∂x ∂x L (0,1)
C L"

2
γ≥0 γw |x=1 ≥ 0
2 2
a (w, w) ≥ µ0 C||w||V + β||w||L2 (0,1) .
β < 0 % % #
λ = −β α = µ0 " β ≥ 0
# $ & $
λ = 0 9"3"
2 γ < 0
γw2 |x=1 = −|γ|w2 |x=1 ≥ −|γ|CT2 ||w||2V ,

- " % %
µ0 − |γ|CT2 ≥ α0 ≥ 0
%
2 2
a(u, u) + λ||u||L2 (0,1) ≥ α0 ||u||V ∀u ∈ V,
λ = −β β <0 # λ = 0 β ≥ 0

$ α = α0 " #
# 1 "

0 < - 7 &0 < " &
Vh V dim(Vh ) = Nh < ∞ (
# {ϕi } i = 1, 2, . . . , Nh % t > 0
uh ∈ Gh + Vh %

∂ uh
, vh + a (uh , vh ) = 0 ∀vh ∈ Vh , 9";
∂t
uh (x, 0) = u0h (x) x ∈ (0, 1)" * u0h Gh Vh
u0 G" # #
ũh = uh − Gh (

∂ ũh ∂ Gh
, vh + a (ũh , vh ) = − , vh − a (Gh , vh ) ∀vh ∈ Vh , 9"D
∂t ∂t
ũh,0 (x) ≡ ũh (x, 0) = u0h (x) − Gh (x) x ∈ (0, 1)" F (vh ) ≡

∂ Gh
− , vh − a (Gh , vh ) ( vh = ũh
∂t
,1 $ "&

∂ ũh
, ũh + a (ũh , ũh ) = F (ũh ). 9"C
∂t
( # ( % ũh ∂∂t

ũh ∂ 2
= 1/2 ∂t ũh
1 d 2 2 2
||ũh ||L2 (0,1) + α||ũh ||V ≤ F (ũh ) + λ||ũh ||L2 (0,1) 9"B4
2 dt
α$ µ0 α0 γ
"
( V % %
ǫ>0 #
1 2 2
F (ũh ) ≤ ||F ||V ′ |||ũh ||V ≤ ||F ||V ′ + ǫ||ũh ||V ,
4ǫ
V′ $ V" ǫ = α/2 #
# 2 9"B4
d 1
||ũh ||2L2 (0,1) + α||ũh ||2V ≤ ||F ||2V ′ + 2λ||ũh ||2L2 (0,1) ,
dt 4α
% (0, t) (
t
2 2
||ũh ||L2 (0,1) (t) + α||ũh ||V dt
0
t 9"BB
t
2 1 2 2
≤ ||ũ0h ||L2 (0,1) + ||F ||V ′ dt + 2λ ||ũh ||L2 (0,1) dt.
α 0
0
* ( %

2
0P "B φ(t) = ||ũh ||L2 (0,1) (t)"

||ũh ||2L2 (0,1) (t) ≤ g(t)e2λt 9"B3
t
1 2 2
g(t) = ||F ||V ′ dt + ||ũ0h ||L2 (0,1) .
α
0
L2
$ % L∞ (0, T ; L2(0, 1))
1 5 I 48℄"
9"B3 9"BB
0 1
T T
2 1 λt
||ũh ||V dt ≤ g(T ) + λ g(t)e dt ,
0 α 0
$ +

;

,
% % L2 (0, T ; V )" %L &
∞ 2
# 5 % ũh ∈ L (0, T ; L (0, 1))∩
2 ½
L (0, T ; V ) "
2 %
λ = 0 $ 0P " (
# L∞ (0, T ; L2(0, 1))∩L2 (0, T ; V )
9"BB ' % - "
( (
# λ = 0 % &
I* 4.℄ ( :".
r
1 P / t > 0
t
2 2
||(u − uh )||L2 (0,1) (t) + 2α ||(u − uh )(t)||V dt ≤ Ch2r N (u)et ,
0
%L u t> 0 H r+1 (0, 1)" * N (u)
∂u
( u " # (
∂t
# # #
t
||(u − uh )||2L2 (0,1) (t) + 2α ||(u − uh )(t)||2V dt ≤ Ch2r N (u)e(1+λ)t ,
0
% ( $ ¾ "

# &
γ = 0"
1
M mij ≡ 0 ϕi ϕj dx
1 ∂ ϕi ∂ ϕj
K kij ≡ 0
µ dx" 1 A ≡ K + βM
∂x ∂x
# 5
dU
M + AU = F,
dt
U $ # "
U0 % # "
6 [0, ∞)
∆t > 0 tn = n∆t n
"
tn+1
1 # $
M Un+1 − Un = −AUn + Fn 9"B.
∆t
1
4

#

9

?
||ũh ||L (0,1) )

) ||ũh ||H (0,1)
2 1
2
8 γ = 0

9 u )

9

=' 0!℄ 2 ="61!℄
, $ "&

# $
Un+1 = I − ∆tM−1 A Un + ∆tM−1 Fn .
# % " 6 &
$ = "

# $ # $
Un+1 = I − ∆tM−1 (K + βM) Un = (1 − ∆tβ)I − ∆tM−1 K Un .
# $ (1 − ∆tβ)I −

∆tM−1 K $ B I* 44#℄" % ρi M−1 K
M K % 1
9"B"9" 0 %
/
1 − ∆t(β + ρi ), i = 1, . . . , Nh .
ρi > −β i % % $
#
2
∆t < .
max(ρi − β)
i
2 ρi ≤ −β i $

# " %L β
% β ≥ 0 # % $ &
# β < 0 5
% # ¿ "
I*2C8℄ % ρi &
h−2 h % % #
4
h"
3
4

9

&

2
$ +

;

,
/ / # # /

⎧
⎪
⎪ ∂u ∂2u
⎪
⎪ −µ 2 =0 in QT ≡ (−a, a) × (t0 , T ],
⎪
⎪ ∂t ∂x
⎪
⎪
⎨
1 a2
− 4µt
u(±a, t) = −R(t) ≡ √ e per t ∈ (t0 , T ], 9"B8
⎪
⎪ 4πµt
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ 1 x2
⎪
⎪
⎩ u(x, t0 ) = √ e− 4µt0 per ≡ u0 (x) x ∈ (−a, a)
4πµt0
µ $ 0 < t0 < T "

B" % # $ # (
"
3" 1 % # $
1 x2
uex (x, t) = √ e− 4µt ,
4πµt
# 1

% " # a = 3
t0 = 0.5 µ = 0.1 T = 1 (
/ h = 0.05, ∆t = 0.05
h = 0.025, ∆t = 0.025 h = 0.0125, ∆t = 0.0125" 2 1
"
& / /

