Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
The attached
copy is furnished to the author for internal non-commercial research
and education use, including for instruction at the authors institution
and sharing with colleagues.
Other uses, including reproduction and distribution, or selling or
licensing copies, or posting to personal, institutional or third party
websites are prohibited.
In most cases authors are permitted to post their version of the
article (e.g. in Word or Tex form) to their personal website or
institutional repository. Authors requiring further information
regarding Elsevier’s archiving and manuscript policies are
encouraged to visit:
http://www.elsevier.com/copyright
Author's personal copy
a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t
Article history: A simple biological method for the synthesis of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) using Cassia auriculata aqueous
Received 8 February 2011 leaf extract has been carried out in the present study. The reduction of auric chloride led to the formation
Received in revised form 5 May 2011 of AuNPs within 10 min at room temperature (28 ◦ C), suggesting a higher reaction rate than chemical
Accepted 8 May 2011
methods involved in the synthesis. The size, shape and elemental analysis were carried out using X-ray
Available online 13 May 2011
diffraction, TEM, SEM-EDAX, FT-IR and visible absorption spectroscopy. Stable, triangular and spherical
crystalline AuNPs with well-defined dimensions of average size of 15–25 nm were synthesized using C.
Keywords:
auriculata. Effect of pH was also studied to check the stability of AuNPs. The main aim of the investigation
Biosynthesis
Gold nanoparticles
is to synthesize AuNPs using antidiabetic potent medicinal plant. The stabilizing and reducing molecules
Cassia auriculata of nanoparticles may promote anti-hyperglycemic if tested further.
Leaf extract © 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Electron microscopy
0927-7765/$ – see front matter © 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.colsurfb.2011.05.016
Author's personal copy
160 V. Ganesh Kumar et al. / Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces 87 (2011) 159–163
Fig. 1. (A) Auric chloride, (B) C. auriculata extract, (C) ruby red color indicating the formation of gold nanoparticles. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure
legend, the reader is referred to the web version of the article.)
lizing biomolecules in the green synthesis and its stability has not of the respective solutions drop coated onto glass substrate on a
been studied intensively. In the present investigation, the synthesis Rich Seifert P3000 instrument operated at a voltage of 40 kV and
of gold nanoparticles emphasizes the potentiality of C. auriculata in a current of 30 mA with Cu K␣1 radiations. FT-IR of Perkin Elmer
reducing and stabilizing gold nanoparticles. The gold nanoparticles spectrophotometer was used to identify the possible biomass at
synthesized were characterized using UV–vis spectroscopy, FT-IR, a resolution of 4 cm−1 in the range of 4000–450 cm−1 and the FT-
XRD, SEM-EDAX and TEM analysis. The synthesis was carried out IR spectrum was recorded by employing KBr pellet technique using
at room temperature (28 ◦ C) and the nanoparticles formed were Perkin Elmer model-983/G detector double beam spectrophotome-
around 15–25 nm in size. ter. TEM studies were prepared by drop coating Au nanoparticles
onto carbon-coated TEM grids using Philips Technai-10. The film on
the TEM grids were allowed to dry, further the extra solution was
2. Materials and methods
removed using a blotting paper. SEM-EDAX was studied to check
the chemical composition atoms count and the surface morphology
2.1. Materials
of the AuNPs formed using XL30 FSEM, Philips.
