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IN OUT
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NS PS
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QRWL FKH TXHVWR FDVR q GHO WXWWR HTXLYDOHQWH D TXHOOR GL XQD PDFFKLQD GL 0RRUH FLRq
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FRUULVSRQGHQ]D GHOOD )LJXUD  FRQ OD PDFFKLQD GL 0RRUH ´FRQGHQVLDPRµ OD UHWH
FRPELQDWRULD G·LQJUHVVR FRQ GXH LQJUHVVL H GXH XVFLWH FRQ XQ·XQLFD UHWH
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IN OUT
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NS PS
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)LJXUD  0DFFKLQD GL 0HDO\ PRGLILFDWD (· HYLGHQ]LDWD OD UHWH FRPELQDWRULD G·LQJUHVVR

&RPH VL SXz YHGHUH IDFLOPHQWH GDOOH ILJXUH RUPDL L SHULFROL GHOOD )LJXUD D VRQR

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0DXUR 2OLYLHUL &RUVR GL (OHWWURQLFD 'LJLWDOH , PRGXOR SDJ 


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VRSUD ,QQDQ]LWXWWR DSSDUH FKLDUR FKH q SRVVLELOH VSRVWDUH LO UHJLVWUR QHO PRGR GL

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NS

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IN OUT
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NS
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0DXUR 2OLYLHUL &RUVR GL (OHWWURQLFD 'LJLWDOH , PRGXOR SDJ 


8QLYHUVLWj GL 5RPD ´/D 6DSLHQ]Dµ ² DD 
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PS
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IN OUT
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0DXUR 2OLYLHUL &RUVR GL (OHWWURQLFD 'LJLWDOH , PRGXOR SDJ 


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IN
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GLYHUVR R DGGLULWWXUD LQ XQR LQHVLVWHQWH

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VWDWR q WHPSRUL]]DWR GDO FORFN PD QHOOH PDFFKLQH DVLQFURQH SXz GDUH QRWHYROL IDVWLGL

LQ TXDQWR QRQ F·q XQ UHJLVWUR GL VWDWR FKH FDPSLRQL OH YDULD]LRQL XQD PRGLILFD QRQ

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,O PRGR PLJOLRUH SHU ULVROYHUH TXHVWR SUREOHPD q SURJHWWDUH LO VLVWHPD LQ PRGR FKH LQ

RJQL SDVVDJJLR GL VWDWR VL PRGLILFKL XQ VROR ELW

0DXUR 2OLYLHUL &RUVR GL (OHWWURQLFD 'LJLWDOH , PRGXOR SDJ 


8QLYHUVLWj GL 5RPD ´/D 6DSLHQ]Dµ ² DD 
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$OHH $OHH LQ XQD UHWH FRPELQDWRULD SXz DFFDGHUH FKH GLYHUVL YDORUL GL LQJUHVVR SRUWLQR
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Comportamento
Y ideale

Out

X
Comportamento
Y reale

Out
Alea
(Glitch, movimento
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0DXUR 2OLYLHUL &RUVR GL (OHWWURQLFD 'LJLWDOH , PRGXOR SDJ 


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0DXUR 2OLYLHUL &RUVR GL (OHWWURQLFD 'LJLWDOH , PRGXOR SDJ 


8QLYHUVLWj GL 5RPD ´/D 6DSLHQ]Dµ ² DD 
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8Q DSSURFFLR VLVWHPLVWLFR DOOD SURJHWWD]LRQH

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,O ODWFK
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VWDQGDUG LO IOLSIORS GL WLSR ' HGJH WULJJHUHG 1HOOD FRUUHQWH VH]LRQH SUHVHQWHUHPR QXRYL
FRPSRQHQWL GHL TXDOL YHUUj VWXGLDWR LO IXQ]LRQDPHQWR SHU SHUPHWWHUQH O·XWLOL]]R QHOOD
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VWHVVL LQJUHVVL H OH VWHVVH XVFLWH GL XQ IOLSIORS GL WLSR ' ILJXUD  

data out
D Q

clock out
Q

)LJXUD  /DWFK GL WLSR ' QHOOD VXD UHDOL]]D]LRQH SL VWDQGDUG

/D GLIIHUHQ]D IRQGDPHQWDOH WUD TXHVWR FRPSRQHQWH LO ODWFK HG LO IOLSIORS GHO WLSR

FRUULVSRQGHQWH q FKH LO IOLSIORS q HGJHWULJJHUHG FLRq q DWWLYDWR VX XQ IURQWH GL FORFN

PHQWUH LO ODWFK q DWWLYDWR VX WXWWD OD GXUDWD GHO OLYHOOR DOWR ,Q TXHVWR FRQWHVWR SHU

´DWWLYDWRµ LQWHQGLDPR FKH O·XVFLWD UHSOLFD HVDWWDPHQWH O·LQJUHVVR 4XLQGL ULDVVXPHQGR

LO ODWFK UHSOLFD HVDWWDPHQWH O·LQJUHVVR LQ XVFLWD SHU XQ OLYHOOR DOWR GHO FORFN 3HU TXHVWR

7UDVSDUHQ]D H PRWLYR VL GLFH FKH TXDQGR LO FORFN q DOWR LO ODWFK q WUDVSDUHQWH LQIDWWL LQ WDOH VLWXD]LRQH LO

RSDFLWj ODWFK VL FRPSRUWD FRPH XQ FRUWRFLUFXLWR 3HU OLYHOOL EDVVL GHO FORFN VL GLFH FKH LO ODWFK

q RSDFR

clock

latch

flip-flop

)LJXUD  &RPSDUD]LRQH RSHUDWLYD WUD ODWFK H IOLSIORS GL WLSR '

3HUFLz FRPH VL YHGH )LJXUD   LO ODWFK DO SDUL GHO IOLSIORS SRVVLHGH XQD ´PHPRULDµ
GHJOL HYHQWL SDVVDWL VL YHGH LQIDWWL FKH TXDQGR WDOH GLVSRVLWLYR QRQ q DWWLYR OLYHOOR
EDVVR GL clock LQ ILJXUD PDQWLHQH ILQR DO FLFOR VXFFHVVLYR LO OLYHOOR DVVXQWR VXO IURQWH