) % 9"B8 $ #
7 " ( #
I 48℄ I CD℄"
( # % #&
# % "
( # % &
1 2
G(x, t) = R(t) = √ e−a /(4µt) " I ≡ (−a, a) V ≡ H01 (I)"
4πµt
( # # /
u∈G+V % t ∈ (t0 , T ] v∈V
a a
∂u ∂u ∂v
vdx + µ dx = 0, 9"B9
∂t ∂x ∂x
−a −a
u(x, t0 ) = u0 (x)"
,! $ "&

% v $ %

⎛ a ⎞
a
∂ ⎝ ⎠ ∂u ∂v
uvdx + µ dx = 0,
∂t ∂x ∂x
−a −a
t0 T

⎛ ⎞
a T a a
⎝ ∂u ∂v
uvdx⎠ (T ) + µ dxdt = u0 vdx, ∀v ∈ V. 9"B:
∂x ∂x
−a t0 −a −a

∞ 2 2
u 9"B: L (t0 , T ; L (I)) ∩ L (t0 , T ; R + V )" 6
( $ # 1 "
# % ( # a(u, v) ≡
a ∂ u ∂ v
µ dx $ " )
−a ∂x ∂x
# % L % ∂v/∂x2 L2 (I) $
2
vV v ∈ V " α

∂v 2 2
a(v, v) = µ|| ||L2 (I) ≥ α||v||V .
∂x
%L ( # $ % 1
# $ "
u = ũ + R ũ ∈ V v = ũ 9"B9

T a T 2 22 T
∂ ũ 2 ∂ ũ 2
ũdxdt + µ2 2
2 ∂x 2 2 dt = F (ũ)dt,
∂t L (I)
t0 −a t0 t0
a
F (v) ≡ − R′ vdx x" * R′
−a
dR/dt" %
T a
∂ ũ 1
ũdxdt = ||ũ||2L2 (I) (T ) − ||ũ0 ||2L2 (I) ,
∂t 2
t0 −a
ũ0 ≡ u0 − R(t0 )" >
T 2 22 T
2 2 2 ∂ ũ 2
||ũ||L2 (I) (T ) − ||ũ∗t0 ||L2 (I) + 2µ 2 2
2 ∂x 2 2 dt = 2 F (ũ)dt.
L (I)
t0 t0
$ +

;

,$
1 ( F %
6 %@& %P V
T T a
T

2 F (ũ)dt = 2 ′
R ũdxdt ≤ 2 R′ L2 (I) ||ũ||L2 (I) ≤

t0 t0 −a t0
T T T T
1 2 1 2
R′ L2 (I) dt + 2ǫ ||ũ||2L2 (I) dt ≤ R′ L2 (I) dt + ǫ ||ũ||2V dt,
2ǫ 4ǫ
t0 t0 t0 t0
ǫ>0 # " ||R′ ||L2 = 2a|R′ |
( # ǫ = α/2 1

T
2 T 2 2 2a
||ũ||L2 (I) (T ) +α ||ũ||V dt ≤ ||ũt0 ||L2 (I) + (R′ )2 dt. 9"B;
t0 α
t0
2 √
1 % uex (x, t) = e−x /(4µt)
/ 4πµt $ $ &
% $ #
) " %

∂ uex 1 x2 1 −x2 /(4µt)
= √ − e ,
∂t 4t 4πµt µt 4
2
∂ 2 uex 1 x 1 2
= √ − e−x /(4µt) ,
∂x2 4t 4πµt µ2 t 4µ
% uex ( " 1
# $ "

( # &
% ( h

1 & Vh Xh1
B"34 ( ( x = ±a"
∆t #
/ n≥0 Un+1
%
1 1
M + K Un+1 = MUn + Fn+1 ,
∆t ∆t
M K ) Un $
n n+1
t 1 F $
F (ϕi ) ϕi i& Vh "

( # #
(
# &
% '
" % %
,* $ "&

:

%

-
9
.
:

%

-

.

H

I

1 # # 1 ( # &

′
$ ( (βu) $ (
′
βu " * % $ # &
( % 1 &
(
#* '% #3* @%
' 3 @
1 " 6 % 1
7 9"B " 7 # 1
# ' # "
1 $ #
#
( "

$ +

;

,,
−2 −1
10 10
eL2(H1)
L (L )
2
∞
e
−1 −1
−3 −2
10 10
0.05 0.025 0.0125 0.05 0.025 0.0125
h,∆ t h,∆ t
∞ 2
" -
.

L ((t0 , T ); L (−3, 3)) -
.
L2 ((t0 , T ); H 1 (−3, 3)) -.
" $ %

7 % % 1

" 1
F(
! J" /
B" 1 H

3" hH
." θ θ &H
8" ∆t"
F(
! J" $ # % 1 &
( #
# %
1 % (
1 &
7 9"B " $
% # 1 h (
( x"
7 1 % 1&
/
5 %
" + , # #
∞ 2 2 1
L (t0 , T ; L (a, b)) L (t0 , T ; H (a, b))"
( / J""
"
1 x, t
7 9"3"
,/ $ "&

1 7 9".
$ (
# I* 4.℄ 6 : % n≥1
n

2 2
||uex (tn ) − unh ||L2 (I) + 2α∆t ||uex (tk ) − ukh ||V ≤ C(∆t2 + h2 ).
k=1
6 # % %L

1 ( ' &
"
( ) 1
" &
1/2
N n 2
L2 (0, T ) ||e(t)||L2 (0,T ) ≈ n=0 (e ) ∆t "
* 1 %
||e||△,2 " ♦
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
−3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3

4

&

4
t0 → 0
"

1 2
lim u(x, t0 ) = lim √ e−x /(4µt0 ) = δ(0)
t0 →0 t0 →0 4πµt0
δ

-

.

; -

. u
8
>
> ∂u ∂2u
< − µ 2 = 0 x ∈ (−∞, ∞), t ∈ (0, T ],
∂t ∂x
>
>
: lim u(±a, t) = 0, u(x, 0) = δ(0),
a→∞
$ +

;

,0
)
&
- $!.

