International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 53 (2010) 5058–5064

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International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ijhmt

Unsteady conjugated heat transfer in thick walled pipes involving two-dimensional

wall and axial fluid conduction with uniform heat flux boundary condition
Ali Atesß, Selçuk Darıcı, Sß efik Bilir *
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Selçuk University, 42031 Konya, Turkey

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: Transient conjugated heat transfer in thick walled pipes for thermally developing laminar flow is inves-
Received 10 December 2009 tigated involving two-dimensional wall and axial fluid conduction. The problem is solved numerically by
Received in revised form 7 June 2010 a finite-difference method for hydrodynamically developed flow in a two-regional pipe, initially isother-
Accepted 14 July 2010
mal in which the upstream region is insulated and the downstream region is subjected to a suddenly
applied uniform heat flux. A parametric study is done to analyze the effects of four defining parameters
namely, wall thickness ratio, wall-to-fluid thermal conductivity ratio, wall-to-fluid thermal diffusivity
Keywords:
ratio and the Peclet number. The results are given by non-dimensional interfacial heat flux values, and
Conjugated heat transfer
Thick walled pipe
it is observed that, heat transfer characteristics are strongly dependent on the parameter values.
Constant wall heat flux Ó 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Numerical solution

1. Introduction
Analysis of conjugated heat transfer in transient regime is
important during start up, shutoff or any change in the operating
conditions. This problem may be faced in regenerative and recu-
perative heat exchangers, in cooling of gas turbine blades, in nucle-
ar reactors, aircraft engines and spacecrafts, and is more likely to
be analyzed in pipes or in flow sections which can be modeled as
a pipe or channel.
Transient heat transfer for laminar pipe or channel flow was
analyzed by many investigators and in some of them the pipe wall
is considered extremely thin. In this case the wall conduction may
be ignored and the condition at the outer wall surface can be as-
sumed to prevail along the inner surface. However, in thick walled
pipes the conditions at the wall–fluid interface are not known a
priory and the energy equations must be solved simultaneously
by assuming continuity in temperatures and in heat fluxes at the
interface. When Peclet number of the flow is low, the axial fluid
conduction may be comparable to convection and can not be ig-
nored. Diffusion of heat backward through the upstream region, re-
sults preheating of the fluid before the beginning of the heating
section. Therefore such problems are usually analyzed in two-re-
gional pipes. A brief literature survey on steady conjugated prob-
lems and on the effect of axial fluid conduction is given in [1,2].
A more recent survey on the subject may also be found in the paper
of Weigand and Gassner [3]. They studied a conjugate extended
Graetz problem analytically for pipes with a step change in con-
stant outside wall temperature in a finite region.
Unsteady conjugated problems for laminar flow considering one
or two-dimensional wall conduction and fluid axial conduction
were also studied by many investigators under various boundary
conditions. Schneider [4] solved the problem for parallel plates
and Vick et al. [5] for pipes with uniform flow and convection from
the outer surface by analytical methods. Campo and Auguste [6]
worked on a problem with parabolic velocity profile and both with
convective and radiative boundary conditions. Numerical methods
are used for solving the problem in pipes, heated in finite length,
with a step change in heat flux, by Lin and Kuo [7] and in tempera-
ture, by Yan et al. [8]. With variable inlet fluid conditions in parallel
plates, the problem is investigated by Travelho and Santos [9], with
uniform flow, and by Olek et al. [10], with parabolic flow. Yapıcı and
Albayrak [11] solved a problem with non-uniform heat fluxes and
Yin and Bau [12] with and without axial fluid conduction.
Recently numerical methods were used in investigations con-
sidering two-dimensional wall and axial fluid conduction. Schutte
et al. [13] solved the problem, for combined development region,
Lee and Yan [14], Bilir [15] and Zueco et al. [16], with step change
in wall temperature, Yan [17] and Bilir and Atesß [18], with convec-
tive boundary conditions and Li and Kakaç [19], with step and
sinusoidal change in wall heat flux, Luna et al. [20], for power-
law fluids with step change in wall heat flux.
2. Problem formulation

