3 major traditions
1. Ethnic Tradition
2. Spanish Colonial Tradition
3. American Colonial and Contemporary
Tradition
Ethnic Art Forms
- Primarily influenced by the geographical
location and the experiences of the Filipinos
Primary influencers of ethnic art forms
1. Geographical location
2. Experiences of the Filipinos
Highlands
- In this location, dance steps were imitations
of the movements of certain animals like
birds
Near the sea
- In this location, choreography were mimics
of the fishes
Visual arts
- Included in this art form are pottery,
weaving, wood carving and metal crafting
- e.g. pottery, weaving, wood carving and
metal crafting
Architecture
- In this form of art, local materials such as
anahaw, bamboo, cogon, cane, rattan and
other light materials were used
Literature
- Included in this art form are folk speeches,
songs, and narratives
Past experiences
- it is verbalize in literature by folk speeches,
songs and narratives
Tribal presentations and rituals
- early theatrical performances
Beliefs
- depicted by early theatrical performances
Spanish Colonial Tradition
- In this tradition, western art forms tend to
replace the indigenous arts
Spanish Period/Regime
- Religion and secularization greatly
influenced the art in the Philippines
Friars
- supervising the practice of arts in the
country (spanish)
Agenda of friars
- Propagate Christianity and maintain the
power of the colonizers
Classification of Literary Works in the Spanish
Colonial Tradition
1. Religious prose and poetry
2. Secular prose and poetry
Secular and religious plays
- like the "komedya" became popular
Religious dances
- these are commonly performed to venerate
patrons and saints
Bamboo flutes and brass gongs
- examples of indigenous musical
instruments
Secular dances
- Valse, fandango, polka and minuet
Piano and other western instruments
- instruments that the spaniards introduce to
the Philippines
Bands and orchestras
- multiplied as the zarzuelas and operas
became prevalent
Painting and sculpture
- introduce that depicted religious subject
matters
Paintings and sculptures
- spanish colonial tradition mostly depict
religious subject matters
Wood carvings or metal works with intricate
decorative designs
- embellishments that were used in the
exterior and interior of the buildings in the
Spanish colonial tradition
Stones and bricks VISUAL ARTS
- predominantly used in constructing
buildings like churches, houses and The three people who introduced the concept of
government offices modern art in the country
1. Juan Arellano
Mix of western and indigenous art 2. Diosdado Lorenzo
- strong influence of the Spaniards 3. Victorio Edades

American Period/Regime Victorio Edades

- brought about many changes in the politics,
economy, education and culture in the
Philippines
Concept of modern art
- people who studied in America carry back
to the Philippines
- Introduced modern visual art through his
art exhibition
- He used dull and dark hues instead of
bright and happy colors
- shock many Filipino audiences
- subjects: life of the laborers, workers and
lower sector of the society

Modern Art American Period

- Practice of art in the 1860s-1960s - subjects of artworks shifted from rural to
- During this period, urbanization, urban
consumerism, rise of the middle class, - arts during this period reflect dynamism,
change in the political system, freedom of expression and concern to the
secularization, and the emergence of new masses
technology affected the way of art making
Urban setups
Technological innovations - became the usual subjects of visual arts in
- the experimental approaches in developing the American period
art rose above traditional art practices and
methodologies Proletarian Art
- Depicts life after the war, social issues, and
Avant-garde economic problems
- nature of modern art
- new forms of expression 2 institutions that supported modern art
movement
Contemporary Art 1. Art Association of the Philippines
- Refers to the recent and current practice of - Purita Kalaw-Ledesma
art ranging from the 1970s up to the
present 2. Philippine Art Gallery –
- This type of art mirrors the society and - Lydia Villanueva-Arguilla
culture of the present times
- It uses a combination of different methods, Paris Cubism
materials, and ideas that transcend the - A kind of cubism showing fragmented
traditional way of art making figures in larger planes, color harmonies
and texture
7 major art forms in the Philippines
1. Music Well-known Paris Cubist
2. Dance 1. Vicente Manansala
3. Theater 2. Romeo Tabuena
4. Visual Arts 3. Cesar Legaspi
5. Literature
6. Architecture
7. Film
Well-known Abstractionists
1. H.R. Ocampo
2. Constantino Bernardo
3. Frederico Aguilar Alcuaz
4. Arturo Luz
5. Jose Joya
Napoleon Abueva
- became popular because of his modern
works (sculputures)
- made use of different materials like the
variety of woods, metal and stones in his
sculptures
Plastics, jade, brass and other materials
- materials that other sculptors use when
they joined Abueva in his modernism?