)

6

9
; &
A

< B

-

. - =41!℄
!. :

9
&

8

)

A

C∞ '

)

+ -$,.

||u||V ≤ ||u||L2 (I)
ZT ZT
2a
||ũ||2L2 (I) (T ) ≤ − α||ũ||2L2 (I) dt + ||ũt0 ||2L2 (I) + (R′ )2 dt,
α
t0 t0

6
B

T > 0
ZT
2ae−αt
||ũ||2L2 (I) (T ) ≤ ||ũt0 ||2L2 (I) e−αT + (R′ )2 dt.
α
t0
4

H I

#

# )
9 α ' )

)

H
I

#

# )
/ / # # / u %
⎧
⎪
⎪ ∂ u ∂2u
⎪
⎪ − 2 =0 QT ≡ (−3, 3) × (0, 1],
⎪
⎨ ∂t ∂x

⎪
⎪ 1 per x ∈ [−1, 1],
⎪
⎪ u(±3, t) = 0, t ∈ (0, 1], u(x, 0) = u0 (x) ≡
⎪
⎩
0 altrove.
B" ( # % # $ #
( "
3" ( # # 1
( # θ& #

" θ = 1 # "
# θ ≥ 0.5"
." 1 # θ = 1
θ = 0.5 6 <& ∆t = 0.1"
"
/1 $ "&

& / /

I ≡ (−3, 3)" 6 %
( #/ t > 0
u ∈ H01 (I) %
3 3
∂u ∂u ∂v
vdx + dx = 0 9"BD
∂t ∂x ∂x
−3 −3
v ∈ H01 (I)" (

u(x, 0) = u0 (x)"
/ u ∈ L∞ (0, 1; L2 (I)) ∩ L2 (0, 1; H01 (I))
% ⎛ ⎞
3 1 3 3
⎝ ∂u ∂v
uvdx⎠ + dxdt = u0 vdx
∂x ∂x
−3 t=1 0 −3 −3
v ∈ H01 (I)" % L2 (I)

# $ # 1 " #
5 " % 5
L
1
2 2 2
||u||L2 (I) (1) +α ||u||H 1 (I) (t)dt ≤ ||u0 ||L2 (I) = 4,
0
0
3
∂u ∂v
α $ ( # a(u, v) ≡ dx"
∂x ∂x
−3
6 # #
2
/ $ L (I)
2 1
$ L (0, T ; H0 (I))"

( &
1 # [−3, 3]
1
h % Vh ≡ Xh
( [−3, 3] # %
N
h
& uh (x, t) = Uj (t)ϕj (x)" {ϕj }
j=1
( # Vh " U(t) Uj (t) #
& 9"BD ( ( ϕi
$ +

;

/
i = 1, . . . , Nh " )
/
dU
M + KU = 0,
dt
M $ K ) U(0) = U0 $
U0,j = uh,0 (xj ) uh,0
u0 Vh " 5 uh,0 L2
Vh $ #
3 3
uh,0 ϕj dx = u0 ϕj dx, j = 1, . . . Nh ,
−3 −3
% $ "
∆t %
# & tk = k∆t % tN = T = 1 "

# θ&
1 1
MUk+1 + θKUk+1 = MUk − (1 − θ)KUk 9"BC
∆t ∆t
k = 0, 1, . . . , N − 1" θ=1
%
# $
M Uk+1 − Uk + ∆tKUk+1 = 0.
#
# % Uk+1
# k+1 $T # k+1 $ # $T
U M U − Uk + ∆t Uk+1 KUk+1 = 0. 9"34
> %

# k+1 $T # k+1 $
U M U − Uk =
1 # k+1 $T 1 # k+1 $T # $ 1 # k $T
U MUk+1 + U − Uk M Uk+1 − Uk − U MUk .
2 2 2
9"3B
M % K % 1
# k+1 $T # $
U − Uk M Uk+1 − Uk ≥ 0
$ 0 Uk+1 = Uk $ $ "
9"34 9"3B
4

(a − b, a) = 1/2(a − b, a) + 1/2(a − b, a − b) + 1/2(a − b, b) =
1/2(a, a) + 1/2(a − b, a − b) − 1/2(b, b)
/ $ "&

# k+1 $T # $T
U MUk+1 ≤ Uk MUk .
# k $T 2
U MUk = ||ukh ||L2 (I) k ukh
k
uh t = t "

2 2
||uk+1 k
h ||L2 (I) ≤ ||uh ||L2 (I) ∀k = 0, 1, . . . , N − 1. 9"33

$"
L2 ∂uh /∂x $ H1
uh -

k 2 dukh 2
$" F C||uh ||H 1 (I) ≡ || || 2 =
# k+1 $T dx L (I)
k+1
U KU C "
9"34 9"33 9"3B %
2 1 k 2 1 1
C∆t||uk+1
h ||H 1 (I) ≤ ||u || 2 − ||uk+1 − ukh ||2L2 (I) − ||uk+1 ||2L2 (I) ≤ ||ukh ||2L2 (I) ,
2 h L (I) 2 h 2 h
% # 9"33 1 (
/
1
||uk+1
h ||H 1 (I) ≤ ||u0h ||L2 (I) . 9"3.
C∆t
1
* ∆t 1 H
k+1
t $ L2
%
% ||u0h ||L2 (I) ≤ c||u0 ||L2 (I) %
c > 0 $ L2 "
$ # # θ ∈ [0.5, 1]"
# # % $ "
(λi , wi ) #
Kwi = λi Mwi , 9"38
λi M−1 K" K M % 1

(
λi i = 1, . . . , Nh
wi M& (
wjT Mwi = δij δij $ # U <"
I DB℄"
> RN h 5 # &
wi
Nh

Uk = γik wi .
i=1
5
:

A
='1 ℄
$ +

;

/
9"BC wjT
N
h N
h
wjT Mγik+1 wi + ∆tθ wjT Kγik+1 wi =
i=1 i=1
N
h N
h
wjT Mγik wi − ∆t(1 − θ) wjT Kγik wi ,
i=1 i=1
( M& %
(1 + ∆tθλj ) γjk+1 = (1 − (1 − θ)∆tλj ) γjk ,

γjk+1 = σj γjk , j = 1, . . . Nh , 9"39
1 − (1 − θ)∆tλj
σj = " $ # |σj | < 1
1 + θ∆tλj
j = 1, . . . Nh $
−1 − θ∆tλj < 1 − (1 − θ)∆tλj < 1 + θ∆tλj , j = 1, . . . Nh .

$ ( ( % λj > 0
(
1 1
θ> − ,
2 λj ∆t
% $ ( j θ ≥ 0.5 7
9"9"
% 6 <& θ = 0.5 $
# 9"39
# k+1 $T
U KUk+1 = γik+1 γjk+1 wiT Kwj =
i,j
# k+1 $2 # k $2 # $T
γi λi = σ γi λi ≤ Uk KUk ,
i i
# k $T
% U KUk H1 ukh
%
||uk+1 k
h ||H 1 (I) ≤ ||uh ||H 1 (I) .
1
||ukh ||H 1 (I) ≤ ||u0h ||H 1 (I) . 9"3:
u0 $ [−3, 3] Vh ⊂ Xhr $ ( (

u0h = Πhr u0 P irh 1
( B"3" B"8 %
/! $ "&

||ukh ||H 1 (I) ≤ ||u0 ||H 1 (I)
)

# H 1"
2 1
u0 $ L (I) H (I)
2
L → Vh # $ %
||u0h ||H 1 (I) ≤ C||u0 ||L2 (I) , 9"3;
C > 0 I048℄

9"3: 5 1 "
1 1
0.9 0.9
0.8 ∆ t λ=100 0.8

∆ t λ=10
0.7 ∆ t λ=1 0.7 |σ|CN
∆ t λ=0.1 |σ|EI
0.6 ∆ t λ=0.01 0.6
|σ|
0.5
|σ|
0.5
0.4 0.4
0.3 0.3
0.2 0.2
0.1 0.1
0 0
0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
θ λ∆t
5

3
|σ| θ
-
. - .

