Final Design Guide Logic Diag

15-QMP-001-F2-R1
GS Engineering & Construction India Pvt. Ltd. Doc. No. : 44-DG-01

Rev. No .: 0
TITLE: Design Guide for Logic Diagrams Page No.: 1 of 16
Design Guide for
Logic Diagrams
Classification : Discipline Standard
GS Engineering & Construction India Pvt. Ltd.

Rev. No .: 0
15-QMP-001-F2-R1
0 24 Nov. 2008 Issued for Implementation DB ALB DM

WORD
REV. DATE DESCRIPTION PREP’D CHK’D APP’D
Reviewed:
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Section Description
No
1. Purpose 3
2. Scope 3
3. Procedure 4
4. Documentation 16

Rev. No .: 0
1 Purpose
This guideline provides a consistent approach for developing Logic Diagrams of

interlocks and sequencing systems for start-up, operation, alarm, and shutdown of
equipment and processes in the Offshore/ Onshore Oil & Gas Refinery & Petroleum and
other industries.
2 Scope
The Logic Diagrams are intended to facilitate a common understanding of the Process
Operation amongst technical, design, operating and maintenance personnel concerned
with the systems and its effective implementation by System engineer.
The scope is essentially to provide the guidelines, symbols, both basic and non-basic, for
binary operating functions. The use of symbols in typical systems is illustrated in the
appendices.
The procedure is primarily process based. Safety interlock systems, sequential

programming systems and (semi-) automatic startup systems are used in various
processes. The function of safety interlock system is to monitor the process and the
operational actions and act upon undesirable conditions. The sequential programming
system controls the operation of non-continuous processes, whereas (semi-) automatic
startup system follow the start up of a process step by step and safeguard against
malfunctions or mal operations.
A Logic diagram is a purely operative scheme which does not contain any information of
how it should be materialized. It is built up by interconnected logical symbols. The inputs
are binary meaning that a signal is either in the status “true” indicated by a binary one or
is “false” indicated by a zero.
Therefore, depending on the type of hardware it refers to the energize / de-energize

status in electrical circuits or to pressure / no pressure in pneumatic systems and is
applicable to any hardware like, electronic, electrical, fluidic, pneumatic, hydraulic,
mechanical, manual optical or any other.
The latest revisions of the following documents shall be referred as a minimum while

Rev. No .: 0
preparing the Logic Diagrams.
a) P & ID’s
b) Instrument Index
c) Instrumentation Design Basis
d) Emergency & Shutdown Philosophy
e) Control Philosophy
f) Fire & Gas Detection Philosophy
g) Point Database
h) Safety Philosophy
i) Cause and Effect Charts
j) System Architecture & Specification
k) SAFE Charts
l) Interface Philosophy.
3 Procedure
3.1 Understand fully the operation philosophy of the system after going through documents
such as Control Philosophy, Safety Philosophy, Cause and Effect chart, Interface
Philosophy etc. of the system departments.
3.2 Based on understanding the desired objectives are set. Developing the logic diagram
then proceeds using reasoning and a set of standard logic gates. The advantage of this
approach is that all possible paths to achieve the desired objective are considered.
3.3 Follow any one standard like ISA standard S5.1-1973 (American National Standard
Y32.20-1975), “Instrumentation Symbols and Designations”. A legend sheet/
specification of the block logic diagram should be made for each project.
3.4 In these ways, the diagram may provide a level of detail as appropriate, to interface
between a designer of pneumatic circuits and a designer of electric circuits.
Logic diagram documents, drawing sheets naming etc. should also be standardized as
per ISO requirement
3.5 Logic Function

There are three basic logical function: The "AND" gate, the "OR" gate and the inverter