0DXUR 2OLYLHUL &RUVR GL (OHWWURQLFD 'LJLWDOH , PRGXOR SDJ 


8QLYHUVLWj GL 5RPD ´/D 6DSLHQ]Dµ ² DD 
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8Q DSSURFFLR VLVWHPLVWLFR DOOD SURJHWWD]LRQH

GL GLVFHVD GHO FORFN ,Q VLQWHVL VH LO ODWFK q RSDFR O·XVFLWD ULPDQH XJXDOH D VH VWHVVD 6L
ULFRUGD FKH OR VWHVVR DYYLHQH SHU LO IOLSIORS TXDQGR QRQ FL WURYLDPR VX XQ IURQWH GL
FORFN
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TXDOXQTXH HOHPHQWR GL ´PHPRULDµ GL XQ VLVWHPD VHTXHQ]LDOH HG LQ JHQHUDOH GLJLWDOH 
3HU DYYDORUDUH WDOH DVVXQWR LQWURGXFLDPR LO VHJXHQWH FRVWUXWWR )LJXUD  

Data Out
D Q D Q

Q Q

CK CK

)LJXUD  /DWFK LQ FDVFDWD

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IOLSIORS FKH ODYRUD VX XQ IURQWH GL VDOLWD ,O SULQFLSLR FKH VL FHOD GLHWUR D TXHVWD

FRPELQD]LRQH q FKH HVVHQ]LDOPHQWH TXDQGR XQ IOLSIORS q WUDVSDUHQWH O·DOWUR q RSDFR

H YLFHYHUVD 6XO IURQWH GL VDOLWD LQROWUH WURYLDPR FKH LO SULPR ODWFK q RSDFR PHQWUH LO

VHFRQGR q WUDVSDUHQWH TXLQGL LQ TXHVWR LVWDQWH O·XVFLWD DVVXPH XQ YDORUH FKH QRQ

FDPELHUD ILQR DO SURVVLPR IURQWH GL FORFN

9DULDQWH GL ODWFK H IOLSIORS FRQ VHJQDOH load

8QD YDULDQWH GHO IOLSIORS GL WLSR ' PROWR XVDWD q TXHOOD GL )LJXUD 

din dout
D Q

load

clock dout
Q

)LJXUD  9DULDQWH GHO IOLSIORS FRQ VHJQDOH GL load

7DOH FRQILJXUD]LRQH DJJLXQJH XQ XQLFR VHJQDOH LO load /·XQLFD GLIIHUHQ]D FRQ LO IOLS
clock YLHQH WUDVFXUDWR GDO IOLSIORS D PHQR
IORS EDVH YLVWR SL VRSUD q FKH LO VHJQDOH GL
FKH load QRQ DEELD YDORUH ORJLFR DOWR RVVLD VH load q D YDORUH ORJLFR EDVVR LO clock q
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LQIDWWL DJJLXQJHUH XQ VHJQDOH GL ORDG DG XQ ODWFK VDUHEEH FRPH DIILDQFDUH XQ VHFRQGR
FORFN DO SULPR 

0DXUR 2OLYLHUL &RUVR GL (OHWWURQLFD 'LJLWDOH , PRGXOR SDJ 


8QLYHUVLWj GL 5RPD ´/D 6DSLHQ]Dµ ² DD 
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8Q DSSURFFLR VLVWHPLVWLFR DOOD SURJHWWD]LRQH

din dout
D Q

load dout
Q

CK

)LJXUD  9DULDQWH GHO ODWFK FRQ VHJQDOH GL load

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)OLSIORS H ODWFK WLSL IRQGDPHQWDOL

Elenchiamo le varianti fondamentali di latch e flip-flop che analizzeremo in questa


sezione:

)OLSIORS /DWFK
'7\SH '7\SH
657\SH 657\SH
-.7\SH
77\SH

,O IOLSIORS GL WLSR ' GL FXL VL q DPSLDPHQWH GLVFXVVR QHO FDSLWROR SUHFHGHQWH q

VRWWROLQHDWR QHOO·HOHQFR LQ TXDQWR q LO SL GLIIXVR WUD L YDUL IOLSIORS

/DWFK GL WLSR 65
3HU FRPLQFLDUH HVDXULUHPR OD OLVWD GHL ODWFK DQDOL]]DQGR LO FRPSRUWDPHQWR

GHOOR 657\SH ODWFK 4XHVWR q XQ VHPSOLFH '7\SH ODWFK FRQ OD GLIIHUHQ]D FKH

DQ]LFKp DYHUH L VHJQDOL D H CK LQ LQJUHVVR GLSHQGH SLXWWRVWR GD S H R

S dout
D Q

R dout
Q

)LJXUD  657\SH ODWFK

0DXUR 2OLYLHUL &RUVR GL (OHWWURQLFD 'LJLWDOH , PRGXOR SDJ 


8QLYHUVLWj GL 5RPD ´/D 6DSLHQ]Dµ ² DD 
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8Q DSSURFFLR VLVWHPLVWLFR DOOD SURJHWWD]LRQH

,QQDQ]LWXWWR VL QRWD FRPH WDOH UHWH VHTXHQ]LDOH VLD DVLQFURQD LQ TXDQWR SULYD GL XQR
VSHFLILFR VHJQDOH GL FORFN ,Q VHFRQGR OXRJR DQDOL]]LDPR LO IXQ]LRQDPHQWR GHO
GLVSRVLWLYR 3HU GHILQL]LRQH VDSSLDPR FKH VH 6 q D OLYHOOR ORJLFR DOWR DOORUD 4 q D OLYHOOR
ORJLFR DOWR H ULPDQH WDOH DQFKH TXDQGR 6 VHJQDOH FRVLGGHWWR GL VHW WRUQD D OLYHOOR
ORJLFR EDVVR 6H 5 q D OLYHOOR ORJLFR DOWR DOORUD 4 q D OLYHOOR ORJLFR EDVVR H ULPDQH WDOH
DQFKH TXDQGR 5 VL GLVDWWLYD WRUQD D OLYHOOR ORJLFR EDVVR  'HWWR FLz VWLOLDPR OD
VHJXHQWH WDEHOOD

S R Q

0 0 Q
1 0 1
0 1 0
1 1 N/A
Tabella 5-1 SR-Type latch (Nota:
N/A=non amessa).

