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PROGRAM
13-15 June 2018
University of Eastern Philippines
University Town, Northern Samar, Philippines
MANAGING ENVIRONMENTAL RISKS TO COPE WITH FOOD AND HEALTH SECURITY IN ASIA
Ryohei Kada
Professor, Shijonawate Gakuen University, Japan
Increasing ecological risks and greater impacts of climate change are among the most serious threats to many Asian countries.
High economic growth, population increase, industrialization and rapid urbanization have not only affected the sustainability of natural
resources and socioeconomic systems, but also endangered food and health security of the people.
In our Philippines-Indonesia-Japan joint research project, entitled as “Managing Environmental Risks to Food and Health Security
in Asian Watersheds,” we have tried to seek for practical solutions for food and health securities of the people in Asian watersheds. Drastic
changes in water system and land use patterns in many watersheds have caused serious damages and expanded natural disasters such as
flooding and soil erosion.
The damages not only result in huge economic loss but also affect serious public health issues in the urban areas located
downstream, and pose a threat to the food security of the people, as typically shown in the Laguna Lake region, Philippines and Sekampung
watershed in west Sumatra, Indonesia. We tried to build up partnership with local governments, community leaders, yraders and other
private sector people and other stakeholders to put in place community-based resource management system to ensure sustainable
resource-base and food-health securities of the people.
Our research project is a social action research that showcased the comprehensive process of integrated trans-sectoral analysis of
impact of urbanization in the Laguna Lake region. It is a kind of social action research that demonstrates the process of establishing and
adoption of common multi-stakeholder resource management.
The “Yaman ng Lawa (YNL, blessings of lake in Tagalog) Project” has been conducted since April 2012. A trans-disciplinary
watershed research, a participatory, community-based social action research based on local knowledge and wisdom, has been challenged
so as to combat lake degradation and for restoring local fish habitat and population and livelihood of fisherfolks. This project has inspired
the renewal of the practice of traditional “Bayanihan Spirit (Collective Volunteerism)” This trans-sectoral social action research is basically a
revival of the traditional culture called “Bayanihan” (Volunteerism or Self-help) between and among local fishermen with various scientists
from UP-Los Banos and those from Kyoto, Japan.
This indicates the transformation of traditional practices into science-based knowledge by showcasing the adoption of local
fishermen’s bio-signals and other forms of traditional communication of locally observed ecological changes for combatting fish kills and
other forms of environmental risks in the lake. It has established a one year daily actual fish harvest by open lake fishermen which now
become the benchmark for future studies of lake productivity by students and professors of school of environmental science, economics,
fisheries and rural development at the University of the Philippines and various colleges in and around the Laguna Lake Watershed areas.
The project has inspired the renewal of the practice of traditional “Bayanihan Spirit (Collective Volunteerism)” which now serves
in harmonizing partnership of lakeshore communities in restoring lake productivity. The project has created academic interests among
Development Communication students at the UPLB who have started studying the YNL Yankaw Project for their MS research/thesis
programs. As a result instead of current practice of providing “small eco-dot” in open lake provided by single Yankaw, the Yaman ng
Lawa Fish Garden Sanctuary cover a total surface area of 12 hectares of ecologically restored lake sanctuary, where community of fishes
took shelter, refuge and is able to breed and repopulate. As a critical part of the Community-based approach, a set of requirements and
limitations of the Yaman ng Lawa Fish Garden Sanctuary Approach, at its very inception and implementation, are fully recognized among
stakeholders in the project.
6 7th Annual International Conference on Environmental Science
It highlighted the experience in adopting the transdisciplinary approach to understand the major environmental issues facing
the Santa Rosa-Silang subwatershed areas. These issues specifically refer to the relationships among economic and demographic changes,
the nature of ecosystems services, and the role of these services in the interlinked urban/rural livelihood systems, particularly those of the
poor who are very dependent on the natural environment for livelihood and the measures or strategies taken to address them.
It also highlighted the importance of going beyond the traditional environmental management approach of predicting,
mitigating, implementing and possibly monitoring that is a one-time event and a result of intensive research and modeling as well as
opinions of experts. The reason is that unanticipated changes in the environmental conditions that are borne by subsequent information
would render predictions inaccurate and outcomes uncertain. The adaptive management approach, which adds two additional steps of
“monitoring and adapting,” was seen to provide a significant improvement.