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90 332 3528093; fax: +90 332 3520998. The schematics of the problem and the coordinate system are
E-mail address: sbilir@selcuk.edu.tr (S
ß. Bilir). shown in Fig. 1. The flow pipe is two-regional and infinite in

0017-9310/$ - see front matter Ó 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2010.07.059
 A. Atesß et al. / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 53 (2010) 5058–5064 5059

Nomenclature

a constant of discretization equation (Eqs. (6a)–(6j)) Dr radial step size

cp specific heat at constant pressure Dt time step increment
d thickness of the pipe wall Dx axial step size
Fo Fourier number e relative error
Gz Graetz number q density
k thermal conductivity
Nu Nusselt number Subscripts
Pe Peclet number b bulk
q heat flux f fluid
r radial coordinate i inner wall
t time i, j at nodal point i, j
T temperature m mean
T0 initial temperature of the system o outer wall
u axial velocity w wall
x axial coordinate wf ratio of wall to fluid

Greek symbols Superscripts

a thermal diffusivity 0
dimensionless quantity
dr radial position difference 0 at previous time step
dx axial position difference

both sides. At the far upstream, the fluid temperature is T0 and The initial and boundary conditions are
uniform. The upstream region of the pipe wall is externally insu-
at t0 ¼ 0 T 0w ¼ 0; ð1bÞ
lated; the flow is laminar and hydrodynamically developed at
the beginning of the downstream region. Initially the whole sys- 0
at x ¼ 1 T 0w ¼ 0; ð1cÞ
tem is isothermal at temperature T0, and at time t = 0 a constant
@T 0w 0
and uniform heat flux qwo is suddenly applied on the external at x0 ¼ þ1 ¼ 4ð1 þ d Þ; ð1dÞ
surface of the downstream side of the pipe. Physical properties @x0
of the fluid are assumed to be constant and the viscous dissipa- 0 @T 0w
at r 0 ¼ 1 þ d for x0 < 0 ¼ 0; ð1eÞ
tion is neglected. @r 0
The above-described problem may be formulated in non- @T 0w 1
0
dimensional form as follows. In the wall side, the differential equa- at r 0 ¼ 1 þ d for x0 P 0 ¼ ; ð1fÞ
@r0 kwf
tion is
 0  0
1 @T 0w 1 @ 0 @T w 1 @ 2 T 0w @T 0w 1 @T f
0 ¼ r þ 2 : ð1aÞ at r 0 ¼ 1 T 0w ¼ T 0f and ¼ : ð1g; hÞ
awf @t r @r
0 0 @r 0
Pe @x02 @r 0 kwf @r 0

Fig. 1. Schematics of the problem and the coordinate system.