Ang Kiukok
- painted in expressionistic, cubistic style
Benedicto Cabrera or BenCab
- worked with realism and experimental
devices
Ramon Orlina and Impy Pilapil
- Sculptors who explored the use of glass in
making sculptures
Surrealism
- Art that explores the world of dream
Well-known Surrealist
- Galo Ocampo and Juvenal Sanso
Magic Realism
- Style in a painting showing minute details
of the subjects and highlighting their
texture and color
- e.g. Bigas by Nestor Leynes
Genre painting
- Painting that shows the lives of the
townsfolk, legends and traditions that
stayed in the Philippine contemporary
period
Indigenous materials
- used in sculptures and installation art to
produce environmental awareness
Artists who used indigenous art
- Junyee, Roberto Villanueva, and Roberto
Fleo
Cartoons, comics and photography
- became popular in the Philippine
contemporary period
Art groups founded in the regions and
provinces
1. Baguio Art Guild
2. Bacolod's Black Artist in Asia
NCCA’s Committee on Visual Arts
- The national government launched an
educational program that tends to convene
artists annually through this
LITERATURE
The "Bagay" Movement
- A kind of poetry which uses colloquial
language and is built on concrete images
which tend to describe experiences
Valediction sa Hillcrest
- Rolando Tinio
- Example of the bagay movement
Taglish
- language of Valediction sa Hillcrest employ
"Ang Bayang Malaya"
- work introduced by Amado V. Hernandez
- Work used to introduce another form of
poetry
- long narrative piece about a peasant leader
- Oppression and fighting for human rights -
Main themes
Social protest and social realism
- In the succeeding poems developed by
Filipino poets, these became the theme of
the poems
Protest poetry
- proliferated because of the influence of
Amado V. Hernandez
Martial Law
- because of this the nationalist spirit of
many writers arose
American and British poets
- During the contemporary period, these
influenced the English poems in the
Philippines
Poets influenced by Western Poets
- Edith Tiempo, Emmanuel Torres,
Dominador Ilio
- subject: search for love and identity,
Oppresion, Subjects concerning the poet's
private worlds
Marcos Era
- Nationalistic poetry discussed poverty,
inequality, political turmoil, and other
social problems
self-consciousness and self-expression
- Short stories after the WWII focused on
these attribute of the writer
Known English short story writers during the
contemporary period
- N.V.M. Gonzales, Nick Joaquin, Alejandro
Roces, Francisco Arcellana, Gregorio
Brillantes, Bienvenido Santosm Edith
Tiempo
Vernacular language
- language used to produce short stories
during the contemporary period
Why did only the publication of Filipino literary
works continue?
- Because of the lack of moral and financial
support, and due to the writer's choice to
produce works that use a language that can
be understood by more readers
Short Stories
- some depicts lives of the working class
Social protest fiction
- produced in the Marcos Era?
Socio-political themes
- theme was used in the area of novels after
the WWII
Search for identity
- theme that English novelists focus on
Literary criticism
- the area of essay and criticism, this was
produced after the WWII aiming to analyze
Philippine writings
informal essay
- type of essay was developed by women
writers
MUSIC & DANCE
American Period
- music was mostly classical due to the influence
of European which continued to flourish until
1950’s.
1960’s
- Philippines music evolve
- combination of classical and traditional or
ethnic music
- avant-garde music emerged?
Theater Music
- Gradually decline because of the introduction
of radio, film and other entertainment that
involves technology
Pinoy Pop or Filipino Pop Music
- took place when Philippines music
continuously evolve
- includes jazz, dance hits, folksong revival, rock
and roll and rap
- with the development of this, Manila Sound
was born
Manila Sound
- characterized by Western-derived with
English lyrics but with pure Filipino spirit.
OPM
- also called Original Pilipino Music
- purely Filipino, composed and sung by Filipino
(composer and singer)
Filipino Dances adapted from Europe and
America
- valse, rigaudon, polka fandango, jota etc.
