Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
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Contents
Seminar: Water in the circular economy: opportunities and challenges ..................................... 3
Seminar: Wastewater and health – managing risks, seizing opportunities ............................... 21
Seminar: Financing wastewater treatment and resource recovery .......................................... 43
Seminar: Smart solutions in water and waste management for liveable cities ......................... 51
Seminar: Harnessing opportunities for the safe reuse of wastewater in agriculture ............... 77
Seminar: Water, pollution, and systemic challenges: the case of the textile industry …….... 100
Seminar: Opportunities and limits to water pollution regulations ........................................... 113
Seminar: Governance of water and waste: a key to sustainable development? ..................... 131
Seminar: Understanding the gender dimension of water and waste....................................... 156
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ABSTRACT VOLUME
World Water Week in Stockholm
27 August – 1 September, 2017
Contents
A circular economy approach to wastewater treatment - A Danish example ...................... 5
GreenSpeed - Integrated wastewater treatment and biobased production ........................ 7
Local circular economy loops in between sectors .................................................................. 9
One Water' strategies for corporate engagement ................................................................ 11
Quantifying the circular water economy: The case of Singapore ......................................... 13
Replication of circular sanitation economies enables opportunity ......................................14
Technology innovation in implementing a circular economy strategy .................................16
Urban water services transitioning to a circular economy .................................................... 17
Poster: Managing waste streams in a house - lessons in decentralization...........................19
Highlights
A biorefinery has been built at the existing Grindsted WWTP in Denmark that demonstrates circular economy.
The plant utilizes new technologies that process raw materials consisting of wastewater, separated organic
household waste and organic waste from industries. Outputs are purified water, energy, fertilizer and
feedstock for polymer production
Methodology approach
The heart of the refinery is the thermal hydrolysis system. The purpose is to recover energy and produce
more refined products from wastewater and organic waste, i.e. biofertilizer, Struvite, biogas, biopolymer and
water for reuse. The nutrients in the wastewater are mainly captured in the WWTP in simultaneous biological
processes and made accessible in excess hygienized biofertilizer. The influent is a mix of domestic and
industrial wastewater and some rainfall from combined sewers generating biological sludge. Household
waste is sorted and collected in paper bags. The industrial waste is delivered by trucks and categorized by
energy density
Highlights
GreenSpeed may transform wastewater treatment plants into net energy producers
GreenSpeed may provide climate change mitigation services and added value bioproducts
Methodology approach
A comparative Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of introducing the GreenSpeed technology at existing WWTP in
Denmark were analyzed. The WWTP designs differ regarding: (1) treatment capacity, (2) N and P
management strategies (e.g. chemical precipitation vs. biological treatment), (3) C management strategy
(e.g. biogas and sludge-derived fertilizer production). The increased resource-efficiency obtained from
implementation GreenSpeed were assessed with focus on the potential to reduction in GHG (CH 4 and N2O)
emissions, and substitution of COD consumption with CO 2 release, by microalgal production. The LCA were
accompanied by a cost-benefit structure analysis and performed in accordance with international standards
ISO 14040-44.
Co-Authors:
Highlights
Municipalities and industry need to optimize their water management within the watershed in which they
are located. Taking a Circular Economy - CE- approach with water assets maintenance and development can
be the enabling factor for a healthy local economy and in line with the central role of water.
Methodology approach
The circular economy is based on the concept that waste is designed out of or extracted from flows at the
onset, and that net material flows are balanced, such that extraction rates do not exceed return or output
rates. As appropriate based on geography and local conditions, evidence shows progress is aligned with the
three CE Design Principles:
• All durables are reused,
• Consumables are used in multiple cascading cycles before safe return into the natural environment,
and
• All natural capital (including energy) is used only to the extent they can be regenerated
Co-Authors:
Highlights
The circular water economy can improve the alignment between corporate water strategy and stakeholder
expectations.
This could catalyse social, economic and political momentum necessary to facilitate broader transitions to
non-linear water use.
It would unlock value that is embedded in water as a corporate asset, rather than a risk liability.
Methodology approach
Question: Can the sharing economy paradigm align corporate water strategy with stakeholder expectations,
and unlock the embedded value of water as an asset?
Approach: I will describe gaps between strategy and expectations based on extant best-in-class approaches,
and illustrate how and why a 'one water' methodological approach could close those gaps.
Method: Using real-world exemplars of efficiency and replenishment targets, I will discuss their limitations as
proxy solutions, and contrast this to a 'one water' approach. I will suggest that incorporating the shared
economy into corporate water strategies will expedite the development of new models that facilitate
broader environmental transitions.
Highlights
• Singapore is the world’s model country on the circular water economy
• We provide the very first quantitative assessment of this circular water economy showcasing the
economic value created compared to a linear economy
• Our assessment provides a fact base and a quantification approach for policymakers and water
managers contemplating the transition to a circular water economy
Methodology approach
The economic model developed for this paper refines the modeling approach chosen by Hieminga et al.
(2017) who calculated the economic value of a circular water economy for selected countries, while our break-
even point calculations emulates the approach chosen by Louwen et al. (2016). Our model is iterated with
decision-makers and experts of Singapore’s circular water economy, e. g. policy-makers interviewed at
Singapore’s Public Utilities Board (PUB) and/or Singapore’s Ministry of the Environment and Water Resources
(MEWR).
Highlights
Creating a circular economy around human waste - or brown gold - is the ultimate contribution to improving
health, protecting the environment, and generating business opportunities. Making a step-change aligned
with Sustainable Development Goal 6.2 requires new technologies, proven business models, capacity
building, market forces, and government partnerships.
Methodology approach
The rural and peri-urban areas in East Africa will not be sewered by 2030 (if ever). Water For People plays a
facilitating role to catalyze business opportunities within the market system along the value chain of on-site
sanitation while also providing quality, affordable, and accessible services to the poor. We apply proven
technologies (e.g., desirable toilets, pit life extender, DEFAST, etc.) to cover the entire value chain of
sanitation (toilets, pits/tanks emptying, collection, sludge treatment, and sludge reuse). Our approach builds
upon Water For People’s impact model – Everyone Forever (EF) and our ideal is zero waste.
Highlights
Alternative sources of water are an integral part of a circular economy strategy for water. In particular, air
moisture capture technology for residential use is a viable technology to move towards an off-grid solution
to providing access to water.
Methodology approach
Universal access to safe drinking water remains a global challenge and traditional approaches have had
limited success. Traditional solutions of deploying centralized water systems or residential systems remain
challenging in emerging markets. "Democratizing" access to safe drinking water through deploying air
moisture capture systems powered by solar systems frees individual families to secure access to safe drinking
water - providing high quality and high security. This innovative off grid approach bypasses many of the
hurdles in deploying large scale and more traditional small scale water systems.
Highlights
Four case studies from Mexico, Peru, Thailand and Jordan demonstrate the opportunities for urban utilities
to transition to a circular economy by adopting energy recovering, water reuse, and nutrient recycling
measures. Challenges include access to financing to implement new technologies as well as incentives for a
low carbon water sector.
Methodology approach
The project ‘Water and wastewater utilities for climate change mitigation (WaCCliM)’ supports climate
change mitigation efforts in the water sector using a cross-sectoral approach that links water, energy and
food security to developing concepts for a climate resilient and low emission water industry.
The project uses a systems approach and considers all components of the urban water cycle from water
supply, wastewater to reuse of water. Pilot measures on energy efficiency, water loss reduction as well as
energy generation from biogas are implemented with lead executing agencies to reduce overall greenhouse
gas emissions.
Co-Authors:
Highlights
Water management, urban, technology, storage, sanitation
Methodology approach
Designing of building often avoids services such as water and wastewater infrastructure assuming a link to
the city lines. More often than not buildings in the periphery of a growing city have to create independent
services such as a borewell for water supply and septic tanks for sanitation systems.Analysing rainfall pattern
both storage and recharge systems were designed to hold and reuse rainwater. Greywater tanks were
located to catch clothes wash and bath water and filtered using biological systems for reuse in toilet flushing
and for vegetable cultivation. Ecosan toilets provided urine and dessicated faeces as fertiliser for crops.
ABSTRACT VOLUME
World Water Week in Stockholm
27 August – 1 September, 2017
21
Seminar: Wastewater and health – managing risks, seizing opportunities
Contents
A health risk assessment of wastewater use in Ghana ........................................................223
Development of a sanitation safety plan for peri-urban areas, Tanzania .......................... 225
Effects of fecal sludge in wastewater stabilization ponds: Port-au-Prince, Haiti ...............227
Identifying water quality hotspots for contacts with contaminated surface waters ....... 229
Making pathogens visible to guide investment in what matters .......................................... 31
Modelling impacts of waste treatment options.................................................................... 33
National standards for wastewater treatment - what is "safely treated"? ......................... 34
Processes and challenges of faecal sludge management in Odisha, India .......................... 35
Poster: Effective managing risks in cascade of reservoirs .................................................... 37
Poster: Evaluating hazards and risks of water sources in Sultan Kudarat ........................... 39
Poster: Wastewater reuse and the burden of parasitic diseases in Nigeria ......................... 41
22
A health risk assessment of wastewater use in Ghana
Presenting Dr. Prince Antwi-Agyei, United Kingdom, London School of
Author: Hygiene and Tropical Medicine
Highlights
• Produce contamination should be managed at all domains along the food chain, although prioritising
markets and kitchens would be a more cost-effective approach.
• Awareness of wastewater irrigation health risks alone is insufficient for vendors and consumers to
adopt risk reduction measures, or influence them when buying produce or prepared salad.
Methodology approach
In the period from September 2012 to August 2013, over 500 produce and ready-to-eat salad samples were
collected from fields, markets, and food stalls in eight neighborhoods in Accra, Ghana during two cropping
seasons, and over 300 soil and irrigation water samples were collected. All samples were analysed for E. coli,
human adenovirus and norovirus using standard microbiological procedures. In addition, almost 700
participants including wastewater farmers, market and street food vendors, chefs and consumers were
interviewed and observed to assess critical exposures associated with the transmission of faecal pathogens
in farmers and consumers.
23
Conclusions and recommendation
The study findings suggest that farmers, vendors and consumers may not necessarily adopt risk reduction
measures based only on their awareness or knowledge of wastewater irrigation health risks. The study
recommends the promotion of interventions that would result in more direct benefits to producers and
vendors, together with hygiene education and inspection, hygiene certification and enforcement of food
safety byelaws in order to increase the uptake of the WHO multiple-barrier approach recommended for the
safe use of wastewater for agriculture. Access to credit schemes and improved land security are also
recommended to encourage farmers to adopt risk reduction measures.
24
Development of a sanitation safety plan for peri-urban areas, Tanzania
Presenting Dr. Marta Domini, Italy, CeTAmb LAB, University of Brescia
Author:
Highlights
• The research address the question of sanitation planning in peri-urban areas of low income countries
• Strengths and weaknesses of CLUES and SSP methodologies are examined within their application
to a case study in Tanzania
• The combined use of the tools is shown as successful in potentiate their effectiveness.
Methodology approach
The research was conducted within an international cooperation project under development in peri-urban
wards of Iringa, selected as case study. Two approaches were tested: the Community-Led Urban
Environmental Sanitation (CLUES) and the Sanitation Safety Plan (SSP). The SSP was developed based on
guidelines of the WHO manual at research level and adapted for the specific context. A simplified matrix for
semi-quantitative risk assessment and a tool for prioritizing control measures based on weighted criteria
were developed for the case study. Strengths and weaknesses of these approaches applied in field were
evidenced and a methodology foreseeing their integrated use was proposed.
25
Conclusions and recommendation
The application of planning tools to the case study permitted to evidence strengths and limits of both
methodologies in the specific context, and the added value of combining them for designing an improved
sanitation system with a strong participatory component and based on a multi-barrier approach, for
guaranteeing the health risks control along the whole sanitation chain. The innovation suggested by this
research is the proposal of the integrated use of CLUES and SSP for the design of improved sanitation
systems in peri-urban areas which could be useful for others facing the challenge of sanitation in similar
contexts.
26
Effects of fecal sludge in wastewater stabilization ponds: Port-au-Prince,
Haiti
Presenting Dr. Rick Gelting, United States, Centers for Disease Control and
Author: Prevention
Highlights
• Characterized the influent waste (including fecal sludge) arriving at a wastewater lagoon facility in
Port au Prince, Haiti
• Evaluated the performance of the lagoon facility in treating waste
• Recommended potential modifications for existing and future lagoon designs to treat high strength
waste that includes fecal sludge
Methodology approach
In order to assess the performance of the WSP, grab samples were collected from trucks transporting fecal
sludge (both from septic tanks/cesspools and latrines) to the facility, and from pipes between each lagoon
cell at the facility. On each sampling visit (four total), we collected one sample from each lagoon process
step, as well as samples of septic tank/cesspool waste and latrine waste. As biochemical oxygen demand
(BOD5) was the main criteria used in the design of the facility, this was also the primary indicator used to
assess performance, although analysis of other parameters was also included.
27
Conclusions and recommendation
Characterization of the strength of fecal sludge and treatment of high-strength fecal sludge in traditional
wastewater treatment facilities are not well understood, and more research is needed on these topics.
Possible modifications to this existing facility to help prevent solids overloading include adjusting grates to
prevent larger solids entering the system or pretreatment of high strength fecal sludge in drying beds or by
other means. More routine monitoring of this facility than was possible in this project, including building local
laboratory capacity to perform regular analysis of key parameters, is also needed.
28
Identifying water quality hotspots for contacts with contaminated surface
waters
Presenting Dr. Ilona Bärlund, Germany, Helmholtz Centre for
Author: Environmental Research-UFZ
Highlights
Severe pathogen pollution affects around one-third of all river reaches in Latin America, Africa and Asia;
Cities are hotspots of wastewater generation and intake but also rural population is exposed through direct
contact to polluted surface waters;
Modelling can contribute to integrated assessment identifying river reaches potentially at risk
Methodology approach
In the pre-study for a ‘World Water Quality Assessment’ a methodology for assessing freshwaters was
developed in order to distinguish river stretches potentially at risk due to degraded water quality. The
continental scale WorldQual model simulates loadings and in-stream concentrations to provide insight into
main sources of pollution and status of water quality. The exposure is described by direct human contact
with potentially polluted surface waters using faecal coliform bacteria (FC) as indicator. High FC levels
correlate with presence of dangerous pathogens. For the assessment a benchmark for safe and unsafe FC
levels was determined from existing water quality standards.