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0.8
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H 1 (I) L2 (I) (
(
⎧
⎪ 0 per x ≤ −1 − h,
⎪
⎪x+1+h
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ per −1 − h < x ≤ −1,
⎨ h
u0h (x) = 1 per −1 < x ≤ 1,
⎪
⎪ 1+h−x
⎪
⎪ per 1 < x ≤ 1 + h,
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎩ h
0 per x > 1 + h.
L2 % u

0h # &
H 1 $ ||uh,0 ||H 1 (I) = 2/h 1 h → 0
√
||u0 || 2
L (I) = 2" *
Vh ( 9"3; # H 1 &
/* $ "&

1 h → 0" * =
% 7 9"; %
- 7 9"D"
# $
# # u0

Vh ( θ
0.5 θ = 0.51 %
(
+ , 3" % (
> 9"3
% "
0.9
0.8 1
0.7 0.8
0.6 0.6
0.5 0.4
u
0.4
0.2
0.3
0
1
0.2
4
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0
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0 0
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x t x
4

t = 1 -
.

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7%8
-h = 0.05. 4

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/ / # #
⎧
⎪ ∂ u ∂2u
⎨ − 2 +u=0 x ∈ (0, 1), t ∈ (0, 1),
∂t ∂x −t
⎩ u(x = 0, t) = 0,
⎪ u(x = 1, t) = e ,
u(x, t = 0) = x.
B" 2 1 % u(x, t) = e−t x $ "
3" A ( # 1
6 <& 1 "
h = 0.1, ∆t = 0.1, 0.05, 0.025"

." * % K
* K

$ +

;

/,
& / /

( u(x, t) = e−t x ∈ C ∞ ([0, 1] × [0, 1]) 5 1 $
# # ( ("
6% $ ( ( $ % ( #"
1 $ %
∂u ∂2u
= −e−t x = −u(x, t) = 0.
∂t ∂x2
% # 1 "

0 < # &
6 <
% 1 %"

1
% E # 9"B 9"3"
# $ B "
* $ E # 9"B
"
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∆t 1 11$ 11 $

L∞ (0, 1; L2 (0, 1)) 111$ 1111,, 1111 0
L2 (0, 1; H 1 (0, 1)) 111! 111 1111,
5

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∆t 1 11$ 11 $

L∞ (0, 1; L2 (0, 1)) ,, ×10−5 */ ×10−6 , ×10−6
L2 (0, 1; H 1 (0, 1)) ,$×10−5 / ×10−5 !$ ×10−6
5

2
7%
8
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E # 9"3 ∆t"
2 % # # &
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h $ " ( #
5 + ,
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t > 0 x 1 "
6L $
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& %
# " ♦
/ / # / u(x, t) 0 ≤

x ≤ 1 t ≥ 0 %
⎧
⎪ ∂ u − ∂ α ∂ u + ∂ (βu) + γu = 0,
⎪
⎪ x ∈ (0, 1), 0 < t < T,
⎪
⎪ ∂t ∂x ∂x ∂x
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ 0 < t ≤ T,
⎨ u(0, t) = 0
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ ∂u
⎪
⎪ α (1, t) + δu(1, t) = 0 0 < t ≤ T,
⎪
⎪ ∂x
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎩
u(x, 0) = u0 (x) 0 < x < 1,
α γ β δ ( x [0, 1]"

B" ( #"
3" /
& " α0 α1 β1 % α0 ≤ α(x) ≤ α1
β(x) ≤ β1 x ∈ (0, 1)H
1 dβ
& (x) + γ(x) ≥ 0 x ∈ (0, 1)
2 dx
( ' %L #
# " "
# u=g x=0 0 < t < T"
$ +

;

/0
." & 1

# "
8" 1 ( #
$ %
# "
& / /

& '
V ≡ v ∈ H 1 (0, 1), v(0) = 0 .
v ∈ V

#
# ( #/ t>0 u∈V %
1
∂u
vdx + a (u, v) = 0, ∀v ∈ V, 9"3D
∂t
0

1 1 1 1
∂u ∂v ∂β ∂u
a (u, v) ≡ α dx + (δuv)|x=1 + uvdx + β vdx + γuvdx
∂x ∂x ∂x ∂x
0 0 0 0
u(x, 0) = u0 (x)"

# # 1 %
( # a (·, ·) #"
% α β
∂β
" % %
∂x
γ " 6 $ 1 % ( #
# $ " E ( 6
. % " ( E
# ( "9 % (
6
J
β(x)
%
Z1 Z1
∂ βu ∂v

vdx = [βuv]10 − βu dx
∂x ∂x
0 0
'

&
5

((δ + β)uv)x=1
01 $ "&

# H 1 (0, 1) $ [0, 1]

% 5 $ ( # " * 1
1
∂β
% uvdx $ ' % ∂β/∂x ∈ L1 (0, 1)
∂x
0
1
∂β ∂β
| uvdx| ≤ || || 1 ||u||L∞ (0,1) ||v||L∞ (0,1) ≤
∂x ∂x L (0,1)
0
∂β
CI || || 1 ||u||H 1 (0,1) ||v||H 1 (0,1) ,
∂x L (0,1)
CI $ " 5 1 %
1
( # $ ' γ ∈ L (0, 1)"
%/
1 1 # $ 1
∂u 1 ∂ u2 1 2 1 1 ∂β 2
β udx = β dx = βu 0 − u dx,
∂x 2 ∂x 2 2 ∂x
0 0 0

1 1 1
∂β 2 ∂u 1 ∂β 2 1 2 1
u dx + β udx = u dx + βu 0 .
∂x ∂x 2 ∂x 2
0 0 0

1 2 1
∂u 1 ∂β 2 β(1)
a (u, u) = α dx + + γ u dx + + δ(1) u2 (1, t).
∂x 2 ∂x 2
0 0
# - L

# % x = 0 α ≥ α0 $
%
1 2
∂u 2
α dx ≥ α0 C||u||V .
∂x
0
# % $

" %

β(1)
+ δ(1) ≥ 0
2
$ " % δ = 0
A# $
β(1) ≥ 0 % 1 % %
β + , 95 "
$ +

;