6H 6 H 5 VRQR FRQWHPSRUDQHDPHQWH D OLYHOOR ORJLFR DOWR FRPH VL YHGH LO


IXQ]LRQDPHQWR GHO ODWFK q LPSUHYLVWR 6H LQ XQ FDVR UHDOH DYHVVLPR OLYHOOL DOWR H EDVVR
SDUL D YDORUL GL WHQVLRQH GL  H  9 LQ FDVR 6 H 5 VLDQR FRQWHPSRUDQHDPHQWH D
OLYHOOR ORJLFR DOWR SRWUHPPR DYHUH XQ·XVFLWD FRQ XQD WHQVLRQH GL 9 VLWXD]LRQH
TXHVWD LQGHVLGHUDELOH

)OLSIORS GL WLSR 65

$YHQGR LQWURGRWWR LO ODWFK GL WLSR 65 ULVXOWD RUD HVWUHPDPHQWH VHPSOLFH GHILQLUH OR


657\SH IOLSIORS )LJXUD  

S dout
Q

R dout
Q

CK
)LJXUD  657\SH IOLSIORS

$QFKH LO TXHVWR FDVR LO IOLSIORS DJLVFH VXO IURQWH GL VDOLWD GHO clock ,O VXR

IXQ]LRQDPHQWR SHUz VDUj FRQGL]LRQDWR GDL YDORUL GL 6 H 5 3HU LOOXVWUDUH

VLQWHWLFDPHQWH OH IXQ]LRQDOLWj FDUDWWHULVWLFKH GHO GLVSRVLWLYR LQWURGXUUHPR XQD QXRYD

QRWD]LRQH PROWR XWLOH D GHVFULYHUH LO PRGR GL IXQ]LRQDPHQWR GHL IOLSIORS 4XHVWR

FRQVLVWH LQ XQD WDYROD LQ FXL FRPSDUHQGR DQFKH LO FORFN WUD OH FRORQQH LQVHULDPR XQ

VLPEROR FKH LQGLFD O·HYHQWR ´ IURQWH GL VDOLWD GHO FORFNµ,O ULVXOWDWR VDUj XQD WDEHOOD GHO WLSR
GHOOD 

0DXUR 2OLYLHUL &RUVR GL (OHWWURQLFD 'LJLWDOH , PRGXOR SDJ 


8QLYHUVLWj GL 5RPD ´/D 6DSLHQ]Dµ ² DD 
 &RPSRQHQWL VHTXHQ]LDOL VWDQGDUG

8Q DSSURFFLR VLVWHPLVWLFR DOOD SURJHWWD]LRQH

S R CK Q

0 0 Q
0 1 0
1 0 1
1 1 N/A
- - 0 Q
- - 1 Q
Tabella 5-2 SR-Type flip-flop (Nota: N/A=non
amessa).

7DOH WLSR GL UDSSUHVHQWD]LRQH SXz HVVHUH IDFLOPHQWH WURYDWR VXO GDWDVKHHW GL XQ

FRPSRQHQWH /D VWHVVD QRWD]LRQH FL SHUPHWWHUj GL LQWURGXUUH QXRYH UHWL FRPH TXHOOH

GHL SDUDJUDIL VHJXHQWL

)OLSIORS GL WLSR -.

3HU LQWURGXUUH LO IOLSIORS GL WLSR -. QH VFULYLDPR VXELWR OD WDEHOOD


FRUULVSRQGHQWH PHGLDQWH OD QXRYD QRWD]LRQH YLVWD SRFR SL VRSUD 7DEHOOD  

J K CK Q

0 0 Q
0 1 0
1 0 1
1 1 Q
- - 0 Q
- - 1 Q
Tabella 5-3 JK-Type flip-flop.

$QFKH TXHVWR IOLSIORS FRPH LO -.7\SH ODYRUD VXO IURQWH GL VDOLWD GHO FORFN ,O VXR
IXQ]LRQDPHQWR q DEEDVWDQ]D VLPLOH D TXHOOR GHOOR 657\SH IOLSIORS PD FRQ XQD

GLIIHUHQ]D IRQGDPHQWDOH ,QIDWWL GRYH SULPD SHU OR 657\SH F·HUD 1$ RUD F·q Q
2YYLDPHQWH OD VWUXWWXUD GL VHJQDOL GL LQJUHVVR H XVFLWD q LGHQWLFD SHU 65 H -.7\SH
IOLSIORS )LJXUD  

J dout
D Q

K dout
Q

CK
)LJXUD  -.7\SH IOLSIORS

0DXUR 2OLYLHUL &RUVR GL (OHWWURQLFD 'LJLWDOH , PRGXOR SDJ 


8QLYHUVLWj GL 5RPD ´/D 6DSLHQ]Dµ ² DD 
 &RPSRQHQWL VHTXHQ]LDOL VWDQGDUG

8Q DSSURFFLR VLVWHPLVWLFR DOOD SURJHWWD]LRQH

)OLSIORS GL WLSR 7

,O 77\SH IOLSIORS FLRq LO IOLSIORS GL WLSR 7RJJOH UDSSUHVHQWDWR LQ )LJXUD 

KD LO IXQ]LRQDPHQWR LOOXVWUDWR LQ WDEHOOD 

T dout
D Q

dout
Q

CK
)LJXUD  -.7\SH IOLSIORS

T CK Q

0 Q
1 Q
- 0 Q
- 1 Q
7DEHOOD  77\SH IOLSIORS

)OLSIORS GL WLSR '