29
Conclusions and recommendation
The results indicate the key role of domestic wastewater as source for FC loadings which are high in areas of
high population density like cities. In general, the manufacturing and agricultural sectors are minor pollution
sources. However, these sectors are at risk if using polluted water for further processing. It is not only about
drinking water, this study highlights the exposure of rural population through direct contact to water.
Because sanitation and water use practices are of major importance, the improvement of wastewater
management is crucial for pollution prevention. Modelling can be used to run scenarios on improved
treatment effects.
30
Making pathogens visible to guide investment in what matters
Presenting Prof. Cynthia Mitchell, Australia, Institute for Sustainable
Author: Futures, UTS
Highlights
Liquid streams (effluent, leachate, unintended leakage) from onsite and networked water-based sanitation
systems can pose a significant health hazard, but have received little attention. A new heuristic draws
attention to pathogens, synthesising health and engineering science with local knowledge to help decision-
makers avoid investing in technologies that increase unsafe return.
Methodology approach
This paper (based on Mitchell et al. (2016) Waterlines 35(2):163-181) proposes the Pathogen Hazard Diagram
(PHD) to describe, visualise and assess pathogen removal/survival through common wastewater treatment
systems and remaining hazards, particularly those in liquid streams. Firstly we identify the accidental
misunderstandings generated by common representations of pathogen removal. Secondly, we use available
scientific evidence on pathogen hazard reduction mechanisms and treatment efficacy of different
technologies and management approaches (encompassing the diversity of viral, bacterial, protozoan, and
helminth responses) to populate the new heuristic tool. The tool is then applied to assess water-based
sanitation systems and policies in urban Indonesia.
31
facilitate filtration/sorption with well-sealed septic tanks could increase ‘unsafe return’ (where treatment
units are above groundwater).
32
Modelling impacts of waste treatment options
Presenting Ms. Upasana Yadav, India CEPT University, Ahmedabad
Author:
Highlights
The impact of poor waste management on environment and public health is well documented. Cities face the
twin challenges of providing safe sanitation and improved environment. The model framework of SaniPlan
provides a tool for simulating outcomes of various options and enables informed decision making.
Methodology approach
The tool SaniPlan developed at CEPT University under the PAS Project, is a modular tool that help iterative
decision making towards achieving safe sanitation. Health outcomes are captured through impacts on
environmental parameters. The assessment module analyses the entire sanitation service chain of sanitation.
Service levels are measured through specific performance indicators. These indicators are linked to the
Performance Assessment System (pas.org.in) which is an exercise carried out in India. The tool incorporates
various improvement actions (e.g. actions related to septage collection, conveyance, treatment, septic tanks
refurbishment etc.) that cities can choose to implement as part of their sanitation improvement plan. An
environment and health impact assessment module has been overlaid to the model.
33
National standards for wastewater treatment - what is "safely treated"?
Presenting Ms. Kate Medlicott, Switzerland, World Health Organization
Author:
Highlights
SDG Indicator 6.3.1 calls for the measurement of “safely treated” wastewater. But what is safely treated?
Safe for public health, safe for ecosystems or both? What do countries national standards consider safe? And
what can be used as an international benchmark for “safely managed reporting under the SDGs? This paper
presents finding from analysis of national standards and discusses implication for global reporting,
regulation, and implementation of quality monitoring.
Methodology approach
The TWG recommendation of a treatment ladder with rungs according data type of increasing relevance for
public health was used a point of departure. A systematic search for national standards was conducted
through WHO country office and national counterparts ands well as internet searches. Data on treatment
requirements was extracted from the national standards retrieved and classified according to the proposed
ladder rungs – no treatment, technology based (eg primary, secondary tertiary treatment), environmental
compliance based (BOD, COD, SS) and Public Health compliance based (e.g. e.coli).
34
Processes and challenges of faecal sludge management in Odisha, India
Presenting Mr. Prasanta Mohapatra, India, Orissa Water Supply and
Author: Sewerage Board
Co-Authors:
Highlights
This article provides an overview of the processes and challenges of implementing faecal sludge
management in Odisha State, India. The key processes are selection and establishing a low cost system for
faecal sludge treatment and engaging a private operator to run the cesspool fleet to transport the sludge.
Methodology approach
In 2015, the state decided to implement FSM in its urban areas. In Odisha, nearly half of the urban population
live in its 9 big towns. So, initial thrust was given to providing FSM service in the nine populated towns. Best
practice and field study on full FSM service elsewhere in Asia were studied as the same were not available in
the country. The existing state sanitation strategy was reviewed and FSM was incorporated as a key
component to achieving city sanitation. FSM guideline was formulated to assist urban local bodies.
35
Conclusions and recommendation
The challenges faced during implementation of the project was majorly related to availability of land for
construction of treatment facility. To avoid land disputes, site for treatment facility henceforth shall be
located near the solid waste management facility. Community participation is very important for the FSM
project. The FSM project is now planned for adoption in small towns of Odisha. The cesspool vehicles and
treatment facilities will be operated by private players. The State will provide fund to close the gap between
revenue generated and actual expenditure to keep the system functional and viable.
36
Poster: Effective managing risks in cascade of reservoirs
Presenting Ms. Nataliia Rozhenko, Ukraine, Frantsevich Institute for
Author: Problems of Materials Science of NASU
Co-Authors:
Highlights
New approach and model are presented for prognostication of concentrations of contamination in rivers and
reservoirs. It gives effective strategy of pollution reduction in surface water for sustainable development and
health-protective wastewater management. Cascade of the Dnieper reservoirs (Ukraine) was analyzed.
Methodology approach
A mathematical model which united exactness one-dimensional, simplicity and small time of computer
realization of the simplified (by an ordinary chamber) model was developed simultaneously overcoming
failings each of them.
A model is foreseen description of conduct of contamination in running reservoirs in solution, on suspension
and in the layer of the ground deposits, an exchange takes into account water-bottom, water-suspension,
time of transporting on a reservoir and influencing of diffusion, what is provide possibility of design of wide
spectrum of contaminations for more effective impact assessment and safety planning.
37
Conclusions and recommendation
The main problem - coexistence different practitioners and policy-makers in control of cascade of the Dnieper
reservoirs. The work demonstrates some possibilities to improve communication of practitioners and policy-
makers in the Dnieper basin. Accurate modeling and system approach can provide with more effective impact
assessment on contaminations in wastewater systems and helth-protective wastewater management.
38
Poster: Evaluating hazards and risks of water sources in Sultan Kudarat
Presenting Mr. Yolwin Jed Perales, Philippines, University of the
Author: Philippines- Diliman
Co-Authors:
Highlights
• Sultan Kudarat heavily relies on water sources studied for food, water and household chores.
• There is no current research on the potential risks and condition of these water sources in Sultan
Kudarat.
• The province needs to make and revise policies based on the results of the research.
Methodology approach
The research used an experimental design in determining the amount of heavy metals in the four bodies of
water concerned by obtaining appropriate amount of sample using proper sampling techniques replicated
three times. Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) was used to measure the amount of metals in the
samples. A through historical and archiving research supplemented by interviews and surveys were also
conducted to government officials and residents living around the vicinity of the bodies of water studied to
gather data of health and biodiversity problems they encountered and related it to the results of the
instrumental analysis and current industrial operations in the area.
39
Conclusions and recommendation
It can be concluded that all water bodies studied are not safe and risky for human and animal consumption.
These bodies of water are also experiencing deterioration of biodiversity as well as impacting their
neighboring habitats through disruption of food chain. Industrial processes conducted in the community
where water bodies are located contributed a lot in degrading the quality of the waters. Stricter policies
should be implemented to preserve the biodiversity of these bodies of water, to alleviate the health risks that
may cause by excessive heavy metals concentration and to preserve the quality of the waters.
40
Poster: Wastewater reuse and the burden of parasitic diseases in Nigeria
Presenting Ms. Nneka Ozowara, United States, Baltimore City Community
Author: College
Highlights
The presence of the metacercariae of Fasciola gigantica and the infective stages of other parasites in
irrigation water was investigated. The study revealed that life cycle stages of Fasciola gigantica, eggs of
Ascaris lumbricoides as well as infective larvae of hookworms and Strongyloides stercoralis were recovered
from the water sources.
Methodology approach
Soil-transmitted helminthiases have remained a common health problem of rural farmers in southeast
Nigeria. The study was conducted by investigating the life cycle stages of the parasite in irrigation water
sources using sedimentation, centrifugation methods and microscopic examination respectively. Ten rural
farming communities in southeast Nigeria were selected for the study. The study revealed that life cycle
stages of helminthes are present in irrigation water bodies in both wet and dry seasons between February,
2013 to January, 2016. The analysis of variance showed that there is a statistical significant difference between
water sources in having life cycle stages of the parasite (P<0.05).
41
Conclusions and recommendation
The transition from a rain-fed to irrigation agriculture favours the development and propagation of water-
borne infections to both humans and livestock. The present study identified parasitic contaminants of
irrigation water, organic manure and sewage for vegetable production; suggesting that the parasites
identified may pose. Occupational risks to the farming communities and consumers. The practice of using
wastewater for irrigation offers many opportunities, but poses human health risks which is associated with
consumption of contaminated vegetables irrigated with wastewater. Safe and adequate drinking water
should be provided in order to reduce the use of contaminated water which is highly incriminated with
parasitic helminthes.
42
Seminar: Financing wastewater
treatment and resource recovery
ABSTRACT VOLUME
World Water Week in Stockholm
27 August – 1 September, 2017
43
Seminar: Financing wastewater treatment and resource recovery
Contents
Business models for resource recovery and reuse in wastewater sector ........................... 45
Public-private partnerships for resource recovery and reuse in low-income countries ..... 47
Using investment guarantees to leverage private sector financing .................................... 49
44
Business models for resource recovery and reuse in wastewater sector
Presenting Dr. Miriam Otoo, Sri Lanka, International Water Management
Author: Institute
Highlights
The paper shows that different wastewater reuse related business models have great potential to support
the sustainability of wastewater management enterprises, by reducing operational and maintenance (O&M)
costs and/or use generated revenues from recovered resources to bridge financial gaps and complement
other supporting mechanisms for making wastewater management more attractive.
Methodology approach
The conceptual framework was based on an in-depth assessment of empirical wastewater reuse cases to
understand factors driving their success and sustainability; and scalability barriers. The assessment drew on
data from 25 developing country case studies, together with a broad range of information sources (literature
review, key informant and focus group interviews, secondary and primary quantitative data). Using
standardized indicators, the cases were assessed based on key criteria that shed light on the financial flows,
production factors, resources or capacities requirements, management structure, and economic benefits to
help understand the financial sustainability, scalability and development impact potential of the models.
45
parties. Complex managerial systems of multi-partnerships can result in inefficiencies and higher
operational costs when responsibilities of key partnerships are not clearly defined.
46
Public-private partnerships for resource recovery and reuse in low-income
countries
Presenting Ms. Katharina Felgenhauer, Ghana, International Water
Author: Management Institute
Highlights
Public-private partnerships (PPP) can enhance resource recovery and reuse (RRR) but remain challenging to
implement.
Practitioners require more skills and capacity to run viable PPP but receive insufficient guidance, especially in
low-income settings.
IWMI’s analysis of PPP in RRR in Ghana can inform tools to guide PPP practitioners in RRR.
Methodology approach
IWMI has successfully brokered and implemented PPP in RRR in Ghana. The analysis of these cases exposes
success factors and bottlenecks along all stages of PPP management, including partnership brokerage,
feasibility assessment, contract management, objectives-oriented planning, business models, financing
options, execution, monitoring and evaluation, risk management, and options for being more gender-
inclusive. Framework conditions have been screened for pull and push factors as well as barriers to full
stakeholders’ involvement. The resulting lessons can inform PPP practitioners in RRR and potentially fill gaps
in existing PPP guidance and tools.
47
6. Insufficient involvement of and alignment with stakeholders throughout the inception and
implementation processes can hinder synergies and put the PPP at risk.
48
Using investment guarantees to leverage private sector financing
Presenting Ms. Malinne Blomberg, Cote d'Ivoire, African Development
Author: Bank
Co-Authors:
Highlights
Investment guarantees are used to mitigate risks faced primarily by private players.
Whilst extensively used in sectors like energy, and transport, they are rarely used in water and waste.
This presentation demonstrates how guarantees can be used to bring additional and new financing to RRR
infrastructure and services.
Methodology approach
Establishment of high-level overall volumetric demand, the consequential demand for funding, the
challenges to private sector participation, the history of PSP in Africa and the reasons why existing guarantee
instruments are not being used. This was followed by assessing the potential realistic demand for guarantees
and how this can be promoted and by whom. The assignment concludes with a feasibility study of the
proposed instruments and recommendations on operationalisation. The study is based on primary and
secondary information sources. Hypotheses and recommendations were tested with private sector
stakeholders for relevance and underwent a peer review by the AfDB.
49
4. Development of a pipeline of bankable projects, including the use of blended finance. When the
transaction volume has increased, a specific investment guarantee facility may be set up for water
and waste;
Concrete suggestions will be provided for all of the above.
50
Seminar: Smart solutions in water and
waste management for liveable cities
ABSTRACT VOLUME
World Water Week in Stockholm
27 August – 1 September, 2017
51
Seminar: Smart solutions in water and waste management for liveable
cities
Contents
Application of the UWU model for urban water use management ................................... 553
People’s initiatives for improving livable urban slums through ecological management 555
Rethinking urban water management: Improving water security..................................... 557
Reuse oriented faecal sludge management in Kenyan towns ........................................... 559
T ▪ PARK: Leveraging the energy/water nexus in sludge treatment .....................................61
True or false: ‘pilots never fail, and never scale’? .................................................................. 62
Valuing sustainable urban drainage systems for water smart cities .................................... 64
Poster: Green infrastructure in context: Public health and ecosystem services ................. 66
Poster: Holistic Surface Water and Groundwater Management for Sustainable Cities ..... 68
Poster: How to revitalize decentralized wastewater treatment plants in Nepal ................ 70
Poster: Interactive map of urban wetlands ........................................................................... 72
Poster: Runoff and site suitability analysis of rain water harvesting structures ................. 74
Poster: Using urine as a smart solution for sustainable food production ........................... 76
52
Application of the UWU model for urban water use management
Presenting Dr. Daniel Costa dos Santos, Brazil, Federal University of
Author: Paraná
Co-Authors:
Highlights
The IUWM approach offers real possibilities for water sustainability;
The IUWM approach allows stakeholders to deal with a complexity of water use;
It is necessary to consider a public vision for water management in urban areas;
Methodology approach
The UWU Model, while base of a case study, was applied in Almirante Tamandaré. The UWU is composed by
six steps: input data, vision building, scenarios elaboration, measures selection, outcomes and final
evaluation. With input data collected, it is possible to build the vision by indicators selection. The scenarios
consider external factors such as growth population rate, temperature and gross domestic product per
capita. The measures are conceived based on Water Demand Management, Decentralized Sanitation,
ECOSAN and SUDS philosophies. To conduct the final evaluation it is estimated the Effectiveness Index (EI)
which establishes a hierarchy among group of measures.