In Indonesia, we have examined the economic significance of coffee agroforestry system in Upper Sekampung watersheds, west
Sumatra. We conducted a thorough household survey by interviewing 408 coffee farmers in two sub-districts in the Upper Sekampung
watershed. This watershed not only serves as major food baskets such as rice, maize, cassava, and fishery products, but also produces major
export commodities such as coffee, cocoa, palm oil, and coconut.
However, the current land use system especially in the catchment area has led to serious soil degradation in the watershed, where
49 percent of land area is degraded, 34 percent potential to degrade and 17 percent non-degraded. The average rate of soil erosion is 67.5
ton per hectare per year, which is much higher than the tolerable soil loss of 25 ton per hectare.
By conducting farm-economic analysis, we have compared the economic performance of coffee agroforestry in different land-
use systems in the study sites. Farmers in the study sites have adopted coffee agroforestry system for a while using shaded fruit trees and
multi-strata coffee system to secure household income and to contribute to conservation practices in the catchment area of the watershed.
Average coffee production in Upper Sekampung is 394 kg/ha, which is far away below the national average of 645 kg/ha, mostly due to
traditional farming practices and simple processing techniques. Coffee crops remain profitable in the watershed, but ample opportunities
could be explored to improve the coffee yield and quality to fulfill increasing demand for coffee.
Agroforestry system has provided additional income sources, mostly from tree species, shown by significant higher B/C ratio
than the coffee farm only. Supply chain certification programs have attempted to create price premiums at the farm level, where Rainforest
Alliance and 4C certificates have been around in the study sites for about 5 and 2 years respectively. Farm gate price of coffee closer to
the premium market price has more short-term attention from coffee farmers in the study sites, although environmental risks are higher.
The study calls for more empowerment programs for coffee farmers to improve coffee yield and coffee quality, for example by adopting
selected red-cherry picking, green-washing and dry processing of the post-harvest handling.
We have also examined the nature and impacts of land use changes in Way Betung Watershed on the capacity of water resources
supplier of Bandar Lampung City, and estimated the economic value of Way Betung water resources. Way Betung watershed serves as one
important network of Sekampung Watershed and the most potential water resources supplier for the City of Bandar Lampung, particularly
for potable regional water company (PDAM) in the Provincial Capital.
An integrated bio-physical and economic model was employed to examine the impact of land-use changes. A demand function
of willingness to pay (WTP) was adapted to estimate the annual economic value of water resources in the watershed. The results shows
that the drivers of land use changes in the Way Betung watershed include: (1) increasing annual run off coefficient, (2) the maximum
daily discharge (Q max), and (3) decreasing daily minimum discharge (Q min), as (4) increasing fluctuation of river discharge. Total annual
economic value of water resources of Way Betung watershed was Rp 101.1 billion per year and the total WTP value for the rehabilitation
of Way Betung watershed was Rp 1.5 billion per year.
These estimates were derived from public clean water sector, tourism, water mineral companies, households and paddy field
farmers in the upstream portion of the watershed. The study recommends some scenarios of water resources development, by simulating
the erosion level and run-off and potential economic consequences for the future. The best scenario for sustainable water resources of
Way Betung watershed includes forest cover as much as 30 percent of the watershed and alley cropping on mixed farming system. This
development will reduce the erosion to lower than the tolerable soil loss (TSL) and decrease the fluctuation of monthly run off from 64.7
to 30.9. Finally, association of water users is willing to pay the rehabilitation costs in the catchment area of watershed.
In the Philippines Lake Laguna case, the trans-sectoral social action research addresses key game changers for the effective risk
management resulting from poor urban waste management for reducing the impacts of declining lake ecological and economic productivity
on human health and livelihood. Of great significance is the participation of community volunteers in all phases of the researches that
respond fully well to the growing recognition that the sustainable local governance of water resources requires building social-ecological
resilience against future surprises. It provided researchers the opportunity to recognizing the concept of adaptive co-management, a
distinct institutional mechanism that combines the learning focus of multilevel linkages of co-management with appropriate mechanisms
for building social-ecological resilience.
Following the ideas promoted by E. Ostrom on the role of community organization as the deterrent to Hardy’s Tragedy of the
Commons, we have developed community-friendly methods of enhancing with science the local adaptation option for reducing the impacts
of fishkills and lake pollution on livelihood of open water fisherfolks. This was accomplished by the implementing community-based
pilot demonstration of “Yankaw Floating Fish Garden Sanctuary,” which now serves as the living model for downscaling Trans-disciplinary
Watershed Research to Participatory, Community-oriented social action research on local knowledge in combatting lake degradation and
for restoring local fish habitat and population and livelihood of fishermen.