,QILQH DSSOLFKLDPR OD QXRYD QRWD]LRQH LQWURGRWWD ILQR D TXHVWR PRPHQWR

DQFKH SHU LO QRWR IOLSIORS GL WLSR ' RWWHQHQGR OD 7DEHOOD 

D CK Q

0 0
1 1
- 0 Q
- 1 Q
7DEHOOD  '7\SH IOLSIORS

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figura 8.1

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figura 8.3

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In
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SULPR FRQWDWRUH GL  SHU RJQL VXR FLFOR PHQWUH LO VHFRQGR FRQWD L IURQWL G·RQGD GHO
VHJQDOH LQ LQJUHVVR 1RQ DSSHQD LO FRQWHJJLR GHO WHPSR DUULYD D  LO

FRPSDUDWRUH YHGH L GXH VHJQDOL LQ LQJUHVVR XJXDOL H SRQH DG  OD VXD XVFLWD FLRq LO

VHJQDOH ILQLVK $ FDXVD GL TXHVWD PRGLILFD LO FRQWUROOHU QHJD HQDEOH EORFFDQGR L

FRQWDWRUL $ TXHVWR SXQWR O·XVFLWD FRQWLHQH LO VHJQDOH GL  ELW UDSSHVHQWDQWH LO QXPHUR

GL IURQWL G·RQGD GHO VHJQDOH GD PLVXUDUH FRQWDWL LQ FLUFD XQ VHFRQGR RVVLD OD VXD

IUHTXHQ]D 4XHVWR QXPHUR LQ ELQDULR YLHQH SDVVDWR DO GLVSOD\ FKH OR YLVXDOL]]D

Registro
Comparatore
1000000
Finish
Contatore Contatore

Start Reset Out

Controller

Enable
In
Clock
Figura 8.6

0DXUR 2OLYLHUL &RUVR GL (OHWWURQLFD 'LJLWDOH , PRGXOR SDJ 


8QLYHUVLWj GL 5RPD ´/D 6DSLHQ]Dµ ² DD 
 3URJHWWR GL VLVWHPL GLJLWDOL

3ULQFLSL JHQHUDOL HG HVHPSL

'HVFUL]LRQH
GHL 9HQLDPR DOOD GHVFUL]LRQH GHL VLQJROL FRPSRQHQWL

FRPSRQHQWL
5HJLVWUR FDEODWR  FRPSRQHQWH FKH XWLOL]]D SLHGLQL FROOHJDWL D PDVVD SHU HVSULPHUH OR

 H DOO·DOLPHQWD]LRQH SHU O· LQ SDUWLFRODUH QHO QRVWUR FDVR O·HOHPHQWR q

VFKHPDWL]]DWR LQ ILJXUD  

+5 V

Gnd

11110100001001000000 = (1000000) base 10

Figura 8.7

&RPSDUDWRUH  FRPSRQHQWH VWDQGDUG QHO QRVWUR FDVR DYHQWH  LQJUHVVL D  ELW

4XHVWR FRPSRQHQWH q EDVDWR VX XQD EDWWHULD GL SRUWH ;RU FKH SRQJRQR O·XVFLWD

DG  SHU LQJUHVVL XJXDOL

&RQWDWRUL  TXHVWL FRPSRQHQWL VWDQGDUG DJJLXQJRQR  DOO·XVFLWD SHU RJQL  LQ

LQJUHVVR TXLQGL QHO QRVWUR FDVR TXDQGR LO VHJQDOH HQDEOH q DVVHULWR RJQL YROWD

FKH LO FORFN YD DG  O·XVFLWD FUHVFHUj GL FRQVHJXHQ]D ,O VHFRQGR FRQWDWRUH SRUWD LO

VHJQDOH GLUHWWDPHQWH DO GLVSOD\ LQ TXDQWR TXDQGR LO FRQWUROORUH QHJD HQDEOH YLHQH

GLUHWWDPHQWH YLVXDOL]]DWD OD IUHTXHQ]D GHO VHJQDOH

*OL XOWLPL FRPSRQHQWL VRQR GXH SRUWH $QG VWDQGDUG

5DIILQDPHQWL
XOWHULRUL 3HU UHQGHUH SUHFLVR LO FRQWHJJLR VL SRVVRQR XVDUH RVFLOOHWRUL
JHQHUD]LRQH GHO VHJQDOH LQ TXDQWR VXIILFLHQWHPHQWH SUHFLVL QHOO·LQWHUYDOOR FKH FL
DO TXDU]R QHOOD

LQWHUHVVD

5HDOL]]D]LRQH ,O VLVWHPD FRPSOHWR SXz HVVHUH RUD UHDOL]]DQGR DVVHPEODQGR VLQJROL FRPSRQHQWL
ILQDOH VWDQGDUG PHWRGR FRVWRVR HG LQJRPEUDQWH RSSXUH SURJUDPPDUH VWUXWWXUH )3*$
)LHOG SURJUDPPDEOH JDWH DUUD\ DUUD\ GL SRUWH SURJUDPPDELOH VXO FDPSR XWLOL]]DQGR
TXLQGL XQ VROR FRPSRQHQWH SHU WXWWD OD SDUWH HVWHUQD DO FRQWUROORUH

0DXUR 2OLYLHUL &RUVR GL (OHWWURQLFD 'LJLWDOH , PRGXOR SDJ 


8QLYHUVLWj GL 5RPD ´/D 6DSLHQ]Dµ ² DD 
 3URJHWWR GL VLVWHPL GLJLWDOL

3ULQFLSL JHQHUDOL HG HVHPSL

6H]LRQH 

3URJHWWR GHOO·XQLWj GL FRQWUROOR FRPH )60 0DFFKLQD D VWDWL ILQLWL

6WDWL GHO ,QQDQ]LWXWWR GREELDPR GHWHUPLQDUH LO QXPHUR GL VWDWL FKH VRQR QHFHVVDUL DO QRVWUR
FRQWUROORUH VLVWHPD
3HU FRPH QH DEELDPR GHVFULWWR LO IXQ]LRQDPHQWR GREELDPR SUHYHGHUH XQR VWDWR
LQL]LDOH LQ FXL O·RSHUD]LRQH SUHFHGHQWH q WHUPLQDWD H VL q LQ DWWHVD GL XQD QXRYD
PLVXUD]LRQH
8Q VHFRQGR VWDWR YHGH OD SUHVVLRQH GHO WDVWR GL DYYLR FRQ FRQVHJXHQWH UHVHW GHL
FRQWDWRUL
/·XOWLPR VWDWR GHYH LQYHFH DWWLYDUVL DO ULODVFLR GHO WDVWR DWWHQGHUH TXLQGL XQ VHFRQGR
FKH LO VLVWHPD HVHJXD OD PLVXUD]LRQH H WHUPLQDUH DOO·DWWLYD]LRQH GHO VHJQDOH GL ILQLVK