0

β
+ δ < 0 x = 1 %
2

β(1)
α− + δ(1) CT = µ > 0.
2
# #
v = u
1
∂u 1 d 2
udx + a (u, u) = ||u||L2 (0,1) + a (u, u) .
∂t 2 dt
0
( ( #

T
2 2 2
||u||L2 (0,1) (T ) +α ||u||H 1 (0,1) dt ≤ ||u0 ||L2 (0,1) , 9"3C
0
∞
# % L (0, T ; L2(0, 1))
∩ L2 (0, T ; H 1(0, 1)) %L L2 (0, 1)"
# % ( &
u = ũ + G G ∈ H 1 (0, 1) $
# % G(0) = g " # / t>0
u∈G+V %
1 1 !1 1 1
∂u ∂u ∂v ∂u ∂ βu
vdx + α dx − α v + vdx + γuvdx = 0,
∂t ∂x ∂x ∂x 0 ∂x
0 0 0 0
1
∂G
v ∈V u(x, 0)u0 (x)" F (v) = − vdx − a (G, v) ,
∂t
0
9"3C 1 /
T T
2 2 2 1 2
||ũ||L2 (0,1) (T ) +α ||ũ||H 1 (0,1) dt ≤ ||ũ0 ||L2 (0,1) + ||F ||V ′ dt.
α
0 0

6 h Vh =
{vh ∈ Xhr (0, 1)| vh (0) = 0} Nh {ϕk , k = 1, . . . , Nh } #
Vh " ( & # $ / t ∈ (0, T )
uh ∈ Vh %
0 $ "&

1
∂ uh
ϕk dx + a (uh , ϕk ) = 0, k = 1, . . . , Nh ,
∂t
0
uh (x, 0) = u0h (x) 1 &
"
# # & # &
# + ,
1
T
2 2 2
||uh ||L2 (0,1) (T ) +α ||uh ||H 1 (0,1) dt ≤ ||u0h ||L2 (0,1) . 9".4
6 ## # & (

dU
M
+ AU = F(t), 9".B
dt
U $ M A
( # a (·, ·) F % #
# " # %
∆t" 6
9".B tn = n∆t
n ≥ 0
1 # $
M Un+1 − Un + AUn+1 = F(tn+1 ).
∆t
* U0 $ u0h A [A]ij =
a(ϕj , ϕi ) $ 1 ( $
"
6 $ &
# " $ 1 #
" ( %
# Un+1 ( Un

# $−1 n
Un+1 = I + ∆tM−1 A U .
# $−1
F % A = I + ∆tM−1 A %
(
1
µi = , i = 1, . . . , Nh ,
1 + ∆tλi
λi M−1 A % %L # M A
1 % % A $
λi "
$ +

;

0
1
|µi | = < 1, ∀i.
(1 + Re λi )2 + (Im λi )2
A $ 1 ∆t > 0

# " ♦
/ /" # # / u(x, t)

% ⎧
⎪ ∂u 1 ∂2u
⎪
⎪ − 2 2 − 3u = 0 x ∈ (0, 1), t ∈ (0, 5],
⎪
⎨ ∂t
⎪ π ∂x
u(0, t) = 0, u(1, t) = 0, t ∈ (0, 5], 9".3
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎩
u(x, 0) = u0 (x) = sin(2πx).
B" # % $ # " A
"
3" 2 1 % u(x, t) = e−t sin(2πx) $ "
." A # ( "
h = 0.2 ∆t = 0.05 0 < t < 5 1 %
$ # " h = 0.1 ∆t = 0.025
$ # K * ∆t
# K "
8" h = 0.01 ∆t = 0.1, 0.05, 0.025 1
6 <& 1
"
& / /"

# 5 ) " E
% # % #
( V ≡ H01 (0, 1)"
( # #
2
t ∈ (0, 5] u ∈ L (0, 5; V ) % v ∈ V
1
∂u
vdx + a (u, u) = 0, 9"..
∂t
0
1
1 ∂u ∂v 1
a(u, v) ≡π 2 0 ∂x ∂x dx − 3 0 uvdx u(x, 0) = sin(2πx)"
% # $ # % ( # a (u, v) $
0! $ "&

# " $

1 1
1 ∂u ∂v
dx − 3 uvdx ≤ 3||u|| ||v|| ,
π2 ∂x ∂x V V

0 0
3 > 1/π 2 " # %/
1 2
1 ∂u 2
a (u, u) = dx − 3||u||L2 (0,1) .
π2 ∂x
0
%L L $ # C >0

C 2 2
a (u, u) ≥ ||u||V − 3||u||L2 ,
π2
% $ 1 # 9"3 λ = 3 α0 =
C/π 2 " % # 9".. $ # "
9"..
(0, T ) T ∈ (0, 5] ( u "
T 1 T 1 2 T 1
∂u 1 ∂u
udxdt + 2 dxdt = 3 u2 dxdt. 9".8
∂t π ∂x
0 0 0 0 0 0

T 1 T 1 T
∂u 1 d 1 d 2
udxdt = u2 dxdt = ||u||L2 (0,1) (t)dt =
∂t 2 dt 2 dt
0 0 0 0 0
1 2 1 2
||u||L2 (0,1) (T ) − ||u0 ||L2 (0,1) .
2 2
9".8 - L (
2 ∂u 1 ∂u2
% ||u0 ||L2 (0,1) = 1/2 u ∂x = 2 ∂x
T T
2C 1
||u||2L2 (0,1) (T ) + 2 ||u||2V dt ≤ + 6 ||u||2L2 (0,1) dt. 9".9
π 2
0 0
0P % $ &

# % T ∈ (0, 5)
1 6T
||u||2L2 (0,1) (T ) ≤ e .
2
$ +

;

0$
% u ∈ L∞ (0, 5; L2 (0, 1))" (

9".9
T T
2 1
||u||V dt ≤ + 3 e6t dt,
2
0 0
% % L2 (0, 5; V )"

% " > %
∂ uex ∂ 2 uex
= −uex = 4π 2 uex ,
∂t ∂x2
uex 1 ) % #
# " #
% uex $ # "

# 1 )&
1 5 (
"

h = 0.2, ∆t =
0.05 5 1 % $ # " $ %
# $ ( I* 4.℄ 6 : ∆t ≤ Ch2 " * 1
% # h
4 /
2 ## ' " (
∆t = ∆t1 # h1 $ %
∆t1 = Ch21 " 6 h = h1 /2 #
∆t1 /2 ∆t1 /4 "
# h1 = 0.2 ∆t1 = 0.05" 1
7 9"C % $ # " h = 0.1
∆t1 = 0.025/ $ # "
h = 0.1 ∆t = 0.0125 # 7 9"C"
1 E # 9". 9"8
6 <& h = 0.1
1 " #
∞
1 C
I* 4.℄ > :"3
n

||uex (tn ) − unh ||2L2 + 2α∆t ||uex (tk ) − ukh ||2V ≤ C(u0 , uex )(∆tp + h2 )
k=1
0* $ "&

