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JOURNAL OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING VOL. 13, NO. 1, ISSN 1118 – 5058
MARCH 2016
required voltage and frequency with the use of are as follows: Analog component output
appropriate transformers, switching, and control characteristics changes with the temperature
units. Power inverters are circuits used to and time. They are also prone to external
convert Direct Current (DC) to Alternating disturbances. Analog controller circuitry is
Current (AC). The input of the inverter may complex and bulky. They are non-
come from a DC source or from rectified AC programmable, hence not flexible. On the other
input. There are two main categories for switch hand, Microcontroller based PWM inverter
mode voltage source inverters: square wave controller (Digital bridge PWM inverter) makes
[Abolarinwa et al, 2010] and pulse width the controller free from disturbances and drift,
modulated (PWM) [Babarinde,2010]. The but the performance is not very high due to its
difference comes from how each switch gets speed limitation [Prasad et al, 2009]. The
turned on. Square wave inverters are the inverter device has 2 modes of operation:
simplest to implement. The simplicity of the charging mode (rectification) and discharging
square wave inverter comes along with the mode (inversion) .The complete circuit is a
disadvantage of harmonics close to the combination of inverter circuit, charger circuit
fundamental frequency. PWM inverters and a battery. When mains supply is available,
function by comparing a sinusoidal control the charger circuit rectifies AC to DC to charge
signal at the desired output frequency with a the battery. During AC power outage, the
triangular carrier signal at switching frequency. inverter circuit converts DC power stored in the
The harmonics of PWM inverters are located at battery to 220V/50Hz AC supply, which can be
multiples of the carrier signal frequency which used to power any common electronic
is typically in the kHz range. This simply equipment or computer systems [Omitola et al,
means the output waveform of PWM appears 2014]. Most electrical equipment work with the
more sinusoidal than a square wave inverter. 220V AC supply but internally, their circuitry
Also, higher frequency harmonics are easier to requires DC supply. Hence the external AC
filter than harmonics near the fundamental supply is converted into DC supply by the
frequency. The pulse width inverters can be power supply unit on these equipment [Omitola
broadly classified as analog bridge and digital et al, 2014].
bridge PWM inverters. The advantage of An inverter therefore uses rechargeable
analog based PWM inverter controller is that, batteries to power devices that requires AC
the level of inverter output voltage can be power for normal operation
adjusted in a continuous range and the [Usman et al, 2014].
throughput delay is negligible. The
disadvantages of analog based PWM inverters
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MARCH 2016
3.0 DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS the primary winding and 220V at the secondary
winding, air cooled, frequency 50Hz.Taking the
This section deals with the actual
magnetic flux density to be 1.4T, constant of
calculation/computations used to obtain
proportionality (K) = 1.0, current density J =
parameters required for the design. All
3.0A/mm2 and window factor Kw = 0.35
components used in the construction were
sourced locally and adequate adjustments were
3.1.1 Design of Core:
made on all available substitute components in
(a)Voltage per turn Et √ (1)
order to achieve the best results for the device
Where S = Output KVA (1.5kVA)
under construction.
Choosing K=1, for shell type single phase
The circuit design incorporates several circuits
Et = 1.22Volts per turn
and their collective specifications are:
Power rating : 1.5kVA
(b) Net Core Area Ai (2)
Frequency: 50Hz
Number of Phases: Single Et = 1.22V/N, f = 50Hz, Bm = 1.4,
2
Ai = 3925
Input Voltage: 12V DC(Inverter), 220V
AC(Mains)
(c) Magnetic Flux Ai (3)
Output Voltage: 220V AC
3.925 Wb.
Circuit Supervisory Indicators: Low
battery Charge, Inversion, Mains (d) Window space factor Kw
supply. Kw = 0.1 + 0.07
Energy sources :Deep cycle
Kw = 0.314
rechargeable batteries
3.1 Transformer Section: (e) Window Area (Aw)
The transformer design involves the core, and S = 2.22fBm Ai Aw KwJ (4)
coil design. The transformer is a single phase
step up transformer of 1.5KVA, 12V-0-12V, at Aw =
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JOURNAL OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING VOL. 13, NO. 1, ISSN 1118 – 5058
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2
Current density J = 3A/mm2, Aw = 2610.6 2
For the primary winding A1= = 41.67
Ag = = 4361 2 d2 = √ =√ = 1.69 2
(gauge 10)
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JOURNAL OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING VOL. 13, NO. 1, ISSN 1118 – 5058
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3.2 Oscillator Section with a capacitor (0.22μF) to form the RC
time constant network.
