Transposition involves the integration of small In retrotransposition, the element is
segment of DNA into the chromosome (occurs in transcribed into RNA.
different location with genes) An enzyme called reverse The DNA segment that transpose transcriptase uses the RNA as a themselves are transposable element (TEs) template to synthesize a DNA (Jumping genes) molecule that is integrated into a new region of the genome.
19.3 Transposition
Transposable Element Move by Different
Transposition Pathways
Simple Transposition
In simple transposition: the TE is removed from its
original site and transferred to a new target site (Figure 19.8a)
Each Type of Transphobe Elements has
Characteristic pattern of DNA sequence
Figure 19.9 describe a few ways in which
DNA sequence within them TEs are organized.
All TEs are flanked by direct repeats
This mechanism is called a cut-and-paste because (DRs), (adjacent to both end of the the element is cut out of its original site and pasted elemt) which are identical into a new one. nucleotide sequence that are Transposable elements that move via oriented in the same direction and simple transposition are widely found in repeated. bacterial and eukaryotic species, called Insertion Elements transposons The simples TES are known as Insertion Retrotransposition Elements (IS elements). This form of transposition, termed It has two important characteristics: retrotransposition(found in Eukaryotes). 1. Bothe end of the element contain Transposable elements that move via Inverted repeats (IRs) – DNA retrotransposon are known as retrotransposon sequences that are identical but run (retroelements) in opposite directions. IS elements may contain a central region that Non-LTR Retrotransposons encodes the enzyme transposase, which Non-LTR retrotransposons appear less like catalyzes the transposition event. retroviruses in their sequence. They may contain a gene that encodes a protein that has both reverse transcriptase and endonuclease function (Figure 19.9b)
Transposase Catalyzes the Excision and
Insertion of Transposons.
Simple transposition (Figure 19.10a)
Simple Transposons
Simple transposons carry one or more genes
that are not required for transposition.
LTR retrotransposons
LTR retrotransposons: Evolutionarily related to
know retroviruses.
LTR retrotransposon are so named
because they contain long terminal repeats (LTRs) at both end of the elements (Figure 19.9b)
1. Transposes monomer first bind to the
inverted repeat sequence at the end of the TE 2. The monomer then dimerizes, which brings the inverted repeat close together. 3. The DNA is cleaved between the inverted and direct repeats, excision the TE from its original site within the chromosome. 4. Transposase carries the TE to a new site and cleaves the target DNA sequence at staggered recognition site Retorontransposon Uses Reverse Trancriptase for Retrotransposition
Retrotransposon use an RNA intermediate in
their transposition mechanism.
As shown in Figure 19.12, the movement of LTR
retrotransposons requires two key enzymes: -- As noted in Figure 19.10b, the ligation of reverse transcriptase and integrase. transposable element into its new site initially leavers short gaps in the target DNA.
Therefore, when they are filled in by
DNA gap repair synthesis, this produce direct repeat that flank both end of the TE.
Simple transpositions increases the number in
genomes of TEs.
How can this happen? Transposition occurs
around the time of DNA replication The cell already contains a retrotransposon After a replication fork has passed a knows as Ty within the genome. region contain a TE, two TEs will be found behind the fork – one in each of 1. The retrotransposon is transcribed into RNA the replicated regions 2. Reverse transcriptase uses this RNA as a template to synthesize a double-stranded Two TEs will be found in one DNA molecule chromosome and one TE in the other 3. The LTR at the end of the double-stranded chromosome. In this way, simple are then recognize by integrase – makes cut transposition can lead to an Increase in at the target site. TEs The currently accepted model for the replication and integration of non-LTR retrotransposons is called target-site primed reverse transcription (TPRT) (Figure 19.13)
1. The retrotransposon is first transcribed into
RNA with a polyA tail. The target DNA site is recognized by an endonuclease – recognizes a consensus sequence of 5’-TTTTA-3’ and initially cuts just one of the DNA strands. 2. The 3’-polyA tail of the retrotransposon RNA bind to the nicked site due to AT base pairing. 3. Reverse transcription then uses the target DNA as a primer and makes a DNA copy of the RNA.
Transposable Elements may have
important influence on Mutation and Evolution
In mammals, long interspersed elements
(LINEs) are usually 1000 to 10,000 bp in length and found in a few thousand of copies
In humans, LINE-1 or L1 is found
in about 50,000 copes and represent about 21% of total DNA
4. To be fully integrated into the target DNA, the
endonuclease makes a cut in the other DNA Short interspersed element (SINEs) are stand usually about 7-20 nucleotides away less than 500 bp in length from the first cut An example of a SINE is the Alu 5. The retrotransposon DNA is then ligated into sequences, present in about 1 the target site within a chromosome by million copies in the human nonhomologous end joining genome (10%)