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https://www.researchgate.net/publication/311304191 análisis de conformado de metales
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1
Jefe de departamento, Departamento de ingeniería mecánica, Colegio de ingeniería noble, Junagadh, Gujarat,
2, 3
Estudiante de ingeniería mecánica, noble Engineering College, Junagadh, Gujarat,
Abstracto— Hay una amplia gama de defectos físicos que Me.Me
NTRODUCCIÓN
ocurren durante los procesos de conformado de metales. Estos defectos, que
puede ocurrir en la superficie o ser interno, no son indeseables 1,1 proceso de forja [1-3]:
no sólo debido a la apariencia superficial, sino porque pueden La forja es un proceso de fabricación que consiste en
afectar negativamente a la resistencia, formabilidad y otras aplicar fuerzas compresivas a una pieza de trabajo para
características de fabricación del material. Algunos defectos deformarla y crear un cambio geométrico deseado en el
físicos en procesos de conformado de metales como el balanceo
material. La forja, similar a otros procesos de conformado,
y la forja, los defectos en la forja reducen su fuerza. Las
tensiones residuales apreciables y el deformación pueden afecta las propiedades del material del producto forjado.
ocurrir en el enfriamiento de las forjas de acero en el Específicamente, la forja puede fortalecer el material
tratamiento térmico. Ocurren por una serie de razones eliminando grietas y espacios vacíos dentro del metal. La
incluyendo averías en metal original, diseño incorrecto de la forja de un metal también alterará la estructura de grano del
matriz, calefacción inadecuada y lubricación. Los defectos del metal con respecto al flujo del material durante su
producto forjado incluyen grietas exteriores, grietas interiores, deformación. El proceso de la forja se puede utilizar para
vueltas, cierres fríos, deformación de la parte, secciones mal crear la estructura favorable del grano en un material que
formadas y zonas muertas. En este proyecto analizaremos el aumenta grandemente la fuerza de piezas forjadas. Por estas
metal de forja y trataremos de reducir los defectos metálicos en
razones, la fabricación de forja da ventajas distintivas en las
los procesos de forja. El análisis de elementos finitos se utiliza
para predecir tensiones residuales en las forjas. El objetivo de propiedades mecánicas del trabajo producido, sobre la de
este proyecto es obtener una forma de billete óptima en la piezas fabricadas por otros procesos como la fundición o el
consideración de la deformación del flujo metálico en el proceso mecanizado.
de forja de matrices cerradas. El método del elemento finito Los procesos de forja se pueden clasificar por el grado en
conjuntamente con el algoritmo de la optimización fue utilizado que el flujo del material se restringe durante el proceso. Hay
paraANSYS se utilizó
analizar para
el efecto simular
de la formaeldel
proceso
billetede
enforja de de la
la carga tres clasificaciones principales en la fabricación de forja.
matrices cerradas y luego
forja en axisimétrico realizar
cerrado para una serie dedeiteraciones
el proceso la forja delde Forja en matriz abierta, en la que el trabajo se comprime
optimización
dado. para obtener la forma óptima de la palancada entre dos matrices que no restringen el trabajo durante el
basada en la minimización de la carga de forja. El material
proceso. La forja de la impresión, las cavidades dentro del
utilizado es la matriz de metal de aluminio compuesto (matriz
ALMgSi con 10% partículas de SiC). El objetivo del proceso de dado restringen el flujo de metal durante la compresión de la
simulación y optimización es minimizar la carga de forja y pieza, causando que el material se deforme en una forma
producir forjas sin fisuras. La forma óptima del billete que da geométrica deseada.
la carga mínima de forja se obtuvo después de varias
1,2 Descripción del problema:
iteraciones de optimización. El enfoque utilizado en este
estudio podría ampliarse a la optimización de un producto de Hay una amplia gama de defectos físicos que ocurren
forja más complicado. Debido a los avances en software de durante los procesos de conformado de metales. Estos
elementos finitos basados en tecnología informática, la carga de defectos, que pueden ocurrir en la superficie o ser internos,
forja se puede estimar fácilmente que es un proceso iterativo en son indeseables no sólo debido a la apariencia superficial,
la vieja técnica de prototipos construidos y pruebas sino porque pueden afectar negativamente a la fuerza,
destructivas. En el presente trabajo la consideración 3 formabilidad y otras características de fabricación del
parámetros críticos del diseño con el límite plástico crítico de la
Los defectos en la forja reducen su fuerza. Ocurren por
material.
tensión como la variable de estado y guardando la carga de la
forja como la función objetiva y la forma del billete se optimiza una serie de razones incluyendo. Los defectos del producto
para diverso diámetro a la altura. forjado incluyen grietas exteriores, grietas interiores, vueltas,
Forja de matrices, método de elementos finitos, metal cierres fríos, deformación de la parte, secciones mal
Palabras clave--
Matrix composites, optimización, forja por inducción, finito formadas y zonas muertas.
