WUDAPTpaper2 Wuahn-HangzhouLCZ

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Local Climate Zone (LCZ) Classiﬁcation Using the World Urban Database and
Access Portal Tools (WUDAPT) Method: A Case Study in Wuhan and Hangzhou
Conference Paper · May 2016
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The Fourth International Conference on Countermeasure to Urban Heat Islands (4th IC2UHI)
30‐31 MAY • 1 JUNE 2016 | STEPHEN RIADY CENTRE, UNIVERSITY TOWN, NUS
Local Climate Zone (LCZ) Classification Using the

World Urban Database and Access Portal Tools
(WUDAPT) Method: A Case Study in Wuhan and
Hangzhou
Chao REN1, 2, 3 *, Meng CAI2, Ran WANG 2, Yong XU 2 , Edward Ng1, 2, 3,
1. School of Architecture, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong
2. The Institute of Future Cities (IoFC), The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong
3. The Institute of Environment, Energy and Sustainability (IEES), The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin,
N.T., Hong Kong
* Corresponding Author
Abstract: Urbanization in China has been rapid since the 1990s. According to the latest
report from the National Bureau of Statistics, it has been found that the urbanization rate
reached 54.77% in 2014. This has led to a series of urban environmental problems and has
changed urban climatic conditions, e.g. intensified urban heat island (UHI) effect. There is a
need to understand urban morphology and its impact on the local thermal environment. The
concept of Local climate zones (LCZ) classification was developed by Stewart and Oke in
2012. It is a well-known international standard method used to describe the land cover and its
thermal performance under UHI. Wuhan and Hangzhou are two major cities in China that
have been selected and on which a case study has been conducted.
For this paper, first, the background information of these two cities has been collected and
different types of LCZ and training samples of seventeen climate-based classification
categories have been obtained by visual interpretation from Google Earth. Second, LCZ
maps of these two selected cities have been produced using the System for Automated
Geoscientific Analyses (SAGA) software after inputting training samples. Third, an accuracy
assessment has been performed by conducting a comparison (confusion matrix) between the
generated LCZ maps with validation samples on the platform of ArcGIS. For further validation,
a master plan of land use and a future city development plan, as well as the associated
metadata, have also been incorporated to improve the accuracy of this research. Finally,
based on the understanding of LCZ and the local urban development plan, a set of planning
recommendations will be developed. The study results will be uploaded on an open on-line
database and made available to architects, city planners and designers, so that they can
make better designs and create a quality outdoor environment for local citizens.
Key words: Local Climate Zone (LCZ) Classification, urban heat island (UHI), World Urban
Database and Access Portal Tools (WUDAPT)
1. Introduction
1.1 Background Information
Urbanization in China has reached a significant level with 54.77% of the population living in cities
in 2014. As urban areas develop, urban settlements replace the open land and vegetation. The
expansion of urban areas has brought with it many environmental problems such as air pollution
and urban heat island (UHI). UHI is a phenomenon in which downtown areas experience higher
temperature values than their rural surroundings. Not only can the UHI phenomenon result in a
poor thermal environment, it can also be a threat to public health (Chan, 2013). The Chinese cities
known as “stove cities,” such Nanjing, Wuhan, Chongqing and Hangzhou, have been suffering
extremely hot weather during their urban development. Therefore, the UHI phenomenon has
become a problem that should be studied and properly solved in China.
1

Up to now, several landscape classification methods have been developed which contain many
features that align with the aims of UHI investigation. In order to study urban morphology and its
impact on local thermal environment, Steward and Oke have developed Local Climate Zones
(LCZ) to characterize cities in a comprehensive and standardized way (Steward and Oke, 2012).
Each LCZ aims to have a homogenous air temperature and is defined by both qualitative and
quantitative properties. One of the major advantages of LCZ is the new perspective of urban heat
island, which looks into the temperature differentiation among LCZ classes rather than among the
traditional “urban” and “rural” classes. It emphasizes the importance of intra-urban temperature
comparison among different urban classes, to analyze the influence of heterogeneous urban
morphology on local climate formation.
However, there is often limited access to the urban morphology data of Chinese cities. Acquiring
high resolution and detailed urban information often costs a lot. In this paper, The World Urban
Database and Portal Tool (WUDAPT) has been utilized to realize LCZ classification. WUDAPT
has been created to collect requisite urban morphology and activity data globally and provide the
information in a form suitable for climate science by using a straightforward workflow as well as
open and free software and data (Bechtel, 2015).
1.2. The Objectives and Key Concerns of this Study

