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drwzwy:: 2010
Monitoring well
Diameter = 8-10cm (4 inch)
• Functions:
– Groundwater samples (for
chemical analyses)
– Water level elevations – gw
direction
– Estimate hydraulic
characteristics of aquifer
• Rock/soil samples
– To define the subsurface
geology (borehole well log)
– Chemically analysed – to
determine the extent of
subsurface contaminants (1-3m)
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Monitoring well
• Drilling costs increase with diameter and
depth
– 4 inch diameter; 20m depth (RM5000 each well)
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Groundwater direction
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Hydraulic characteristics of aquifers
• Total porosity – volume of total void space
• Effective porosity – volume of interconnected void
space
• Intrinsic Permeability (or hydraulic conductivity) –
ability to flow
• Transmissivity – amount of water to flow
• Specific yield – volume of water drained by gravity
• Specific retention – volume of water retained
against gravity
• Storage coefficient – volume of water lost per area
per unit decline in hydraulic head
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Intrinsic Permeability (or hydraulic conductivity)
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Example
• The intrinsic permeability of an aquifer is 2.3 x
10-9 cm2. Calculate the aquifer’s hydraulic
conductivity, assuming typical values for fluid
density and dynamic viscosity.
K = ki ρ g / µ
ρ = fluid density (1 g/cm3)
• Solution: g = gravity (980 cm/s2)
µ = fluid viscosity (0.01 g/s.cm)
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Drilling
• The method chosen for drilling depends on several
factors (EPA, 1994) :-
– Subsurface condition;
– equipment availability;
– versatility of drilling method;
– drilling cost;
– site accessibility;
– installation time;
– ability to preserve natural conditions
– ability to obtain reliable samples
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Drilling Methods
• Hollow stem auger
• Solid stem auger
• Hand auger
• Cable tool
• Rotary methods
• Driven wells
• Jet percussion
• Direct push
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Drilling Methods
1 2 3
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Hollow Stem Auger
• Truck mounted (>100 m depth) or mini drilling rig
(40 m depth)
• Frequently used to install monitoring well (in US)
– best technique!
• Unconsolidated or poorly consolidated materials;
not for solid rock – i.e. use rotary drilling
• Disadvantages:
– Cross contamination of subsurface material – drill
cuttings
– Clay smearing of aquifer wall therefore reduce yields
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Hollow stem auger
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Hollow Stem Auger (sampling)
• Disturbed sample
– from cutting that move upward
and from split spoon
• Undisturbed sample
– shelby tube sampler (46 cm x 5
cm)
– OR open-tube sampler (U100)
Shelby tube
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Collect Soil sample using Shelby tube
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Shelby Tube— H-4210.10
• 3“ (76.2mm) dia. x 10” long
• thin-walled, open-tube samplers
available in galvanized steel.
• Lower end is chamfered to form a
cutting edge and upper end includes
holes for securing tubes to a drive
head.
• Lid can be used to protect sample
during transport – or use paraffin
wax (resin)
Cap / lid for the tube
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Shelby tube with resin / paraffin wax
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How much sample?. 0.5 kg – index property test
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Rotary drilling
Rotary Drilling
Technique
Steel casing
Steel casing
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Not recommended for monitoring well, why ????
Rotary drilling
Infrequently used for environmental work:-
1. Injecting fluid alter the natural properties of soil
2. Hamper identification of water-bearing zone
3. May plug water-bearing formation
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Well Construction
• Monitoring Well Tremie pipe to direct the materials
• PVC (cheapest!!)
• Annulus must be filled
– Chemically inert filter
pack (quartz sand/glass
beads)
– Bentonite seal PVC well screen
– Grout / cement
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• LINK
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Well Construction Prevent vandalism
Flush with ground (well just below the surface) drwzwy:: 2010
Well development
• Remove sediments blocking
well screen
– Improve yield
– Low turbidity samples
(chemistry of water)
• Equipment:
– Cylindrical plunging device
(surge block/bailer/swab)
– Jetting with air or water
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Water depth measurement
• Exact location of well : x-y
coordinates and elevation
• Instruments to measure the
water levels
– Acoustic well probe
– Electrical sensors – transmit
sound or light signals
– Pressure transducers
– Float device
– Tape and poppers
Dip meter
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Water depth measurement
• Prior to measuring, wells should
be allowed to recover minimum
24 hr following well construction,
development, purging, sampling
and aquifer testing
• Measure water level before
collecting samples / aquifer steam cleaning
testing
• Measure at the cleanest well;
clean device between wells; use
cleaning solution (Alconox, steam
cleaning, detergents).
Alconox
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Monitoring Programs
• Sampling of groundwater is part of the monitoring
program – water quality
• 4 common groundwater monitoring programs:
– (i) Ambient monitoring
• Establish gw quality database (background data)
– (ii) Source monitoring
• Identify gw contaminants before spreading + remediation
– (iii) Case preparation monitoring
• To characterize the extent of contaminant and identify
responsible party
– (iv) Research monitoring
• Gain new insight knowledge
• High level of detail and sophistication
• Eg. Tracer test
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Ambient monitoring
Langat Basin
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Source monitoring
BH6 BH7
BH3
BH5
Sg Labu
BH1
Groundwater flow
BH2
BH4
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Guidelines
Well Drilling, Groundwater Abstraction and
Groundwater Monitoring
– Guidelines for well drilling
– Guidelines for Groundwater Abstraction
– Guidelines for Groundwater Monitoring
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Thank you
Exercise 1
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