−4 33
x 10 x 10
4 1
1
0
0
−1
−2
−3
−1
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
−4
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
−3
x 10
4
−1
−2
−3
−4
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
4

t = 5
"
h = 0.2, ∆t = 0.05

-. h = 0.1, ∆t = 0.025

-
. h = 0.1, ∆t = 0.0125
-.
p = 2

p = 4 6 <& "
F
1
"
( L∞ (0, 5; L2(0, 1)) % )
$ #
" 6 <&
h ∆t #
$
"
L2 (0, 5; V ) # "
A #
E # 9". 9"8"
6 <& L∞ (0, 5; L2 (0, 1)) %
) ∆t " 2

L2 (0, 5; V ) # $ " *
V
1 2
H - ( L %
" % 1
## # "
♦
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0,
h 1 1111
∆t 1 11$ 11 $ 1 11$ 11 $
L∞ (0, 5; L2 (0, 1)) 11 111$0 111 , 11 111* 111
L2 (0, 5, H 1 (0, 1)) 11/ 11* 11$$ 11* 11 11*/
" " h = 0.1 h = 0.0001
h 1 1111
∆t 1 11$ 11 $ 1 11$ 11 $
L∞ (0, 5; L2 (0, 1)) 1111*$ 1111!0! 1111!$$ 1111 $/ ×10−5 , ×10−5
L2 (0, 5, H 1 (0, 1)) 11$*$ 11$, 11$ 111$, 111$!, 111$

" 2
7%8
h = 0.1 h = 0.0001

9
h2
"

/ /# # / u(x, t) 0 ≤

x ≤ 1 t ≥ 0 %
⎧
⎪
⎪ ∂u ∂v
⎪
⎪ + = 0, in QT ∈ (0, 1) × (0, ∞)
⎨ ∂t
⎪ ∂x
∂u
v + α(x) − γ(x)u = 0, in QT
⎪
⎪ ∂x
⎪
⎪ v(1, t) = β(t), u(0, t) = 0, t > 0,
⎪
⎩ u(x, 0) = u (x),
0 0 < x < 1,
α, γ u0 ( x β $ ( t"
B" ( # # 1

"
# "
3" 6 ( h ∆tK
." % ( v
u % "
& / /#

# % ( $ # "
v M # / t > 0
u %/
0/ $ "&

⎧
⎪
⎪ ∂u ∂ ∂u ∂u ∂γ
⎪
⎪ − α +γ + u = 0, in QT
⎪
⎪ ∂t ∂x ∂x ∂x ∂x
⎪
⎪
⎨ u = 0, x = 0, t > 0,
⎪
⎪ ∂u
⎪
⎪ −α (1, t) + γu(1, t) = β(t), 0 < t,
⎪
⎪ ∂x
⎪
⎪
⎩
u(x, 0) = u0 (x) 0 < x < 1.
( # # " (

& '
V ≡ v : v ∈ H 1 (0, 1), v(0) = 0 , # ( #
# $/ t>0 u∈V %/
1 1 1 1
∂u ∂u ∂v ∂u ∂γ
vdx + α dx + γ vdx + uvdx
∂t ∂x ∂t ∂x ∂x
0 0 0 0
+γ(1)u(1, t)v(1) = β(t)v(1), ∀v ∈ V
# # 5
9"B"B 9"B"9 (
' "
' ( t > 0 $
F (v) = β(t)v(1)" $ # (
2
L (0, 1) v " ) 5
1
F (v) = β(t)v(1) = β(t) δ(1)vdx,
0
δ(1) 1" $

( - ## F (v) = β(t) < δ(1), v >
% δ(1) $ # ( V"
% #&
# # " 6
# 5 %
1 h ##
1 / #& "
* % 5 $ % $
) # v
# # " $ % &
( v % &
## & u
"
* % $ v % 1 &
= " ( $
$ +

;

00
" I*2C8℄ 6 ; I!7CB℄ &

1 "
( # # " 6
& '
V ≡ ϕ ∈ H 1 (0, 1), ϕ(0) = 0 ( u
2
W ≡ L (0, 1)" # / t > 0 u ∈ V v ∈ W
%/ ⎧ 1
⎪ 1
⎪
⎪ ∂u ∂v
⎪
⎪ vdx − v dx = −βv(1),
⎪
⎨ ∂t ∂x
0 0
⎪
⎪ 1 1
⎪
⎪ ∂u
⎪
⎩ α ∂x − γuψdx + vψdx = 0,
⎪
0 0
v∈V ψ ∈ W"

1 & Vh ⊂ V Wh ⊂ W # ϕi
ψk "
1 ∂ ϕi
G = [gij ] con gij = 0
ψj dx,
∂x
α α
1 ∂ ϕi
Gα = [gij ] con gij = 0 αψj dx,
∂x
1
S = [sij ] con sij = 0 γψj ϕi dx,
( # #
⎡ ⎤⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
1 Un+1 1
M G MUn − βeNh
⎢ ∆t ⎥⎣ ⎦=⎢ ⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ∆t ⎦
GTα − S −M1 Vn+1 0
e N h ∈ RN h [0, 0, 0, . . . 0, 1]T "

$ # %
u v " 5 # #
$ #
( # " 2 1 " (
" % γ ≡ 0 S ≡ 0 % α
%L ## Gα = αG"
⎡ ⎤
1
M G
⎢ ∆t ⎥
⎣ ⎦,
αGT −M1
11 $ "&

M1 $ Wh " Vh ≡ Wh %L

M1 = M u % v 1 &
n+1
" U # &
V
n+1
" 1 % # $
# ' %
Σ ≡ M − ∆tαGT M−1 G.
% x ∈ RMh /
xT Σx = xT Mx − α∆txT GT M−1 Gx.
M $ 1

# $ x "
xT GT M−1 Gx = yT M−1 y > 0,
y = Gx" E ∆t $ ' &

%$ xT Σx > 0 x = 0" $
1 "
$ %
# uh vh " &
vh
1 u v W - # vh
uh "
♦
/ /6 #

/
u %/
⎧
⎪ ∂u
⎪
⎪
⎪ − ∇ · (µ∇u) + △2 u + σu = 0 x ∈ Ω, t > 0
⎪
⎪ ∂t
⎪
⎨
u = u0 in Ω, t = 0 9".:
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎩ ∂u = u = 0
⎪
su ΣT ≡ ∂Ω, t > 0
∂n
7
4

G

4
2 ,
$ +

;

