JIBACHHA PUBLISHING

Jibachha’s Textbook of
Animal Health Vol.-I
(Based on SEE & CTEVT Diploma Syllabus)

Dr. Jibachha Sah

Dr. Prabhakar K. Shah
390
390
Jibachha's Textbook of Animal Health Volume-I

Jibachha's Textbook of
Animal Health
Volume-I
(Based On SEE & CTEVT Diploma Animal Health Syllabus)

Dr. Jibachha Sah

B.V.Sc & A.H., M.V.Sc (T.U.)
Laboratory Training, NDDB, Gujarat, India

Dr. Prabhakar Kumar Shah

B.V.Sc & A.H. (P.U.), M.V.Sc (Medicine, AFU)
Research Co-ordinator

Jibachha Veterinary Hospital Research & Training Center (P.) Ltd.

Bharatpur-4, Narayangarh, Chitwan, Nepal
E-mail: vhrtc@yahoo.com, Tel: +977-56-570726

www.facebook.com/vhrtc

Jibachha Publishing
(Veterinary Publisher and Distributors)
Bharatpur-4, Narayangarh, Chitwan, Nepal
E-mail: jibachhashah@gmail.com, Tel: +977-56-570726
Copyright material

Jibachha's Textbook of Animal Health Volume-I | i

Jibachha's Textbook of Animal Health Volume-I

Jibachha's Textbook of
Animal Health
Volume-I

Edited by: Dr. Jibachha Sah and Dr. Prabhakar Kumar Shah

Copyright @ 15 February, 2019, Jibachha Publishing

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced,

stored in retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means,
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out the prior written permission of the publisher.

Published by Jibachha Publishing

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E-mail: jibachhashah@gmail.com, vhrtc@yahoo.com

ISBN:

Price: Rs. 1,150/-

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ii | Jibachha's Textbook of Animal Health Volume-I

Preface

Preface
"Jibachha's Textbook of Animal Health Volume-I" is designed
for the SEE and CTEVT diploma level student of veterinary medicine.
The contents of the book is based on CTEVT & SEE syllabus on
animal health volume-I. The first section includes all the theory
topics; anatomy and physiology of domestic animal, microbiology,
parasitology, pharmacology, pathology, internal medicine, surgical
affection and reproductive problems.
The second section of this book focus on Animal Health-I
practical session which includes dissection and study of entire body
system in livestock and poultry, blood collection and preparation of
smears, glassware sterilization, preparation of common laboratory
media, study of bacteria, parasites, clinical examination, veterinary
pharmacy and palpation of genital organs.
In the series of our 35 books on veterinary clinical field
"Jibachha's Textbook of Animal Health Volume-I" is purely a syllabus
based book which is written with authentic text and references. This
book is especially designed for the students of technical education to
easy, concise, understandable manner and quick reference. In the time
of preparation, past examinations paper were highly considered, which
will enable students to achieve excellent score in the examination.
The experience gathered by the authors in the course of their
long number of years in publishing veterinary books for the students
and coordinating animal health courses, was strongly brought to bear
on the preparation of this course book; a serious student shall therefore
find the book user friendly and easy to read and understand. We strongly
believe that "Jibachha's Textbook of Animal Health Volume–I" shall
adequately meet the needs of veterinary students and teachers.
Dr. Prabhakar Kumar Shah Dr. Jibachha Sah
B.V.Sc & A.H. (P.U.), M.V.Sc (Medicine, AFU) B.V.Sc & A.H., M.V.Sc (T.U.)
Laboratory Training, NDDB, Gujarat, India
15 February, 2019