53
Conclusions and recommendation
It was possible to observe in this case study that the best strategies were Water Demand Management and
Decentralized Sanitation. With these strategies it was possible to build a management water conservation
plan for Almirante Tamandaré. The UWU application has demonstrated some flexibility to manage variables,
due to the easiness to review the vision and to change the external factors. However, it is important to pay
attention to the input data step and to fit coefficients in equations according to each studied reality. And for
final evaluation it is recommended to have sensibility and knowledge enough to make good decisions.
54
People’s initiatives for improving livable urban slums through ecological
management
Presenting Mr. Md. Azahar Ali Pramanik, Bangladesh, Society for People's
Author: Action in Change and Equity (SPACE)
Highlights
Adamjee slum dwellers efficiently manage newly installed innovative water, sanitation and waste recycling
facilities to prevent diseases. They also manage stormwater keeping drainages functional during heavy rains
and floods. Managing fecal sludge and solid wastes into organic fertilizers, they promote healthy
environment, foods safety, promote marketing eco-products and urban-rural partnership.
Methodology approach
In quest of study question "How poor slum-dwellers have made their residences suitable to better live", the
study was designed and framed for conducting. Participatory approaches have been followed for conducting
the study. A set of data collection tools comprising of questionnaire for household survey, Key Informant
Interview, face to face interviewing, transect walks, observation sheets and Focus Group Discussion were
developed and trained data collectors collected data. To ensure quality of data, senior staffs directly
supervised monitored and rechecked 10% of collected data. Findings have been documented by critically
analyzing the qualitative and quantitative aspects of data.
55
Conclusions and recommendation
Despite over crowded population, severe water and sanitation crisis, improper waste management, water
logging due to older and clogged drainage, the poor slum dwellers of Adamjee slums have reorganized them
to prevent negative implications through undertaking an innovative initiative towards healthy and livable
environment. The innovative new initiatives include integration of hardware and software mixed
interventions e.g. assessing community needs, social preparation, Eco-friendly innovative technologies,
strengthening community capacities for monitoring, linking with resource organizations, resources recycle
for marketing, recovering partnership between urban and rural settings and involving multi-stakeholders
towards suitable lives in urban cities to address the targets of SDG.
56
Rethinking urban water management: Improving water security
Presenting Dr. Dinesh Mehta, India CEPT University, Ahmedabad
Author:
Highlights
The paper highlights susceptibility of cities in semi-arid regions to water scarcity. Climate change and
resultant uncertain weather patterns are forcing cities to take extreme steps to combat water crisis. The
paper describes efforts initiated by community based organization at reviving the lakes and recharging
groundwater in cities in India.
Methodology approach
Water resources management approach in Bhuj incorporates a strong technical knowledge in disseminating
information to the citizens through a citizens’ forum called as Jal Strot Sneh Savardhan Samiti (JSSS). In the
initial stages the forum was supported by NGO in the form of studies, research, data collection, capacity
building, planning and monitoring. Along with this, they also undertook technical interventions and pilot
demonstrations in the revival of the lake, flood control, groundwater recharge, rain water harvesting and
decentralized water supply systems. It is envisaged that these efforts will make the city water secure through
sustainable water resource management.
57
Conclusions and recommendation
The case of Bhuj shows a unique approach and offers valuable lessons in urban water resource management.
Smartest way to de-risk from future uncertainty is to begin with the conservation of local water resource
rather than depending on distant sources. There is a need to bring back that traditional knowledge to ensure
self-sufficiency in water resources.
58
Reuse oriented faecal sludge management in Kenyan towns
Presenting Ms. Alexandra Dubois, Deutsche Gesellschaft für
Author: Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH
Highlights
Improvement of environment through intermediate sludge management for cleaner cities and
reduced groundwater and water bodies pollution.
Reuse of faecal sludge coming from the DTF as soil conditioner or fertiliser, reducing the use of
chemical fertilizer.
Possible reuse of treated effluent from the DTF as irrigation water.
Methodology approach
The management of faecal sludge from onsite toilets is an infamously difficult problem in urban communities.
Often, sludge is dumped directly to the environment, with likely negative impacts on health. However, there
are opportunities in properly managing the faecal sludge through decentralized treatment facilities (DTFs)
with the aim of reusing the processed sludge for soil conditioning and the treated effluent for irrigation.
Utilities often accept responsibility only for sewerage, and not for FSM despite their institutional mandates
for sanitation service provision. The programme exploits this legal mandate for the utilities to construct DTFs
and promote reuse of the recycled resources.
59
Conclusions and recommendation
Marketing of the end-products of sanitation is not easy as utilities lack the capacities to market. Robust social
marketing strategy that referring to the best practices in sludge management is already being implemented.
There is potential for the DTF s approach to treat sludge to contribute to improved sanitation services while
also creating opportunities for farmers to use the natural manure recycled from faecal sludge and treated
water for irrigation. The use the sector structures and engagement of community groups as sanitation teams
gives the reuse of manure from sludge and effluent credence thus marking the turning point for sludge.
60
T ▪ PARK: Leveraging the energy/water nexus in sludge treatment
Presenting Mr. Laurent Auguste, Senior Executive Vice President of Veolia
Author:
Highlights
T ▪ PARK is the first sludge treatment facility in Hong Kong, treating sludge from 11 of Hong Kong’s sewage
treatment plants to achieve the government’s vision of sustainable waste management and waste to energy.
To facilitate community acceptance and raise awareness, it incorporates an environmental education center.
Methodology approach
T ▪ PARK combines technical innovations with creative measures for wider community acceptance. The intent
was to build a facility that addresses the water, waste, and energy challenges and simultaneously provides
opportunity for community awareness and acceptance. To manage the sludge volume, four fluidized bed
incineration trains operate at 850°C and can handle a daily capacity of 2,000 tons of wet sludge containing
30% dry solids. Steam generated from the process produces energy for onsite use and export to the grid.
61
True or false: ‘pilots never fail, and never scale’?
Presenting Ms. Titia Wouters, Netherlands, VIA Water
Author:
Highlights
Showing promising water innovations in urban Africa of African innovators;
New approach of searching for the African initiatives focusing on local ownership and sustainability;
Simultaneously learning and innovating leads to a higher rate of successful innovations potentially
making the transition to a sustainable business or social change
Methodology approach
VIA Water’s intention is to identify critical success factors of social innovations in the African urban context.
For this research, VIA Water supports a postdoctoral researcher (from Rwandese origin). VIA Water designed
a learning strategy, in which three levels of learning are defined; project, programme and concept. On each
level VIA Water carries out activities to uptake the knowledge collected there.
These activities entail Learning Tours, workshops, competitions and follow‐up VIA Water Cafés in the
countries concerned. Also country reviews were carried out by the African Studies Centre in Leiden.
62
We dare to argue that under the conditions mentioned above, the statement above: ‘pilots never fail and
never scale’ can be considered as false.
63
Valuing sustainable urban drainage systems for water smart cities
Presenting Ms. Katie Spooner, United Kingdom, Business in the
Author: Community
Co-Authors:
Highlights
Business in the Community (BITC) has worked with leading developers and water companies in the UK to
develop a business case for sustainable drainage systems (SuDS). This project has sought to demonstrate the
direct and multiple benefits of SuDs so that they can be integrated with future urban planning
Methodology approach
The concept was that non-domestic customers, working with schools initially, could be incentivised to
implement SuDS through re-investing subsequent savings from surface water charges.
Greater Manchester was chosen as the pilot area as it is a region that places direct costs on surface water
charges. there are currently over 1,000 schools paying together over £4.3m in surface water charges to
United Utilities per year. If they could all move down one charging band, this could save over £2m which could
be reinvested to cover the costs of SuDS measures in the short-term and educational benefits in the medium
term.
64
Conclusions and recommendation
By identifying the additional benefits for water quality, air quality, biodiversity and making our cities better
places to live and work the benefits of SuDS can be applied to a global context. Urban planners, national
policy makers and developers can be incentivised to invest in SuDs as part of a strategy of smart solutions in
water for climate resilient and liveable cities. Whilst this case study is based in the UK, SuDS technologies are
globally applicable and accessible.
65
Poster: Green infrastructure in context: Public health and ecosystem
services
Presenting Dr. Laura Schifman, United States, NRC Postdoc with U.S.
Author: Environmental Protection Agency
Co-Authors: Dr. Alessandro Ossola, United States, NRC Postdoc with U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency
Christopher Nytch, MS – Doctoral Candidate, Environmental
Sciences Dept., University of Puerto-Río Piedras Campus
Dr. William Shuster, United States, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency
Danny Wiegand, MSPH, PE – Environmental Engineer, US
Environmental Protection Agency
Matthew Hopton, PhD – Research Ecologist, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency
Highlights
Integrating socio-hydrology and public health principles into urban stormwater management can inform
urban planning to incorporate resilience to changes in climate forcing and vector ecology. We present two
case studies that identify potential green infrastructure benefits toward public health in subtropical urban
areas (Caguas, PR and New Orleans, LA).
Methodology approach
We describe a planning approach for contextual GI that targets the persistence of standing water after
rainfall in subtropical urban areas, thus disrupting and alleviating the severity of vector-borne disease
transmission and infection. To develop portfolios of suitable landscapes for GI toward both stormwater and
vector control, we used remotely sensed data of vegetation, topography, and rainfall patterns in conjunction
with field measurements on soil parameters and surface hydrology, in relation to the abundance of Aedes
aegypti and A. albopictus populations in Caguas, PR and New Orleans, LA.
66
Conclusions and recommendation
This interdisciplinary work recognizes that GI can serve multiple objectives that cut across social,
environmental, and institutional gradients in cities. We argue the importance of integrating both field and
remotely-sensed data for use in designing GI with the intent to control stormwater runoff and limit or
eliminate Aedes spp. habitat. Finally, incorporating eco-hydrological principles into city planning can
strengthen resilience to changing socio-environmental conditions and help implement innovative solutions
for dealing with coupled human-water issues, particularly those related to public health management and
watershed planning that enhances urban areas.
67
Poster: Holistic Surface Water and Groundwater Management for
Sustainable Cities
Presenting Prof. Chrysi Laspidou, Greece, University of Thessaly,
Author: Department of Civil Engineering
Highlights
Water4Cities project will focus on water management, urban infrastructure management, sensor networks,
data mining, data visualization, system integration and urban planning. Due to the multi-disciplinary nature
of the project, staff exchanges will allow partners working closely together to deliver high quality results and
contribute towards urban water sustainability.
Methodology approach
The Water4Cities project will rely on sensor technologies, data and visual analytics to enable localization,
visualization and analysis of urban water (both surface water and groundwater) at a holistic urban setting
providing services to multiple water stakeholders. More specifically, the Water4Cities project aims to develop
the necessary models and associated platform that will enable water providers and relevant stakeholders to
monitor in real-time the urban water resources, support their decisions for optimal urban water management
causing minimal environmental impact and involve policy makers, corporations and the public to provide the
support for sound and balanced decision-making.
68
Conclusions and recommendation
Overall the scarcity of groundwater data and their poor exploitation through existing ICT tools, calls for new
solutions assisting groundwater management. However, groundwater management cannot be seen in
isolation from the overall urban water ecosystem. Both surface water and groundwater should be viewed as
part of the extended urban water ecosystem with its spatiotemporal availability, quantity, quality and
competing uses being taken into account. Unlike existing approaches, Water4Cities will conduct research on
an integrated approach to tackle multiple issues concurrently, and assist in understanding trade-offs
between different measures and investments and in optimizing resource use in the urban water ecosystem.
69
Poster: How to revitalize decentralized wastewater treatment plants in
Nepal
Presenting Ms. Susanne Shatanawu, Netherlands, Simavi
Author:
Highlights
• Assessment of the functionality and management of decentralized waste water systems in
Kathmandu Valley, Nepal.
• The understanding of factors that affect functionality, sustainability and management of
decentralized wastewater treatment plants.
• The inclusion of private sector in the management of decentralized wastewater treatment plants.
Methodology approach
The study was conducted in two phases. The first phase took place in the month of December (Winter
Season) in which the existing DEWATS inside the Kathmandu valley were explored. The operational
conditions of the treatment plants were prioritized to make a category based on it and the site conditions of
the plants in full or partial operation were assessed. The second phase of the study was conducted in April
(Summer Season) for comparative analysis variation in functionality, flow pattern and site conditions.
70
Conclusions and recommendation
The study shows that treatment plants fail during the operation phase and their sustainability is a bigger issue
in Nepal. The major limitation behind the failure of the systems is weak management and low involvement
from major stakeholders during the operation phase. The study highlights several recommendations useful
for the guaranteeing better performance of wastewater units that concern: 1) the empowerment of the
caretakers of the system; 2) the collection of wastewater treatment tariff from the users; 3) incorporation of
proper biogas and sludge production in the design; 4) the engagement of private sector entrepreneurs.
71
Poster: Interactive map of urban wetlands
Presenting Ms. Camila Teutsch, Chile, Patagua
Author:
Highlights
Multi-stakeholder participation is being promoted for urban wetlands protection and management.
An integrated approach is being used to study urban wetlands as part of a green infrastructure
system, highlighting their relevance regarding stormwater management, water supply, public space
and climate change control.
Relevant public information on environmental and urban water issues is being produced.
Methodology approach
This is a social innovation project which has multi-stakeholder participation at its core. The participatory
process involves collaborative mapping, workshops, focus groups and other activities, which bring together
representatives of local governments, civil society organisations, education institutions, and the productive
sector. The participatory approach has been undertaken to identify information needs as well as to gather,
produce and validate part of the information that will feed the map. Also, extensive research has been
undertaken to understand what makes a social mapping platform useful, practical and alive.
72
and protection areas; v) development projects; vi) existing and potential paths and trails; vii)
touristic spots and highlights.
7. Research shows that collaborative mapping platforms tend to lose strength when they are too
ambitious in terms of the scope of information they cover and the applications they offer.
73
Poster: Runoff and site suitability analysis of rain water harvesting
structures
Presenting Prof. Kumar Veluswamy, India, ACRI-TNAU
Author:
Highlights
Suitable water harvesting sites are identified to create macro level rainwater harvesting structures.
The runoff potential map generated for this work will be useful for various applications such as flood
risk zone analysis, crop suitability area analysis.
