CHEMISTRY THRU CRAFTING

MELISSA JONES
JULIA HODGSON
BECKY THOMPSON
GEORGETOWN HS
2211 N. AUSTIN AVE.
GEORGETOWN, TX 78626
512-943-5100

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. Measurement and Metrics– Birdhouse Construction

Pg. 2 - 5

2. Bonds and Polarity – Batiking

Pg. 6 - 8

3. Single Replacement Reactions – Christmas Ornaments

Pg. 9 –10

4. Solutions, Suspensions and Colloids – Marbling Paper

Pg. 11 - 12

5. Acids – Glass Etching

Pg. 13

6. Chemical Equilibrium – Weather Predicting Flowers

Pg. 14 - 15

7. Redox Reaction- Blueprinting

Pg. 16 –17

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 1. MEASUREMENT AND METRICS:
BIRDHOUSE CONSTRUCTION

INTRODUCTION:
One of the greatest joys of nature is watching and attracting birds. Each year thousands
of acres of wildlife habitat are destroyed in order to build shopping centers, subdivisions and
parking lots. A properly constructed birdhouse can provide nesting sites for many native species
of birds. While you will be using cardboard to construct these houses, you can use the design to
build a more permanent shelter at home. All pieces must be cutfrom one 4 foot length of 1x 8
lumber. Use galvanized one and half inch nails throughout.

PURPOSE:
To become more familiar with metrics in measurement
To use the factor label method to convert to centimeters
To use significant figures in measurement

GRADING CRITERIA:
Daily Grade: The COMPLETED data table will be due ___________________.
Lab Grade: The constructed birdhouse will be due ____________________.
The birdhouse will be graded for accuracy and precision in your measurements. You can
choose alternative construction materials but remember that different materials could alter some
of your measurements.
Bonus: You may receive up to 10 bonus points for using a more permanent material for
your birdhouse and/or creatively decorating/painting it.

SAFETY:
Be careful when cutting pieces of birdhouse

MATERIALS:
Metric ruler
Old cardboard boxes
Masking tape

PROCEDURE:
1. Convert the measurements to its metric equivalent in centimeters. Show all your
work on
the data table.
2. Use the metric ruler to draw your measurements on cardboard.
3. Label and cut out the pieces.
4. Glue or tape the sides to the back. Then attach the floor and the front.
5. Butting the short side against the long one and joining them together makes the roof.
6. Tape the roof to the front and back pieces.

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Data:
Piece Dimensions Conversion to cm (use factor label method and show Number of
work) Significant
Figures
Side 1
A 5.875 inches

B 0.1016 meters
Side 2
A 0.4896 feet

B 4.00 inches
Back
C 0.250 yards

D 0.3333 feet

E 171.5 mm

F .0857 meter
Front
C 2.286 dm

D 0.1111 yards

E 6.75 inches

F 0.28125 feet

G 22.2 mm

Floor
A 4.00 inches

B 95.3 mm

Roof
(long side)
A 6.00 inches

B 0.0001842 km
Roof
(short side)
A 1.524 dm

B 0.1944 yards

Measurement Hints:
1. All A & B measurements will form rectangles.

2. Measurements C-G form the five-sided front and back to the birdhouse. See
Figure 1 for identification of these measurements.

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 ^ ^

Figure 1

-<-------------------------------------E—----------------------------------

-------------- D ----------------------

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QUESTIONS:
1. What are some quantitative measurements other than length? (Name at least 4)

2. Arrange the following from least to greatest:

centimeter, decimeter, kilometer, millimeter

3. Summarize the rules for adding and subtracting significant figures.

4. Summarize the rules for multiplying and dividing significant figures.

CONCLUSION:
Write a short paragraph identifying the purpose of this lab and assessing whether the
purpose was met. Give specific examples as to whether the purpose was or was not met. Give
suggestions on how to improve this lab and what you have learned from this lab.