Rev. No .: 0
which is also called as "NOT" gate.
The AND gate has two or more inputs and only a single output. The status of the
output is 1 if all the inputs are in the status 1. Otherwise the output is in status 0.
X1, X2 ARE THE INPUTS & Y IS THE OUTPUT
Two or More Inputs
X1
& Y
TRUTH TABLE FOR
X2
AND GATE
X1 X2 Y
0 0 0
1 0 0
0 1 0
1
A Symbolic Representation of “AND” Logic Gate
The OR gate has two or more inputs and only a single output. The status of the output
is 1 if any one of the inputs are in the status 1. Otherwise the output is in status 0
X1, X2 ARE THE INPUTS & Y IS THE OUTPUT
TRUTH TABLE FOR OR

X1 GATE
OR Y
X2
A Symbolic Representation of “OR” Logic Gate
The NOT gate has a single input and a single output. The output is in the opposite of
status of the input. That means if the input is in the status 0 the output is in status 1
and vice versa.

Rev. No .: 0
X INPUT OUTPUT TRUTH TABLE FOR “NOT” GATE

NOT
X Y
0 1
1 0
A Symbolic Representation of “NOT” Logic Gate
3.6 Logic symbols shall always be shown in the position from left to right, in order to avoid
misunderstanding.
3.7 All possible logic functions can be built by a combination of the basic logical functions.
However for convenience other symbols are used as well .
3.8 The selection switch connects the output to one of the input signals at a time. The
position of the switch is set manually
3.9 The selection switch connects the output to one of the input signals at a time. The
position of the switch is set manually.
X1
Pos. 1
Pos. 1
X2
Pos. 2
Pos. 2
X1, X2 ARE THE A SYMBOLIC REPRESENTARTION OF SELECTOR

INPUTS SWITCH
When switch is in position 1, Y= X1. When switch is in position 2, Y=X2.
3.9 Flip-flops are also used in Logic diagrams. The flip-flops are prone to
misunderstanding and require an additional inverter at the reset input to make them
fail-safe. Also an indication shall be used to show whether the flip-flop is set or reset
prevailing, indicating its status when both set and reset signals are present.
The flip-flop most frequently used is the S-R Flip-flop.

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X1, X2 ARE THE INPUTS & Y1, Y2 ARE THE OUTPUTS
TRUTH TABLE FOR S-R

Y1
X1 S Q FLIP-FLOP
X1 X2 Y1 Y2
1 0 1 0
R Y2 0 0 1 0
Q
X2
0 1 0 1
0 0 0 1
1 1 0 1
In S-R Flip-flop, S represents SET Memory and R represents RESET Memory. In the
S-R flip-flop two Logic outputs Y1 and Y2 are shown. Output Y2 shall not be shown if
it is not used.
In this case, Reset is prevailing meaning that Q=0 regardless of the subsequent
states of X1. Similarly if Set is prevailing then Q=1.
If the state of X1 = X2 = 0, then Q will continue to exist in Previous state, that is, if
Q=1 then it will continue to be in state 1 and if it was in state 0 then it will remain in
state 0.
Similarly, if X1 = X2 = 1, then that condition is the Toggling condition. In this case the
state of Q will be alternately 0 and 1.
A Logical input symbol relates the binary status of an input signal to an external
physical condition. This means that for a High level switch, the signal has the status
1 if the level is below the high level setting of the switch. If the level is above this
setting the signal has the status 0.
A Logical output relates an external physical condition to the binary status of the
output signal. For example, an On-off valve is in closed position if signal equals 1
and in open position if signal equals 0.
The Timers are all single input – single output functions. The timers delay the change
of status from 0 to 1. The delay time should be stated in the symbol.