Methodology approach
This paper presents a GIS-based approach for identifying the suitable sites for rainwater harvesting structures
in Madurai, one among 100 cities in India selected by Government of India. Site selection is made using runoff
potential of location, soil characteristics, slope details and land use pattern data. Runoff potential map is
generated using Soil Conservative Service –Curve Number method. Slope map is derived from the contour.
Land-use Land-cover data are obtained from NRSC, Hyderabad. Precipitation data is received from Global
weather data, Texas A & M University. These spatial data are processed with GIS software to obtain the
required thematic layers.
74
Conclusions and recommendation
Rain water harvesting structures are critical to conserve the scarce resource. It will be helpful to check floods
during rainy season. Madurai is now facing acute shortage of water and getting it from long distance.
Growing urban area and shrinking water bodies in the city makes the need for creation of more water storage
structures to cater both agricultural need and drinking purpose. With that view, Madurai is selected for
identification suitable sites to create water harvesting structures utilizing remote sensing and GIS
technologies and several suitable sites are identified for macro level rain water harvesting structures.
75
Poster: Using urine as a smart solution for sustainable food production
Presenting Mr. Joel Ssekabembe, Uganda, Kawuku Womens Group
Author:
Co-Authors:
Highlights
Urine was tested and evaluated as a crop fertilizer in small scale farming.
Urine contributes to significant yield improvements among urban farmers.
Social barriers against diffusion are negotiable.
Action research can create pathways towards sustainability.
Methodology approach
Urine is collected and stored in 5 gallons capacity from bathrooms among the mobilized
communities.
In one (1) gallon of urine you add 4 gallons of water to dilute the urine because it is strong and
concentrated.
Apply the urine to the outer perimeter of each plant that you feed.
Give one (1) pint to each plant and water the plants thoroughly after applying the urine.
76
Seminar: Harnessing opportunities for the
safe reuse of wastewater in agriculture
ABSTRACT VOLUME
World Water Week in Stockholm
27 August – 1 September, 2017
77
Seminar: Harnessing opportunities for the safe reuse of wastewater in
agriculture
Contents
Connecting practitioners across the Asia Pacific - the Kini Initiative ................................... 79
Global spatial assessment of indirect wastewater reuse in irrigated croplands ..................81
Irrigation with wastewater – experiences from Nigerian Fadama development project .. 83
Leveraging traceability to promote agricultural use of wastewater treatment biosolids . 85
Reuse of wastewater in agriculture in Bangladesh ............................................................... 87
Safe use of wastewater in LAC: status and capacity needs .................................................. 89
Sustainable wastewater reuse for agricultural application ...................................................91
Wastewater reuse for community livelihood enhancement Wadi Musa case study .......... 93
Poster: Effect of urine on maize yield - Prospects for food security .................................... 95
Poster: Evaluating filtration types of wastewater for agricultural irrigation systems........ 97
Poster: Strategic approach for waste water reusing in agriculture in Palestine ................. 99
78
Connecting practitioners across the Asia Pacific - the Kini Initiative
Presenting Ms. Karen Delfau, Australia, International WaterCentre Alumni
Author: Network
Highlights
Agriculture requires 80% of water resources in the Asia Pacific. The Kini Initiative connects practitioners and
brokers knowledge between Australia and the rest of the Asia Pacific to share and promote effective best
practices for water management in the Asia-Pacific, a key component of which is water recycling and reuse.
Methodology approach
Extensive research has been undertaken to understand (1) knowledge needs and (2) mechanisms for
accessing knowledge by practitioners in the Asia Pacific. The Kini Interview series provides long-form
interviews with leading water management practitioners in Australia and throughout the Asia-Pacific to
identify innovative approaches and evidence-based best practices to addressing water management and
water scarcity challenges throughout the region, particularly in the agriculture sector.
79
Conclusions and recommendation
Relationships are at the core of knowledge transfer, and the Kini Initiative works to link practitioners
throughout the Asia-Pacific to support learning and the implementation of Integrated Water Management
to address water scarcity challenges, particularly in the agricultural sector. Where Australia has developed
technologies, policies, and tools for addressing water scarcity challenges (including wastewater recycling and
reuse), the transfer of this knowledge and its eventual uptake requires a long-term, integrated approach.
80
Global spatial assessment of indirect wastewater reuse in irrigated
croplands
Presenting Dr. Anne Thebo, United States, University of California,
Author: Berkeley
Highlights
This study develops the first spatially-explicit estimate of irrigated croplands with a high likelihood of
irrigating with untreated, although often diluted urban wastewater. 35.9 Mha of irrigated croplands were
located in catchments highly influenced by urban wastewater flows. 29.3 Mha were located in areas with low
levels of wastewater treatment.
Methodology approach
Case studies document the widespread use of untreated wastewater in irrigated agriculture, but due to the
practical and political challenges of conducting a true census of this practice, its global extent is not well
known except where reuse has been planned. Cognizant of the limitations of past attempts to characterize
wastewater irrigation, we instead opted to develop a GIS-based decision tree classification algorithm. These
methods were developed to primarily quantify indirect reuse. Major sources of data used in this analysis
included MIRCA2000 (irrigated croplands), WRI AQUEDUCT database, AQUASTAT and other compilations on
wastewater treatment.
81
Conclusions and recommendation
Considerable strides have been made in increasing access to improved sanitation in urban areas, but
investments in wastewater treatment continue to lag behind. Even when untreated wastewater constitutes
a small percentage of flow, concentrations of pathogens in irrigation water can far exceed those
recommended in WHO guidelines. This study sheds further light on the often complicated ways in which
urban areas impact agricultural water quality in downstream peri-urban and rural environments. Further work
is needed to ensure that urban sanitation policies not only address the protection of surface water quality
for ecological reasons, but also recognize the water quantity and quality needs of downstream farmers.
82
Irrigation with wastewater – experiences from Nigerian Fadama
development project
Presenting Prof. Sridhar Mynepalli, Nigeria, University of Ibadan, Ibadan
Author:
Co-Authors:
Highlights
Nigeria embarked on Fadama farming since 1996 resulting in improved food security and quality of
life of farmers.
Wastewaters, municipal and industrial effluents were widely used for irrigation which became risk
factors.
There is need for improved irrigation water quality and implementation of stringent water quality
guidelines.
Methodology approach
Exhaustive data were collected from various States in northern, middle and southern belts, but this paper
limits to Taraba State. Data collection methods included community visits, in depth interviews and sampling
of irrigation water samples. Standard methods followed using American Public Health Association. Water
quality assessment was made using pH, Electrical conductivity, Chloride, major cations (Na+, Mg2+, Ca2+, K+),
zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), chromium (Cr), and nickel (Ni). In addition, boron, CO3,
HCO3 and NO3 were measured. Water quality risk factors were computed.
83
Conclusions and recommendation
Fadama initiative by the Nigerian Government since 1996 is most welcome by the farming populations. Where
there is water, there is food and farmers enjoyed improved quality of life economic gains. However, with
subsidized farming inputs and irrigation equipment, farmers used any available waters such as wastewaters,
effluents from small and medium scale industries, and polluted and eutrophic water bodies for irrigation thus
compromising water quality and public health risks. There is need to improve irrigation water quality through
technology use and implementing stringent water quality guidelines for effective reuse of precious water
resources.
84
Leveraging traceability to promote agricultural use of wastewater
treatment biosolids
Presenting Ms. Maelenn Poitrenaud, France, SEDE Environnement
Author:
Co-Authors:
Highlights
In order for a sustainable and economic land application of treated sludge, a robust method to verify and
validate the supply chain and life cycle from plant to land is necessary. This includes traceability, action where
violations and discrepancies occur, and effective measurement and reporting.
Methodology approach
SUIVRA can monitor any type of products, on both quantitative and qualitative basis, over a period of several
years. The software can be linked to a geographical information system that can display the plots used for
land application on a map base. The functional developments incorporated for connectivity with GIS make
Suivra a high-performance and user-friendly software program. The two applications are closely linked and
guarantee the traceability of the land application operations. SUIVRA’s functionalities enable users to check
the regulatory compliance status of sludge and by-products at any time, relative to expectations.
85
Conclusions and recommendation
Software applications such as SUIVRA allow land use application of biosolids to be done in a traceable and
verifiable manner. This traceability helps alleviate concern over misuse and pollution impacts. As a result, a
very sustainable use of a waste product can be more widespread. Currently, SUIVRA is being applied in
France, Belgium, United-Kingdom and in the Republic of Ireland. The software is conducive for use by
regulatory agencies in every country.
86
Reuse of wastewater in agriculture in Bangladesh
Presenting Prof. Mohammad Habibur Rahman, Bangladesh
Author:
Co-Authors:
Highlights
Context of wastewater reuse in agriculture and aquaculture and its pros and cons.
Critical evaluation of present practices associate to fecal contamination of greywater and its impact
on health and environment.
Recommendations for safe and sustainable reuse of wastewater.
Methodology approach
Most of the data in this study were collected from two Bangladeshi cities, Dhaka and Rajshahi. Statistically
representative wastewater samples were collected randomly towards the end of dry season in 2015 for
laboratory analysis. The study also presents findings of a questionnaire survey having a total sample of 250
households for Dhaka and 150 households for Rajshahi that were selected and interviewed using a semi-
structured questionnaire focusing wastewater disposal and fecal sludge management. Then governance
issues and secondary data are reviewed particularly for rural areas, where wastewater is reused in agriculture
and aquaculture to address the situation coherently.
87
Conclusions and recommendation
Reuse of wastewater has an increased benefit due to higher crop production with minimum fertilizer cost in
Bangladesh. But there are possibilities of incidents of pest and excess weed in the crop field as well as health
impacts of farmers. Microbiological and biological quality parameters in the wastewater used in agriculture
and aquaculture exceed FAO and WHO guidelines values. This demands much more attention on the
implementation of simple yet cost-effective alternatives to wastewater treatment plants to improve
wastewater quality, improving wastewater application methods, control of human exposure for their
sustainable utilization in the context of ecosystem perspective.
88
Safe use of wastewater in LAC: status and capacity needs
Presenting Mr. Javier Mateo-Sagasta, Sri Lanka, none
Author:
Co-Authors:
Highlights
Great potential to safely reuse the resources embedded in the 30 km 3 of municipal wastewater
produced every year in the region
To reach its potential and meet the SDG 6.3 the region needs to develop capacities and facilitate the
replication of the existing but still limited success stories
Methodology approach
We will present the results of a review of cases, literature and secondary data provided by a large number of
regional stakeholders to answer the following questions:
How much wastewater is produced, treated and reused in agriculture in the region?
What are the key capacities that need to be developed for a safer and more productive use of
wastewater in agriculture?
What are some bright examples that if replicated across the region could accelerate the transition
for more and safer reuse?
The capacity needs assessment is partly based on the consultative workshops undertaken under an FAO-
WHO-UNEP-UNWDPC-UNU-INWEH-ICID-IWMI project.
89
Conclusions and recommendation
Countries in the region need to assess in depth their capacity needs for a safer and more productive use of
wastewater in agriculture in at least these focus areas: i) better data and diagnosis of wastewater
management, ii) more institutional coordination and policy integration, iii) broader use of the WHO 2006
guidelines and iii) better business models and incentives for safe reuse.
The region needs to design cooperative initiatives to promote that countries learn from each other and
replicate success reuse stories across the region.
90
Sustainable wastewater reuse for agricultural application
Presenting Ms. Aleksandra Lazic, Sweden, Xylem Inc.
Author:
Highlights
Reuse of municipal wastewater is the responsible solution to manage water scarcity, but configuring the
most sustainable treatment system is challenging. This study offers an approach based on sustainability tools
(e.g. environmental and economic evaluations, effluent performance and plant size) in the configuration of
the agriculture reuse treatment systems.
Methodology approach
Two (2) different treatment trains for water reclamation for agriculture and urban use were evaluated for
three different full-scale sizes 20,000, 100,000 and 500,000 PE.
The environmental assessment is carried out with LCA methodology according to ISO 14044 (2006). The goal
is to compare the environmental profiles of treatment lines, which deliver reclaimed water for the same
purpose.
The upstream boundary of the assessed system is the wastewater at the point of intake to the SBR. The
downstream boundary considers all the effluents including reclaimed water and sludge treatment (aerobic
sludge stabilization step (AD), thickening (TH) and dewatering (DW)).
91
Conclusions and recommendation
This study shows that various wastewater treatment trains can achieve the same reuse effluent quality while
having different environmental and economic impacts. Sustainability tools (effluent quality, LCA, LCC, energy
consumption, footprint, water efficiency) can be used to provide a more complete understanding of the
environmental, economic and social impacts when selecting the most sustainable reuse treatment train of
certain size.
92
Wastewater reuse for community livelihood enhancement Wadi Musa case
study
Presenting Dr. Loay Froukh, Jordan, JWSRO/NGO
Author:
Co-Authors:
Highlights
This paper presents a success story for sustainable development project in Wadi Musa where wastewater
reuse is used to alleviate the poverty and create jobs for the local community.This will to support Jordan wide
strategy to encourage beneficial reuse of wastewater and will contribute to achieve SDG's 1 (poverty), 2 (food
security) and 6 (water and sanitation).
Methodology approach
Using the integrated rural water management approach and adopting the water conservation and reuse
strategy,Wadi Musa wastewater reuse project was established to irrigate 100 hectares in the first phase. A
main conveyance system (3 km) with booster stations to pump water from Wadi Musa wastewater treatment
plant to farms downstream. In order to run the project an NGO farming Association was established to be
responsible on the project.The Women form 20% of the farmers.The HF and JWSRO provided the technical
support to farmers to maintain the irrigation system and so it can provide optimum use of wastewater.
93
Conclusions and recommendation
The Wadi Musa case study is a success reuse story which lead to;
A source of income for the local community members has been secured
A revolving fund has been established which will invest at least 20% of the annual revenues of the
cooperative to support the future expansion
Social stabilization and reduction of migration from rural to urban.
Women farmers involvement in farming activities and association decision process
Protection of the tourism environment around Petra
Contribution to achieve SDG's: 1 (poverty), 2 (food security) and 6 (water and sanitation).
94
Poster: Effect of urine on maize yield - Prospects for food security
Presenting Dr. Oliver Odikamnoro, Nigeria, Ebonyi State University
Author:
Highlights
The effect of human urine on the growth and yield of three local varieties of maize was investigated on the
research farm of the Faculty of Agriculture, Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki, southeast Nigeria. Results
revealed that human urine significantly influenced the growth rates and yield of the varieties of maize.