5060 A. Atesß et al. / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 53 (2010) 5058–5064

In the fluid side, the differential equation is in the wall side

! 2 0 r 0j ðDr 0 Þj
@T 0f 02
@T 0f 1 @ @T f 0
1 @ Tf aiþ1;j ¼ ; ð6eÞ
0 þ ð1  r Þ ¼ r0 0 þ 2 2
: ð2aÞ Pe2 ðdx0 Þiþ1
@t @x0 r 0 @r 0 @r Pe @x0
r 0j ðDr 0 Þj
ai1;j ¼ ; ð6fÞ
The initial and boundary conditions are Pe2 ðdx0 Þi1
at t 0 ¼ 0 T 0f ¼ 0; ð2bÞ r j ðDx0 Þi ðDr0 Þj
0
a0i;j ¼ ; ð6gÞ
awf  Dt0
0
at x ¼ 1 T 0f ¼ 0; ð2cÞ
and in both sides
@T 0f 0
at x0 ¼ þ1 ¼ 4ð1 þ d Þ; ð2dÞ r 0jþ1 ðDx0 Þi
@x0
ai;jþ1 ¼ ; ð6hÞ
ðdr 0 Þjþ1
@T 0f @T 0
at r 0 ¼ 1 T 0f ¼ T 0w and ¼ kwf w0 ; ð2e; fÞ r 0j1 ðDx0 Þi
@r 0 @r ai;j1 ¼ ; ð6iÞ
ðdr 0 Þj1
@T 0f ai;j ¼ aiþ1;j þ ai1;j þ ai;jþ1 þ ai;j1 þ a0i;j : ð6jÞ
at r 0 ¼ 0 ¼ 0: ð2gÞ
@r 0
The finite-difference formulation used in the discretization of
Non-dimensional parameters of the problem are defined as: the differential equations and the boundary conditions was also
used in some previous works [1,2,15,18] and proved to give fast
x 2 r qwi T  T0 0 d and reliable results in heat transfer problems for thermally devel-
x0 ¼  ; r0 ¼ ; q0wi ¼ ; T0 ¼ ; d ¼ ;
r wi Pe Gz r wi qwo qwo r wi =kf r wi oping laminar pipe flows, especially when axial fluid conduction is
kw aw taf 2r wi um qf cpf important, i.e. for low Peclet number flows.
kwf ¼ ; awf ¼ ; t 0 ¼ 2  Fo; Pe ¼ : The grids are laid both in the wall and the fluid side and due to
kf af r wi kf
axial symmetry bounded between the outer surface of the wall and
Dimensionless fluid bulk temperatures, T 0b , interfacial heat flux val- the pipe axis. The boundaries of the computational region in the
ues, q0wi , and local Nusselt numbers, Nu, may be of engineering inter- axial direction are guessed by the results of some trial runs with
est and can be calculated as follows: coarse grid systems as to satisfy the conditions at these bound-
Z 1 aries. Axial grids are contracted in the vicinity of the beginning
0
T 0b ¼ 4 r 0 ð1  r 02 ÞT 0f dr ; ð3Þ of the heating section while radial grids are uniform in size. The
0
! first axial step size is taken 0.001 for both upstream and down-
@T 0f stream region and linearly stretched in both directions by increas-
q0wi ¼  ; ð4Þ
@r 0 0 ing the axial step sizes by the one third of the previous grid. After
r ¼1
@T 0  successive grid refinements the optimum number for the grid sys-
2 @r0f 0 tem is found to be 50  28 in order both to minimize the solution
r ¼1
Nu ¼ : ð5Þ time and maximize the sensitivity.
T 0wi  T 0b
Furthermore, to verify that the solutions are grid independent,
results were assessed based on the generalized Richardson extrap-
3. Solution methodology olation and grid converge index (GCI) suggested by Roache [22].
Sample solutions were made by using coarse and fine grids assum-
The systems of Eqs. (1a)–(1h) and (2a)–(2g) are solved simulta- ing the selected grid system as medium. A second order method is
neously by a numerical finite-difference method. The conductive used in GCI analysis by taking the grid refinement ratio as 2.0 [22]
terms are discretized by central-difference schemes and the con- and therefore the grid sizes are doubled in coarse and halved in
vective terms in the energy differential equation for the fluid side fine grid systems in both axial and radial coordinates. The quanti-
by an exact method which is given in [2]. This method of discreti- ties of interest for comparison are the steady state values of inter-
zation is a two-dimensional version of the ‘‘exact or exponential facial heat flux, q0wi , and the fluid bulk temperature, T 0b , at the
scheme” defined by Patankar [21]. For the transient terms a fully beginning of the heating section. The parameter values used in
implicit formulation is used to assure stability in the solutions. the sample calculations and the results of GCI analysis are given
Omitting the details of the deriving procedure, the following in Table 1. The relatively low values of relative errors, e, and of
discretization equation is obtained for an interior (non-boundary) GCI between medium and fine grids suggest that the 50  28 grid
nodal point (i, j) both in the wall and in the fluid side: resolution is quite acceptable. The computations may be assumed
within the asymptotic range and no further grid refinement is
ai;j T 0i;j ¼ aiþ1;j T 0iþ1;j þ ai1;j T 0i1;j þ ai;jþ1 T 0i;jþ1 þ ai;j1 T 0i;j1 þ a0i;j T 00
i;j ; necessary.
ð6aÞ
where in the fluid side Table 1
Effect of grid size on q0wi and T 0b .
ðr 0j  r03 0
j ÞðDr Þj Steady state value at x0 = 0 q0wi T 0b
aiþ1;j ¼ 2
; ð6bÞ
exp½Pe ð1  r 02
j Þðdx Þiþ1   1
0
Pe = 5, d0 = 0.1, kwf = 10, awf = 1
2
Coarse grid (25  14) 0.89437 1.30075
ðr 0j  r03 02 0 0
j Þ exp½Pe ð1  r j Þðdx Þi1 ðDr Þj Medium grid (50  28) 0.80890 1.21000
ai1;j ¼ ; ð6cÞ Fine grid (100  56) 0.78590 1.17912
exp½Pe2 ð1  r02
j Þðdx Þi1   1
0
e between medium and coarse grids 10.56% 7.50%
r 0j ðDx0 Þi ðDr 0 Þj e between fine and medium grids 2.93% 2.62%
a0i;j ¼ ; ð6dÞ GCI between medium and coarse grids 4.88% 4.86%
Dt 0 GCI between fine and medium grids 1.35% 1.70%
 A. Atesß et al. / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 53 (2010) 5058–5064 5061