Análisis de elementos, tensiones residuales en la forja.
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191
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International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering Website:
www.ijetae.com (ISSN 2250-2459, ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal, Volume 3, Issue 5, May 2013)
We had converted this model in iges format which Ø The initial temperature of the cylindrical billet die is
is universal format for all modeling software then it is set 25° C and it is agreement with the ambient
imported into ANSYS. temperature during solving the problem.
Ø billet material is considered uniform for our analysis.
3.2 Mesh size selection
We have done coupled field dynamic analysis using Calculation of Force Reduction:
different mesh size and found that with the increase in 1) % of volume reduction :
mesh density stress is decreasing up to an optimum value
=(Vexperimentally – Vanalysis) / V experimentally
but then if we go for more mesh density then stress
will increase. Contact elements are defined between die = (38910.528 – 34587.89) / 38910.528
and billet interface, billet and container interface. Targe169 = 0.1110
and Conta172 elements are used for representation. 2) Force Reduction :
Contact manager is used to build the contact pairs = F experimentally – F analysis
between the members. Target elements are the rigid = 115.758 – 106.250
elements and contact elements are the flexible members. = 9.580 KN
Separate contact pairs are created with reduced
penetration tolerance. A friction model of 0.1 is used IV. R ESULTS AND DISCUSSION
for simulating the problem. Maximum vonmises stress of Two dimensional geometry is represented for die,
330Mpa can be observed in the problem. Contact elements container and billet are shown with dimensions in figure 1.
are the surface elements which have the algorithm to All major initial dimensions are represented in the problem.
represent possible sliding and penetration which movement Ansys mixed approach is used to built the geometries. For
of the members relative to each other. The die nodes die shape, bottom approach and other geometry top
are used to apply the displacement loads. Contact down approach is used in the problem. The geometry is built
elements uses Lagrange approach for better results. The as per the dimensions and connectivity is not
status of contact, contact penetration, sliding etc. can be maintained to carry nonlinear large deformation contact
observed in the contact simulation. So we understand that analysis to simulate closed die forging process.
we are going away from the answer so that we had selected Analysis results for vonmises stresses are presented
normal mesh density. If we go for very fine meshing or above. Maximum vonmises stress of 330Mpa can be
very course meshing we will go away from the observed in the problem. Left picture is represented in
accuracy. So that we had selected mesh density which 2dimensional domain and right side picture is represented
will give be more nearer to the actual value. Thus we had found out mesh density.
in three dimensional domains.
3.3 Initial and Boundary conditions, material properties The results are shown in figure for radial, hoop and
and basic assumptions: vonmises stresses. Similar stress pattern can be observed
To solve this forging defects problem of cylindrical for radial and hoop stresses. But vonmises stress is high in the
billet die, the following initial and boundary conditions, beginning and later reducing along the path of the top nodes.
material properties and basic assumptions are made: Maximum stresses can be observed in the higher
deformation regions where the members reaches to plastic
Ø Refractory Materials for cylindrical billet die meets
state and lesser stresses in the lower deformation regions.
the basic assumptions in the science of mechanics.
Material used in forging process :
Environmental Temperature is homogeneous at 25° C.
Ø Ignore the influence of heat convection. Al Mg Si SiC Density(gr/cm3)
Ø Ignore the effect of gravity field.