This study aims to: (1) apply the LCZ scheme to two major cities in China and generate LCZ maps
of the cities using WUDAPT; (2) use the WUDAPT method to create an open and online database
of the LCZ of the major cities in China. The database can be helpful for data exchange among
researchers and planners; (3) conduct an accuracy assessment of the LCZ maps to check the
feasibility and performance of WUDAPT; (4) discuss the future study of the LCZ scheme and
WUDAPT for better classification results, and (5) discuss and adapt strategies to mitigate UHI and
improve the thermal environment of the major cities in China.
2 Review
2.1 Local Climate Zone (LCZ)
In order to understand the correlation between urban form and local meteorology, Oke initiated
the scheme of urban climate zones (UCZ) in 2004 (Oke, 2004). The UCZ scheme is the most
universal classification but it is largely focused on the modern and well-developed urban scenario.
Steward and Oke later refined the approach and further developed it into the LCZ to redefine and
quantify the UHI effect (Steward and Oke, 2012).
Each LCZ class can be defined quantitatively by using a standard set of parameters. The LCZ
classification has 17 standard types comprising two subsets: 10 built types and 7 land cover types
(Table 1).
Table 1. Names and designations of the LCZ types (after Stewart and Oke, 2012)
Built types Land cover types
LCZ1-Compact high-rise LCZ A-dense trees
LCZ2-Compact mid-rise LCZ B-Scattered trees
LCZ3-Compact low-rise LCZ C – Bush, scrub
LCZ4-Open high-rise LCZ D – Low plants
LCZ5-Open mid-rise LCZ E – Bare rock/paved
LCZ6-Open low-rise LCZ F – Bare soil/ sand
LCZ7-Lightweight low-rise LCZ G – Water
LCZ8-Large low-rise
LCZ9-Sparse low-rise
LCZ10-Heavy industry
Emmanuel and Krüger applied LCZ to the low-density city of Glasgow and examined the influence
of urbanization on local climate change using 50-year historical data (Emmanuel and Krüger,
2012). In 2012, for the first time, Bechtel used multiple observation data to extract LCZ classes
(Bechtel, 2012) and he proposed a method that used multi-temporal Landsat images in 2015.
Gamba developed an LCZ classification system on the basis of high-resolution remote sensing
2

images (Gamba, 2012). In this system, remote sensing technology is used to extract quantitative
parameters that can separate different LCZ such as sky view factor, building density, and average
building height. Meanwhile, Gamba applied this method to classify Heraklion, Greece, based on
the LCZ scheme. Perera, Emmanuel and Mahanama applied LCZ to warm and humid climatic
regions (Perera, 2013). Perera generated the LCZ map of Colombo, Sri Lanka, changed the urban
form according to Colombo's future development plans and discovered the distribution of UHI in
Colombo. Lelovics developed a semi-empirical method based on a geographic information
system (GIS) and LCZ and used this method to generate an LCZ map of Szeged, Hungary
(Lelovics. 2014). Middel used the ENVI-met model to simulate the local thermal environment in
Phoenix and proposed five neighborhood design schemes following LCZ classification (Middel,
2014). Mitraka made use of multi-level Earth observation data to establish a method for LCZ
mapping and drew an LCZ map of Berlin (Mitraka, 2015). Leconte identified 13 LCZ classes in the
Greater Nancy area, where maximum temperature differences over 4°C among mid-rise zones
and low plant zones had been captured during nighttime traverse measurements (Leconte, 2015).
2.2 The World Urban Database and Access Portal Tools (WUDAPT)
The template of WUDAPT is based on the National Urban Database and Portal Tool (NUDAPT),
which was developed in 2009 (Ching, 2009). NUDAPT is initiated in order to support models that
need spatially detailed 3D information on cities. It uses available city-based information as well as
Lidar technology to gather precise information on city topography. However, the process cannot
be applied for cities globally. A team of researchers in remote sensing, GIS, urban climate,
architecture and environmental science led by Gerald Mills and Jason Ching, worked together to
develop a protocol for creating the WUDAPT based on the NUDAPT in Dublin in 2012. WUDAPT
was designed to be a universal, simple and objective method to be used as part of a global
protocol to derive information about the form and function of cities. It applies free satellite images
and free software and it can be handled without expert remote sensing knowledge. The WUDAPT
employs software that includes SAGA GIS and Google Earth (GE).
In December 2015, a WUDAPT committee explored methods used in its early implementation and
studied how it is currently used to establish the initial level 0 database and develop the method by
which to move forward on Level 1 and 2 data collection. The committee also discussed and raised
the topic of the need for a global database for the rapidly growing cities of China.
2.3 Urban Climatic Application in China