'HQRPLQD]LRQH
GHJOL VWDWL
1HO VHFRQGR SDVVR GHQRPLQLDPR L YDUL VWDWL DG HVHPSLR 6DQ /XFD &DPSR H
6RWWRULSD &RPH VL SXz QRWDUH L QRPL GHJOL VWDWL SRVVRQR HVVHUH D SLDFHUH GHO
SURJHWWLVWD QHO QRVWUR FDVR VL VRQR XVDWL QRPL GL YLFROL GL *HQRYD 

'HVFUL]LRQH ,QILQH VWDELOLDPR FRVD GHYH IDUH HVDWWDPHQWH OD PDFFKLQD GHVFULYHQGROR LQ PRGR
GHOOH VHTXHQ]LDOH VWDELOHQGR OH FRQGL]LRQL GHO SDVVDJJLR GL VWDWR O·DWWLYD]LRQH GL VHJQDOL HG
RSHUD]LRQL HYHQWXDOL FRQGL]LRQL SDUWLFRODUL 'RSR DYHU GHVFULWWR LQ PRGR FKLDUR L SDVVL GD
FRPSLHUH VL GLVHJQD LO GLDJUDPPD $60 GHOOD PDFFKLQD )LJXUD  

'HVFUL]LRQH
&RPH GHWWR SUHFHGHQWHPHQWH OR VWDWR LQL]LDOH q 6DQ /XFD H VLDPR LQ DWWHVD GHOO·LQL]LR
GL XQD PLVXUD]LRQH ,Q TXHVWD VLWXD]LRQH VWDUW q DG  H OD PDFFKLQD ULPDQH QHOOR VWHVVR
VWDWR $OOD SUHVVLRQH GHO WDVWR LO VHJDOH VWDUW YD D  VL GHYH TXLQGL SDVVDUH DOOR VWDWR
VXFFHVVLYR &DPSR GRYH YLHQH D]LRQDWR LO VHJQDOH GL UHVHW SHU D]]HUDUH L FRQWDWRUL
)LQFKq LO WDVWR q SUHPXWR VL ULPDQH LQ TXHVWR VWDWR 5LODVFLDQGR LO WDVWR VWDUW YD
QXRYDPHQWH DG  DWWLYDQGR LO VHJQDOH GL HQDEOH H SDVVDQGR GL VWDWR 6RWWRULSD  (QDEOH
ULPDQH DWWLYR ILQR D FKH ILQLVK QRQ GLYHQWD  SHUPHWWHQGR L FRQWHJJL DJOL HOHPHQWL
GHGLFDWL $ TXHVWR SXQWR VL WRUQD QHOOR VWDWR LQL]LDOH 6DQ /XFD H OD PLVXUD]LRQH q
WHUPLQDWD

0DXUR 2OLYLHUL &RUVR GL (OHWWURQLFD 'LJLWDOH , PRGXOR SDJ 


8QLYHUVLWj GL 5RPD ´/D 6DSLHQ]Dµ ² DD 
 3URJHWWR GL VLVWHPL GLJLWDOL

3ULQFLSL JHQHUDOL HG HVHPSL

'LDJUDPPD
$60

S Luca

Start

Reset Campo

Start

Enable

Enable Sottoripa

Finish

Figura 8.9

$YHQGR RUD D GLVSRVL]LRQH LO GLDJUDPPD $60 VHO VLVWHPD SRVVLDPR SURFHGHUH FRQ OD
VLQWHVL UHDOL]]DQGR XQD SULPD WDEHOOD GHJOL VWDWL 7DE 

0DXUR 2OLYLHUL &RUVR GL (OHWWURQLFD 'LJLWDOH , PRGXOR SDJ 


8QLYHUVLWj GL 5RPD ´/D 6DSLHQ]Dµ ² DD 
 3URJHWWR GL VLVWHPL GLJLWDOL

3ULQFLSL JHQHUDOL HG HVHPSL

7DEHOOD GL
WUDQVL]LRQH
GHOOR VWDWR
7DEHOOD 
Start Finish Present Next Enable Reset
State State
0 - San Luca Campo 0 0
1 - San Luca San Luca 0 0
0 - Campo Campo 0 1
1 - Campo Sottoripa 1 1
- 0 Sottoripa Sottoripa 1 0
- 1 Sottoripa San Luca 1 0

1RWLDPR OD SUHVHQ]D GL LQGLIIHUHQ]H QHJOL LQJUHVVL SHUFKp OH YDULH FRQGL]LRQL GL


SDVVDJJLR GL VWDWR GLSHQGRQR GL YROWD LQ YROWD GD VHJQDOL IUD ORUR GLVWLQWL HG
LQGLSHQGHQWL 7DOL LQGLIIHUHQ]H VL ULWURYHUDQQR QHOOD VXFFHVVLYD VLQWHVL PHGLDQWH
NPDS GL FXL VL GRYUj WHQHUH FRQWR

%LW GL 6L SURFHGH SRL QHOOD GHQRPLQD]LRQH GHJOL VWDWL DVVHJQDQGR XQD VWULQJD GL ELW LQ PRGR
VWDWR XQLYRFR D FLDVFXQR GL HVVL

6L KDQQR TXDWWUR VWDWL VRQR TXLQGL QHFHVVDUL GXH ELW SHU LGHQWLILFDUOL LQ SDUWLFRODUH

6DQ /XFD 
&DPSR 
6RWWRULSD 

6L ULVFULYH TXLQGL OD WDEHOOD XWLOL]]DQGR OH DVVHJQD]LRQL IDWWH 7DE  

Tabella 8.2
Start Finish Xp Yp Xn Yn Enable Reset
0 - 0 0 0 1 0 0
1 - 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 - 0 1 0 1 0 1
1 - 0 1 1 1 1 1
- 0 1 1 1 1 1 0
- 1 1 1 0 0 1 0