5
 2. BONDS AND POLARITY:
BATIKING

Introduction:
Batik is a form of resist dying using wax. The designer pours or brushes wax onto the
fabric, where it penetrates deep in to the weave. The wax cools, hardens into position an repels
the dye. You may dye then wax again. Or wax and then dye, or a combination of both/
When the wax fabric is submerged in a dye bathe, the smooth wax will crackle. Once
these crackle line were considered flaws, but today they have become a signature of batik. In
this lab you will be tie dyeing after the waxing and the crackle will become part of the design.
Different waxes will give different amounts of crackle. Paraffin, the white wax found in
supermarkets, cracks and easily gives a heavily veined batik. Beeswax is more pliable and gives
less crackle. A mixture of paraffin and beeswax gives a medium crackle affect.
To melt the wax NEVER USES AN OPEN FLAME. Use a hot plate that has a
thermostatic heart control. The wax must be hot enough to penetrate the fabric weave, but not so
hot it runs off. If it starts to smoke or the brushes sizzle the wax is too hot.
To apply the wax use a cheap rush, once wax is on the brushes they become useless.
Stiff brushes work best to punch the wax into the fabric. Tjantings are batik tools that have a
small metal reservoir with a heat proof wooden handle and thin spout. Hot wax is added to the
reservoir and then poured onto the fabric for precise lines. Sponges may also be used to dip into
the wax and then transferred to the fabric.
Cold water, fiber active dyes are used. A hot dye bath would melt the wax and destroy
the design. The dye is a very high quality that does not fade, even after years of wear(except in
bleach or heavily chlorinated pools). It works through a chemical reaction that bonds the dye to
the fabric.
• First the fabric is washed in hot water and a mild phosphate free detergent(Joy,
Ivory, Dawn, etc.0 and dried on the hot dryer cycle. This removes sizing additives
from the fabric and preshrinks the fabric.
• Then the fabric is soaked in a 2% solution of sodium carbonate. This roughens
the fiber and makes it start to break down.
• The fabric is allowed to dry again
• The design is waxed on
• The dye, which is mixed with urea is applied to the fabric. The urea increases
the solubility of the dyes and brightens the colors. The fabric is wrapped in
plastic and left to sit for 8 to 24 hours so the reactive bonding can take place.
• The fabric is thoroughly rinsed in cool water and then washed in a mild
phosphate free detergent and hot water and dried on the hot dryer cycle. The
dye is now permanently part of the fiber of the fabric.

Purpose:
To observe the solubility of polar and nonpolar compounds
To observe the reaction of a fiber reactive dye on fabric
To make batik/tie-dye T- shirt

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Safety:
Wear goggle and aprons
Wax is flammable. Do not melt wax over open flame.
Melted wax is very hot and can cause burns. Handle with care.
Wear gloves when handling sodium carbonate and dyes

Materials:
Fabric wax- paraffin and beeswax hot plate
Small foil pan brushes or sponge Cups
beral pipets newspaper plastic bags
Flower trays disposable gloves
Rubber bands or string fiber reactive dyes
2% Na2CO3 – dissolve 200 g Na2CO3 in 10 L of hot water
urea water – dissolve 100g of urea in 1 L of water

Procedure:
Day 1: 1. Pre-wash fabric in hot water and a mild phosphate-free detergent. Dry on hot
dryer cycle.
2. Pre-activate the fiber by soaking it for 20 minutes in a warm 2% solution of
Na2CO3.
3. Squeeze out excess and bring to a clean flat surface and let dry.
Day 2: 4. Stretch the shirt over a piece of cardboard.
5. Heat the wax on a hot place until it flows like water. It its transparent it is
working. If it looks opaque or milky it is not hot enough.
6. Apply the wax to those areas you DO NOT want dyed. Let the wax cool and
harden.
7. Dye or tie-dye.
8. Place wet fabric in plastic bag.
Day 3: 9. Rinse the tied fabric well in cool water. Remove the strings/rubber bands and
continue to rinse.
10. Flake off as much wax as you can. Then immerse the shirt in boiling water for
3 to 4 minutes. Take it out and submerge in cold water. Repeat until wax is off.
[HINT: try soapy water on the second try]
11. Wash fabric alone, in the washer, in hot water and mild phosphate-free
detergent. Dry on the hot dryer cycle.
12. If all of the wax is not off then try ironing it off. Make a pad of newspaper and
put the shirt between two piece absorbent papers. Iron the shirt on cotton
setting, change the paper when it become saturated .