voltage regulator to the IC SG3524 PWM, the Hence R3 = 50,000Ω. A value of 47kΩ was
frequency of the oscillating signal was used as the closest available standard.
determined using R3, comprising a 20kΩ (vii) A voltage divider comprising resistors
variable resistor, connected in series with a R4 (fixed resistor) and R5 (variable resistor)
56kΩ resistor and both connected in parallel
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JOURNAL OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING VOL. 13, NO. 1, ISSN 1118 – 5058
MARCH 2016
forms a voltage divider to aid manual pulse- 3.3 Low Battery Indicator/Shutdown
width variation through compensation pin 9. The battery status monitor circuit is designed to
Given a reference voltage give a visual indication using a LED and a
Vin = 5V and taking R4 = 4.7kΩ, V0 = 3.4V, buzzer for audio indication of low battery
V0= ( )Vin (14) condition during operation. The circuit in Fig 4
will delay shutdown of the system after
= ( ) ,
60seconds. The circuit consists of a comparator
(viii) Diode D2 is a diode type IN4004 was
and a voltage reference set by a Zener diode
connected to prevent R4 and R5 from affecting
and a passive delay circuit. LM358 op-amp was
compensation by R3, C2.
used for the comparator IC. It compares the
3.2.2 Design of Driver Section battery charge coupled to it by variable resistor
R14 = = = 128Ω,
thus,
R16 (16)
R17 = 850Ω (a value of 850 was used as the Figure 5: Voltage Detection and Changeover
closest standard) Switch
The circuit uses a half wave rectifier circuit.
TR1 is the buzzer driver and it is enabled
The MOSFET bank drain-to-source diode was
whenever there is an output from IC1 indicative
used for the rectification, and has the same
of low battery condition R8 is a base resistor
specification as the MOSFET. Since this is a
For a base current of 1mA, the resistor PWM system, calculations for the value of the
output filter capacitor will be done at the
R18 = (17)
chosen frequency since the ripple voltage will
Where I =base current, Vcc = Supply Voltage
be greatest at this frequency. Since capacitor
R18 = 11.4kΩ (10 kΩ was chosen as the
values are determined by the output current. A
standard value)
capacitor of 35V, 4700µF rating was used in
3.4 Voltage Detection/Changeover Unit the design, as a higher value is preferable for
better ripple rejection.
An automatic changeover switch was designed
for this work. This is shown in Fig 5. 3.5 Optocoupler Feeedback Section
A 220V operating relay was connected to The voltage feedback section is made up of the
serve as mains voltage detector and opto-coupler, R11 and R13. R11 and R13 form a
switchover. voltage divider and they serve to sample the
When mains power is interrupted, this output dc of the battery to IC1 PWM that will in
activates the relay switch contact to turn affect the pulse width modulation of drive
changeover the supply from mains to pulses. The circuit is shown in Fig. 6.
inverter mode supply. The action reverses Their chosen values are 10kΩ each. R13 was
made variable for tuning purpose.
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JOURNAL OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING VOL. 13, NO. 1, ISSN 1118 – 5058
MARCH 2016
The Opto-coupler used in the design is 4N35. R7 = (18)
The chip is shown in Fig.6.
for = 220V, = 2V, = 1mA, R7
iii. For the pulse width control, pin 2 is used for
the reference voltage (2V).
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JOURNAL OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING VOL. 13, NO. 1, ISSN 1118 – 5058
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R4 and C3 are for compensation while R3 and C2 pulses generated is gradually reduced in
determine the frequency of oscillation. proportion to the change. This is so that the
Resistors R1 and R2 set the reference voltage of output voltage that was initially high would
2.5V for pulse width modulation control, begin to drop to the nominal value and Vice-
through pin 2 of the IC. This reference is versa
constantly compared with the voltage at pin 1 The supervisory stage comprises: low battery
from the opto-coupler to determine the trend of detection and switch/change over.