,O 3DVVR VXFFHVVLYR GD FRPSLHUH q OD VLQWHVL ORJLFD PHGLDQWH NPDS

0DXUR 2OLYLHUL &RUVR GL (OHWWURQLFD 'LJLWDOH , PRGXOR SDJ 


8QLYHUVLWj GL 5RPD ´/D 6DSLHQ]Dµ ² DD 
 3URJHWWR GL VLVWHPL GLJLWDOL

3ULQFLSL JHQHUDOL HG HVHPSL

6LQWHVL FRQ 6LQWHVL 0HGLDQWH NPDS


.PDS 1HOOH WDEHOOH VHJXHQWL FRQVLGHUHUHPR LO VHJQDOH GL VWDUW QHJDWR H WHUUHPR FRQWR GHOOH
LQGLIIHUHQ]H VXJOL LQJUHVVL

3URFHGLDPR TXLQGL QHOOD VLQWHVL GHL ELW GHOOR VWDWR VXFFHVVLYR 0DSSH  H  
PHGLDQWH .PDS D  LQJUHVVL H  XVFLWD H GHL VHJQDOL GL UHVHW HG HQDEOH PHGLDQWH
.PDS D  LQJUHVVL H  XVFLWD 0DSSH  H   LQ TXDQWR TXHVWL XOWLPL QRQ
GLSHQGRQR GDO VHJQDOH )LQLVK

Xp Yp
Start
Finish    
     ;Q 6WDUW‡;S‡<S  )LQLVK‡;S‡<S
    
    
    
Mappa 8.1

Xp Yp
Start
Finish    
     <Q )LQLVK‡<S  6WDUW‡;S  ;S‡<S
    
    
    

Mappa 8.2

Xp Yp
Start
   
(QDEOH 6WDUW‡;S‡<S;S‡<S
    
    

Mappa 8.3

Xp Yp
Start
   
5HVHW ;S‡<S
    
    

Mappa 8.4

0DXUR 2OLYLHUL &RUVR GL (OHWWURQLFD 'LJLWDOH , PRGXOR SDJ 


8QLYHUVLWj GL 5RPD ´/D 6DSLHQ]Dµ ² DD 
 3URJHWWR GL VLVWHPL GLJLWDOL

3ULQFLSL JHQHUDOL HG HVHPSL

6FKHPD 6LDPR JLXQWL TXLQGL DOOD SDUWH FRQFOXVLYD GHOOD VLQWHVL RUD SRVVLDPR LQIDWWL
GHOOD
PDFFKLQD D VFKHPDWL]]DUH OD 0DFFKLQD D VWDWL ILQLWL FRPH UHWH VHTXHQ]LDOH LOOXVWUDQGRQH OH

VWDWL FRPSRQHQWL FRPELQDWRULH H LO IOLS IORS WHPSRUL]]DWRUH )LJXUD  

Start Xn Xp Enable
Rete Rete
Combinatoria Combinatoria
Yn

Finish Yp Reset

Ck
Figura 8.10

1HOOR VFKHPD GHOOD PDFFKLQD OH GXH UHWL FRPELQDWRULH VRQR GHVFULWWH GDOOH UHOD]LRQL
RWWHQXWH LQ SUHFHGHQ]D LQ SDUWLFRODUH
5HOD]LRQL
GHOOH UHWL 3HU OD SULPD ;Q 6WDUW‡;S‡<S  )LQLVK‡;S‡<S
FRPELQDWRULH
<Q )LQLVK‡<S  6WDUW‡;S  ;S‡<S

(QDEOH 6WDUW‡;S‡<S;S‡<S
3HU OD VHFRQGD

5HVHW ;S‡<S

,O QRVWUR VLVWHPD FDEODWR q TXLQGL VWDWR SURJHWWDWR LQ PRGR FRPSOHWR H WXWWL L VXRL
FRPSRQHQWL KDQQR DYXWR XQD FDUDWWHUL]]D]LRQH /·XOWLPR SDVVR GD HIIHWWXDUH SHU
UHDOL]]DUH TXHVWR VWUXPHQWR q O·DVVHPEODJJLR GHL YDUL HOHPHQWL
7DOH SDVVR LPSOHPHQWD]LRQH SXz DYYHQLUH SHU PH]]R GL FRPSRQHQWL GLVFUHWL FKLS
HOHPHQWDUL FKH LPSOHPHQWDQR OH IXQ]LRQL ORJLFKH RSSXUH SL IUHTXHQWHPHQWH SHU
PH]]R GL XQD ORJLFD SURJUDPPDELOH )3*$ R &3/'  FKLS VXL TXDOL VL SRVVRQR
PDSSDUH OH IXQ]LRQL ORJLFKH FKH FL LQWHUHVVDQR