Data:
A.
Substance Water soluble? Type of bonding
Sodium carbonate
Urea
Fiber reactive dyes
Wax

B. Sketch your batik design

C. Color in your dye pattern onto your folding pattern
D. Draw and color a representation of what your final product looked like.

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Questions:
1. Did your T- shirt turn out like you expected?
2. What was the purpose of the wax?
3. What kept the wax from going into solution with dyes?
4. Why is it important for the T-shirt to be dry before waxing?
5. The dyes are water soluble which means they have what kind of bonding?
6. What kind of bonding is there in the wax?
7. What happens if the wax is too cool? Too hot?

Conclusion:
Write a short paragraph identifying the purpose of this lab and assessing whether the
purpose was met. Give specific examples as to whether the purpose was or was not met. Give
suggestions on how to improve this lab and what you have learned from this lab.

8
 3. SINGLE REPLACEMENT REACITONS:
CHRISTMAS ORNAMENTS

Introduction: Decorating for the holidays have a long tradition. When decorations are
handmade there value is even more lasting. I this lab you will be combining your artistic talents
with chemistry know how to create an ornament that will bring you peasant memories of
chemistry for years to come.
In Part A you will be making the hook for the ornament. To make the
hook you will be comparing and contrasting the processes of annealing and tempering to
determine which will make the better hook for your ornament.
In Part B you will be crating the ornament itself from an aluminum roof
cap and a solution of copper(II) sulfate through a single replacement reaction. The aluminum will
react with copper ions, copper metal forms o the surface of the aluminum. The aluminum is silver
colored and the copper is orange. The difference in color is used to create an interesting pattern
or design.

Purpose: To compare and contrast the process and results of tempering and
annealing.
To use the chemical properties of copper and aluminum to create a metal
ornament.
To observe the results of a single replacement reaction

Safety: Wear goggles and aprons.

Copper (II sulfate is an irritant. Avoid skin contact with this chemical.
Wash your hands thoroughly after use.
Utility knives are very sharp. Handle with care

Materials: bobby pins Bunsen burner tubing striker

Roofing caps masking tape utility knife nail
Stirring rod tongs/forceps paper towel wire
0.5 M CuSO4 acrylic sealer hammer
beaker

Procedure:
Part A: 1. Hold a bobby pin securely using tongs or forceps over a Bunsen
burner flame. Heat until it is glowing red.
2. Fill a 250 mL beaker with water. Drop the hot pin into the water and
let cool.
3. After the pin has cooled, take and shape into a hook.
4. Take a second bobby pin and using tongs or forceps heat it over a
Bunsen burner flame, heat until it is glowing red.
5. Place the pin on the bench top and let it cool slowly.
6. After the pin has cooled, take and shape into a hook.
7. Take both hooks and bend them. Do they both bend?

Part B: 1. Take the nail and hammer and make a hole in the top edge of the
roofing cap.
2. Completely cover both side of a roof cap with masking tape.

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 3. Draw a simple design on the masking tape with a pencil. If you want,
you may draw designs on both sides of the cap.
4 Use the utility knife to cut and remove the masking tape so your
designs are uncovered.
5. take the best hook you made in Part A and pike it though the hole so it
does not come out.
6. Place the roofing cap in to the beaker with CuSO4. Hook the pin over
the stirring rod and suspend it n the solution.
7. When the entire area fo the design has been coated with copper rinse
with water and dry it with the paper towel.
8. Remove the masking tape from the cap.
9. Coat the piece with acrylic sealer. Holding the piece by the hook
under a fume hood, spray both side with the sealer.
.

Data:
Part A:
Cooling Process Observation Results of bending test
Fast cooling(tempered)
Slow cooling(annealed)

Part B:
1. Sketch your design

Front Back

Reactant Product Observation

Questions:
1. Compare and contrast a piece of metal that has been tempered with on that has
been annealed.
2. When would you prefer a piece of metal to be tempered?
3. When would you prefer a piece of metal to be annealed?
4. Write and balance the chemical reaction that took place in this lab.
5. Identify the type of reaction that took place.
6. What evidence was there that a chemical reaction took place?
7. What was the purpose of the masking tape?
8. Place your name on your ornament and turn it in.

Conclusion:
Write a short paragraph identifying the purpose of this lab and assessing whether the
purpose was met. Give specific examples as to whether the purpose was or was not met. Give
suggestions on how to improve this lab and what you have learned from this lab.