Jibachha's Textbook of Animal Health Volume-I | iii

Abbreviation

Abbreviation

ABPPE = Acute bovine pulmonary edema and emphysema

AOM = Acute otitis media
BVD = Bovine viral diarrhoea
CBC = Complete blood count
CMT = California mastitis test
CRT = Capillary refill time
CSF = Cerebro spinal fluid
CTEVT = Council for Technical Education and Vocational
Training
DIC = Disseminated intravascular coagulation
DD = Digital dermatitis
DMI = Dry matter intake
EDTA = Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid
FMD = Foot and mouth disease
HS = Haemorrhagic septicaemia
IBR = Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis
IM = Intramuscular
IPA = Isopropyl alcohol
IU = International unit
IV = Intravenous
KOH = Potassium hydroxide
KI = Potassium iodide
LAD = Left displacement of abomasum
RDA = Right displacement of abomasum
RFM = Retention of foetal membrane
RP = Rinderpest
SC = Subcutaneous
SEE = Secondary Education Examination
Sp. Gr. = Specific gravity
VA = Volvulus abomasum
VWD = Von willebrand disease

iv | Jibachha's Textbook of Animal Health Volume-I

Index

Index
Preface iii
Abbreviation iv

UNIT 1

Anatomy of Domestic Animals 1-54

1.1 Different tissues of animal body 1
1.2 Gross anatomy of skeletal, digestive, respira- 10
tory, circulatory, reproductive, urinary, nervous,
endocrine and sensory system
1.2.1 Skeletal system 10
1.2.2 Types of bones 13
1.2.3 Digestive system 28
1.2.4 Respiratory system 35
1.2.5 Circulatory (Cardiovascular) system 39
1.2.6 Reproductive system 42
1.2.7 Urinary system 44
1.2.8 Nervous system 47
1.2.9 Endocrine system 48
1.2.10 Sensory system 49

UNIT 2

Physiology of Domestic Animals 55-62

2.1 Animal cell: structure and functions 55

Jibachha's Textbook of Animal Health Volume-I | v

Index

2.2 Functions of different systems of livestock and 58

poultry
2.3 Reproductive hormones and their functions 59

UNIT 3

Microbiology 63-72
3.1 Organisms causing infectious diseases: bacte- 63
ria, virus and fungus
3.2 Difference between bacteria and virus 67
3.3 Immunity and immunization (vaccination) 68
3.4 Definition and terminology 69

UNIT 4
Parasitology 73-90
4.1 Helminths: trematodes, nematodes and cestodes 73
4.2 Common internal parasites and their characteristics 74
4.2.1 Nematodes 75
4.2.2 Trematoda 76
4.2.3 Cestoda 81
4.3 Common external parasites and their characteristics 82
4.3.1 General Characters of Ticks 83
4.3.2 General Characters of Mites 84
4.3.3 General characters of louse (lice) 85
4.3.4 General characters of mosquito 85
4.3.5 External Parasites of cattle 86

vi | Jibachha's Textbook of Animal Health Volume-I

Index

4.4 Common protozoa and their characteristics 88

4.4.1 General characteristic of the coccidia 88

UNIT 5

Pharmacology 91-118
5.1 Introduction of pharmacology & classification of 91
drugs
5.2 Route of drugs/medicines administration 94
5.3 Antibiotics, anthelmintic, purgatives, antihista- 98
minic, analgesics and anaesthetic drugs
5.3.1 Antibiotics 98
5.3.2 Anthelmintics 99
5.3.3 Laxatives, purgatives 99
5.3.4 Antihistamines 100
5.3.5 Analgesic 101
5.3.6 Anaesthetic drugs 102
5.3.6.1 Difference between analgesic 102
and anaesthetic
5.4 Factors affecting dosage of drugs 103
5.5 Calculating dosage of drugs 104
5.6 Prescription writing 105
5.7 Poisoning: cyanide, nitrate, organophosphate, 110
snake bite
5.7.1 Cyanide poisoning 110
5.7.2 Nitrate poisoning 111
5.7.3 Organophosphate poisoning 112