0DXUR 2OLYLHUL &RUVR GL (OHWWURQLFD 'LJLWDOH , PRGXOR SDJ 


8QLYHUVLWj GL 5RPD ´/D 6DSLHQ]Dµ ² DD 
 )RQGDPHQWL VXL PLFURSURFHVVRUL

3ULQFLSL JHQHUDOL HG HVHPSL


)21'$0(17, 68, 0,&52352&(6625,
3ULQFLSL JHQHUDOL DQDOLVL GL XQ GDWD VKHHW HG HVHPSLR GL SURJHWWR

0DXUR 2OLYLHUL &RUVR GL (OHWWURQLFD 'LJLWDOH , PRGXOR SDJ 


8QLYHUVLWj GL 5RPD ´/D 6DSLHQ]Dµ ² DD 
 )RQGDPHQWL VXL PLFURSURFHVVRUL

3ULQFLSL JHQHUDOL HG HVHPSL

6H]LRQH 

6LVWHPL SURJUDPPDELOL
/D 0DFFKLQD
GL 9RQ /D SULPD WHRUL]]D]LRQH GL VLVWHPD SURJUDPPDELOH FKH LQ PRGR TXDVL LQYDULDWR q

1HXPDQQ DQFRUD XWLOL]]DWD IX VYLOXSSDWD GD 9RQ 1HXPDQQ QHJOL DQQL ¶ /D VHPSOLFLWj FRQ
FXL XQLVFH HOHPHQWL GLYHUVL SHU ODYRUDUH DG XQR VFRSR FRPXQH OD UHQGH DOWDPHQWH
DGDWWDELOH D QXPHURVLVVLPL FRPSLWL EDVWD GLUH FKH FRPH VXGGLYLVLRQH GHL FRPSLWL q
DQFRUD DOOD EDVH GL WXWWL L VLVWHPL GLJLWDOL 4XHVWD DUFKLWHWWXUD VL EDVD VXOO·LQWHUD]LRQH
IUD HOHPHQWL KDUGZDUH H XQD SLDWWDIRUPD VRIWZDUH VL KD LQIDWWL OD SUHVHQ]D GL XQD
&38 &HQWUDO 3URFHVVLQJ 8QLW FRQWHQHQWH DO VXR LQWHUQR XQD XQLWj GL FRQWUROOR H
XQD XQLWj DULWPHWLFD $/8 $ULWPHWLF /RJLF 8QLW  FKH LQWHUDJLVFH FRQ XQD PHPRULD
GLVWLQWD SHU LO FRQWHQXWR IUD PHPRULD GDWL H PHPRULD LVWUX]LRQL H GLVSRVLWLYL GL ,2
,QSXW RXWSXW GL GLYHUVR WLSR )LJXUD  

Cpu Memoria

Dati
Memoria

Istruzioni
Memoria
Control
Unit

Dispositivi di
Input/Output
ALU

Figura 9.1

'LVSRVLWLYL 3RVVLDPR GLVWLQJXHUH GXH WSL GL GLVSRVLWLYL GL TXHVWR WLSR


SURJUDPPDELOL
'LVSRVLWLYL *HQHUDO 3XUSRVH RVVLD GL XVR JHQHULFR DG HVHPSLR L FRPSXWHU
SRVVRQR VYROJHUH PROWHSOLFL FRPSLWL GLYHUVL

'LVSRVLWLYL 'HGLFDWL RVVLD VYLOXSSDWL SHU XQ FRPSLWR VSHFLILFR RWWLPL]]DQGR


YLQFROL GL FRVWR H SUHVWD]LRQL

0DXUR 2OLYLHUL &RUVR GL (OHWWURQLFD 'LJLWDOH , PRGXOR SDJ 


8QLYHUVLWj GL 5RPD ´/D 6DSLHQ]Dµ ² DD 
 )RQGDPHQWL VXL PLFURSURFHVVRUL

3ULQFLSL JHQHUDOL HG HVHPSL

6H]LRQH 

6FKHPD +DUGZDUH GL SULQFLSLR GL XQ PLFURSURFHVVRUH

6FKHPD GL XQ 'DO SXQWR GL YLVWD +DUGZDUH XQ PLFURSURFHVVRUH q FRVWLWXLWR GD XQ FLUFXLWR LQWHJUDWR


PLFURSURFHVVRUH
GL VLOLFLR FRPXQLFDQWH FRQ O·HVWHUQR PHGLDQWH SLHGLQL 2OWUH DL SLHGLQL EDVH FRPH
DOLPHQWD]LRQH PDVVD H FORFN OD FRPXQLFD]LRQH FRQ O·HVWHUQR q VYROWD GD WUH EXV
IRQGDPHQWDOL LO EXV LQGLUL]]L $ GGUHVV EXV LO EXV GDWL ' DWD EXV H LO EXV GL FRQWUROOR
& RQWURO EXV FKH SL FKH XQ EXV q XQ LQVLHPH GL VHJQDOL GL FRQWUROOR )LJXUD  

Abus
Gnd
Cpu
Dbus
Vdd
Cbus
Ck

Figura 9.2

/·LQVLHPH GL TXHVWL EXV SHUPHWWH VROWDQWR XQD FRPXQLFD]LRQH VSHFLILFD FRQ TXHO
SURFHVVRUH SURWRFROOR GHGLFDWR
3HU PHWWHUH LQ FRPXQLFD]LRQH OD &SX FRQ DOWUL HOHPHQWL VWDQGDUG q QHFHVVDULD OD
SUHVHQ]D GL XQ FKLSVHW HG LQ SDUWLFRODUH GHO FRPSRQHQWH GHQRPLQDWR %ULGJH FKH
IDFFLD GD SRQWH WUDGXFD IUD L SURWRFROOL GL &SX H EXV GL VLVWHPD

6HW 'LVHJQDUH XQ PLFURSURFHVVRUH VLJQLILFD IRQGDPHQWDOPHQWH VWDELOLUH LO VXR VHW


LVWUX]LRQL LVWUX]LRQL ,6$ ,QVWUXFWLRQ 6HW $UFKLWHFWXUH  3RL GHWHUPLQDUH OD SDUWH RSHUDWLYD HG
LQILQH TXHOOD GL FRQWUROOR PHGLDQWH XQD PDFFKLQD D VWDWL ILQLWL UHDOL]]DWD DG HVHPSLR
FRQ GLDJUDPPL $60 8Q HVHPSLR GL GDWD SDWK SXz HVVHUH LO VHJXHQWH )LJXUD  