Table 2
Effect of temporal discretization on q0wi and T 0b .
0
Steady state value at x =0 q0wi T 0b
0
Pe = 5, d = 0.1, kwf = 10, awf = 1
20% increment in each time step 0.80890 1.20999
10% increment in each time step 0.80890 1.21000
5% increment in each time step 0.80890 1.21000

Time steps are also chosen non-uniform. Since, heat transfer

characteristics change rapidly at the beginning of the transient
and rather slowly when approaching the steady state, the first time
step is taken 0.0001 and increased 10% for the subsequent steps.
Successive computational refinements were also made in time
mesh to test the numerical error associated with the temporal dis- Fig. 3. Transient axial distribution of inner wall temperature.
cretization. In Table 2, the results for sample calculations made for
comparison are given. As is shown, there is almost no difference in
computed values when the time step increments are decreased to in a significant level. The results are given in interfacial heat flux
5% or increased to 20%. values.
Temperature distributions are obtained by Gauss–Siedel itera- In Fig. 2, axial distributions of interfacial heat flux values at dif-
tion technique. In each time step iterations are made by the line- ferent instants of time are shown, obtained by a run with a typical
by-line method [21], by traversing from outer surface of the wall combination of average parameter values. The characteristics of
to the pipe axis and by sweeping from upstream to downstream the curves are almost similar obtained with other parameter value
region. At the interface, the harmonic mean formulation [21] is combinations. As shown in the figure, due to axial conduction in
used for the discretization of the boundary conditions and a both wall and fluid sides, there is a substantial amount of heat
consecutive procedure is used in the solutions. By so, previously transfer in the upstream region. Backward heat penetration in axial
calculated temperatures are used to transfer information from wall direction increases with time and therefore the magnitude of heat
to fluid side and interfacial heat flux values from fluid to wall side transfer and the length of preheating increase as the time elapses.
in the iterations. Convergence limit is taken to be 105 and at a In the downstream region, heat flux values increase first and after
time step solutions were obtained in 7400 iterations at the aver- rising to a maximum decrease and attains a constant value. At the
age. When the number of iterations at a time step decreases below beginning of the heating section inner wall temperatures are
two, the system was assumed to reach steady state and solutions
were obtained approximately in 106 total iterations. Some addi-
tional accuracy tests were also done by decreasing the convergence
limit and by changing the traversing and sweeping directions for
the solutions and no considerable difference in computed values
were obtained.