Chloroauric acid (HAuCl4 ·3H2 O) was obtained from Loba
Chemie, India and used as received. All other reagents used in the 3. Results
reaction were of analytical grade with maximum purity. C. auricu-
lata leaves were collected from forest area of Vellore, Tamilnadu, UV–vis spectroscopy was ascertained to check the formation
India, and was cleaned with double distilled water and shade-dried and stability of AuNPs in aqueous solution. The scale of wavelength
for a week at room temperature and further C. auriculata leaves was fixed between 200 and 800 nm, the SPR of the gold nanopar-
were ground to powder and stored for further study. ticles formed corresponded to 536 nm and there was an increase
in intensity till 10 min as a function of time without any shift in
the peak wavelength (Fig. 2.) [25]. The interaction of nanoparti-
2.2. Synthesis and characterization of gold nanoparticles
cles with biomolecules of C. auriculata showed intense peaks at
2884, 1600,1507,1387,1074 and 1335 cm−1 relative shift in posi-
C. auriculata leaf extract was prepared by taking 3 g of dry leaf
tion and intensity distribution were confirmed with FT-IR (Fig. 3A
powder with 30 mL of distilled water in a conical flask along with
3 mL of methanol (minimum methanol was added in order to initi-
ate the isolation of compounds). The extract was placed in orbital
shaker for 1 h and the extract was filtered. For the synthesis of gold
nanoparticles various concentrations of leaf extracts were tried and
then the extract to be used was optimized to 1 mL. Further, 1 mL of
the extract was added to 10 mL of 1 mM auric chloride solution
and the solution was placed in orbital shaker at room temperature,
for reduction of Au3+ to Au0 . Fig. 1(A–C) shows the color change
involved in the formation of gold nanoparticles. The reaction was
rapid as the ruby red color appeared within 10 min and appear-
ance of ruby red color in the reaction confirmed the formation of
gold nanoparticles and there was no color change further. The light
absorption pattern of the plant biomass was kinetically monitored
and was in the range of 536 nm recorded using Varian-Cary 100
UV–vis spectrophotometer.
The experiment was duplicated thrice to confirm the reduc-
tion reaction. C. auriculata reduced AuNPs were centrifuged at
10,000 rpm for 15 min to prepare pellet, and it was washed with
deionized water to remove the remaining biomass. XRD measure- Fig. 2. UV–vis spectrum recorded as a function of time of reaction of aqueous solu-
ment of the C. auriculata reduced AuNPs was carried out on films tion of chloroauric acid with C. auriculata extract.
Author's personal copy
V. Ganesh Kumar et al. / Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces 87 (2011) 159–163 161
Fig. 4. TEM images indicating the presence of hexagonal, spherical and triangular nanoparticles recorded at various magnifications (A–D).
Author's personal copy
162 V. Ganesh Kumar et al. / Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces 87 (2011) 159–163
4. Discussion
V. Ganesh Kumar et al. / Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces 87 (2011) 159–163 163
5. Conclusion [12] Y. Wang, X. He, K. Wang, X. Zhang, W. Tan, Colloids Surf., B 73 (2009) 75–79.
[13] G. Singaravelu, J.S. Arockimary, V. Ganesh Kumar, K. Govindaraju, Colloids Surf.,
B 57 (2007) 97–101.
Facile synthesis of AuNPs using antidiabetic potent plant [14] K. Govindaraju, V. Kiruthiga, V. Ganesh Kumar, G. Singaravelu, J. Nanosci. Nan-
resulted in gold nanoparticles of average size 15–25 nm, stable at otechnol. 9 (2009) 5497–5501.
a wide range of pH [3.4–10.2] which may have the potential to be [15] M.F. Lengke, M.E. Fleet, G. Southam, Langmuir 22 (2006) 2780–2787.
[16] A. Bharde, D. Rautaray, V. Bansal, A. Ahmad, Small 2 (2006) 135–141.
used in antidiabetic treatment. In future, selection of such plants [17] S.A. Kumar, A.A. Ansary, A. Ahmad, M.I. Khan, J. Biomed. Nanotechnol. 3 (2007)
with therapeutic value will create a new platform to utilize the 190–194.
potential of herbal medicine in nanoscience for drug delivery or [18] M. Kowshik, W. Vogel, J. Urban, K.M. Paknikar, Adv. Mater. 14 (2002) 815–818.
[19] S.A. Gaikwad, A. Kale, K. Mundhe, N.R. Deshpande, J.P. Salvekar, Int. J.
biomedical applications.
PharmTech Res. 2 (2010) 1092–1094.
[20] A. Sivaraj, K. Devi, S. Palani, P.V. Kumar, B.S. Kumar, E. David, Int. J. PharmTech
Acknowledgements Res. 1 (2009) 1010–1016.
[21] S.K. Basha, K. Govindaraju, R. Manikandan, J.S. Ahn, E.Y. Bae, G. Singaravelu,
Colloids Surf., B 75 (2010) 405–409.