the pulse-width variation but it works in inverse The changeover switch is the relay. The coil of
relation, so as to balance the change in output the relay serves as the mains voltage detector,
voltage. When the output voltage tends to as it energises when there is mains supply. The
increase, the pulse width reduces and vice versa relay controls the load (output) to mains supply
to keep the output voltage constant within a whenever mains supply is restored. IC3 is
tolerance range. instantly shutdown by cutting off power to it by
The MOSFET banks M1 and M2 make up the relay RLY2 switching contact. LED3 comes on
power drivers. The alternating pulse output to indicate mains supply while LED2 indicates
from IC3 is fed to MOSFETS banks M1 and M2. inversion. The shutdown of IC3 stops inversion
M1 and M2 switch the DC voltage at the process. This inversion stoppage enables the
primary of centre-tapped transformer T1, which transformer to now function as a step-down
is serving as the step-up transformer to create transformer T2, stepping down 220V from
the alternating voltage effect and flux change mains to 12VACwhich is then rectified to DC
needed for transformation by the transformer. by MOSFETs M1 and M2 which will now serve
The transformer then would step up the now as diodes to charge up the battery.
converted 12V DC to 220V AC. Opto-coupler, The next supervisory circuit is the low battery
bridge rectifier D1-D4, R7 and R8 make up the charge detector. IC1 is a comparator (LM358)
feedback network. The output voltage is that detects the low battery charge by
rectified to DC. Resistor R8 helps to comparing a sampled DC charge voltage set by
appropriately adjust the error voltage for zener diode ZD1. When the low voltage limit is
effective control. The source of the feedback reached, the comparator output goes positive
voltage is taken from the output of the auxiliary and LED1 comes on, to indicate low battery
winding. When the output voltage increases, the charge.
auxiliary winding output voltage increases and
IC2 (LM358), R17, C7 and D2 form a passive
this causes increase in output from R8. This
delay circuit. The function is to create delay
change is detected by IC3 through pin1 and the
before shutdown, from the time low battery
consequence is that the pulse-width of the
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JOURNAL OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING VOL. 13, NO. 1, ISSN 1118 – 5058
MARCH 2016
charge is detected, to when inverter shuts down. 6.1 Open Circuit
Diode D2 prevents C7 from discharging into The 12V sealed and rechargeable battery was
IC1. R9 is a limiting resistor to 7809 (a 9V IC connected to the inverter circuit. The positive
voltage regulator) terminal of the battery was connected to the
centre-tapped transformer, while the negative
R14 limiting resistance to zener diode ZD1.
terminal was connected to the overall ground of
R16, R19, R20 are limiting resistances to LEDs.
the inverter circuit. The inverter was switched
M1 and M2 represent separate bank of 5
on, and the variable resistor R5 in the control
MOSFETs connected in parallel to handle the
circuit was adjusted until the output voltage of
load current for each side.
220V was recorded.
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JOURNAL OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING VOL. 13, NO. 1, ISSN 1118 – 5058
MARCH 2016
Duration = [5] Babarinde, O. O., Adeleke, B. S.,Adeyeye,
A. H., Ogundeji, O. A.
(a) When total load = 100watts,
“Design and Construction of 1kVA Inverter”
Duration hours
International Journal of Emerging Engineering
(b) When total load = 1,000watts, Research and Technology Volume 2, Issue 3,
Duration = hours June 2014, pp 201-212
[2] Ekpenyong, E.E, Bam M.E and Anyasi, F.I Circuits and Battery Level Indicator”.
[3] Prasad S. A. , Kariyappa B. S., Nagaraj R., “Design and Construction of a Solar/Battery
accessed 21/10/2015
[9] Omoregie V. O.,Uyioghosa J.,Odiete F.O,
[4] Abolarinwa J. and Gana P., “Design and Isibor K,Omohegbele Q., Eraleh S.G.,
Development of Inverter with AVR Using Asaije E.L: “Design and Construction of a
Switch Mode Square Wave Switching Scheme” 5.0KVA, 48V DC Inverter” Department of
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JOURNAL OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING VOL. 13, NO. 1, ISSN 1118 – 5058
MARCH 2016
[10] Akpan U. C. “Design and construction of
a 1.0KVA, 12V DC Inverter”, Department of
Electrical/ElectricalEngineering.2012,
page 25–28, (Unpublished).
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