1
Ω ⊂ R2 $ # ∂Ω + ,

2
n △ = △△ $ # µ σ u0 ( x
∂u
1 Ω " ## = ∇u · n u"
∂n
%
3
∂u
H02 (Ω) = u ∈ H 2 (Ω) : u = = 0 su ∂Ω
∂n
% c1 c2 %

2
c1 |△u|2 dΩ ≤ ||u||H 2 (Ω) ≤ c2 |△u|2 dΩ ∀u ∈ H02 (Ω), 9".;
Ω Ω
% L2 ( H02 $

2
H "
B" ( # 9".: %

$ "
3" & # 1 "
%
# (" %
Th $ Ω vh |K $ K ∈ Th
vh ∈ H 2 (Ω) vh ∈ C 1 (Ω)"
& / /6

( # # ( &
2
( v ∈ H0 (Ω)"
2
H0 (Ω) % % V 1 "

∂u 2
− ∇ · (µ∇u) + △ u + σu vdω = 0 ∀v ∈ V.
∂t
Ω
% ( 0

2
△ uvdω = ∇ · (∇△u) v = ∇(△u) · nvdγ − ∇(△u) · ∇vdω
Ω Ω ∂Ω Ω

− ∇(△u) · ∇vdω = − △u (n · ∇v) dγ + △u△vdω.
Ω ∂Ω Ω
1 $ "&

% - (
# ∂Ω "
( # # / t > 0 u ∈ L2 (0, T ; V ) ∩
∞
L (0, T ; L2(Ω)) %

∂u
vdω + µ∇u · ∇vdω + △u△vdω + σuvdω = 0
∂t
Ω Ω Ω Ω
v ∈ V u(x, 0) = u0 (x)" &

% u0 ∈ L2 (Ω)" # (
( /
u ∈ L2 (0, T ; V ) ∩ L∞ 0, T ; L2 (Ω)

∂u
vdω + a(u, v) = 0 ∀v ∈ V,
∂t
Ω
u(x, 0) = u0 (x)"
( # a(u, v) ≡ (µ∇u · ∇v + △u△v + σuv) dω $
Ω
V %$ ( µ σ '
µ ∈ L∞ (Ω) σ ∈ L∞ (Ω) % ( "
( # $ # %L
µ(x) ≥ µ0 > 0" % ( σ − σ (
σ $ " 1 σ ∗ = ||σ − ||L∞ (Ω) "
% - 9".;/
2 2
a(u, u) ≥ α||u||V − σ ∗ ||u||L2 (Ω) ,
α µ0 c2 9".;" ( # $ #

( σ $
Ω σ ∗ = 0"
## ( #
) $ 1 V
( " % # %
# " %

8

&

u v

#
&

4

H 2 (Ω)

R

&
Ω '
)
σuvdω
)
Ω
3
σ ∈ L1 (Ω) 5

v ∈ H 2 (Ω) ∇v ∈ H 1 (Ω) &
∇v ∈ L6 (Ω)
∇u · ∇v )

L3 (Ω) µ ) 3

L3/2 (Ω)

9
a(·, ·)
$ +

;

1
) # # % %

u0 L2 (Ω)"

( % Vh
1
1 V C & ( $ (
C (Ω)" % ( H 2 (Ω) Ω ⊂ R2
1
C 1 " E Ω

1 2
( C H (Ω) $
1 1
# C $ C (Ω)"
%
# ( r
$ B"9"B
(r + 1)(r + 2)
nl = .
2
# ## 1 #
1
C (Ω)"
$ "
3 " > $ ' (
( %
r 1
r+1 1
r−1 %
B"9"3" ( %
" ##

" x y % 3×2 = 6
" r − 1
r 1
r−2 "
B" 3 ( H

3" 3(r − 1) ( H
." 6 H
8" 3(r − 2) "
r %

# nl ' "
/
(r + 1)(r + 2)
≥ 3 + 6 + 3r − 3 + 3r − 6 = 6r,
2
r " % r % ( &
9
$ 9" # ## P
1! $ "&

55 # " M

$ # 1 #
% % " )
- % - #
" $
@ % 5 21 #
( &

I! 43℄" ♦
/ /7 R u

( # 7 9"B4" % $
$ "$ (
/
k(u) = K2 u2 + K1 u + K0 ,
K2 , K1 K0 "

&
7 9"B4" % (
( ts "
* $ = Φ
( 1 Γg ⊂ ∂Ω " E = $
$ " 1 (
M Γg &
#
" * 1 %
1 Γg % =
# "
% /
B"
( ( u0 H
1 % "
3" #
H
." #
1 H
8" 8" #

H
$ +

;

1$
9" # ( &
( 7 9"BB "
ρ = 7.2 × 10−2 Kg/mm3 1 cp = 500 W/mK '

# α = 80 W/mmK # k(u)
( k(200) = 50 W/mK k(300) = 47 W/mK
k(700) = 37 W/mK " E # uamb = 20

u0 = 60 " ( 5 &
5 " 12 (
T = 120 " t0 &
( Φ(t) = ΦMAX sin(π(t − t0 )/5) t ≤ t0 + 5 ϕ(t) = 0 1

2
( ΦMAX = 50 W/mm "
4

-
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6

" $0
& / /7

% # $
' # "
u 7 9"BB (
t $
∂u
ρcp − ∇ · (k(u)∇u) = 0 x ∈ Ω, t > 0,
∂t
#
⎧
⎨ cp (u)∇u · n = αg (t)(uamb − u) − Φ(t) x ∈ Γg , t > 0
⎩
cp (u)∇u · n = α(uamb − u) x ∈ Γr ≡ ∂Ω \ Γg , t > 0
u = u0 t = t0 = 0 ' #

α % $ αg (t) $
0 ( α "
( Φ $ ( % = $ "

( V ≡ H 1 (Ω)" % # Ω

$ 1 "
2
# / t > 0 u ∈ L (0, T, V ) %
9

&

3

$ +

;

1,

∂u
, v + a(u; u, v) + αg uvdγ + α uvdγ =
∂t
Γg Γr
9".D
αg uamb vdγ + α uamb vdγ − Φvdγ
Γg Γr Γg
u(x, 0) = u0 (x)" 9".D ## /

a(w; u, v) = cp (w)∇u · ∇vdω.
Ω
% # %$ a(u; u, v) #

1 " % E #
2
u ∈ H (Ω) Ω u $
Ω a(u; u, v) ## # 1 "
# 5
1 # "
" A I 48℄
% # # " 6 &

" 7 % u ∈ L2 (0, T ; H 2 (Ω)) Φ ∈ L2 (Γg ) uamb ∈ L2 (∂Ω)"
> % αg L2 (0, T )" 1
% u ##
k(u) ≥ µ0 , 9".C
µ0 > 0" v=u 9".D % t>0 %
0 ≤ αg (t) ≤ α ǫ>0 #
1 d
||u||2L2 + µ0 ||∇u||2L2 + ≤ α||uamb ||L2 (∂Ω) + ||ϕ||L2 (Γg ) ||u||V ≤
2 dt
1 2 2