We thank DST-Nanomission, Government of India for its [22] D. Kisailus, M. Najarian, J.C. Weaver, D.E. Morse, Adv. Mater. 17 (2005)
financial support for the project (SR/NM/NS-06/2009) and the man- 1234–1239.
[23] J. Song, L.I.Z. Cheng, Y.C. Liu, Chem. Commun. (Camb) 46 (2010) 5548–5556.
agement of Sathyabama University, Chennai for its stanch support
[24] A.S. Edelstein, R.C. Cammarata (Eds.), Nanomaterials: Synthesis, Properties and
in research activities. applications, IOP Publication, Bristol and Philadelphia, 1966.
[25] P. Mulvaney, Langmuir 12 (1996) 788–800.
[26] K. Badri Narayanan, N. Sakthivel, Mater. Lett. 62 (2008) 4588–4590.
References
[27] A. Tripathi, N. Chandrasekran, A.M. Raichur, A. Mukherjee, J. Biomed. Nanotech-
nol. 5 (2009) 93–98.
[1] C.A. Lin, T.Y. Yang, C.H. Lee, S.H. Huang, R.A. Sperling, M. Zanella, J.K. Li, J.L. Shen, [28] M.C. Sabu, T. Subbaraju, J. Ethnopharmacol. 80 (2002) 203–206.
H.H. Wang, H.I. Yeh, W.J. Parak, W.H. Chang, ACS Nano 3 (2009) 395–401. [29] J.Y. Song, H.K. Jang, B.S. Kim, Process Biochem. 44 (2009) 1133–1138.
[2] D. Xia, X. Luob, Q. Ninga, Q. Lud, K. Yaod, Z. Liud, J. Nanjing, Med. Univ. 21 (2007) [30] V. Kumar, S. Kumar, J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol. 84 (2009) 151–157.
207–212. [31] G.N. Rao, P.M. Kumar, V.S. Dhandapani, T.R. Krishna, T. Hayashi, Fitoterapia 71
[3] C.M. Niemeyer, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 40 (2001) 4128–4158. (2000) 82–83.
[4] S.H. Huang, Clin. Chim. Acta 373 (2006) 139–143. [32] D. Philip, C. Unni, S. Aswathy Aromal, V.K. Vidhu, Spectrochim. Acta Part A 78
[5] M. Horisberger, J. Rosset, J. Histochem. Cytochem. 25 (1977) 295–305. (2011) 899–904.
[6] C.M. Niemeyer, B. Ceyhan, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 40 (2001) 3685–3688. [33] S. Shiv Shankar, A. Rai, A. Ahmad, M. Sastry, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 275 (2004)
[7] C.D. Keating, K.M. Kovaleski, M.J.J. Natan, Phys. Chem. B 102 (1998) 9404–9413. 496–502.
[8] A.P. Alivisatos, X. Peng, T.E. Wilson, C.L. Loweth, M.P. Bruchez Jr., P.G. Schultz, [34] M.J. Badaturuge, S. Habtemarian, J.K. Michael, Thomas, Food Chem. 125 (2011)
Nature 382 (1996) 609–611. 221–225.
[9] P.R. Selvakannan, S. Mandal, S. Phadtare, A. Gole, R. Pasricha, S. Adyanthaya, [35] D. Bown, Encyclopaedia of Herbs & Their Uses, Dorling Kindersley, London,
M.J. Sastry, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 269 (2004) 97–102. 1995, ISBN 0-7513r-r020-31.
[10] P.R. Selvakannan, S. Mandal, S. Phadtare, R. Pasricha, M. Sastry, Langmuir 19 [36] Z. Lin, J. Wu, R. Xue, Y. Yong, Spectrochim. Acta Part A 61 (2005) 761–765.
(2003) 3545–3549. [37] S.P. Dubey, M. Lahtinen, M. Sillanapaa, Process Biochem. 45 (2010) 1065–1071.
[11] R.K. Das, B.B. Borthakur, U. Bora, Mater. Lett. 64 (2010) 1445–1447. [38] J. Zhou, D.A. Beattie, John. Ralston, R Sedev, Langmuir 23 (2007) 12096–12103.