Earthquake resistant Structures

Earthquake-resistant structures are structures designed to protect buildings from

earthquakes. While no structure can be entirely immune to damage from earthquakes,
the goal of earthquake-resistant construction is to erect structures that fare better during
seismic activity than their conventional counterparts.

Damping is a phenomenon that makes any vibrating body/structure to decay in amplitude of motion
gradually by means of energy dissipation through various mechanisms in other words gradually
transformation of energy within the vibrating system is referred as damping. Damping ultimately
ceases the vibratory motion of structures

Seismic isolation is a technique used to reduce the effects of earthquake ground shaking on structure,
their components and protect them from damaging Base isolation, also known as seismic base
isolation[3] or base isolation system,[4] is one of the most popular means of protecting a
structure against earthquake forces.[5] It is a collection of structural elements which should
substantially decouple a superstructure from its substructure resting on a shaking ground
thus protecting a building or non-building structure's integrity
Fire Clay Brick

A fire brick, firebrick, or refractory brick is a block of refractory ceramic material used in
lining furnaces, kilns, fireboxes, and fireplaces. A refractory brick is built primarily to
withstand high temperature, but will also usually have a low thermal conductivity for
greater energy efficiency.

Sand lime Bricks

Sand-lime brick is a product that uses lime instead of cement. It is usually a white brick made of
lime and selected sands, cast in molds and cured. Production is limited, with greater use in the
United States and Germany

Fly Ash brick Fly ash brick is a building material, specifically masonry units, containing class C or
class F fly ash and water. Compressed at 28 MPa and cured for 24 hours in a 66 °C steam bath,
then toughened with an air entrainment agent,
Dome

A dome (from Latin: domus) is an architectural element that resembles the hollow upper half of
a sphere. The precise definition has been a matter of controversy. There are also a wide variety
of forms and specialized terms to describe them. A dome can rest upon a rotunda or drum, and
can be supported by columns or piers that transition to the dome through squinches or
pendentives. A lantern may cover an oculus and may itself have another dome.

Domes have a long architectural lineage that extends back into prehistory and they have been
constructed from mud, snow, stone, wood, brick, concrete, metal, glass, and plastic over the
centuries. The symbolism associated with domes includes mortuary, celestial, and
governmental traditions that have likewise developed over time.

Domes have been found from early Mesopotamia, which may explain the form's spread. They
are found in Persian, Hellenistic, Roman, and Chinese architecture in the Ancient world, as well
as among a number of contemporary indigenous building traditions. Dome structures were
popular in Byzantine and medieval Islamic architecture, and there are numerous examples from
Western Europe in the Middle Ages. The Renaissance architectural style spread from Italy in the
Early modern period. Advancements in mathematics, materials, and production techniques
since that time resulted in new dome types. The domes of the modern world can be found over
religious buildings, legislative chambers, sports stadiums, and a variety of functional structures.
Types Masonry

Stretcher bond, also called as running bond, is created when bricks are laid with only
theirstretchers showing, overlapping midway with the courses of bricks below and
above. Stretcher bondin the brick is the simplest repeating pattern.

English Bond In bricklaying, an arrangement of bricks such that one course has
the short sides of the bricks (headers) facing outwards, and the next course has
the long sides of the bricks (stretchers) facing outwards.

Flemish bond brickwork with a thickness of one brick is the repeating pattern of a
stretcher laid immediately to the rear of the face stretcher, and then next along the
course, a header.
Gable the triangular upper part of a wall at the end of a ridged roof.

GABLE ( portion in highlighted area )

Eaves are the edges of the roof which overhang the face of a wall and, normally, project
beyond the side of a building. The eaves form an overhang to throw water clear of the
walls and may be highly decorated as part of an architectural style,

Also known as Chajja in Hindi

AbacusIn the Doric Order, the abacus is a square slab that sits on top of the column's capital
and supports the architrave or arch. The function of an abacus is to broaden the support
provided by the column.

Arcade A series of columns or piers spanned by arches.

A window sill is the bottom piece of trim, or the ledge at the bottom of the window
A lintel is one type of beam which used to support the above wall when openings like doors,
windows etc. are necessary to provide a building structure. The main function of the lintel is
to take loads coming from above wall and transfer its load to the side walls.

RidgeTwo sloping roofs join to create a ridge.

Soffit is an exterior or interior architectural feature, generally the underside of any

construction element. A structure to fill the space between the ceiling and the top of cabinets
mounted on the wall is called a soffit, as is the material connecting an exterior wall to the
edge of the roof under the eaves.
Fascia

is an architectural term for a frieze or band running horizontally and situated vertically under
a roof edge, or which forms the outer surface of a cornice, visible to an observer. Typically
consisting of a wooden board or sheet metal

Hip

An inclined section of the roof connecting two sloping roof planes that meet at the ridge.

Lean-
to

The lean-to is one of the simplest roofs formed by a single sloping plane.
 (portion bracketed with letter c )

A cornice (from the Italian cornice meaning "ledge") is generally any horizontal decorative
molding that crowns a building or furniture element – the cornice over a door or window, for
instance, or the cornice around the top edge of a pedestal or along the top of an interior wall.

Entablature: In classical architecture, the uppermost elements supported by columns are

referred to as the entablature. Components of the entablature include: the architrave, the
frieze and the cornice.
Frieze Sitting below the cornice and above the architrave, the frieze is the central element of
the entablature. The frieze may be left plain or decorated in relief.

Architrave The architrave is the lowest element of the entablature, and rests on top columns.
J-channel is the most common piece of siding trim. Besides being used for inside corners, it's
used for trimming around windows and doors. It is also used where siding meets a soffit or
roof at an angle.

Buttress is an architectural structure built against or projecting from a wall which serves
to support or reinforce the wall. Buttresses are fairly common on more ancient buildings,
as a means of providing support to act against the lateral forces arising out of the roof
structures that lack adequate bracing
Balustrades is a railing supported by balusters, especially one forming an ornamental
parapet to a balcony, bridge, or terrace.

Baluster is a short decorative pillar forming part of a series supporting a rail or coping.

A Bay window is a window space projecting outward from the main walls of a building
and forming a bay in a room.
A keystone (also known as capstone) is the wedge-shaped stone piece at the apex of a
masonry arch, or the generally round one at the apex of a vault. In both cases it is the
final piece placed during construction and locks all the stones into position, allowing the
arch or vault to bear weight

A springer is an architectural term for the lowest voussoir on each side of an arch. Since
it is the bottom-most element of the arch, it is where the arch support terminates at the
responds

A voussoir is a wedge-shaped element, typically a stone, which is used in building

an arch or vault.
In architecture, a vault (French voûte, from Italian volta) is a self-supporting arched form,
usually of stone or brick, serving to cover a space with a ceiling or roof.

The simplest kind of vault is the barrel vault (also called a wagon or tunnel vault), which is
generally semicircular in shape

An oculus (plural oculi, from Latin oculus, 'eye') is a circular opening in the center of a dome
or in a wall. Originating in antiquity, it is a feature of Byzantine and Neoclassical architecture.
It is also known as an œil de boeuf from the French, or simply a "bull's-eye".

oculus in centre