One significant observation is that stakeholders’ participation is an important factor to achieve sustainable ecosystem services in
regional communities. Our study has revealed an important role of major stakeholders and involvement of local authorities. Furthermore,
policy changes are needed to provide alternatives for farmers’ decision on land-use systems and crop rotations to manage ecological risks
and to ensure the level of profitability of agroforestry systems in the watersheds.
Such integrated approach could also contribute to better farming practices that would ensure sustainable resource management,
agricultural production and livelihood consequence at the landscape and regional levels. Involvement of local community and other
key stakeholders could also contribute to the improvement of social capital and effective networking for co-design of integrated natural
resource management.
Keywords: Trans-disciplinary approach, Community-based resource management, Laguna de Bay, Co-adaptive management
REFERENCES
1. Ryohei Kada, Valuation of Non-Marketed Agricultural Ecosystem Services, and Food Security in Southeast Asia.(Mar. 2014) In Kaneko,
N. et al. (eds.) Sustainable Living with Environmental Risks, (Chap. 10, pp 111-121). Springer, Tokyo, New York and London, ISBN: 978-4-
431-54803-4, DOI 10.1007
(Online: http://link.springer.com/book/10.1007%2F978-4-431-54804-1)
2. Roberto F. Rañola Jr., Fe M. Rañola, Maria Francesca O. Tan, Ma. Cynthia S. Casin (Mar. 2014). Emerging Socio-Economic and
Environmental Issues Affecting Food Security: A Case Study of Silang-Santa Rosa Subwatershed. in Kaneko, N. et al.(eds.) Sustainable
Living with Environmental Risks, Springer, (Chap. 11,pp 123-135). ISBN: 978-4-431-54803-4
3. B.H.N. Razafindrabe, M.A. Cuesta, B. He, R.F. Rañola Jr., K. Yaota, S.Inoue, S. Saito, T. Masuda, R.N. Concepcion, A. Santos-Borja
& R. Kada (2015) , Flood risk and resilience assessment for Santa Rosa-Silang subwatershed in the Laguna Lake region, Philippines,
Environmental Hazards, 14:1, 16-35, DOI: 10.1080/17477891.2014.981497
12:06-12:18 To Irrigate or Not?: Case stories of ATs on Monitoring for Crop Water R.L.D. Areglado, D.V. Faustino-Eslava, L.E. Cui,
Stress M.R.V. Regalado, M.V.O. Espaldon, & Y.A. Sucol
12:18-12:30 Open Forum
TITLE AUTHORS
1 Rapid Assessment On Riparian Vegetation Lotic Ecosystem In Mabuhay, R.K. Alcuizar & I.I. Ontoy
San Jose, Malaybalay City, Bukidnon
2 Phytochemical Screening of the Ethanol extracts of Gliricidia sepium M.G.M. Cruz & K.M.R. Cui-Lim
(Jacq.) Steud. (Kakawate)
3 The Bat Species In Beto Cave Of Barangay Sawang, Capul Northern M.D. Castillo & R.A. Obleopas
Samar
4 Marine Biofouling Communities of Bauan Port, Batangas, Philippines R.T. Verona, G.M. Salas, E.L. Bergonio,
J.G.M. Jansalin, D.V. Marapao, A.M. De Guzman, L.C.