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X IS THE INPUT & Y IS THE OUTPUT
X t=
5
se
c.
Instrument Signals, Logic Signals & Logic Statements
The existence of a logic signal may correspond physically to either the existence or
the non-existence of an instrument signal, depending on the particular type of
hardware system and the circuit design philosophy that are selected. For example, a
high-pressure alarm may be chosen to be actuated by an electric switch whose
contacts OPEN on high pressure. On the other hand, the high-pressure alarm may
be designed to be actuated by an electric switch whose contracts CLOSE on high

pressure. Thus, the high-pressure condition may be represented physically by the
absence of an electric signal or by the presence of the electric signal.
There may also be misunderstanding of binary logic statements involving devices

that are not recognizable as inherently having only two specific alternative states. For
example, if it is stated that a valve is not closed, this could mean either.
a) that the valve is open fully, or
b) that the valve is simply not closed, namely, that it may be in any position from
almost closed to wide open.
To aid accurate communication between logic developer and reader of the logic
diagram, the diagram should be interpreted literally. Therefore, possibility (b) is the
correct one.
If a valve is an open-close valve, then, to avoid misunderstanding, it is necessary to

do one of the following:

Rev. No .: 0
a) Develop the logic diagram in such a way that it says exactly what is intended. If
the valve is intended to be open, then it should be so stated and not be stated, as
being not closed.
b) Have a separate note specifying that the valve always assumes either the closed
or the open position.
In order to make the logic diagram more readable the physical meaning of the
signals, which refers to status 1, should be stated along the signal line.
If a signal is transferred to another page it is done with an off-page connector.

Connectors may also be used for long feedback lines on the same page.
SHEET NO.
XXXX PAGE XXXX
CONNECTO
R SERIAL NO.
The following definitions apply to devices that have open, closed, or intermediate
positions. The positions stated are nominal to the extent that there are differential
gap and dead band in the instrument that senses the position of the device.
Open position : A position that is 100 percent open.
Not open position : A position that is less than 100 percent open.
A device that is not open may or may not be
closed
Closed position : A position that is 0 percent open. (Fully

closed)
Not Closed Position : A position that is more than 0 percent open. A

device that is not closed may or may not be
open.
Intermediate position : A specified position that is greater than 0

percent and less than 100 percent open

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Not-at-intermediate position : A position that is either above or below the

specified intermediate position.
For a logic system having an input statement that is derived inferentially or indirectly,
a condition may arise that will lead to an erroneous conclusion. For example, an
assumption that flow exists because a pump motor is energized may be false
because of a closed discharge valve, a broken shaft, or another mishap. Factual
statements, that is statements based on positive measurements, confirming that a
certain condition actually exists or does not exist, are generally more reliable and
shall be used while developing the logic diagrams.
A process operation may be affected by loss of the power supply-electric, pneumatic

or other to memories and to other logic elements. In order to take such operating
eventualities into account, it may therefore be necessary to consider the effect of
loss of power to any logic component or to the entire logic system. In such cases, it
may be necessary to enter power supply or loss of power supply as logic inputs to a
system or to individual logic elements. By the same token, it may be necessary to
consider and depict the effect of restoration of power supply. Logic diagrams do not
necessarily have to cover the effect of logic power supplies on process system but
may do so for thoroughness.
Negative Versus Positive Logic Usage
The graphical representation of complex logic functions that describe the control of
an industrial process is an essential aspect of an engineer’s responsibility. Once the
diagrams are developed and the redundancies have been removed, a decision
must be made concerning whether to present the circuit graphically with Positive or
Negative Logic. The choice is based on the purpose of the diagrams and the general
desire to explain it graphically in a clear, concise fashion.
A Positive logic is one that illustrates logic elements that output “1” as a result of the
input “1” into the element. An AND is an example of a positive logic element and
normally all logic functions described with AND’s and OR’s are considered Positive.

Rev. No .: 0
Conversely, Negative logic illustrates a logic function by using logic elements that
require “0” at inputs to produce “0s” at their outputs. The merit of negative logic is
that it facilitates the creation of control circuits for real systems. One can match the
physical characteristics and requirements of the sensors and the interface circuit of
the actuating device to the Negative logic, more easily than the Positive logic.
In the design of safety interlock systems and sequential control systems it is

essential that if the system fails due to hardware malfunctioning such as power
supply failure, failure input connections, etc. the process stays in a safe condition.
This fail-safe concept should be included in the functional logic diagram since in a
later stage while engineering the interlock system it is not always clear what action
can be considered as to be safe.
In most cases the fail safe concept leads to “normally energized” systems. .In terms
of functional logics this means that at a normal condition of the input and output
signals have the status 1 and at abnormal condition the status is 0. This rule of
thumb hold as long as the normal and abnormal condition are applicable. For start-
up interlock systems this is undefined and for processes which have a stand-by
function it is not always clear.
A more general yard stick is:

On input signals the status 1 refers to a safe condition while an output signals the
status 0 refers to a safe action.
System/ Functional Inter-linking / Interfacing
In systems, where inter linkage occurs between the different functions or systems,
i.e. Process Systems, Sequence Control and Safety Shutdown/ Safety Interlock
Systems, then this shall be clearly indicated in the Logic Diagrams, at least by
covering under Notes.
Drawing Formats

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The drawing format may vary from project to project. However, the emphasis shall be
placed on clarify and all logically connected functions shall be indicated, as far as
possible, on the same sheet.
The size of the drawings can be A4 or A3 based on project requirement. However,

A3 is the preferred size.
The logic diagrams shall be provided with an index sheet showing the logic divisions
with respect to the main units or sections of the plant and the associated system, i.e.
Process Control, Safety Shutdown, Sequencing etc.
A legend sheet shall be included, which defines the symbols/ representations used in
the logic diagrams. Any general notes shall also be included in this sheet.
If the same logic output is to be repeated several times on the logic diagrams, a
typical can be made for this function or the same can be narrated under a general
note and related instrument tag nos./ equipment tag nos. must be covered under this
note. For example, the running status of all Pumps shall have an associated output
for a visual indication (lamp), which may be covered under a note.
Following is an example stating the various steps for developing logic diagrams.
There is the Oily Water Sump (OWS) of capacity 1200 m3. The Pumps -001A/B/C
and 002A/B/C are pumping out waste water from the sump. The pumps are Auto
start and Auto stop type. On attaining a certain level in the sump one pump will start
and on level built up the second pump will also start. With falling waste water level in
sump, the second pump shall stop first and subsequently the first pump shall stop
automatically.
The Objectives are to be set after understanding documents like Operation

philosophy, Control philosophy, Instrument Index, etc.
Objectives:

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(1) Start any of the dry weather pump from 62-PA-RA-002 A/B/C when OWS
level in the sump reaches Low Level ( LSL ).
(2) Stop running the dry weather pump when OWS level in the sump reaches at
Low-Low Level ( LSLL ).
(3) Start 2nd dry weather pump from remaining pumps when OWS level in the
sump reaches at High-High Level ( LSHH ).
(4) Stop running the dry weather pump when OWS level in the sump reaches at
LSL.
A Schematic Presentation:
OWS SUMP – 1200 m3

(OILY WATER SUMP)
L
T
PUMP A PUMP B PUMP C
MCC MCC MCC
I I I

STATUS STATUS STATUS
INDICATION INDICATION INDICATION
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Cause & Effect Chart :
This is the cause and effect chart of the above mentioned objectives.
Here Causes are Tank Levels ( LSL , LSLL , LSH , LSHH and Pump Failure )
Effect is the pumps start / stop. In our case this is the desired objective as well.
EFFECT
CAUSE PUMP A PUMP B PUMP C
LSL Running Stop Previous state

LSLL Stop Stop Stop
LSH Previous Previous Previous
State State State
LSHH Running Running Previous state
Pump A Stop Previous Running
Failure state
Pump B Previous state Stop Running till
Failure LSL reached.
Pump C Previous state Previous Stop
Failure state
Pump Stop Stop Stop
A,B,C
Failure