10
 4. SOLUTIONS, SUSPENSIONS AND COLLOIDS: MARBLING PAPER

Purpose:
To made observations of solutions, suspensions and colloids
To make a solution of known concentration
To marbleize paper

Safety:
Wear goggles and apron

Materials:
Potassium aluminum sulfate
Wall paper paste (premixed, then dilute to 1 part paste to 1 part water)
Stirring rod
Beaker
Graduated cylinder
Water soluble paints in dropper bottles thinned to the consistency of whole milk
Disposable Petri dishes
Filter paper

Procedure:
Make 50 mL of a 0.20 molar solution of potassium aluminum sulfate
Apply this solution to a piece of filter paper and allow to dry overnight
Pour 25 mL of wallpaper paste into a disposable Petri dish. Record observations of this
mixture
Shake paint thoroughly. Place 20-30 drops of paint (colors of your choice) on the surface
of the paste. Use a stirring rod to swirl into a pattern. Carefully place the filter
paper on the surface, make sure all paper touches the surface. Carefully peel off
the paper. Record your observations.
Place paper in a safe place to dry.
Tape paper into your lab write-up.

Data:
System Observations Type of mixture
0.2 M Potassium Aluminum
Sulfate

Wall paper paste

Paint

Paste + paint

Calculations:
Show your calculations for your potassium aluminum sulfate solution

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Questions:
1. List 2 properties of solutions, suspensions, and colloids.
2. What properties of the aluminum potassium sulfate mixture, paste, paint, and paste +
paint did you use to identify the type of mixtures they were?
3. List the solute and solvent in you aluminum potassium sulfate mixture.
4. List 2 uses for marbleized paper.
5. What else can be marbleized besides paper?

Conclusion:
Write a short paragraph identifying the purpose of this lab and assessing whether the
purpose was met. Give specific examples as to whether the purpose was or was not met. Give
suggestions on how to improve this lab and what you have learned from this lab.

12
 5. Acids:
Glass Etching

Introduction:
Glass etching is a process where an acid is used to react with a piece of glass to ‘eat’
away part of the glass leaving a ‘frosted’ appearance. Glass etching is an artistic procedure used
to monogram platters, glasses, plaques, etc. The acid used is hydrofluoric; HF. Hydrofluoric acid
is not considered a ‘strong’ acid – even though it can eat through glass.

Purpose:
To observe the affects acid has on glass.

Safety:
Wear goggles, aprons and gloves.
Work in a well ventilated area. Avoid breathing fumes of acid.

Materials:
Microscope slides Masking tape Utility knife
HF disposable gloves wood splints

Procedure:
1. Cover a microscope slide completely with masking tape.
2. Draw a simple design.
3. Remove the tape from the areas that you want to appear frosted.
4. Put on a pair of disposable gloves. Then using a wood splint completely cover the
slide with the acid.
5. Let it stand for 10 minutes.
6. Wash off. Gently remove tape.
7. Dispose of gloves and wood splint.

DATA:
Sketch your design.

Questions:
1. What was the purpose of the masking tape?
2. Why did it have to be left standing for 10 minutes? Would a longer or shorter amount
of time change the results? Explain.
3. Why were gloves necessary for this lab?
4. Is this process reversible?
5. Is this a physical or chemical change? Defend your answer.

Conclusion:
Write a short paragraph identifying the purpose of this lab and assessing whether the
purpose was met. Give specific examples as to whether the purpose was or was not met. Give
suggestions on how to improve this lab and what you have learned from this lab.

13
 6. CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM:
WEATHER PREDICTING FLOWERS

Introduction:
Cobalt chloride changes color depending on whether it is hydrated or not. The reaction
is: CoCl2 (blue) + 6H2O > CoCl2 . 6H2O (pink)
This can be used to predict weather – because it will change color depending on the
humidity in the air. The pink complex would indicate more moisture in the air and the blue
compound would indicate drier air.
This property will be used to make weather predicting flowers – coffee filters soaked in
cobalt chloride and then dried. The flowers will change color – pink to blue depending on the
weather.