China is undergoing rapid urbanization, which has led to changes in its urban climate and
environment. Pursuing the continuous development of the national economy and building livable
cities are two major goals in China. However, there are limited applied urban climatic studies in
urban planning and development in China. The key reason for this is a lack of studies on the
impact of urban development intensity on local climatic conditions. It is also noted that urban
morphology data and information in China is not easily accessed in the public domain. Thus, by
applying LCZ classification to Chinese cities by using the WUDAPT method, urban morphology
information can be quickly extracted based on free Landsat data and software for urban climate
study and evaluation.
3. Method
3.1 Study Areas
Hangzhou and Wuhan have been selected as study areas. They belong to the subtropical
monsoon zone and share similar climate features with four distinct seasons. Citizens of the two
cities suffer scorching summers with extremely high temperatures over 39℃. In addition, the two
cities are both prosperous and are still undergoing rapid urbanization. The expansion of urban
areas will result in a serious UHI phenomenon. A temperature study of the two cities has shown
that the urban areas have significantly higher temperatures than the rural areas, indicating that
they both experience obvious UHI (Yi, 2015& Huang, 2013). Hot weather and intensified UHI
worsen the thermal environment and pose a serious threat to citizens’ health.
3

Wuhan Municipality area includes 13 districts. Its downtown areas consist of three cities, namely
Hankou, Hanyang and Wuchang.
Hangzhou Municipality area includes 9 urban districts, 2 county-level cities and 2 counties. The
downtown area covers 6 urban districts.
Figure1 spatial location of Wuhan and Hangzhou Municipalities
Table2 geography and climate characteristics of Wuhan and Hangzhou

Locatio Extreme Ave.
Climatic Annual Ave.
n in Area Terrain high high
Region rainfall* temp*
China temp* temp*
Humid
plain with a 16.6
8,467 subtropical 1269
Wuhan middle few hilly 39.6 21.1
km² monsoon mm ℃
areas
climate
southe west is hilly 17.0
16,847 subtropical 1438
Hangzhou ast while the east 41.6 21.4
km² monsoon zone mm ℃
coast is plain
*The climate data is from the National Meteorological Information Center. The average data is acquired from 1981
to 2010. Extreme high temperature is acquired from 1951 to 2013.
3.2 Data
Landsat 8 level 1 images of the two study areas with resolution of 30m were downloaded from the
USGS (U.S. Geological Survey). The administrative range of Wuhan took three images and that
of Hangzhou took four. Urban morphology Information including the building and land cover was
derived from GE.
Table3 Landsat images information
Landsat Entity ID Date
Wuhan LC81230392014279LGN00 6-Oct-14
LC81230382014279LGN00 6-Oct-14
LC81220392014288LGN00 15-Oct-14
Hangzhou LC81190392015286LGN00 13-Oct-15
LC81200392014354LGN00 20-DEC-14
LC81190402014299LGN00 26-Oct-14
LC81200402014354LGN00 20-DEC-14
3.3 Research Steps
4