Jibachha's Textbook of Animal Health Volume-I | vii

Index

5.7.4 Snake bite 112

5.8 Preparation of tincture, lotion, ointment and 113
mixtures
5.8.1 Tincture 113
5.8.2 Lotion 114
5.8.3 Ointment 115
5.8.4 Mixtures 115
5.8.4.1 Difference between lotion and 116
paste

UNIT 6
Pathology 119-156
6.1 Inflammatory status of stomach, intestine, liver, 119
kidney, lung, heart and mammary gland
6.1.1 Calf scours 126
6.1.2 Diarrhoea and dysentery 129
6.1.3 Left-side displacement of abomasum (LDA) 131
6.1.4 Necrotic enteritis 135
6.1.5 Rumen acidosis 136
6.1.6 Abomasal ulceration 140
6.1.7 Acetonaemia (Ketosis) 142
6.1.8 Bovine fatty liver syndrome 146
6.1.9 Chylothroax 148
6.1.10 Mastitis 150
6.1.11 Fog Fever 153
6.1.12 Inflammation 155

viii | Jibachha's Textbook of Animal Health Volume-I

Index

UNIT 7

Internal Medicine 157-201

7.1 Definition of health & disease 157
7.2 Terminology related to veterinary science 157
7.3 Sign of health and disease 159
7.4 Classification of disease 160
7.5 History taking and clinical examination 162
7.5.1 Physical examination 164
7.5.2 Clinical examination 170
7.6 Tympany 174
7.7 Ruminal impaction 177
7.8 Epistaxis 179
7.9 Pneumonia 180
7.10 Anaemia 183
7.11 Nephritis 184
7.12 Retention of urine (Urolithiasis) 186
7.13 Encephalitis 189
7.14 Gid 192
7.15 Conjunctivitis 193
7.16 Otitis 195
7.16.1 Difference between otitis and con- 197
junctivitis
7.17 Dermatitis 197
7.18 Ring worm (Dermatophytosis) 199

Jibachha's Textbook of Animal Health Volume-I | ix

Index

UNIT 8
Surgical affections 202-207
8.1 Wounds/injuries 202
8.2 Burns 203
8.2.1 Difference between cyst and abscess 204
8.3 Dislocation and fracture 205
8.3.1 Difference between fracture and 207
dislocation
8.3.2 Difference between burn and scald 207

UNIT 9
Reproductive problems 208-220
9.1 Infertility in cattle 208
9.1.1 Difference between infertility and 210
sterility
9.2 Anoestrus in cattle 210
9.3 Metritis in cattle 211
9.4 Retention of placenta 213
9.5 Prolapse 215
9.6 Dystocia 216
9.6.1 Difference between dystocia and 219
prolapse
9.7 Euthanasia 220

x | Jibachha's Textbook of Animal Health Volume-I

Index

Animal Health-I Practicals

PRACTICAL 1:
Dissection and study of entire body system
222
in livestock and poultry
1.1 Male and female animals and birds 222
1.2 Gross study of bone, muscle and joints 226
1.3 Gross study of joints 227
1.4 Visceral organs 227

PRACTICAL 2:
Blood collection and preparation of smear 229

PRACTICAL 3:
Appropriate Sterilization 238
3.1 Glassware such as petridishes, flasks, measur- 240
ing cylinder, test tubes etc.

PRACTICAL 4:
Preparation of common laboratory medias 242
4.1 Culture Medias – Nutrient agar, Mac Conky 242
agar etc.

Jibachha's Textbook of Animal Health Volume-I | xi

Index

PRACTICAL 5:
Study of bacteria 245
5.1 Principle of Gram staining 245
5.2 Material required 245
5.3 Reagents 246
5.4 Procedure 246

PRACTICAL 6:
Study of parasitic eggs 251

PRACTICAL 7:
Preparation of ointments and lotions 257

PRACTICAL 8:
Route of administration of drugs 259
8.1 Principles of Drug Administration 259