2 2

α||uamb ||L2 (∂Ω) + ||ϕ||L2 (Γg ) + ǫ ||u||L2 + ||∇u||L2 .
4ǫ
ǫ = µ0 /2 0 T
2 T 2
||u||L2 (T ) + µ0 ||∇u||L2 dt+ ≤
0
T 9"84
2 1 2 2

2
||u0 ||L2 + α||uamb ||L2 (∂Ω) + ||ϕ||L2 (Γg ) + µ0 ||u||L2 dt.
µ0
0
0P #

1/ $ "&

||u||2L∞ (L2 ) ≤ C1
2
⇒ ||u||L2 (H 1 ) ≤ C3 . 9"8B
2
||∇u||L2 (L2 ) ≤ C2
C1 C2 C3 % T"

# &
(
∆t % T = N ∆t" 9".D / n = 0, . . . , N − 1
un+1 ∈ V %

1 # n+1 $ n+1 n+1 n+1 n+1
u , v + a(u ;u , v) + α u vdγ + αg un+1 vdγ =
∆t
Γr Γg 9"83
1
(un , v) + α uamb vdγ + αn+1 g uamb vdγ + φn+1 vdγ
∆t
Γr Γg Γg
u0 = u0 " #

1 & Vh ⊂ V # " #
/ n = 0, 1, . . . , N − 1 un+1
h ∈ Vh %

1 # n+1 $
uh , vh + a(un+1
h ; u n+1
h , vh ) + α u n+1
vdγ + α n+1
g un+1 vdγ =
∆t
Γr Γg
9"8.
1 n n+1 n+1
(uh , vh ) + α uamb vdγ + αg uamb vdγ + Φ vdγ
∆t
Γr Γg Γg
u0h = u0h
u0h u0 Vh " #
# 9"8.
1 1
MUn+1 + K(Un+1 )Un+1 + Rn+1 Un+1 = MUn + Fn+1 ,
∆t ∆t
N
h
un+1
h = Ujn+1 Φj Un+1 = Ujn+1 R
j=1
# F = F(uamb , Φ, α, αg )
K $
# $
Kij (Un+1 ) = a un+1
h ; ϕj , ϕi .
> % 9".C K(U) $ 1
U" F # #
Un ≤ C4 , n = 0, . . . , N, 9"88
$ +

;

10
C4 ( $ ∆t

h"
# $
# % ( /
A(Un+1 ) = 0.
# $

&" # n+1/
un+1,k
h uhn+1,k+1 ∈ Vh %

1 n+1,k+1
uh , vh + a( un+1,k
h ; u n+1;k+1
h , vh ) + α uhn+1,k+1 vdγ+
∆t
Γr
n+1
n+1,k+1 1 n
αg uh vdγ = (u , vh ) + α uamb vdγ+ 9"89
Γg ∆t h
Γr
αn+1
g uamb vdγ + Φn+1 vdγ
Γg Γg
u0h = uh0 /

!
1 n+1,k 1
M + K(U ) + R Un+1,k+1 = MUn + Fn+1 .
∆t ∆t
$
lim Un+1,k = Uf in , 9"8:

k→∞
Uf in $ # 9"8." #

M # " '
$ % ) 9"8:"
Un+1,k+1 U
n+1

−1
1 1
Un+1,k+1 = M + K(Un+1,k ) + R MUn + Fn+1 ,
∆t ∆t
9"8;
−1
1 n+1 1 n n+1
Un+1 = M + K(U )+R MU + F .
∆t ∆t
n+1

1 n n+1
A(U) = K(U) + R F = MU + F " 6
∆t
9"8;
4# $−1 # $−1 5 −1
Uk+1 − U = ∆t I + ∆tM−1 A(Uk ) − I + ∆tM−1 A(U) M F 9"8D
1 $ "&

∆t $ ' ∆tM−1 A(U) $ B

!".
∞
# $−1
I + ∆tM−1 A(U) = (−∆t)j M−j Aj (U),
j=0

Uk+1 − U =

∞
∆t (−∆t)j M−j Aj (Uk ) − M−j Aj (U) M−1 F =
j=0
# $
−∆t2 M−1 A(Uk ) − A(U) M−1 + O(∆t3 ) =
# $
−∆t2 M−1 K(Uk ) − K(U) M−1 + O(∆t3 ).
> % ( ) $ K(U) $ % &

C>0 %
||K(Uk ) − K(U)|| ≤ C(U)||Uk − U||, 9"8C
% ∆t !

||Uk+1 − U|| < ||Uk − U||,
% 1 " # E ! %

I* 44#℄ 1
" # % )
# # % ∆t
- % %
∆t ≤ ∆tnmax ,
% n C Un 9"8C %

∆tnmax
→ 0 n → ∞ " ∆t $
1/ C(U) % C $ dk/du"
## % C(U) ≤ |K2 |||U|| + |K1 |" 9"88
( C(U) % ∆tmax ∆t
% " $ ' &
( %
%$ #
% "
10
5 &

C ) n → ∞
$ +

;

1 %
$ ' $ P
I* 44#℄" G # G
$
∂ Ai
Jij (U) = (U),
∂Uj
P
( /
# $
J(Un+1,k ) Un+1,k+1 − Un+1,k = −A(Un+1,k ), 9"94
k = 0, 1, . . . Un+1 Un+1,0 "

P $ %L
" %L 5 $ ' 1

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© Springer-Verlag Italia, Milano 2005

L’utilizzo di denominazioni generiche, nomi commerciali, marchi registrati, ecc, in

Riprodotto da copia camera-ready fornita dagli Autori

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Xhr (a, b) ≡ {vh ∈ C 0 ([a, b]) : vh |Kj ∈ Pr (Kj ), j = 1, . . . , n}. B".

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%

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& // ( 1 # 1

#

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# % nv &

// . ( (

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K $

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( φK,i % # # #

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Xhr = {vh ∈ C 0 (Ωh ) : vh |K ∈ Pr (K), ∀K ∈ Th }. B"34

7 B"C Pr ( (

- " %

r=1 P1 %

&

// 1 % % ( 1 B"3B (

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( # " ♦

1 # # K K " &

# 1 5 %

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// #

& // PrP (K) = Pr (K)" *

r $

// % 1

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// K1 K2

B + (1 − α)FK2 V 2 = TK2 [(1 − α)V

Xh $ C 0 ( vh e $

// 7 B"B3 TK &

& // A % ( ( (

lij = Vj − Vi ## % 1 #

= V1 + φ2 ( 2 )l12 + φ3 (

## &

/ ( Q1