Methodology approach
The experiment was designed to determine the effectiveness of human urine as a viable and beneficial source
of plant nutrients in comparison to other sources of nutrients. The experiment was a 5x3 factorial laid out in
a randomized complete block design (RCBD). It had factor A as five sources of fertilizer (human urine, poultry
manure, urea, NPK 15:15:15, and control). Factor B was three local maize varieties. This gave a total of 15
treatment combinations replicated three times, giving a total of 45 plots. Urine treatment was applied on all
three varieties of maize and compared with other nitrogen sources.
95
Conclusions and recommendation
Previous documented works by different authors have successfully demonstrated the benefits of using
human urine as fertilizer. The results of this study affirmed these earlier works. Urine can be harvested by
constructing community urine diverting latrines in residential neighbourhoods. Simple and water-less urinals
can be constructed near the garden for collecting the urine for use in the field. Urine can also be collected
from private homes and stored before use. This work has high implication for policy. Governments at all levels
should promote ecological sanitation and en-corporate it into relevant agricultural, health, and
environmental policies and programmes.
96
Poster: Evaluating filtration types of wastewater for agricultural irrigation
systems
Presenting Mr. Michael Davidson, United States, Davidson Consultants
Author:
Co-Authors:
Highlights
This presentation provides a comparative study of three filtration systems of wastewater for agricultural use.
This research includes: a taxonomy and description of the properties of wastewater salient for agricultural
use; a comparison of the amount of water disposed during operation; available options for wastewater
filtration; and generalizable outcomes
Methodology approach
This study compared the performance of three methods of filtration for agricultural use of wastewater in
California. This is a quantitative comparison of sand media filtration, automatic self-cleaning disk filtration
and automatic self-cleaning screen filtration. The purpose of the study was to determine the rate of flushing,
quantity of flushing effluent, time for flushing sequence. The source for all three system is the same;
wastewater provided by Ventura County. Each system had identical inputs: flow, filtration degree, water
source, pressure and operative demands. The evaluation covered one irrigation season of 100 days.
97
Conclusions and recommendation
Wastewater is of significant utility for agricultural purposes. A key consideration for irrigation system using
wastewater is filtration type. An important characteristic of filtration systems is the amount of water that is
disposed during the automatic flushing sequence. It is important to reduce the amount of wastewater that
is disposed and, conversely, make greater use of total available wastewater. This research illustrates
important inferences about the utility of self-cleaning screen filtration. Self-cleaning screen filters provide a
reliable and generalizable solution for reducing wastewater disposal for irrigation systems.
98
Poster: Strategic approach for waste water reusing in agriculture in
Palestine
Presenting Mr. Bahaa Obaid, Palestinian Territories, OBAID Integrated
Author: Solutions
Highlights
This research presents a new approach to encourage the society and farmers to use treated waste water
through public awareness, Farmers incentives and sustainable treated water supply for agriculture.
Methodology approach
Research methodology is based on three phases: Survey analysis for 100 farmers, Intensive Public awareness
and Implementing approach on selected Pilot area in North Gaza.
This paper presents a pilot study in Gaza and will address Public Awareness Program implemented in pilot
area. This paper also shows the analysis of Detailed social-cultural Survey about using of treated water in
Agricultural.
99
Seminar: Water, pollution, and systemic
challenges: the case of the textile industry
Photo: iStock
ABSTRACT VOLUME
World Water Week in Stockholm
27 August – 1 September, 2017
100
Seminar: Water, pollution, and systemic challenges: the case of the textile
industry
Contents
From field to fashion: examining textile’s grey water footprint ......................................... 102
Taking textile water stewardship to the next level ............................................................ 104
Targets and textiles: target setting in the private sector ....................................................105
The ZDHC wastewater discharge guideline for the textile industry ................................... 107
Wastewater management in Egyptian textile industry sector ......................................... 1099
Poster: Sustainable management practices to the textile industry for growing economy 111
101
From field to fashion: examining textile’s grey water footprint
Presenting Ms. Ruth Mathews, Netherlands, Water Footprint Network
Author:
Highlights
Water Footprint Assessment of polyester and viscose fibres, field cotton and washing, dyeing and finishing
mills shows that the grey water footprint is by far the largest share of textile’s total water footprint and that
this water footprint is often in locations already suffering from poor water quality.
Methodology approach
Quantification of the impacts of textile production on water resources has been mainly focused on water
consumption. This study analysed the impact of textile at different stages of production – raw materials,
fibres production and washing, dyeing and finishing – by applying the Water Footprint Assessment
methodology. The grey water footprint, i.e., the volumes of freshwater required to assimilate pollution to
meet specific water quality standards (grey water footprint) was calculated for each production stage and
for different fibre types and the environmental sustainability of this water footprint was assessed against
local pollution levels and their socioeconomic efficiency against benchmarks.
102
Conclusions and recommendation
Adopting better practices and processes without compromising production can significantly contribute to
the reduction of freshwater pollution by the textile industry and consequently enhance water quality where
textile is produced. The grey water footprint of textile production assists selection of the most effective
practices for reducing the industry’s impact on freshwater quality and can be used to prioritise locations in
most need of investment into improved practices. These practices include better choices in the chemicals
used, both at industrial and field levels, chemical reuse and closed-loop cycle production at industrial level,
and enhancement of wastewater disposal and treatment methods.
103
Taking textile water stewardship to the next level
Presenting Ms. Charlotta Jarnmark, Sweden, Pierre Borjesson
Author:
Co-Authors:
Highlights
Global textile companies bring proof of impact, cleaning up their internal business.
Collective action push out of existing footprint and sets off a multiplication of impact into new areas,
new sectors.
Movement from a footprint approach to understanding collective action
Methodology approach
The stewardship journey, from a clean fish in a dirty pond to a clean brand in a dirty world.
104
Targets and textiles: target setting in the private sector
Presenting Ms. Orla Delargy, Ireland, CDP
Author:
Highlights
The World Bank estimates 20% of industrial water pollution comes from textile production. The high water
intensity of this sector, coupled with increasing demand is straining already stressed water resources. CDP
highlights how textiles companies are setting targets to improve their water management practices.
Methodology approach
Companies need to set targets and goals to bring their water impacts to sustainable levels that reflect the
ecological, economic and social needs of the river basins in which they operate. The textiles industry is no
exception, and must tailor the objectives it sets to the specific challenges it faces. As above, pollution is one
of the key challenges for this sector. In this presentation, the information that textiles companies disclosed
about their targets is analysed. This includes: category of target, motivation for target, base-line year and
proportion of target achieved. Case studies of best practice will be presented throughout.
105
Conclusions and recommendation
There some excellent examples of proactive action from textiles companies, but the sector can do more to
address its growing impact on water resources. Meaningful targets are needed to address the specific issues
that face the textiles sector, such as water pollution and contamination. As regulation on the textiles industry
tightens, companies will have to practice good water management to remain competitive and ensure that
they retain their social license to operate.
106
The ZDHC wastewater discharge guideline for the textile industry
Presenting Mr. John Rydzewski, United States, Nike, Inc.
Author:
Highlights
First of kind guideline to set pass/fail reporting limits and standardizes testing methods for 15
targeted classes of hazardous chemicals
Defines equivalence among various national standards and regulations for traditional wastewater
parameters
Creates a three-tiered system to drive continuous improvement on traditional wastewater
parameters for direct dischargers
Methodology approach
In the apparel and footwear industry, most manufacturing processes use water and generate wastewater
that requires treatment before reuse or discharge. Treatment processes often are developed to align with
effluent discharge parameters dictated by regulations that govern the receiving waterbody or centralized
wastewater treatment. Many countries have developed wastewater discharge regulations, some specific to
the textile industry, which reduce the potential for human health issues and/or negative environmental
impacts. Leading consumer brands in the textile and apparel industry have recognized an opportunity to
drive performance beyond existing regulations and guidelines; and to address 15 classes of hazardous
chemicals.
107
quality guideline for the apparel and footwear industry. This guideline goes beyond regulatory compliance to
help ensure wastewater discharges do not adversely affect the environment or the surrounding
communities, and is the first in the world to develop pass/fail criteria for 15 classes of hazardous chemicals.
108
Wastewater management in Egyptian textile industry sector
Presenting Prof. Rifaat Abdel Wahaab, Egypt, Holding Co.for Water and
Author: Wastewater (HCWW)
Co-Authors:
Highlights
The Egyptian textile industry is one of the corner stone of the Egyptian economic strategy. It has a major
impact on the social economic and environment quality of life. It faces a challenging condition in the field of
quality and productivity due to globalization of the world market.
Methodology approach
The current study intends to search how the Egyptian textile industry can be motivated to reduce their
wastewater pollution through implementing process integrated improvements and abatement technologies.
In the past several improvements projects in the Egyptian textile industry have taken place demonstrating
the viability of the approach of Resource Efficiency and Cleaner Productions. Also as wastewater treatment
technology is widely applied in the wet textile processing industry worldwide the question remains how the
textile industry can be motivated to implement these technologies to the extent required.
109
Conclusions and recommendation
The study is highly recommend cleaner production opportunities, and at the same time reduce pollutants
concentrations in the final effluent. Accordingly, the following few pollution prevention opportunities were
recommended:
1. Tight closing of dyestuff containers in the chemical store.
2. Replacement of acetic acid by formic acid.
3. Combining the after “full bleaching or dyeing” neutralization-softening steps in one bath.
4. Expanding the use of bi-functional reactive dyestuffs
110
Poster: Sustainable management practices to the textile industry for
growing economy
Presenting Mr. Sohail Ali Naqvi, Pakistan, WWF-Pakistan
Author:
Co-Authors:
Highlights
This paper demonstrates the analysis of implementation of agreements (MEAs) and linkage with local
standards in the textile sector of Pakistan. This project also highlights the sustainable practices in the textile
industry to reduce the water consumption as well as wastewater production in processes with cost-benefit
analysis.
Methodology approach
We have engaged different groups of textile sectors from weaving to textile processing and did our analysis
on the implementation of Multi-environmental agreements (MEAs) in the industrial sector. We also
conducted surveys for the water consumption per process and wastewater production in the textile sector.
On the basis of our observations, some practices (Smart Environmental Management Practices) were devised
for those industrial sectors to adopt and become resource efficient with cost-benefit analysis. Some
techniques of water replenishment were also suggested from the treated or recycled water to reduce the
load on the water reserves
111
Conclusions and recommendation
The alignment of the local standards with the multi-environmental agreements will make it easy for the
textile industry to understand and implement on ground. The adoption of SEMPs in textile industries will
reduce the resources consumption in the processes as well as increase the production which will be leading
towards the economic benefits and productivity of the country. The SEMPs practices are one of the solutions
of the problem and could be used as guidelines for industries. By arranging training sessions, the compliance
of environmental standards and SEMPs implementation could be made more clear to the industrial sector.
112
Seminar: Opportunities and limits to
water pollution regulations
Photo: iStock
ABSTRACT VOLUME
World Water Week in Stockholm
27 August – 1 September, 2017
113
Seminar: Opportunities and limits to water pollution regulations
Contents
Agrochemical use in Argentine farming and its impact on water - Legal implications ...... 115
An operator’s views on wastewater regulations around the world ................................... 117
Integrating water footprint assessment into regulations to meet policy goals ................ 119
Policy strategies for contaminants of emerging concern in water ......................................121
To a paradigm shift in water quality and safety assessment............................................... 123
Wastewater management regulations: challenges and opportunities for Africa .............. 125
Poster: Integrated management of industrial effluents in Montevideo - Uruguay ........... 127
Poster: Water quality and climate change: Science supply vs. demand ............................. 129
114
Agrochemical use in Argentine farming and its impact on water - Legal
implications
Presenting Dr. Clara Maria Minaverry, Argentina, National Cousel for
Author: Scientific and Technical Research, University of Buenos Aires
and National University of Lujan
Highlights
Sustainable Development Goal N° 6 (3) states that by 2030, we must improve water quality by reducing
pollution, and minimize chemicals release.
On the contrary in Argentina, Buenos Aires Provincial Congress is analyzing a bill of law which reduces
agricultural herbicides use distances between fields and households, without protecting water.
Methodology approach
Exploratory phase:
We compiled regulations and jurisprudence about agrochemical use in farming activities in a selection of
provinces of Argentina (Buenos Aires, Santa Fe and Cordoba). We followed the direct documental
observation and the legal hermeneutics methods.
Descriptive phase:
The information taken before was categorized in order to elaborate a description of provincial “cases”.
Analytical phase:
The documental analysis implemented was used to ascertain legal principles and decisions, in order to find
strengths and weakness which are described at the conclusions.
115
which is regulated by the hazardous waste law, and the pilot was sentenced as co-author. Both were disabled
to manage these toxic products and also were obliged to comply with community work.
One of the most important issues was that courts applied the “Precautionary Principle” in all the analyzed
jurisprudence, and they declared that scientific uncertainty about environmental risks could provoke
irreversible damages to people and nature.
116
An operator’s views on wastewater regulations around the world
Presenting Mr. Nicolas Le Poder, Belgium, Northern Europe zone
Author:
Co-Authors:
Highlights
The challenges facing wastewater systems stakeholders are to efficiently collect and treat wastewater while
reducing energy, maximizing water reuse and recovering materials at best cost, speed and environmental
efficiency. Global operators such as Veolia are benefit from seeing how different regulations generate
different kind of results over time.
Methodology approach
Veolia actively partakes in bidding for construction or operations of wastewater facilities in nearly all
countries, ranging from developing to more mature economies. This diverse experience offers a perspective
to compare situations with different regulatory approaches. From this perspective gathered from their own
experience or from technology transfers, the authors compare regulatory challenge experiences from
various geographies.
The authors will focus more so on the different kind of results obtained and trends noted over time with a
given a regulatory approach than on evaluation of short term results.
117
Conclusions and recommendation
Pollution control options are influenced by the level of ambition of the local authorities, and reflect an
understanding of pollution impacts, desired level of pollution control, compliance timelines, and the
economic capacity of the country and trust in its development capacity. Countries usually first opt for
traditional and basic wastewater treatment requirements, as SDG Goal 6 suggests: and even this fundamental
approach can take a decade to implement. Over time, more tailored and diverse approaches are necessary
to deal with an increasingly uncertain future, and to deal with longer time frames because stakeholder
support becomes the determining time factor
118
Integrating water footprint assessment into regulations to meet policy
goals
Presenting Dr Christopher Briggs, Executive Director, the Water Footprint
Author: Network
Highlights
A new regulatory framework integrating water footprint indicators into water abstraction licences and
effluent discharge permits was developed with UK Environmental Agency to help achieve policy goals. By
including both water consumption and water quality indicators, this holistic framework will be instrumental
in allocating pollution loads while protecting the environment.