Navarro, & H.M.E. Nacorda,
5 Assessment Of Coral Reefs In Bongao, Tawi-Tawi A. Bara, A. Sakilan, D. Burias, N. Jumaide, & S.Z.B.
Halun
6 Status Of Sea Cucumber Fisheries In Tawi-Tawi N.M.A. Maratas, J. P. Alingas, D.P. Burias, N.T. Jumaide,
A.S. Bara, A. Sakilan, F. Jumawan, & S.Z. B. Halun
7 Textile Application And Antimicrobial Activity Of Biosynthesized Zinc S.C.C. Pamintuan & K.M.R. Cui-Lim
Oxide Nanoparticles From Nypa Frutican Seeds’ Starch
8 Species Composition And Abundance Of Seaweed Resources In The D.M. Galenzoga
Island Town Of Biri, Northern Samar, Philippines
9 Case Study on Ecotourism in Southeast Asia 2002-2017 N.M. Apolinario, R.B. Bicomong , J. Maniscan,
J.F. Rebugio & J.E. Santos
10 Consumers’ Attitudes and Preferences Towards Eco-friendly Bags: Basis R.V. Valenzuela
for the Crafting of Promotional Strategies
11 Carbon Stock Assessment Of Seagrass Beds In Tondon, Panglima Sugala D.P. Burias, N.T. Jumaide, F.L. Jumawan, M.A. Tingob,
And Sibutu, Tawi-Tawi W.I. Lunga, N.T. Jumaide, R. Tarajul, J. Muharram,
A.S. Bara, A. Sakilan, & S.Z.B. Halun
12 Research-Based Information Dissemination Plan for Wildlife M.T.P.M. Iglopas, C. Sta. Ana, & S. Reyes
Conservation in Los Baños, Laguna
13 Biocomposite Films From Kappa-Carrageenan (Kc) Filled With Nanorod- F.M.S. Dagalea & K.M.R. Cui-Lim
Rich Zinc Oxide (Zno-N): Its Physicochemical And Antimicrobial
Properties
14 An Equation To Estimate The Missing Rainfall Data For Catarman, C.A. De Asis
Northern Samar, Philippines
15 Implementation of the Solid Waste Management Program J.L. De La Cruz
in Santiago, Ilocos Sur
TITLE AUTHORS
1 Tropical River Discharge and Coastal Air/Sea Processes in the Philippines O. Cabrera. & J. Pullen
2 Disaster Risk Reduction Management In Selected Coastal Barangays In R.A. Obleopas & S. O. Demeterio
The Municipality Of Palapag, Northern Samar
3 Beliefs Underlying Household Waste Recycling In Barangay Galutan, M.D. Alvarez
Catarman, Northern Samar
4 Breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis) as Black Mosquito Repellent Coil J.A. Marticion, M.J.S. Ozaraga, C.C.G. Almazan, J.C.A.
Dellaba, E.C. Mente, K.L.A. Pabes, T.M.G. Tagab, & J.D.E.
Valdehueza
5 Biosynthesis Of Silver Nanoparticles From Betel Nut Palm (Areca R.J.M. Valenciano
Catechu) Seed Starch
6 Optimal Premium Price of a Weather Index-Based Rice Insurance P.D.M. Samson & D.C.N. Cuaresma
Product in Laguna
7 The Level Of Sustainability, Environmental And Life Cycle Assessment Of R.A. Salmingo
Industrial Technology Research Projects In Carlos Hilado Memorial State
College
8 Assessment For The Adoption Of Sustainable Agricultural Practices R.D. Gallardo
Through Integrated Farming System By The Farmers Of Imelda,
Zamboanga Sibugay
9 Vulnerability of Small-Scale Fisherfolks in Selected Barangays near A.P. Cadiz, B.G. Sanchez, E.V. Evangelista
Laguna Northern West Bay
10 Consumers’ Willingness to Pay for Electricity from a Theoretically M.B. Cadalin
Assessed Renewable Resource
11 Estimated plastic marine debris contribution of Badian, Cebu to Tañon M.K.O. Paler, A. Bruce, R.C. Ancog, N.D. Roble, & V.P.
Strait Migo
12 Impacts Of And Adaptation to Extreme Weather Events: A Household F.J.T. Macalam, J.M.A. Del Vega, K.J.R. Lino, M.J.I.
Perspective of Bay, Laguna Ilagan, & J.G. Jomao-as
13 Golden Apple Snail Shell (Pomacea maculata and Pomacea canaliculata) C.S. Saldon, J. Marticion, C.B. Saguin, C. Mercadera