There are three main steps in this study following the WUDAPT level 0 method (after Bechtel,
2015):
(a) Pre-processing of Landsat data: the selected Landsat images have first been joined into one fit
into the study area and then this image has been clipped by the city’s boundary in order to
decrease the computation time. This pre-processed image has been re-sampled to 100 meters to
get a representation of the spectral signal of local-scale urban structures rather than smaller
objects.
(b) Digitization of training areas in GE according to the LCZ scheme: the representative areas of
each LCZ class area have been selected by polygons as training samples (Tab. 4) and saved in a
kml format.
(c) Classification in SAGA-GIS: the pre-processed Landsat images and the selected training
areas have been fed into SAGA-GIS. The LCZ classification of the study areas has been
calculated and conducted by the random forest classifier by comparing the similarity between the
training samples and the rest of the study areas.
Table4 Snapshot of LCZs of Wuhan & Hangzhou from Google Earth

Wuhan Hangzhou Wuhan Hangzhou
LCZ1 LCZ 9
LCZ2 LCZ 10
LCZ3 LCZ A
LCZ4 LCZ B
LCZ 5 LCZ C
LCZ 6 LCZ D
LCZ 7 LCZ E
5

LCZ 8 LCZ F
LCZ G
4. Analysis and Validation

4.1 LCZ Map of Wuhan Municipality
Figure 2 is the LCZ map of Wuhan Municipality area. It can be seen to capture the morphology
characteristics of rural and urban areas and detect the potential UHI distribution pattern of Wuhan
Metropolitan area. It can be seen that the most rural areas belong to LCZ D (Low Plants).
Downtown areas of Wuhan Municipality are mainly classified into the LCZ 3 (compact low rise)
and LCZ 4 (open high-rise), which show potentially high UHI intensity. It is also noted that the
center areas of new towns are in the classes of LCZ 3(compact low rise) and LCZ 5(Open
mid-rise), which demonstrates that these suburbs can also form hot spot areas.
Figure2 Wuhan LCZ map
4.2 LCZ Map of Hangzhou Municipality

The Hangzhou LCZ map indicates that LCZ A (dense trees) takes up most of Hangzhou rural area.
The urbanized area is largely classified into LCZ 1-4, which potentially indicates the obvious UHI
phenomenon of the city. There is no obvious gap between the downtown area and the suburbs in
Hangzhou, which shows that the city is highly urbanized and has a large area of potential UHI
distribution. The counties and the county-level cities are mostly classified into LCZ 3(compact low
rise), and can also be a heat source of Hangzhou Municipality.
6

Figure3 Hangzhou LCZ map
4.3 Accuracy Assessment of LCZ Classification

An accuracy assessment has been conducted to check the performance of the random forest
classifier and the accuracy of the LCZ classification of two Chinese cities. In general, it is not
feasible to check pixel by pixel whether or not the LCZ classification is correct. A new set of
samples for all LCZs has been randomly collected as reference data to estimate the classification
error. In order to be more objective, numbers of new samples of each LCZ class have been set at
0.5% of the number of each developed LCZ class. An assessment that compares the developed
LCZ classes with reference data can reveal the difference. The results of an accuracy
assessment are usually summarized in a confusion matrix. The degree of confusion between the
classification result and the ground truth can be calculated in the matrix.
Table 5 Confusion matrix of Wuhan
Table 6 Confusion matrix of Hangzhou
7