4. Results and discussion

Inspection shows that the results of the problem depend on four

parameters, namely wall thickness ratio, wall-to-fluid thermal
conductivity ratio, wall-to-fluid thermal diffusivity ratio and the
Peclet number. Solutions are then made for different combinations
of these parameters: d0 = 0.02, 0.1 and 0.3; kwf = 0.1, 1, 10, 100 and
1000; awf = 0.1, 1, 10, 100 and 1000 and Pe = 1, 5, 20 and 50. These
values are chosen as appropriate for problems of engineering inter- Fig. 4. Transient axial distribution of fluid bulk temperature.
est and from the range that all presumed effects of the problem are

Fig. 2. Transient axial distribution of interfacial heat flux. Fig. 5. Transient axial distribution of Nusselt number.
5062 A. Atesß et al. / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 53 (2010) 5058–5064
somewhat higher due to rapid radial wall conduction. Due to axial
convection, bulk temperatures of the fluid also increase in the flow
direction and this fact results the decrease in heat flux values after
a peak value.
As the time goes on, the position of the peak shifts slowly to
downstream and both the peak and average values of heat flux in-
crease and the curves reach the expected asymptotic value at stea-
dy state. An interesting feature can be seen from the figure, that the
peak heat flux value at steady state is greater than the final asymp-
totic value. This means that the heat flux at the inner wall is some-
how greater than the heat flux entering from the outer wall of the
pipe on that region. This may be explained by the excess heat
transferred by axial conduction from the downstream region in
the wall side.
For the same run with average parameter values, in order to
better understand some of the transient behavior of the conjugated
problem, results are given for the axial distributions of inner wall
and fluid bulk temperatures in Figs. 3 and 4 and for the local Nus-
selt numbers in Fig. 5. The positive and time increasing values of
inner wall and fluid bulk temperatures in the upstream region
Fig. 6. Effect of wall thickness ratio on interfacial heat flux.
clearly show the preheating effect for both in the wall and fluid
side due to axial conduction. The linearity and parallelism between
the inner wall and the fluid bulk temperatures in the far down-
stream region and the asymptotic value of local Nusselt number
in the steady state are indications of fully developed heat transfer.
In Fig. 6, the effect of wall thickness ratio on interfacial heat flux
is shown. The curves are drawn for three different instants of time
and are parameterized by three different values of thickness ratio.
More heat is shown penetrated backward through the upstream
region by axial conduction in thick walled pipes. In thin walled
pipes, since the radial conduction in the wall side is easy and rapid,
at early and intermediate transient periods heat flux values are
high. The difference between the peak and the asymptotic values
of heat flux is more clearly shown in this figure in the curve for
d0 = 0.3 at steady state. As described before, this is because of the
excess heat diffusing backwards by axial wall conduction from
the downstream region.
In the early transient, at the end of the upstream region due to
backward axial fluid conduction, fluid bulk temperatures are high-
er than the interface temperatures in thin walled pipes. This is the
Fig. 7. Effect of wall-to-fluid thermal conductivity ratio on interfacial heat flux.
 A. Atesß et al. / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 53 (2010) 5058–5064
reason of negative heat flux, i.e. from fluid to the wall side, shown
in the figure. The negative heat fluxes disappear by the time due to
convection of heat by the flow through the downstream region. At
steady state, in the downstream region the peak is more evident
and therefore the amount of excess heat diffused backward by wall
axial conduction at the beginning of the heating section is more in
thick walled pipes. The time to reach the steady state is increasing
with increasing wall thickness due to the increased thermal
inertia.
Fig. 7 shows the effect of wall-to-fluid thermal conductivity ra-
tio on interfacial heat flux. For large kwf values both preheating and
thermal development lengths are increasing due to the increased
wall axial conduction. For the whole transient and also in steady
state, the magnitudes of the interfacial heat flux values are smaller