As Chalk Material
14 Compliance to the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000 (RA F.K.M. Leopoldo & R.F. Bornales Jr.
9003) in Barangay Sto. Niño, Pagadian City
TITLE AUTHORS
P1 Impact Of Environmental Factors To Rice Production In Selected Rice Farms In R.A. Oblepas & A.N. Yabao
Catarman, Northern Samar
P2 Pteridophytes Of San Jose, Northern Samar L.P.E. Balasolla
P3 Phytochemical Screening of Sphagneticola trilobata (Wedelia) Plant extract H.L.G. Pulga & F.L. Sanico
P4 Community Structure Of Seaweeds In Selected Coastal Areas Of Mondragon J.P.E. Guasis, F. P. Mahinay, & R.O. Belga
Northern Samar
P5 Inventory of Dioscorea in Selected Barangays of Mondragon, Northern Samar S.P. Marino & B.O. Perez
P6 Inventory of Pteridophytes in Selected Barangays of Mondragon, Northern D.T. Caranzo & B.O. Perez
Samar
P7 The Fresh Water Fauna In Gamay River, Gamay, Northern Samar, Philippines N.E. Pugnit & M.L.D. Santos
P8 Inventory Assessment Of Orchids In Selected Barangays Of Palapag, Northern K.M.P. Militar, M.C.G. Vicencio & R.O. Belga
Samar, Philippines
P9 Pteridophytes Of Biri, Northern Samar P.K.P. Ambida
P10 Histochemistry And Phytochemical Profile Of The Leaves, Stem And Roots Of L.E. Narca & M.L.D. Santos
Salacia Korthalsiana Miq.(Polipog)
P11 Fishes In Seagrass Beds In Three Selected Island Barangays Of Lavezares, F.R.U. Sorio & M.L.D. Santos
Northern Samar
P12 Community Structure Of Forest Trees In Barangay Santander, Bobon, Northern R.A. Obleopas & C.B. Castillo
Samar
P13 A Preliminary Survey Of The Intertidal Seagrass Meadows And Its Associated M. L.D. Santos, P.F.D. Santos & F.R.U. Sorio
Fauna In The Birilarosa Protected Landscape And Seascape, Northern Samar
P14 Inventory Of Macrofauna In Bugko River K.P.A. Mungcal & P.F.D. Santos
Mondragon Northern Samar
P15 Species Composition of Seaweeds in Palapag, Northern Samar T.J.L. Abobo & B.O. Perez
P16 Assessment Of Avian Fauna In Selected Barangays Of Pambujan, Northern Samar J.L. Lucban, Jr. & A.A.U. Flores, Jr.
P17 Beetles In Selected Barangays Of Catarman, Northern Samar, Philippines J.C. Jazmin & A.A.U. Flores, Jr.
P18 Phytochemical Screening Of Melastoma Malabathricum L.Sp. Flower And Leaf J.R.P. Nordan & L.N. Jonson
Extract, Uep Catarman Northern Samar
P19 Tree Diversity of Catubig Watershed E.A. Galo
P20 Spatially-resolved benthic macroinvertebrate communities in streams at an M.E. Jolejole & M.Cayetano
industrial site in Laguna
P21 Stock Analysis of Fish Catch in Irong-Irong Bay R.O. Abarcar, A.C. Cabib, J.M.C. Cabubas,
M.A.I. Gruta, & J.L. Mahinay
P22 Carbon Stock Assessment Of Seagrass Beds In Tondon, Panglima Sugala And D.P. Burias, N.T. Jumaide, F.L. Jumawan,
Sibutu, Tawi-Tawi M.A. Tingob, W. I. Lunga, N.T. Jumaide, R.
Tarajul, J. Muharram, A.S. Bara, A. Sakilan,
& S.Z.B. Halun
P23 Hydrobiological Study of Catarman Coastal Zone M.N. Ogoc
P24 Beliefs Underlying Household Waste Recycling In Barangay Galutan, Catarman, M.D. Alvarez
Northern Samar
P25 Sociodemographic of Two Municipalities towards Coastal Waters and Solid Waste M.J.B. Felisilda, S.J.C. Asequia, J.R.P.
Management: The Case of Macajalar bay, Philippines Encarguez, & V.R.K.R. Galarpe
EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE
The Philippine Environmental Science Association (PESA) is a consortium of different higher education
institutions originally composed of the University of the Philippines Los Baños (UPLB), University of the Philippines
Diliman (UPD), Ateneo de Manila University (ADMU), and De La Salle University (DLSU). PESA was organized to
strengthen the value of environmental science as an interdisciplinary field in analyzing and providing solutions
to perennial environmental problems of the country. This is in response to the need for a proactive stance to
continuously upgrade and advance the level of environmental science research and action to address the various
environmental problems affecting the country.
One of the activities to achieve PESA’s goals is the conduct of the Annual National Conference on Environmental
Science. The annual conference provides opportunities for research updates and discussions on key environmental
agenda that include climate change, environmental impact assessment protocols, biodiversity and conservation,
environment- resources-population dynamics, disaster risk management, and best practices and green solutions,
among many others. This annual meeting gathers members of the academe, industry, students, research
institutions, government agencies, and private organizations for a one or two-day meeting for an active exchange
of ideas. The following are the previous conferences organized by the Consortium.
3RD NATIONAL AND 1ST INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE AND WORKSHOP ON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
(3RD NCES and 1ST ICES)
Theme: Strengthening ASEAN Partnership through Environmental Education and Research for
Sustainable Future | 24-25 November 2014 | Ateneo de Manila University