Methodology approach
To develop a new regulatory scheme that supports sustainable development, we applied Water Footprint
Assessment in 35 sub-catchments located in the UK Environment Agency’s Hertfordshire North London
(HNL) Area. We first calculated green, blue and grey water footprints for the domestic, industrial and
agricultural sectors on a monthly basis for both surface and groundwater. Next, we evaluated monthly blue
water scarcity and water pollution levels for surface and groundwater to assess the sustainability of the water
footprints. Furthermore, we applied a wet and dry climate change scenarios and demographic changes to
predict changes in pollution loads for the year 2060.
119
Conclusions and recommendation
Our analysis showed that Water Footprint Assessment and in particular, water pollution levels can provide a
basis for regulatory reform at the catchment level. The grey water footprint and water pollution levels can
be instrumental in managing cumulative effects of point and nonpoint source pollutant discharges. Most
importantly, using a common metric for water quantity and quality management enables integration across
surface and groundwater, scarcity and pollution. Next steps of setting water footprint maximum sustainable
limits, equitable allocations and improved water efficiency will support further improvements in managing
water resources sustainably now and into the future.
120
Policy strategies for contaminants of emerging concern in water
Presenting Dr. Florence Metz, Switzerland, University of Bern, Institute of
Author: Political Science
Highlights
Overview of policies in selected countries regarding contaminants of emerging concern to water
quality
Results from an international survey with public, private, and civic actors about preferences
regarding command-and-control, market-based, and persuasive instruments
Results on actors’ support for proactive or reactive approaches to deal with uncertainties related to
emerging pollutants
Methodology approach
Which policies do countries adopt for contaminants of emerging concern? How can policy-makers reach
agreements that ensure water protection? We evaluated policy designs of Switzerland, France, Germany, and
the Netherlands with a 6-item index, and analysed networked policy processes that promote water
protection agreements.
Which policy instruments do actors support to address emerging pollutants? Which strategies do actors
pursue when they face uncertainties related to substances with unknown hazardous consequences? We
conducted an international survey with 110 public and private actors involved in water policymaking and
analyzed preferences towards command-and-control, market-based, persuasive instruments, proactive and
reactive strategies.
121
nevertheless, represent a pragmatic policy compromise on which environmentalists and sceptics could agree
in the Swiss case. Similar results will be presented for the German, French, and Dutch cases in a comparative
perspective.
122
To a paradigm shift in water quality and safety assessment
Presenting Dr Armelle Hebert, Veolia, France
Author:
Highlights
Endocrine disruption
in vitro bioassays
safety assessment framework
Methodology approach
Smart combinations of chemical & biological analytics can lead to reduced uncertainty in safety assessments,
especially with regards to endocrine disruption, oxidative stress as other relevant primary adverse outcome
pathways triggered by environmental mixtures of water micropollutants.
Recent international projects delivered several methodological advances leading to a comprehensive
framework including the most promising panel of assays and expanded effect-based trigger values (EBT) for
both drinking and environmental waters (GWRC Endocrine Toolbox II, FP7 DEMEAU, FP7 Solutions, BRAVE
initiative). These innovations could contribute to strengthen the safety of conventional water treatment
plants and be integrated in future regulations.
123
Conclusions and recommendation
By hosting a collaborative task-force or expert working group including GWRC experts and gathering
international organizations such as WHO, UNESCO and the OECD we can get to benchmark these new effect-
based trigger values, and contribute to the water challenge by targeting Water effect-based standards.
Complementary tasks could also be taken up by such Science to Policy interface as a supportive action to
better explain and disseminate the associated benefits for stakeholders as citizen towards their health
protection, municipalities and local authorities, water professionals and institutional bodies.
124
Wastewater management regulations: challenges and opportunities for
Africa
Presenting Mr. Clever Mafuta, Norway, GRID-Arendal
Author:
Co-Authors:
Highlights
With as much as 65% of residents in some African urban centres living in slums, management of wastewater
needs creative policies that are attractive to investors while at the same time facilitating a habitable
environment for residents. Africa lacks adequate infrastructure for wastewater management and adequate
sanitation provision.
Methodology approach
The Drivers-Pressure-State-Impact-Response framework will be used in a desk research that addresses the
following questions:
1. What is the state of wastewater pollution in Africa?
2. Where and by who is the bulk of wastewater generated?
3. What are the regulatory solutions to wastewater management, and are these adequate?
4. What are the human and ecosystem impacts of poor wastewater management in Africa?
5. Where are successes in wastewater management in Africa, and how can this be up-scaled or
replicated?
6. Why is new investment needed in wastewater management in Africa, and will it profitable.
125
Cases from Burkina Faso indicate that investment in both sanitation and wastewater management can be
profitable for both private and public investment. Such investment needs to be supported by a well-
functioning regulatory system.
126
Poster: Integrated management of industrial effluents in Montevideo -
Uruguay
Presenting Ms. Alicia Stella Raffaele Vázquez, Uruguay, Government of
Author: Montevideo.
Highlights
Montevideo, the smallest of the 19 political/administrative divisions of the Republic of Uruguay, concentrates
most of the country's industries and service activities, and almost half of the country's population.
Main contamination sources are: domestic sewage, industrial effluents and solid waste disposal.
Methodology approach
The Industrial Effluent Monitoring Program is complementary to the Program of Water Bodies and
Environment and Education, initiated in the year 1997. Previously, a municipal regulation, the “Industrial
Pollution Reduction Plan” (Resolution number 761/96), was carried out gradually, thus allowing its adoption
by small businesses that could not afford large investments in a short period of time.
The companies responsible for 90% of the pollution of Industrial origin in Montevideo, according to their
actual or potential contribution to such pollution, are included in the Industrial Effluent Monitoring Program,
and are grouped into prioritization categories.
127
This prompted improvements in the relationship between industries and the community. The industries
became more open in their relationship with the population, thus driving more and better information.
The implementation of the program has also involved job creation (oriented towards supporting technical
areas of environmental affairs): preparation of technical reports, works or reforms required, and others.
Furthering these industrial effluent control efforts to recover watercourses and to improve the
environmental quality of Montevideo and its habitants, management system and public works’ plans were
implemented for: construction of health infrastructure, rehabilitation of networks and interceptors, and
elimination of uncontrolled discharges of waste and other pollutants into water streams.
128
Poster: Water quality and climate change: Science supply vs. demand
Presenting Ms. Meghan Klasic, United States, University of California,
Author: Davis
Highlights
1. Climate change science and management overwhelmingly focuses on water quantity instead of
water quality
2. There are gaps between water quality and climate change science supply and demand
3. Comparing on-the-ground managerial experience with peer-reviewed and published science helps
inform future water quality and climate change policy making
Methodology approach
The overarching research question is how can science meet the needs of resource managers? More
specifically we are concerned with long-term water quality and climate change planning. Framing this study
in terms of supply and demand, we compare survey results of California drinking water systems with the
subset of published literature that addresses water quality and climate change in California. To determine
whether supply meets demand, we compare the results using an alignment/misalignment typology. This
methodological approach allows us to begin ground-truthing science supply to determine whether it is
addressing the most appropriate challenges as identified by water practitioners.
129
Conclusions and recommendation
The results question the assumption that science production inherently addresses the largest climate change
impacts to drinking water quality by showing potential gaps between science supply and demand using on-
the-ground experiences and available literature. While the results cannot be universally applied, this study
does help us in beginning to understand why climate change planning may tend to overlook water quality in
favor of availability and supply. As a next step, we are conducting case study interviews with drinking water
managers throughout California to continue the discussion on water quality threats and climate change
planning.
130
Seminar: Governance of water and waste:
a key to sustainable development?
Photo: SIWI
ABSTRACT VOLUME
World Water Week in Stockholm
27 August – 1 September, 2017
131
Seminar: Governance of water and waste: a key to sustainable
development?
Contents
Addressing integrity risks in wastewater management: good and bad practices ..........13133
Community-based integrated water resources management in Meghalaya ..................13135
Embedding integrity in water and waste management through social accountability ..13137
Governance of sanitation: incentives for turning political will into action ..................... 13139
Incorporating water governance in the annual monitoring and reporting framework .... 141
Stakeholder engagement to improve community-scale wastewater system
governance in Indonesia ........................................................................................................ 143
Sustainable water governance in industrial symbiosis: the case of Kalundborg ............... 145
Poster: Local leadership development: An example for locally-driven, sustainable
waste management ............................................................................................................... 147
Poster: Non-existent water supply regulators - Implications for sector governance ....... 149
Poster: Performance measurement for effective regulation - Case of Indian urban
water supplies ........................................................................................................................ 151
Poster: Public-civil society incremental involvement in water governance in
Latin America .......................................................................................................................... 153
Poster: Tensions in rural water governance in the digital era ............................................. 155
132
Addressing integrity risks in wastewater management: good and bad
practices
Presenting Mr. Frank van der Valk, Germany, Water Integrity Network
Author:
Highlights
Integrity risks in the wastewater sector received little explicit attention till now.
Integrity concerns related to urban, industrial and agricultural water pollution, and wastewater
infrastructure are reviewed.
Good and bad practices show the need and possibilities for more transparency, ac-countability,
participation and anti-corruption action in wastewater management.
Methodology approach
What are the key integrity concerns that need to be addressed when managing wastewater? How can these
risks be mitigated?
In light of the lack of information available on integrity risks in the wastewater sector, this study addresses
the above stated research questions. Good and bad practices of wastewater management exist, but the
integrity concerns associated with these cases have often not been studied. Desk research and case studies
highlight the importance of tackling integrity concerns in the wastewater sector and demonstrate the need
for more integrity when planning, implementing and monitoring urban, industrial and agricultural
wastewater developments.
133
initiative proposes indicators to monitor progress regarding wastewater, water quality and water efficiency,
providing a reference point for watchdogs and citizens to flag shortfall with regard to governmental
commitments.
134
Community-based integrated water resources management in Meghalaya
Presenting Dr. Arvind Kumar, India, India Water Foundation
Author:
Co-Authors:
Highlights
Community-based integrated water resources management coupled with the water-energy-food nexus
approach and ecosystem-based adaptation (EbA) to climate change have helped Meghalaya tide over its
water crisis by harnessing storm water runoff and incur gainful tradeoffs via inward and outward linkages.
Methodology approach
The research has adopted comparative and analytical tools of methodology and used mixed qualitative and
quantitative methods including: a random rural household survey; focus group discussions with members of
tribal communities, and interviews with water governance stakeholders at community, village and official
institutional levels. The focus is on to analyse the outcome of IWRM, Nexus and ecosystem-based adaptation
(EbA) approaches for sustainable development with water being at the core.
135
Conclusions and recommendation
IWRM alone is not enough and it is to be applied in tandem with Nexus and EbA approaches. Keeping in view
the unique constitutional status of Meghalaya, increasing role of communities along with their capacity
building is required. Compatibility between legislation and local tribal customs and traditions is essential in
managing water and other natural resources is the need of the hour. Undoubtedly, UN agencies and other
international organizations are supporting Meghalaya; nevertheless, increased support is required to achieve
the SDGs.
136
Embedding integrity in water and waste management through social
accountability
Presenting Ms. Monica Chundama, Zambia, Action for Water
Author:
Highlights
Social accountability for water security emphasises citizen engagement to activate IWRM institutions, hold
duty bearers to account and advocate for change. Results demonstrate potential to improve services and
promote integrity in the water and waste sectors. Zambian practitioners share impact, sustainability and
scalability of the approach.
Methodology approach
Social accountability monitoring for improved water security is being piloted in Zambia by Water Witness
International and Action for Water through the Fair Water Futures initiative. The methodology involves a
participatory approach to identify and work with vulnerable water users, helping them to understand their
rights and the statutory duties of WRM institutions, and to ‘activate’ law and policy to ensure protection of
the water they depend upon. By tracking responses to community activation and analysing how financial and
human resources are used in the sector, the project provides compelling evidence to advocate for improved
sector performance.
137
The dearth of funding and human resources facing institutions such as the Water Resource
Management Authority and the Zambia Environmental Management Agency stand as key barriers
to effective waste and water management in Zambia.
The work generated an evidence base upon which to advocate for system change to improve waste
and water management.
138
Governance of sanitation: incentives for turning political will into action
Presenting Dr. Andrés Hueso, Spain, WaterAid
Author:
Highlights
To turn political will into action and accelerated sanitation progress, governments need to cascade
political prioritisation and invest in timely course correction to address bottlenecks.
Linking sanitation with values of modernity and cultural heritage and political and professional
return are critical incentives shaping these processes
Methodology approach
The research presented tried to explore how countries tried to translate high-level political commitment into
prioritisation and course correction happens. We visited three countries and focused on the role of incentives
in shaping this process as a way to understand the political economy behind it. We looked at three subsectors
where there is evidence of a certain degree of high-level political commitment: urban sanitation in Indonesia,
and rural sanitation in Ethiopia and India. We spent a week in each country, doing key informant interviews
and field visits.
139
Conclusions and recommendation
Two key recommendations emerge:
To cascade political prioritisation. How?
Foster buy-in by aligning with the world views of key stakeholders, linking sanitation with notions of nation-
building.
Tap into personal aspirations, ensuring sanitation efforts result in recognition and career progression.
Enlist influential figures to drive prioritisation.
Work with the financial, legal and political realities of decentralisation.
To invest in timely course correction to address bottlenecks. How?
Invest in reliable verification systems.
Nurture a culture of learning.
Use informal sharing and reporting mechanisms that cut across hierarchies and enable a rapid information
flow.
Set up review mechanisms, ensuring quality over quantity.
140
Incorporating water governance in the annual monitoring and reporting
framework
Presenting Ms. Rosemary Nakaggwa , Uganda, GIZ
Author:
Highlights
Developing dedicated indicators to measure, analyse and report on the quality of processes used in the sector
to deliver services was our challenge. We did this through identification of critical areas of concern, raising
awareness on governance processes that promote service delivery and aligning these with the Sustainable
Development Goals.
Methodology approach
Our study focused on governance processes and aspects that have significant impact on water service
delivery. The indicators were developed in a step-wise approach starting with the consultation and
development of the project approach with the Good Governance Working Group. Establishment of a
tentative set of indicators and identification of data sources and gaps was done. The final set of indicators
was prioritised from a larger range of potential indicators in a participatory process. Criteria were established
of relevancy, ease to identify, collect and monitor, regular availability of information/data, ease to compile,
analyse and monitor through existing reporting structures.
141
6. Percentage of pro-poor facilities that provide water at a price less than or equal to the household
tariff of the service area.