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Logic Diagram :
Following is the logic diagram to achieve the desired objective, to start / stop the
pumps.
LSL O
R S
Q PUMP A
LSHH START/STO
POP
LSLL R
O
R
PUMP A
FAIL
LSHH S
Q PUMP B
START/STO
POP
LSLL R
O
R
PUMP B
FAIL
PUMP A
FAIL O
R S
Q PUMP C
PUMP B START/STO
FAIL POP
LSLL R
O
R
PUMP C
FAIL
LSL A
N
D
PUMP A
STATUS
Rev. No .: 0
Description of Logic Diagram:
In the above case we have considered Pump A/B are running and Pump C is
standby pump. If either A/B fails , C will start working.
Signals ( LSL , LSLL , LSH, LSHH ) are derived from Level Transmitters so in normal
condition the input status considered is "0" and in abnormal condition the input status
considered is "1".
4.0 Documentation
The following shall be maintained in the department as documentation till closure of

Project.
- Specification/ Legends sheets
- Check prints of (latest revision)
- Master Prints (all revisions)
- Co-ordination print
- Client commented and approval copy.

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15-QMP-001-F2-R1

GS Engineering & Construction India Pvt. Ltd. Doc. No. : 44-DG-01

Design Guide for

Classification : Discipline Standard

GS Engineering & Construction India Pvt. Ltd.

0 24 Nov. 2008 Issued for Implementation DB ALB DM

REV. DATE DESCRIPTION PREP’D CHK’D APP’D

GS Engineering & Construction India Pvt. Ltd.

This guideline provides a consistent approach for developing Logic Diagrams of

The procedure is primarily process based. Safety interlock systems, sequential

Therefore, depending on the type of hardware it refers to the energize / de-energize

GS Engineering & Construction India Pvt. Ltd.

preparing the Logic Diagrams.

3.5 Logic Function

GS Engineering & Construction India Pvt. Ltd.

which is also called as "NOT" gate.

X1, X2 ARE THE INPUTS & Y IS THE OUTPUT

Two or More Inputs

A Symbolic Representation of “AND” Logic Gate

TRUTH TABLE FOR OR

A Symbolic Representation of “OR” Logic Gate

GS Engineering & Construction India Pvt. Ltd.

X INPUT OUTPUT TRUTH TABLE FOR “NOT” GATE

A Symbolic Representation of “NOT” Logic Gate

X1, X2 ARE THE A SYMBOLIC REPRESENTARTION OF SELECTOR

When switch is in position 1, Y= X1. When switch is in position 2, Y=X2.

GS Engineering & Construction India Pvt. Ltd.

X1, X2 ARE THE INPUTS & Y1, Y2 ARE THE OUTPUTS

TRUTH TABLE FOR S-R

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X IS THE INPUT & Y IS THE OUTPUT

be designed to be actuated by an electric switch whose contracts CLOSE on high

There may also be misunderstanding of binary logic statements involving devices

If a valve is an open-close valve, then, to avoid misunderstanding, it is necessary to

GS Engineering & Construction India Pvt. Ltd.

If a signal is transferred to another page it is done with an off-page connector.

Open position : A position that is 100 percent open.

Closed position : A position that is 0 percent open. (Fully

Not Closed Position : A position that is more than 0 percent open. A

Intermediate position : A specified position that is greater than 0

GS Engineering & Construction India Pvt. Ltd.

Not-at-intermediate position : A position that is either above or below the

A process operation may be affected by loss of the power supply-electric, pneumatic

Negative Versus Positive Logic Usage

GS Engineering & Construction India Pvt. Ltd.

In the design of safety interlock systems and sequential control systems it is

A more general yard stick is:

System/ Functional Inter-linking / Interfacing

GS Engineering & Construction India Pvt. Ltd.

The size of the drawings can be A4 or A3 based on project requirement. However,

The Objectives are to be set after understanding documents like Operation

GS Engineering & Construction India Pvt. Ltd.

OWS SUMP – 1200 m3

PUMP A PUMP B PUMP C

MCC MCC MCC

GS Engineering & Construction India Pvt. Ltd.

Cause & Effect Chart :

CAUSE PUMP A PUMP B PUMP C

LSL Running Stop Previous state

GS Engineering & Construction India Pvt. Ltd.

Description of Logic Diagram:

The following shall be maintained in the department as documentation till closure of

GS Engineering & Construction India Pvt. Ltd.

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