Ø The surface of cylindrical billet die is clean. 86% 1% 3% 10% 2.72%
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International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering Website:
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4.1 Overall geometry of closed die process : 4.2 Vonmises stresses results for initial structure :
193
International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering Website:
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Analysis Table :
194
International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering Website:
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The fracture mechanics method assumes a crack is A Marin equation is therefore written as
already present and detected. It is then employed to predict
Se = ka*kb*kc*kd*ke*kf* Se’
crack growth with respect to stress intensity. It is most
practical when applied to large structures in Where, ka = surface condition modification factor
conjunction with computer codes and a periodic inspection program.kb = size modification factor
kc = load modification factor
5.2 The Stress-Life Method
kd = temperature modification factor
To determine life of any component by Stress-Life ke = reliability factor
Method, we need to find out ultimate strength and kf = miscellaneous-effects modification factor
endurance limit of the component for the required material. Se’= specimen endurance limit
We know the values of ultimate stress for these all Se = endurance limit at the critical location of a
materials. Al mass is having ultimate strength of 330 Mpa. machine part in the geometry and condition of use
We can find out Se’ from the equation given below or we
can say dividing value of ultimate strength. We can find out different as per the guideline given in
We know value of ultimate stress of the material. the Machine Engineering Design by Shigley.[19]
Endurance Limit Modifying Factors: Now, we can find out endurance limit for all different
We have seen that the rotating-beam specimen used materials.
in the laboratory to determine endurance limits is Se = ka*kb*kc*kd*ke*kf*Se'
prepared very carefully and tested under closely
controlled conditions. VI. C ONCLUSION
It is unrealistic to expect the endurance limit of a
Introduction of metal forming are highly used now- a-
mechanical or structural member to match the values
days for generate a die and billet shape by forging process
obtained in the laboratory.
of different kinds of materials.
Some differences include
There are a wide range of physical defects which occur
· Material: composition, basis of failure, variability during metal forming processes. These defects, which may
· Manufacturing: method, heat treatment, fretting occur on the surface or be internal, are undesirable not only
corrosion, surface condition, stress concentration because of the surface appearance, but because they
· Environment: corrosion, temperature, stress state, may adversely affect the strength, formability and
relaxation times other manufacturing characteristics of the material.
· Design: size, shape, life, stress state, stress Some physical defects in metal forming processes such as
concentration, speed, fretting, galling rolling and forging, Defects in forging reduce its strength.
Marin identified factors that quantified the effects of Defects in forging reduce its strength. They occur for a
surface condition, size, loading, temperature, and number of reasons including. Defects of forged product
miscellaneous items. The question of whether to adjust the include exterior cracking, interior cracking, laps, cold
endurance limit by subtractive corrections or multiplicative shuts, warping of the part, improperly formed sections and
corrections was resolved by an extensive statistical analysis dead zones. Cracking both interior and exterior is
of a 4340 steel, in which a correlation coefficient of 0.85 caused by excessive stress, or improper stress
was found for the multiplicative form and 0.40 for the distribution as the part is being formed.
additive form.
195
International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering Website:
www.ijetae.com (ISSN 2250-2459, ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal, Volume 3, Issue 5, May 2013)
Cracking can be a result of poorly designed forging die or [4 ] Schey, J. A., Tribology in Metalworking Friction, Lubrication and
Wear. American Society of Metals, Metals Park, Ohio 44073, 1983.
excess material in the work piece. Cracks can also be
caused by disproportionate temperature distributions during [5 ] Ramaekers, J. A. H. and Kals, J. A. G., Mathematical representation of
friction in metal-forming analysis. Ann. CIRP 1986, 35(1), 167
the operation. High thermal gradients can cause cracks in a 180.
forged part [6 ] Bay, N. and Wanheim, T., Contact phenomena under bulk
Finite element analysis in conjunction with optimization plastic deformation. Proceedings of the 3rd International
techniques, are used to develop a system for the design of Conference on Technology of Plasticity, Adv. Tech. Plasticity,
optimal billet height/diameter ratio of closed die forging Kyoto 1990, 4, 1677 1691.
process. The finite element model was built parametrically [7 ] Avitzur, B. and Nakamura, Y., Analytical determination of friction
resistance as a function of normal load and geometry of surface
using ANSYS parametric design language. The irregularities. Wear, 1986, 107, 367-383.
optimization billet shape optimization for minimum forging [8 ] Avitzur, B., Huang, C. K. and Zhu, Y. D., A friction model based on
load module used the analysis file to search for minimum the upper-bound approach to the ridge and sub layer deformations.
objective function (Forging load by changing) billet Wear, 1984, 95, 59-77.
height/diameter ratio. [9 ] thelibraryofmanufacturing.com
[10 ] Dieter, G.E., Mechanical metallurgy, 1988, SI metric edition,
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