The overall accuracy is 75.2% and the Kappa Coefficient is 70.1% for Wuhan. The overall
accuracy is 75.5% and the Kappa Coefficient is 72.2% for Hangzhou. The accuracy assessment
demonstrates a satisfying result for the large scale classification. It can be concluded that the
WUDAPT level 0 method is effective and credible for conducting LCZ classification for the cities in
China that share similar urban morphological characteristics to those of Wuhan and Hangzhou.
The confusion matrix also indicates that LCZ 1, 2, 6, 9, B and C have relatively lower accuracy for
Wuhan and LCZ 1, 3, 7, 8, and 9 for Hangzhou with the accuracy lower than 50%. The
mis-classification is mainly in built-up types (LCZ 1, 2 and 3) and vegetation (LCZ B&C). The
possible reason may be that there is limited information provided by the buildings and vegetation
in the Landsat images.
5. Discussion
5.1 Further Study in the Next Step
First, as the Landsat image does not provide good differentiation of certain LCZs, more accurate
data can be included in the classification process to improve the quality and accuracy of current
level 0 products. To improve the vegetation classification accuracy, Normalized Difference
Vegetation Index (NDVI) data, as well as multi-temporal Landsat images, can be included in the
classification progress. Methods of applying more accurate satellite images, such as stereo
images to extract urban morphology parameters, can be used to improve the classification
accuracy of built-up types and can be further used for acquiring WUDAPT Level 1&2 data. Also,
better satellite images of low cost containing more detailed urban morphology information can be
found to replace Landsat in the classification process.
Second, the ground truth data also has its own limitations and may not truly represent the real
conditions of study areas. There is a need to check the parameters of each LCZ class with the
real urban morphology of the site. More reliable verification data, such as the real GIS data of the
city, should be used in the accuracy assessment to provide a more objective accuracy
assessment of the result. While many cities do not have such data, the urban morphology
parameters derived from more accurate remote sensing images can be used.
Third, the process of selecting training samples relies on personal judgement including expertise,
knowledge and local experience; therefore, the samples’ results may not be completely objective.
The selection process can vary according to its different operators. A standard training and
approval process for WUDAPT operators can be developed to ensure each operator is qualified to
select correct training samples. This activity can effectively reduce human error in training
samples.
8

Furthermore, there is some fragmentation in the LCZ map that does not correspond with the real
conditions. Post-classification is necessary to reduce the noise and increase homogeneous parts.
Filters are helpful to reduce fragmentation in the classification result. In the future we will try to
determine a suitable filter to increase homogeneous parts while not reducing the resolution.
It is important to note that, since China is experiencing fast urbanization, the land cover and
built-up types of cities are complex and they have their own unique urban morphology
characteristics. The existing LCZ classification scheme has been developed based on the
experiences and observations made in European and US cities. It may not be adequate to
describe the land features of cities in China. Thus, future effort should be put into refining and
localizing the LCZ scheme to suit the situation in Chinese cities.
Finally, WUDAPT data can be used as input data for model simulation such as the Weather
Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model. Determining the optimal resolution and accuracy of the
Level “0” data for model simulation is another further step that can be taken.
5.2 Planning Implementation-a Pilot Study in Wuhan

The LCZ map can indicate the possibility of UHI effect. Since the LCZ scheme has been
developed based on urban morphology’s impact on temperature variation, LCZ classifications can
be used for climatic sensitive planning. The LCZ map visualizes the spatial characteristics and
distribution of potential UHI patterns and can be a useful reference for architects and planners for
making better designs and decisions. This section uses the Wuhan Master City Plan as an
example to discuss how the climatic understanding from the developed LCZ map of Wuhan can
be adopted to assist local planning.
The control plan of urban development of the Wuhan downtown areas (2010-2020) has been
collected from the Wuhan Land Resource and Planning Bureau (Figure 4). It can effectively
regulate urban morphology and development intensity in order to mitigate UHI in the near future. A
few development control areas identified by different numbers are discussed below.
Area no. 1 represents places of high intensity control. This area should be restricted to the
building of compact high rise buildings according to the master plan of Wuhan. Areas numbered
1a and 1c mainly include LCZ 2-5. These areas can be further constructed but urban planners
must pay attention to preserving open space and ensure the existence of greenery and ventilation.
The greenery network surrounding the buildings has a better cooling effect. Area no. 1b is the
most compact area in Wuhan and it has the potentially highest temperature according to the LCZ
map. Further development of this area should be avoided to reduce local warming.
Area no. 2 is a mid-high intensity control area and here focus should be on constructing high
buildings as well as some middle rise buildings. LCZ 4-5 mainly belong to Mid-high intensity
control areas. However, further development in the area to add more compact buildings can
intensify the UHI and proper building and street lay out should be recommended with a view to
reducing UHI. In addition, area no. 2 is in the middle of the two high intensity control areas (area
no.1a and 1b); further construction will impede heat circulation, which will worsen thermal
conditions. To conclude, there are plans to further modify the high and mid-high intensity control
areas according to the LCZ scheme for improving the thermal environment in Wuhan.
There are plans to build midrise buildings with low building density from 10% to 25% in area no. 3.
Region 3a is mainly comprised of LCZ 10 (heavy industry) and it produces a large amount of heat
and air pollution. Further planning should not only limit building density but also restrict the
anthropogenic heat output to improve the thermal environment. Region 3b is relatively open and
intensity control can be helpful in the mitigation of UHI here.
Area no. 4 is mostly LCZ 6 and is intended to have more midrise buildings. The future vegetation
rate will be above 40%. Region 5 represents a low density area. This area is mostly LCZ A&E and
is the urban ecological corridor of the city. The area should control building height to under 10m,
9