for large kwf. The time to reach the steady state is also considerably
long for large kwf values. These may be explained by the relation
between kwf and awf. If kwf is increased, kwf ¼ awf ðqw cpw =qf cpf Þ,
and awf is kept constant, the heat capacity of the wall, qw cpw , be-
comes much larger than that of the fluid [7,13,17]. Negative heat
flux values are also shown in the upstream region for very small
Fig. 8. Effect of wall-to-fluid thermal diffusivity ratio on interfacial heat flux.
5063
kwf values, because of more heat diffusion backward through the
upstream region in the fluid side.
The effect of wall-to-fluid thermal diffusivity ratio on axial dis-
tribution of interfacial heat flux values is shown in Fig. 8. This
parameter is effective especially in the early and intermediate peri-
ods of the transient as can be seen from the figure. The final shapes
of the curves are identical, irrespective of the value of awf, in the
steady state as expected. Due to small thermal capacity, during
the transient for small awf values, interfacial heat flux values are
also high.
By the same reason, both the extent and the magnitude of pre-
heating in the upstream region are high for large awf values. At the
very early transient, a small amount of negative heat flux is shown
in the upstream region for very small awf values, because of the
large thermal capacity in the pipe wall and therefore low interfa-
cial temperatures. The time to reach the steady state is increasing
with increasing thermal inertia of the wall, (i.e., decreasing awf
values).
Fig. 9 is drawn in order to see the effect of Peclet number. Since
the fluid axial conduction is increasing with decreasing Peclet
Fig. 9. Effect of Peclet number on interfacial heat flux.
5064 A. Atesß et al. / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 53 (2010) 5058–5064
number, heat is more penetrated backward through the upstream
region. In the intermediate periods of the transient, convection
predominates over both wall and fluid axial conduction and there-
fore the effect of Peclet number on the interfacial heat flux is more
felt, than in the early and late transient periods especially in the
downstream region. The peak values for heat flux are smaller
and curves change more gradually for small Peclet number flows.
The reason for this is the decreased convection effect and therefore
increased bulk fluid temperatures. The thermal development
length is also increased and the time to reach the steady state is
longer for low Peclet numbers, because of decreased convection
effect.
5. Concluding remarks
In the present work, transient conjugated heat transfer in thick
walled pipes for thermally developing laminar flow with uniform
heat flux boundary condition is analyzed. A numerical finite-differ-
ence method is used and a parametric investigation is done in or-
der to understand the effects of four defining parameters of the
problem. The results obtained may be outlined as follows.
Due to axial conduction both in the wall and in the fluid sides,
heat penetrates backward through the upstream region and this
results preheating of the fluid before the beginning of the heating
section. The preheating effect is felt more as the time elapses, and
the extent and the amount of preheating are strongly dependent
on the parameter values. Reverse heat flux, from fluid to wall side
is shown, in the early transient at the upstream region, when back-
ward heat penetration is more rapid in the fluid side than that in
the wall side. In the downstream region, at the beginning of the
heating section peak values are shown in the interfacial heat flux
distribution, due to the surpassing radial wall conduction on con-
vection. At steady state, these peak values of interfacial heat flux
are somewhat greater than the entering heat flux through the out-
er surface due to the excess heat transferred by axial conduction
from the downstream region in the wall side. The thermal develop-
ment length and the time to reach the steady state are also chang-
ing with the parameter values. The effects of wall conjugation and
fluid axial conduction are more pronounced on heat transfer char-
acteristics with increasing wall thickness ratio and thermal diffu-
sivity ratio and with decreasing thermal conductivity ratio and
the Peclet number. The effects of change of the parameter values
on interfacial heat flux are generally seen for the whole period of
the transient and also at the steady state.
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