Dance Groups
- some integrated traditional music in the
western dance (Filipino dances influenced by
Europe or America)
- some revived the indigenous dance forms
commonly performed during fiestas and
festival
- new dance group were established like IPAG
or Integrated Performing Arts Guild of MSU
in Iligan City
- many are founded to develop further, promote
and preserve Philippine Dance.
Festivals
- includes Sinulog, Maskara, ati-atihan, sayaw sa
ubando, kadayawan etc. (revived)
Schools
- ballet school still exists
- the Philippine High School for the Arts in
Laguna has its own performing arts group
Alternative Music
- influenced by folk balladeer
- popular music
- followed OPM
- sprouted out of protest
 Themes: Filipino values, political,
environmental concerns
1. Anak by Freddie Aguilar
2. Tayo'y mga pinoy by Herbert Bartolome
3. Ako'y Pilipino by Florante De Leon
CCP
- Cultural Center of the Philippines
- preserved the traditional music and innovative
Philippine music
- the Filipino music as well as the Filipino artists
were given importance
Rondallas
- Other term for string bands
Provincial art councils
- were established which preserve the
traditional music and innovate Philippine
music
Las Pinas Bamboo Organ Festival
- Local festivals for music were established.
Give an example
Bodabil
- A stage show but not a stage play that was
composed mainly of songs, dances, and
skits
- During the Japanese period, bodabil was
included as a short melodrama
Legitimate theater
- The educational system established by the
Americans in the country paved the way to
the development of this
Western education
- production of shakespearean plays and
other western contemporary classics
entered the scene
Why was Philippine theater americanized?
- Theater artists tend to imitate popular
American actors and actresses -
Traditional Theater Forms
- Sarswela, komedya and sinakulo
Representational style
- A style in the Philippine contemporary
theater that is composed of psychological
and social realism
Psychological realism
- deals with the problems of individuals
Social realism
- Deals with the problems of individuals
considering their society
- the drama "Paraisong Parisukat" by
Orlando Nadres
- "Bayan-bayanan" by Bienvenido Noriega Jr.
- "The World is an Apple" by Alberto
Florentino
Presentational Style
- This style highlights the discussion of social
ideas
- dance, song, mime, etc were the methods
used in presentational style to summon
ideas from the audience?
- e.g. Theater of the Oppressed by Augusto
Boal
Documentary style
- This style tends to discuss historical events
- e.g. "Mayo A-biente Uno" of Al Santos
Dula-dula
- A short drama poem
National Theater Festivals
- CCP
- involved performances of theater arts
group established in the regions
Theater group from Luzon
 Cultural Workers from Bicol
Theater group from Visayas
 Silay City's Sarswela Group of Dumaans
 Dagyaw Theater
 Dance Company
Theater group from Mindanao
 Kaliwat Theater Collective
 Sining Kambayoka Ensemble
Bodabil or vaudeville
- A kind of stage show introduced by
Americans
- Buck-and-wing, tap dancing, clog, and skirt
dancing are the dances performed in
bodabil
Remedios de Oteyza & Leonor Orsosa
- ballet dancers from other countries who
became instructors and taught Filipinas
Modern dance
- dance that followed ballet
- revolutionary in nature and does not
conform to the rules of classical ballet
- deals with a mixture of a wide range of
dances, western and Asian dances,
traditional dances and other experimental
dances
Folk and Social dances
- followed the rise of modern dance
Bureau of Education
- when Reyes-Aquino entered, it integrated
folk dances in the educational system which
resulted to its widespread popularity
Filipino adaptations of European and American
dances
 Valse
 Rigaudon
 Polka
 Fandango
 Jota
Festivals with traditional and folk dances
 Sinulog
 Maskara
 Ati-atihan
 Sayaw sa Obando
 Kadayawan
Dance groups established in the local setting
 Integrated Performing Arts Guild (IPAG) in
the Minadano State University in Iligan City
 Dagyaw Theater
 Dance Company
 Teatro Amakan in Iloilo City
ARCHITECTURE
Physical and socio-cultural situation
- taken into consideration when Philippine
architecture adopted the modern western
architectural style
Philippine Architecture
- characterized as simple, rational and functional
simple, rational and functional
Filipinos who studied in American universities
and brought changes in the Phil. architecture
 Juan Arellano
 Carlos Barret
 Antonio Toledo
Neoclassic style