PRACTICAL 9:
Route of administration of vaccines 264
9.1 Practice of vaccination in livestock & poultry 264
9.2 Common vaccines 273

xii | Jibachha's Textbook of Animal Health Volume-I

Index

PRACTICAL 10:
History taking and clinical examination of
274
patient

PRACTICAL 11:
Physical examination 279

PRACTICAL 12:
Examination of wounds and its treatment 283

PRACTICAL 13:
Identification of female animal genital organs 286

PRACTICAL 14:
Rectal palpation of animal 290

PRACTICAL 15:
Perform disinfections of shade and building 292

PRACTICAL 16:
Perform suturing different types of wound 294

Jibachha's Textbook of Animal Health Volume-I | xiii

1 | Anatomy of Domestic Animals

1
Unit
Anatomy of
Domestic Animals

The term anatomy refers to the science that deals with the form

and structure of animals.
1.1 Different tissues of animal body
Definition: Tissues are groups of cells that have a similar
structure and act together to perform a specific function. For
example, muscle tissue is a group of muscle cells; blood is
classified as connective tissue.
Difference between cell and tissue
Cell Tissue
Cells are the smallest, structural Tissues are the distinct types
and functional unit of an organism, of material consisting of
which is characteristically specialized cells and their
microscopic. products.
Found in both unicellular and Found only in multicellular
multicellular organisms. organisms.
Are microscopic. Are macroscopic.
Comprise of different cellular Comprise of similar types of
organelles, including the nucleus, cells, specialized for a unique
mitochondria, lysosomes, Golgi function.
apparatus, etc.
Two types of cells – Eukaryotic Four main types of tissue-
cells and prokaryotic cells. Epithelial tissue, Connective
tissue, Muscular tissue, and
Nervous tissue.

Jibachha's Textbook of Animal Health Volume-I | 1

1 | Anatomy of Domestic Animals

Developed from mitosis and Repair through regeneration

meiosis cell divisions. and fibrosis.
Functions include growth, Has its own unique function.
metabolism, and reproduction. A group of similar cells
combines together to perform
a similar function and to form
organs.

There are four types of tissues found in animals: Epithelial

tissue, Connective tissue, Muscle tissue and Nervous tissue.

Types of
Location Function
tissue
Epithelial Body covering, Body ƒƒ Protection
tissue lining and glandular ƒƒ Absorption
tissue ƒƒ Filtration
ƒƒ Secretion
Connective Throughout body (bone, ƒƒ Attachment
tissue blood, cartilage) ƒƒ Support
ƒƒ Storage
Muscle Attached to bones, wall ƒƒ Movement
tissue of hollow internal organ ƒƒ Maintenance of
(Examples : stomach, posture
intestine, bladder, ƒƒ Joint stabilization
uterus & blood vessels), ƒƒ Heat generation
involuntary organs (wall
of heart)
Nervous Brain, spinal cord ƒƒ Transmit signals
tissue and nervous system (nerve impulse) across
throughout the body body
ƒƒ Coordinate, regulate,
integrate bodily
function

2 | Jibachha's Textbook of Animal Health Volume-I

1 | Anatomy of Domestic Animals

Epithelial Tissue
Type Structure Location Function
Cuboidal Cube like cells ƒƒ Lining of ƒƒ Sectretion
Epithelium with nucleus at kidney ƒƒ Excretion &
the centre ƒƒ Tubules absorption
ƒƒ Salivary, sweat
& pancreatic
ducts
Ciliated Certain Oviducts, trachea, Movement
epithelium cuboidal & bronchioles & of cilia
columnar have in nephrons of brings about
cilia at their kidney movement of
free end substances in
one direction
Glandular Cuboidal & Salivary, gastric, Secrete
epithelium columnar intestinal, sweat enzymes,
epithelium are glands, adrenal mucous or
modified into and thyroid glands homones
glands

Surface
layer

Basal
layer
Basement
membrane

Connective
tissue

Epithelial tissue

Jibachha's Textbook of Animal Health Volume-I | 3