7. National Water and Sewerage Corporation ́s customer satisfaction index
8. Percentage of gazetted water schemes and districts whose performance is published annually by
the Regulation body
9. Percentage of water for production facilities with actively functioning Water User Committees
10. Percentage of permit holders complying with permit conditions
142
Stakeholder engagement to improve community-scale wastewater system
governance in Indonesia
Presenting Prof. Cynthia Mitchell, Australia, Institute for Sustainable
Author: Futures, UTS
Highlights
Highly collaborative research on community-scale wastewater governance in Indonesia built strong
stakeholder participation at both national and local levels. This cooperation enabled practical insights that
shaped the research outcomes. Communities, local and national governments, and NGOs are already using
these insights to extend the success of decentralised wastewater systems.
Methodology approach
This study had three phases. Firstly, we asked what constitutes effective governance of community scale
wastewater systems? Secondly, we undertook a mixed method, systemic inquiry into practice, examining
performance, costs, legal arrangements, and management approaches. Thirdly, we developed, tested, and
widely disseminated innovative capacity building materials targeting local governments and community-
based organisations (CBOs) charged with managing these systems. The study took a transdisciplinary action
research approach, building in deep stakeholder engagement across the sector. Site visits were conducted
with 30 communities. Our national Project Advisory Group, involving six Ministries, five donors/programs,
and national NGO supporting CBOs, validated our findings.
143
Our national legal review and political economy analysis revealed important practical gaps and
misconceptions: local government is legally responsible for providing sanitation, but is not yet held
accountable. CBOs are typically not legal entities, meaning they can neither own assets like wastewater
systems, nor easily receive financial support from local government. For local government, there are few
avenues for allowable actions to support assets they do not own, and existing national guidelines on the
handover process are ambiguous.
144
Sustainable water governance in industrial symbiosis: the case of
Kalundborg
Presenting Mr. Hans-Martin Friis Møller, Denmark, Kalundborg Utility
Author:
Highlights
Kalundborg Utility uses innovation as a tool to obtain a sustainable relationship between society and the
natural water environment, including participation in the Kalundborg Industrial Symbiosis which has
conducted circular economy for decades. Recently, a heat-pump has been developed to exploit the heat from
warm industrial wastewater to district heating.
Methodology approach
First, we consider the water flows in the Kalundborg Symbiosis and how they can be considered sustainable.
The flows are divided into two categories: 1) supply streams that are necessary for the industrial production
and 2) wastewater streams that can be considered resource streams. Second, we analyze the foundation of
the collaboration of the symbiosis in order to map out the outcomes of the symbiosis.
145
Conclusions and recommendation
The symbiosis has proven to be of benefit, both in the economic terms and to the environment. It has
contributed to the branding of Kalundborg City as a place where ‘green’ industry thrives. Through a culture
focused on sustainability and innovation in the utility as well as in the surrounding political and societal
environment, it has been possible to create sustainable water governance, which harnesses the possibilities
that lie within the water to waste cycle, resulting in competitive advantages and substantial environmental
improvements. Facilitated by the City, this stakeholder collaboration creates value and responsible
environmental solutions.
146
Poster: Local leadership development: An example for locally-driven,
sustainable waste management
Presenting Ms. Janita Bartell, Cambodia, WaterSHED
Author:
Highlights
WaterSHED designed, piloted and scaled up a model to engage local government in the management of
human waste through local leadership development. The project demonstrated that leadership development
can be a powerful, cost-effective, and sustainable way to support sub-national government to fulfill their
mandate to lead effective management of human waste and to reach SDG6.
Methodology approach
The Civic Champions leadership development project for elected commune councilors uses an iterative model
of “discovering” new, not WASH-specific leadership skills, “developing” these skills through practice and
coaching, and “delivering” tangible results on their skills. This cycle repeats every three months over a 9-
month period. Participants apply and pay a participation fee.
The project evaluation undertaken in 2016 employs a mixed methods approach, including project data,
qualitative interviews with stakeholders, observational data and latrine coverage data to document the
project implementation and lessons learnt for replication as well as to evaluate the project’s performance
along four dimensions: development impact, scalability, sustainability and cost-effectiveness.
147
Conclusions and recommendation
Leadership development at local levels is a powerful, cost-effective and sustainable way to support sub-
national governments to fulfill their mandate to lead effective management of human waste and to reach
SDG 6 by 2030. Participants found innovative, locally adapted solution to addressing the sanitation problem
in rural Cambodia. Key elements of the project design contributing to its success are the involvement and
active contribution of all levels of government; the project’s reward and peer-learning mechanism; the focus
on generic, transferable leadership skills instead of project or WASH-specific skills; and the project’s 9-months
cyclical approach which facilitates learning, feedback, and development.
148
Poster: Non-existent water supply regulators - Implications for sector
governance
Presenting Ms. Shaivi Kulshrestha, India, Shiv Nadar University
Author:
Highlights
1. This Paper presents a study that details governance issues arising out of non-existing Regulators in
water-supply operations in most developing-countries.
2. Study analyses data from 199 Indian municipalities to explore linkages between non-existent
regulation and issues like political-interference in tariff-determination, inconsistent data-collection,
lack of sector-planning, poor-services, consumer-dissatisfaction, and derailment of sound-
governance.
Methodology approach
1. Water-supply data from 147 municipalities in India with populations more than 0.1 million was
collected and analyzed
2. Major water-supply parameters comprised performance indicators such as Water looses (Non-
revenue water), Operating Expenditures, Length of Distribution network, Water Produced, Av. hrs
of supply per day, and Population covered by water supply.
3. These water-supply indicators were integrated to evolve comprehensive relative performance
measures using data envelopment analysis
4. Inferences from the analysis were used to evolve reasons for poor municipal performances in view
of the fact that sector Regulator is non-existent.
149
1. Mathematical-model indicated poor municipal-performances with a third of municipalities showing
efficiencies below 50%. Non-existent regulatory-mechanisms ensure that inefficiencies remain
unmeasured/unknown, while sector remains intrinsically poorly-performing/mismanaged.
2. Absence of Regulator implies absence of relative-competition amongst municipalities who remain
unconnected and unconcerned of sector best-practices
3. Impact of non-existent sector-regulator spells inconsistencies in data-collection, endemic across
developing countries. This study revealed that if data was collected on increasing numbers of
indicators for greater accuracy, data availability decreases drastically. For the 6 indicators employed
in this study, data was available for only 71 out of 199 municipalities.
4. Absence of regulator implies water-sector planning and services run in adhoc manner as there
remains little basis for sector-planning in absence of consistent/regular data-collection. Lack of data
hinders scientific-analysis of problems that remain unresolved fuelling public discontent.
5. Results confirmed that absence of water-supply Regulator leads to sector mis-governance, and that
there needs to be an independent mechanism to regulate water-supplies.
150
Poster: Performance measurement for effective regulation - Case of Indian
urban water supplies
Presenting Dr. Mukul Kulshrestha, India, MANIT-BHOPAL
Author:
Highlights
Paper details potential use of performance measures in price-cap regulation of water-supply
services.
The case study evaluates scope for setting tariffs under incentive-regulation for 20 urban centers
where hitherto operations remain unregulated and monopolized by government
DEA is used to assess performances and productivity growth of municipalities
Methodology approach
The Methodology focuses on answering the following :
Using DEA analyse the extent of inefficiencies in water supply operations existing in the urban areas
of Andhra Pradesh State
Using Productivity Analysis to explore if water-supply operations are improving over time, and if not,
then what could be the possible causes?
Using X-factor calculations, evolve a scientific basis of determining water-tariffs in order to
overcome financial losses in the sector and bypass local politics
Drawing conclusions and policy outcomes in the context of a possible sector regulation and above
findings
151
Further, X-factors calculated based on weighted mean annual productivity growth of 1.93% obtained from
TFP model, revealed a maximum X-factor of 3.28% for the most inefficient municipality indicating that
municipalities may end up increasing tariffs to a maximum of 3.28% per year over 5 year period. This tolerable
tarrif increase can lead to tremendous increase in efficiencies of water-supply operations.
DEA analysis also indicated a possibility of saving 22.6% of operating expenditure if the municipalities were to
adopt appropriate policies and management tools of best practices.This is indicative of the fact that large
savings are possible in water-supply operations that may result in strengthening of the services and benefits
for the consumers including the poor
152
Poster: Public-civil society incremental involvement in water governance in
Latin America
Presenting Mr. Vladimir Arana, Canada, The International Secretariat for
Author: Water
Co-Authors:
Highlights
A validated methodology to put governments and civil society organizations work together
An example to governments and civil society organizations in developing countries to create
synergic water policies decision-making and implementation
A process to make public budgets planning and goals compliance monitoring accessible to civil
society organizations
Methodology approach
The main question that gave origin to this validation was: what is the best way to facilitate water policy
advocacy in Latin America? To validate the working hypothesis, a wide literature review and key interviews
were made. To validate the way to involve several sectors of the government it was used the “Blue Book”
methodology developed by the International Secretariat for Water with the “synergy benefits analysis”. To
validate priority water policies and policy reforms, several joint public and civil-society workshops and a basin
public consultation were developed. To validate the intervention on headwaters territories a management
plan was elaborated.
153
Conclusions and recommendation
The best way to facilitate water policy advocacy was made through a win-win strategy. Boosting the
cooperation between public and civil-society actors that normally work separately begun with a «synergy
benefits analysis» to develop a joint-synergic water agenda to strengthen the complementarity among the
actors, instead of just overseeing the role of the State. It also incorporated the new launched SDG’s and the
citizen’s monitoring issues. The validation process was limited since the consultation processes were just
carried on in the capital city, in an Andean city and in one indigenous rural community located in a headwater
territory.
154
Poster: Tensions in rural water governance in the digital era
Presenting Prof. Yola Georgiadou, Netherlands, University Twente
Author:
Highlights
Persistent rural water problems can be addressed with donor-funded development interventions.
Information systems and mobile phone-based platforms can help if they are adaptive and "work with the
grain" of local water governance.
Methodology approach
Tanzania’s rural water woes are chronic and persist despite substantial policy reforms and significant donor
funding, ever since the first rural water policy in 1971. The paper asks how development projects reveal
tensions when implemented in the field and suggests how they may be adaptively resolved with information
technology.In-depth interviews conducted in the course of a five-year action research program in rural water
supply in Tanzania are the data source. Empirically, the focus is on Water Point Mapping System (WPMS), a
development project funded by the World Bank and implemented by Tanzania’s Ministry of Water from 2010
to 2013.
155
Seminar: Understanding the gender
dimension of water and waste
Photo: GWP
ABSTRACT VOLUME
World Water Week in Stockholm
27 August – 1 September, 2017
156
Seminar: Understanding the gender dimension of water and waste
Contents
Are new water interventions gender neutral? A study of Pani-Panchayat in Odisha, India
.................................................................................................................................................158
BRAC’s gender-inclusive approaches for successful implementation of WASH
interventions ......................................................................................................................... 160
Enhancing women capabilities in wastewater management: beginning from schools .... 162
From practical to strategic change: enabling gender transformation in Vietnam ............ 164
Indigenous Kichwa women lead community water and sanitation management
in Ecuador .............................................................................................................................. 166
Mainstreaming gender into IWRM; a catchment learning approach ................................ 168
Participatory approach for ecologically sustainable sanitation .......................................... 170
Safe drinking water: does community participation in decision-making affect impact? . 1722
Women as agents of change in faecal sludge management ............................................... 174
Women as agents of change in transboundary water and wastewater governance ........ 176
Poster: Better wash services lead to educational progressions for girls............................ 178
Poster: Gender awareness in water and waste in Central Asia .......................................... 180
Poster: Mainstreaming gender in WASH programmes for social transformation
and empowerment ................................................................................................................ 182
157
Are new water interventions gender neutral? A study of Pani-Panchayat in
Odisha, India
Presenting Dr. Basanta Sahu, India, Indian Institute of Foreign Trade,
Author: (Deemed University), New Delhi
Co-Authors:
Highlights
Households tend to use women for ‘labour smoothing’ and ‘consumption smoothing in agriculture and rural
areas. Inadequate availability and access to water and poor water management affect gender relations and
halt gender neutrality. New water interventions should make wider access to and use of water by women
with other critical inputs like land, credit, markets etc. which Pani-Panchayat in India seems fails.
Methodology approach
A three-stage approach was followed to assess household and community participation in Pani-Pnachayat in
Odisha. To understand the new water intervention better our focus is on its impact on gender at household
level to argue whether it improves access to and use of water across regions and social groups. We also try
to analyse the changes in gender relations in the context of local adaptations and practices in water
arrangement and use. Selection of study areas for survey was made on the basis of area based resources
approach and on the scale of regional development.
158
Conclusions and recommendation
Households tend to uses women members for ‘labour smoothing’ and ‘consumption smoothing’, inadequate
availability and access to water and other resources affect intra-household gender relations and halt gender
neutrality. Pani-Panchayats try to make wider access and better use of water fail to arrest gender bias in the
absence of access to land, credit, other farm inputs and markets by women. The paper suggests that
strengthening existing local institutions and reforming the role and functioning of women in new water
institutions will be crucial for better water access and use along with existing public water and irrigation
system to play the role of facilitator.
159
BRAC’s gender-inclusive approaches for successful implementation of
WASH interventions
Presenting Dr. Md Akramul Islam, Bangladesh, BRAC
Author:
Highlights
Village WASH Committees were integral to enhancing gender parity.
BRAC conducted monitoring and research over an 8-year period to assess gender equitable outcomes.
Results show equitable access to WASH for women and men; hygiene behaviour change including menstrual
hygiene management; and social transformation, e.g. men and women taking decisions together.
Methodology approach
BRAC seeks to transform gender roles and empower women by involving them in the decision-making
processes. The WASH programme has done this to a great extent through the introduction of Village WASH
Committees (six women and five men from various socioeconomic groups in the community), which involve
women to meaningfully contribute to decision-making. The programme’s behaviour change communication
has been tailored according to the needs of men, women, adolescent boys, adolescent girls and children,
with messages to influence gender-transformative changes in the community. Schools are supported to build
gender-segregated WASH facilities, including menstrual hygiene management facilities for girls.
160
Conclusions and recommendation
Through this approach, BRAC has contributed to increasing access to WASH in a gender-equitable manner.
The VWCs, which were formed in every village throughout the programme areas, have been a great example
of improving gender relations and empowering women. When the programme began in 2006, it was highly
uncommon for men and women in a rural setting to be meeting and taking decisions together, or to be openly
discussing issues like menstrual hygiene. Considering this fact, it is clear that great progress has been made
over the years; not just for the WASH sector, but in society as a whole.