- introduced by Juan Arellano, et al
- style in building structures which tends to
revive the classic architecture
Metropolitan Theater
- designed by Juan Arellano
Romanticism
- Juan Arellano experimented with this in
designing the Metropolitan Theater
Decorations employed in the Metropolitan
Theater:
- decorative motifs incorporating native
plants and variety of colors
Tsalet
- type of house on stilts with a front porch
made of wood and concrete
Steel
- material used in buildings as protection for
calamities
New architectural design
- introduced by succeeding generations of
architects who changed path and deviated
from the traditional architectural style
Commercial buildings
- types of structure that had been growing
demand when different business emerged
at the Philippine contemporary period
Real estate development
- when this started to take place, two-storey
houses were introduced and Filipino
houses were Americanized
Projects that emerged due to the increasing
population and decreasing land availability
- urban housing
- multi-storey tenements
- government housing projects
Slums & Shanties
- proliferated when the government housing
cannot accommodate all those who need
low-cost housing
Houses owned by the upper class
- described as huge with a large front garden
Similarities of expressways, convention centers,
hospitals, hotels, malls, high-rise buildings and
amusement centers
- all come with technological advancements
like escalators, elevators, air-conditioning
systems, computers, etc.
Heritage towns:
- Vigan
- Intramuros
- Dapitan
FILM
Film
- art form that has the largest audience
1897
- start of film industry in the Philippines
Swiss entrepreneurs
- first to feature film shows in Manila
1912
- film became popular
Edward Gross & Harry Brown
- foreigners that produced the film about the
life of Dr. Jose Rizal which made film
popular
Jose Nepomuceno
- first Filipino who produced a film
- Father of Philippine Movies
- wrote Dalagang Bukid
Hollywood
- great influencer of Philippine film during
the early times
Outdated technology & limited budget
- reasons why Filipino producers can’t level
with the quality of American movies
Local films
- portrayed the lives of the Filipinos and used
Tagalog as its language which is the only
edge of the Philippine movies
Usage of Tagalog in Phil. Movies
- became an edge because it garnered more
audience since the majority of Filipinos
cannot understand English during those
times
Theater forms that influenced the succeeding
film productions:
- sarswela
- sinakulo
- komedya
Philippine literature
- another source of movie themes
Film adaptations of Philippine literature
- Florante at Laura by Francisco Baltazar
- Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo by
Jose Rizal
Novels and Folklores
- other literary sources that inspired film
making
Film companies established due to the boost of Board of Censorship Motion Pictures (BCMP)
film in the country - established for film scripts to be submitted
- Filippine Films prior production
- Parlatone Hispano-Filipino
- Exelsior Pictures New cinema
- Sampaguita Pictures Inc - started by new young directors
- LVN Pictures
- X'otic Films New young directors
1942 - Lino Brocka
- movie production stopped - Celso Ad Castillo
- Filipinos went back to watching and - Ishmael Bernal
producing stage shows
After the war Themes in New Cinema
- movie production resume - Nationhood
- love in a hostile setting
War stories and heroism - social issues
- themes of films when production of movies
resumed Other film makers
- Marilou Diaz-Abaya
Films after the war - Mike de Leon
- Garrison 13 - Laurice Guillen
- Dugo ng Bayan - Maria O'Hara
- Mel Chionglo
Big Four
- LVN Alternative Cinema
- Sampaguita - other term for independent films
- Lebran
- Premiere Usual screening venues of indie films
- Schools
Film Awards: - International film festivals
- Film Academy of Movie Arts and Sciences - outreach programs
(FAMAS)
- Maria Clara Awards Lightweight technologies
- technologies used by indie films
Filipino movies recognized internationally
- Ifugao by Gerardo De Leon Kidlat Tahimik
- Anak Dalita by Lamberto Avellana - one of the known independent film
directors
Independent producers
- dominated the film industry when there Themes of Philippine films in Contemporary
had been a decline of studios Period
- Martyr wife
Other films that started to enter the movie - Superhero
industry - Action
- Sex films - Melodramas
- Fan movies - comedies
- Slapstick comedies
- Action Movies

Fan movies
- target audience are avid fans of the stars