keep building density at under 10% and maintain vegetation density at over 50%. Close proximity
of green space (LCZ A-D) and open space (LCZ E&F) as well as a lower density of the
surrounding environment are beneficial for temperature decrease. The planning strategy of the
mid, mid low and low intensity control areas is to maintain low building density and preserve
greenery coverage and can thus be beneficial for mitigation of the high temperature of the city.
a) b)
Fig 4 a )LCZ map of Wuhan Downtown Areas; b) Wuhan urban master plan of construction
intensity (Wuhan Government, 2010)
Table7 The control plan of urban development of Wuhan downtown areas (2010-2020)
(Wuhan Government, 2010)
Area Development Intensity Building Density Minimum Greenery Density
1 High 30%-50% 25%
2 Mid-high 25%-30% 30%
3 Mid 25%-30% 35%
4 Mid-low 10%-25% 40%
5 low Below 10% 50%
6 Urban green space
6. Conclusion
Rapid urbanization in China has led to a series of environmental problems, especially the UHI
phenomenon. In order to understand urban development and its corresponding impact on local
climatic conditions and establish the database for Chinese urban climate studies, this paper uses
the WUDAPT method to generate an LCZ map of the selected Chinese cities. Accuracy
assessment of the LCZ maps has been conducted and the overall accuracy reaches 75% for both
the study areas. This means that the performance of the classifier for Wuhan and Hangzhou is
satisfactory and that the classifier can be used for other similar Chinese cities, while the accuracy
of the classifier for vegetation and highly built up areas still needs to be improved.
Further work for this study will focus on improving the LCZ classification accuracy and data quality
for modelling simulation and planning purposes, improving the current accuracy assessment
method, standardizing the training area selection, eliminating the product’s fragmentation, and
refining the LCZ scheme for Chinese urban situations.
Acknowledgements
The study is supported by the VC Discretionary Fund entitled “World-wide Urban Data Bank on
10

Physical Forms of Cities & Impact Studies of Urban Forms on Human Comfort, Health and
Environment Well-being” and a direct grant from the Social Science Panel of The Chinese
University of Hong Kong named “A preliminary study of using remote sensing techniques to obtain
urban morphological information and its implications on thermal comfort and heat-related impact
in urban areas: a case study of Hangzhou”. The authors wish to thank Dr. Iain Stewart, Dr. Jason
Ching, Dr. Michael Foley, Prof. Gerald Mills and Prof. Xuemei Wang and Prof. Tzu-Ping Lin for
giving their advice on applying the LCZ scheme and adopting the WUDAPT method in this study.
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Conference Paper · May 2016

Chao Ren Meng Cai

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Ran Wang Yong Xu

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Local Climate Zone (LCZ) Classification Using the

1.2. The Objectives and Key Concerns of this Study

2.3 Urban Climatic Application in China

Figure1 spatial location of Wuhan and Hangzhou Municipalities

Table2 geography and climate characteristics of Wuhan and Hangzhou

3.3 Research Steps

Table4 Snapshot of LCZs of Wuhan & Hangzhou from Google Earth

4. Analysis and Validation

Figure2 Wuhan LCZ map

4.2 LCZ Map of Hangzhou Municipality

Figure3 Hangzhou LCZ map

4.3 Accuracy Assessment of LCZ Classification

Table 6 Confusion matrix of Hangzhou

5.2 Planning Implementation-a Pilot Study in Wuhan

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