Purpose:
To see the equilibrium reaction of hydrated/anhydrous cobalt chloride
To make weather predicting ‘flowers”

Safety:
Wear goggles and aprons

Materials:
500 mL of 10% aqueous cobalt chloride solution
coffee filters
pipe cleaners
Sprayer bottle filled with water
hair dryer

Procedure:
1. Fold the filter paper in a small wedge shape ( quarter folds – like filter paper)
2. Pleat the edges of the triangle as you would a fan.
3. Twist the pipe cleaner around the pointed end
4. Dip briefly into the CoCl2 solution.
5. Dry the flowers in an upside down position.
6. When dry, fluff the paper into a shape resembling a flower.
7. Take the sprayer bottle and mist the flower.
8. Take the hair dryer and dry the flower.
9. When the air is humid, the flower to pink. When the air is dry, the flower is blue.

Data:
Flower Color Compound formed
Original
After misting
After drying

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Questions:
1. What color is the hydrated compound?
2. What color is the anhydrous compound?
3. What other uses can you think of for this compound?
4. What would happen to the reaction if you added more CoCl2 (anhydrous)?
5. Adding water shifts the equilibrium in which directon?
6. Write the equilibrium expression for this reaction.

Conclusion:
Write a short paragraph identifying the purpose of this lab and assessing whether the
purpose was met. Give specific examples as to whether the purpose was or was not met. Give
suggestions on how to improve this lab and what you have learned from this lab.

15
 7. REDOX REACTION:
BLUEPRINTING

Introduction:
A blue print is an exact copy of the plans for a building or piece of machinery. Before
modern copiers were invented, a chemical process for making blueprints was practiced for many
generations and was the most efficient and useful way to produce many copies of the large
sheets of paper on which plans were usually drawn. Solutions A and B were applied to the
paper, and the original drawing on translucent paper was placed over the treated paper. After a
bright light was shone on the paper, the reaction that was described took place and provided
white lines on a blue background. Today, with modern copiers, a process that produces black or
blue lines on white paper creates blueprints,
In the reaction in this lab a photosensitive compound, iron (III) ammonium citrate,
absorbs solar energy to cause an electron to be transferred to one of the ion(III) ions:
Fe+3 + 3e-  Fe+2

The iron(II) ion reacts with the hexacyanoferrate(III) ions to form an insoluble blue
compound:
K + (aq) + Fe+2 (aq) + Fe(CN) 63- (aq)  KFe2(CN) 6 (s)

Purpose:
1. To observe the reaction of the oxidation-reduction iron.
2. To create an original design and then repeat a time-honored procedure to
produce a ‘positive’ design from a ‘negative’ design by using a chemical process.

Safety:
Wear goggles and aprons.
Wear protective gloves.
Observe chemical safety.

Materials:
Black and white design on an observed transparency
Two glass plates
Iron (III) ammonium citrate
Potassium hexacyanoferrate(III)
White paper or 100% cotton fabric

Procedure:
1. Prepare your design by hand with on an overhead transparency with a black
transparency pen.
[If using fabric – smooth it tautly and protect the rest of fabric that is not being
blueprinting with plastic]
2. Prepare the solutions by dissolving 30 g of iron (III) ammonium citrate in 100 mL of
water (solution A) and 30 g of potassium hexacyanoferrate(III) in 100 mL of water
(solution B).
3. When ready to print, mix equal volumes of solution A with solution B. The room should
be as dim as possible.
4. Paint the mixture onto the design area of the paper (or fabric) with a brush, sponge, or
cotton balls (wear protective gloves).
5. All to dry in a dark place.
6. When dry, place a piece of glass under the design area.

16
 7. Place the design on the treated area.
8. Cover with another piece of glas.
9. Expose the print to direct strong sunlight for 10-30 min. [If sun is BRIGHT it may occur
in 5-10 min]
10. Rinse in lukewarm water.
11. Allow your design to dry.
[For fabric – wash using mild soap]

Data:
Draw your design.

Color in your design after the reaction.

Questions:
1. Why must the procedure be kept away from any light until the entire package
is put together?
2. Why is this reaction called the blueprint reaction?
3. What other photochemical reactions do you know about?

Conclusion:
Write a short paragraph identifying the purpose of this lab and assessing whether the
purpose was met. Give specific examples as to whether the purpose was or was not met. Give
suggestions on how to improve this lab and what you have learned from this lab.

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