161
Enhancing women capabilities in wastewater management: beginning from
schools
Presenting Ms. Neetika Sharma, India, Government Department of
Author: Education, Jammu & Kashmir
Co-Authors:
Highlights
Study conducted for 5 years in 4 schools regarding wastewater management revealed that incidence of
diseases reduced by 22.2% in boys and 65.0% in girls, indicating a high imbibing nature of the latter. The girl
students who had undergone training became good decision makers, household keepers and managers.
Methodology approach
A study was conducted for five years in four schools, imparting education up to matriculation. The population
size was 100 students (50 each boys and girls) from each school, out of which 25 each were placed in two
categories. Category A, imparting training regarding wastewater management and water sanitation and
hygiene (WASH) and category B, without any training. Lectures were arranged and practical conducted to
make these students aware of wastewater management to overcome scarcity situation and WASH issues.
The parameters studied were; per cent students passing matriculation, annual incidence of diarrhea, cholera,
malaria, typhoid, headache and attitude.
162
Conclusions and recommendation
The subordination of women by men results in a distinction between roles of men and women and their
separate assignment to domestic and public spheres. In developing countries, most studies show preferential
food allocation to males over females. Due to menstruation, girls cannot clean themselves due to scarcity of
water. Girls become prone to diseases. Under such conditions, the training on WASH becomes absolutely
necessary. In India, a majority of the school drop-out children are girls from marginalized families. There is
strong need to invest in girls’ sanitation and hygiene infrastructure for learning, wastewater management
and toilets in schools.
163
From practical to strategic change: enabling gender transformation in
Vietnam
Presenting Prof. Juliet Willetts, Australia, University of Technology Sydney
Author:
Highlights
Empirical research case study from Central Vietnam demonstrating how water, sanitation and
hygiene (WASH) programs can influence gender and power relations between men and women.
Provides examples of addressing and supporting women’s strategic interests and capabilities (in
addition to practical needs) through inclusive WASH programming and participatory monitoring.
Methodology approach
The research utilised a quasi-experimental design and mixed method approach to compare experiences of
different groups of people with varying degrees of exposure to the GWMT. The GWMT comprises a
participatory, dialogic tool to assist participants assess changes in gender dynamics. A peer-reviewed
framework on gender outcomes resulting from WASH initiatives underpinned the research and analysis.
Semi-structured interviews with 48 people and participatory pocket voting with 139 people in 7 villages in
Central Vietnam were used to uncover strategic gender changes as experienced by women and men across
stratifying variables of age, ethnicity, and including people living with disabilities.
164
use of public information to contribute to awareness-raising about gender equality.
The results also demonstrated that norms set in a local setting or in broader media and society influenced
people’s values and attitudes, even in the face of traditional gender norms which could provide considerable
barriers to change.
165
Indigenous Kichwa women lead community water and sanitation
management in Ecuador
Presenting Ms. Deborah Payne, United States, MedWater
Author:
Co-Authors:
Highlights
Gender mainstreaming was incorporated into collaboration between MedWater and rural,
indigenous Kichwa communities in Ecuador to promote community led water, sanitation, and
hygiene management.
Institutionalized gender mainstreaming has ensured both women and men are incorporated into
community water councils, both women and men serve as health promoters, and has informed
programming.
Methodology approach
MedWater created an institutional policy that at least one third of a community’s water management council
be comprised of women, and both women and men should be considered equally when selecting community
health promoters.
Five pilot communities were observed for successes and challenges in community led WASH management.
MedWater observed the level of engagement of women in WASH management as well as the level of
implementation of project goals including successful use of a water chlorination system as well as
construction of latrines within the community.
MedWater documented anecdotal evidence of impacts of gender mainstreaming on WASH activities.
166
Another female health promoter championed for stronger provisions for girls in schools to be able to manage
female hygiene concerns.
A third female health promoter, aware of the standard lack of hand washing facilities in the home, installed
tippy tap hand washing stations at each household where she trained. This practice led to the installation of
over 75 additional hand washing stations in four communities.
167
Mainstreaming gender into IWRM; a catchment learning approach
Presenting Mr. Christian J. Chonya, Tanzania, World Wide Fund For Nature
Author: - UK
Co-Authors:
Highlights
IWRM is the official instrument for improving water resources in the Great Ruaha River Catchment. The
NAWAPO and WRM Act of 2009 recognize the importance of mainstreaming gender in water resources
management but it doesn’t explain how should be implemented at the ground. Sustainable Water Access,
Use and Management (SWAUM) pilot identified the need to adopt the catchment learning approach (MSP)
for mainstreaming gender into water management. The pilot project made a recommendation on how best
to improve gender mainstreaming in water resource management.
Methodology approach
SWAUM’s approach has been to pilot a multi-stakeholder catchment learning process (2011-16). Our premise
was that spaces/opportunities can be created which both bring all stakeholders together and enable them
(i) to address existing conflicts and reduce disagreements (ii) to identify knowledge gaps and prepare for
uncertainty, and (iii) to mitigate capacity constraints through better collective working. The approach is
appropriate to integrating genders issues with water resources issues; it addresses; lack of practices efforts
on the ground and meaningful integration of gender into the effort of water resources management -
restoration of river flows. Furthermore, the methodology is in alignment with the principles of national water
legislation.
168
According to Land use planning CI, realized that women are negatively affected, as they cannot access
decision-making structures for land issues as easily as their male counterparts. Land issues are heavily
influenced by customary and traditional practices, which give low priority to women.
169
Participatory approach for ecologically sustainable sanitation
Presenting Ms. Khaoula Lamzouri, Morocco, National Office of Electricity
Author: and Water (ONEE)
Highlights
Alternative sanitation solution adapted with the variety of situations with a focus on small communities.
A gender perspective, which seeks to ask for the best way to adapt the wastewater treatment systems for
small communities.
Managerial, socio-economic and technical innovations aspects for adapt the wastewater treatment systems
for small communities.
Methodology approach
Village Talat Marghen, Subject of our study, located a few km from Marrakech.
Managerial and institutional aspect
In order to plan the major guidelines of our project to the time scale on the one hand, and identify solutions
that respond most effectively to different problems and needs identified and the actions and resources
needed to achieve these results, on the other hand. A methodology was followed taking into account the
involvement of the population and gender approach (participants who benefited of all events with 50% are
women), to analyze and identify the main actors and their roles in the field of planning and management of
sanitation the site subject to our project.
The current approach involves a series of steps, including:
Step 1. Diagnosis and description of the inventory knowledge of the environment.
Step 2. Identification of problems and solutions.
Step 3. Education / awareness of the people of the environmental challenges and opportunities to act
on the environment.
Step 4. Organization management and programming of actions, by strengthening the capacity of non-
governmental organizations (NGO) working in the field of the environment in general and in
particular sanitation.
During the companion of awareness for programming of the main lines of our project, training on the design
and operation of our wastewater treatment system (multi-soil-layering), the woman was present during the
holding of the project activities. Through this approach, women have been able to participate in decision-
making and in the success and sustainability of this project.
170
Technical aspect
In order to complete a part of our objectives two pilot scale MSL systems have been installed in order to
adapt the MSL in the Moroccan rural context.
171
Safe drinking water: does community participation in decision-making
affect impact?
Presenting Dr. Anna Tompsett, Sweden, Stockholm University
Author:
Highlights
Evidence from a randomized experiment in Bangladesh shows that delegating decision-making authority to
communities increases the impact of a program to improve access to safe drinking water, relative to a top-
down approach, but only when the intervention mandates the involvement of women and the poor; and
controls the influence of elites.
Methodology approach
We randomly assigned different decision-making processes to communities receiving an otherwise identical
intervention, a package of subsidies and technical advice to improve access to safe drinking water. The
decision-making processes assigned included one top-down process and two participatory processes. Under
the top-down process, project staff took all decisions, using information from the community. Under one
participatory process, the 'community participation approach', the community took all decisions using their
own internal decision-making processes. Under the other, the 'regulated community participation approach'
the community took all decisions by consensus at a meeting at which women and the poor had to be
represented.
172
Conclusions and recommendation
Our results confirm that involving communities in decision-making can lead to greater project impacts, in
terms of access to safe drinking water. However, the results also suggest that these greater impacts may not
be realized, when communities are involved in decision-making without measures to avoid co-option of the
decision-making process by influential groups or individuals, and without ensuring the representation of the
poor and women.
173
Women as agents of change in faecal sludge management
Presenting Ms. Maren Heuvels, Germany, BORDA
Author:
Highlights
Faecal Sludge Management as a men’s domain? While women are highly underrepresented in the sector, the
case of Devanahalli show that women can be at the core of an innovative and technology-focused project on
city scale. The case study presents key factors and recommendations for women’s involvement in
wastewater management.
Methodology approach
The case study draws its learnings from a pilot project funded by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation and
carried out by BORDA and CDD in India 2014-2015. The aim of the project is to ensure efficient treatment of
faecal sludge in the town of Devanahalli, to ensure safe reuse of treatment by-products, and demonstrate
possible business opportunities with by-products. The case study focuses on the role of women in project
development, implementation and now in the operation phase. Main stakeholders have been and still are
local women, the case study identifies key factors and obstacles for women’s involvement.
174
Conclusions and recommendation
The case study highlights how women can be the key to successful wastewater management on town scale.
The women’s professional understanding of the subject and their knowhow to provide inputs from design to
implementation, management and governance, their relatedness and empathy with all stakeholders involved
in the matter, their ability to sustain behaviour change, and the acknowledgement of the importance of
relationships are an example of how the sector could look like if women are given the opportunity to be
water professionals. The main obstacles need to be addressed by all involved stakeholders, from government
to utilities and implementing partners.
175
Women as agents of change in transboundary water and wastewater
governance
Presenting Dr. Mark Smith, Director of the IUCN Global Water Programme
Author:
Highlights
Analyses how women generate behavioural and institutional change in transboundary water and
wastewater governance
Contributes case studies on women as agents of change in water governance around the world
Provides recommendations for monitoring and support of actions of women in transboundary water
and wastewater governance
Methodology approach
The study will use (1) literature review; (2) secondary data collection and analysis; (3) case study preparation
including field visits and key informant interviews; and (4) expert practitioner and policy-maker interviews.
Cases and data will be sourced from organisations active on the ground and at regional and global levels in
supporting or researching transboundary cooperation and women’s inclusion in water governance. The cases
include examples from India/Bangladesh, Honduras/El Salvador, and Cambodia/Vietnam.
176
Conclusions and recommendation
The paper will conclude with a set of recommendations on how the roles and leadership of women in
transboundary water governance can be monitored and supported, making reference to the kinds of
indicators, project design and institutional design measures that will be most gender-responsive. Improved
recognition of the role of women as agents of change in TB water governance will help to accelerate the
desired changes that translate to a more sustainable resource for all humans and for nature.
177
Poster: Better wash services lead to educational progressions for girls
Presenting Dr. Dorice Agol, Kenya, Independent Consultant
Author:
Highlights
The presence of water and sanitation facilities in schools can increase female-to-male enrolment ratios and
reduce repetition and drop-out-rates for girls. This is because more girls are likely to enrol and are less likely
to repeat grades and drop-out in schools with water and sanitation facilities.
Methodology approach
Datasets were obtained from the national Education Management Information System (EMIS) for
approximately 10,000 schools. The most relevant variables were selected for the analysis, including numbers
of students enrolled, numbers who repeated and numbers who dropped out, number of toilets and whether
considered adequate or not, and number and type of available water sources.
Prior to the analysis, the datasets were sorted and cleaned to remove irregularities. The analysis was
disaggregated by gender and grade (1-12)
178
Conclusions and recommendation
The benefits of improved WASH in schools have been proven and include better-quality education and
improved health. To build a good evidence base for WASH interventions in schools, a monitoring system
should include detailed WASH information on quality of the facilities and services provided. Additional
information such as proximity of the facilities to schools, whether they are seasonal/permanent (e.g. water
sources) are very useful. An analysis of WASH facilities gives understanding of its critical role especially for
girls who need to manage their menstrual hygiene. Certainly, WASH programmes requires serious
considerations of gender at all levels of learning.
179
Poster: Gender awareness in water and waste in Central Asia
Presenting Ms. Elena Tsay, Uzbekistan, UNESCO Tashkent Office
Author:
Highlights
The goal of the study is to visualize the comprehensive assessment of the survey results on gender awareness
of organizations and projects in water sector of Central Asia (CA) using a geographic information system
(GIS).
Methodology approach
To what extent water professionals of CA are competent in gender-sensitive aspects of water management?
Women are recognized as important actors in water management and gender mainstreaming is an integral
part of IWRM.
Since gender is a socially constructed definition of women and men, social survey on gender awareness of
water specialists in the region was chosen. The survey results are presented visually using GIS which allowed
to carry out a comparative analysis of the data. GIS is the most effective and innovative means of analysis,
evaluation and visualization of sociological studies based on demographic and other data.
180
Conclusions and recommendation
Analysis of the current state of gender mainstreaming in the management of water and land resources
showed that, along with the existing problems of gender equality in the water CA sector, expressed by
women's limitations in decision-making, access to resources, there is a trend change in the situation for the
better, in particular by carrying out joint projects aimed at increasing awareness of gender issues in water
resources management at the macro and micro levels.
This issue needs further research with a focus on gender mainsteaming in water management that will be
implemented by the UNESCO Tashkent Office within the EU Programme “Sustainable management of water
resources in Uzbekistan”.
181
Poster: Mainstreaming gender in WASH programmes for social
transformation and empowerment
Presenting Mr. Riad Imam Mahmud, Bangladesh, Max Foundation
Author:
Highlights
Women can be key agents for change when involved in sanitation management. Their involvement
is crucial for human health and national socio-economic development.
Empowering women means increasing their economic, social, political and physical strength.
The process of social transformation needs more research at the individual and structural level.
Methodology approach
This case study addresses the following research question: How we can catalyse transformative change that
enables women and girls to empower themselves effectively and sustainably in partnership with men and
the wider community? Women in Bangladesh are the primary users, providers, and managers of water and
hygiene in their households. Their empowerment in sanitation can serve as a mechanism for grounding deep
and broad-based social transformation. In order to ensure in-depth understanding of the specific challenges
faced by women, a participatory method of rapid rural appraisal was applied to collect data through key
informant interviews and focus-group discussions.
182
has not yet been fully incorporated into this project; nevertheless, the time spent by women on water
collection has been significantly reduced, thus allowing women more time to develop economic activities. At
present, Max Foundation is developing a women-led social entrepreneur programme to market health
commodities.
183