Data Path

PC
MAR
Control
Path

MDR

IR

Figura 9.3

0DXUR 2OLYLHUL &RUVR GL (OHWWURQLFD 'LJLWDOH , PRGXOR SDJ 


8QLYHUVLWj GL 5RPD ´/D 6DSLHQ]Dµ ² DD 
 )RQGDPHQWL VXL PLFURSURFHVVRUL

3ULQFLSL JHQHUDOL HG HVHPSL

,VWUX]LRQL 8Q HVHPSLR GL VHW LVWUX]LRQL SXz HVVHUH YLVWR LQ WDEHOOD 


EDVH

68% 5 5
,1 $GGU 5
287 5 $GGU
/2$' 5 5
6725( 5 5
$'' 5 5
Tabella 9.1

2SHUD]LRQL GL PHPRULD YHQJRQR HIIHWWXDWH WUDPLWH OH LVWUX]LRQL /RDG H 6WRUH


PHGLDQWH LQGLUL]]DPHQWR LQGLUHWWR D UHJLVWUR RVVLD LO UHJLVWUR WUD SDUHQWHVL FRQWLHQH
O·LQGLUL]]R GL ULIHULPHQWR

'LDJUDPPD 7DOL LVWUX]LRQL YDQQR SRL VLQWHWL]]DWH FRQ XQ GLDJUDPPD $60 R DOWUR IRUPDOLVPR SHU
$60 GHO FLFOR VSHFLILFDUH OH LVWUX]LRQL GD HVHJXLUH QHOOD SDUWH RSHUDWLYD XQ HVHPSLR VROR
LVWUX]LRQL SDU]LDOPHQWH VYLOXSSDWR q LO VHJXHQWH )LJXUD  

PC MAR

Ram MDR

MDR IR

IR

IR(0)

Figura 9.4

1HO SULPR VWDWR LO 3URJUDP &RXQWHU FDULFD LO VXR FRQWHQXWR QHO UHJLVWUR 0$5
1HO VHFRQGR YHQJRQR FDULFDWL GDWL GD PHPRULD QHO 0'5
1HO WHU]R YHQJRQR SDVVDWL L GDWL GDO UHJLVWUR 0'5 DO ,5

,QILQH QHO TXDUWR FRPLQFLD OD GHFRGLILFD GHOO·LVWUX]LRQH LPSOHPHQWDWD FRQ GLDJUDPPL

FRQGL]LRQDOL DG DOEHUR FLDVFXQR GHL TXDOL JXDUGHUj XQ ELW H GHFLGHUj GL FRQVHJXHQ]D

/·RSHUD]LRQH VL FRQFOXGHUj FRQ OD VFHOWD GL XQD GHOOH WDQWH LVWUX]LRQL OD SDUWH

VXFFHVVLYD GHWHUPLQD OH RSHUD]LRQL FKH GRYUDQQR HVVHUH SRL SRUWDWH D WHUPLQH

/·XQLWj GL FRQWUROOR GHO SURFHVVRUH GHILQLVFH LO FLFOR LVWUX]LRQH FRQ O·DFFXUDWH]]D GL

XQ FLFOR GL FORFN

0DXUR 2OLYLHUL &RUVR GL (OHWWURQLFD 'LJLWDOH , PRGXOR SDJ 


8QLYHUVLWj GL 5RPD ´/D 6DSLHQ]Dµ ² DD 
 )RQGDPHQWL VXL PLFURSURFHVVRUL

3ULQFLSL JHQHUDOL HG HVHPSL

6HJQDOL
DWWLYDWL ,O SDVVR VXFFHVVLYR GD FRPSLHUH q ULSUHQGHUH L GLDJUDPPL $60 FRQVLGHUDQGR RUD

QHL VLQJROL VWDWL L VHJQDOL FKH VL GHYRQR DWWLYDUH OH IXQ]LRQL FKH VRQR ULFKLHVWH

$G HVHPSLR QHO SULPR VWDWR VL GHYRQR DELOLWDUH L EXIIHU WULVWDWH FKH VHUYRQR SHU IDU

FRPXQLFDUH LO UHJLVWUR 3& H TXHOOR 0$5 FRQ LO EXV GDQGR SRL LO FRPDQGR DG XQR GL

PHWWHUH L GDWL VXO EXV TXLQGL VHJQDOH GL OHWWXUD H DOO·DOWUR SDVVDUH LO FRPDQGR GL

VFULWWXUD SHU PHPRUL]]DUH L GDWL 7XWWL TXHVWL ´SURFHVVLµ VL DWWLYHUDQQR SRL DO

VXFFHVVLYR IURQWH GL FORFN LQ TXDQWR WXWWL L GLVSRVLWLYL SHU HVVHUH VLQFURQL]]DWL KDQQR

XQ LQJUHVVR SHU LO VHJQDOH GL FORFN

4XHVWR WLSR GL SURFHGLPHQWR q FRQFHWWXDOPHQWH FLz FKH RFFRUUH SHU SURJHWWDUH XQ

PLFURSURFHVVRUH /D FRQRVFHQ]D HOHPHQWDUH GL WDOH IXQ]LRQDPHQWR q OD EDVH SHU

FRPSUHQGHUH O·XWLOL]]R GHL PLFURSURFHVVRUL QHL VLVWHPL GLJLWDOL

6H]LRQH 

3ULQFLSL GL LQWHUIDFFLDPHQWR FRQ OD 0HPRULD


6HJQDOL GL
FRQWUROOR /R VFDPELR GL GDWL FRQ OD PHPRULD YLHQH IDWWR PHGLDQWH &EXV LQ HVVR LQIDWWL VRQR

SUHVHQWL L VHJQDOL GL 5HDG:ULWH DELOLWD]LRQH ,2 %XV 5HTXHVW %XV $FNQRZOHGJH H

DOWUL GL FRQWUROOR GL TXHVWR WLSR

,QGLUL]]DPHQWR
GHOOD 5DP &RQVLGHULDPR RUD OD ULVROX]LRQH GL XQ SUREOHPD SUDWLFR VXOO·DFHVVR D PHPRULD

6L KDQQR D GLVSRVL]LRQH TXDWWUR FKLS GD .E\WH SHU IRUPDUH XQD 5DP GL  .E\WH

H ULVHUYDUH O·XOWLPR SHU XQD 5RP GD .E\WH 6L YXROH UHDOL]]DUH XQ LQGLUL]]DPHQWR

GHO WLSR HVSRVWR LQ ILJXUD  

00000
Ram
10000
Ram
20000
Ram
30000
Rom
3FFFF
Figura 9.5

4XQGL LO SULPR FKLS DYUj LQGLUL]]L WUD  H )))) LO VHFRQGR GD  D ))))
LO WHU]R GD  D )))) H OD 5RP RVVLD LO SURJUDPPD EDVH FKH YLHQH FKLDPDWR
DOO·LQL]LR GD  D )))) TXHVW·XOWLPR LQGLUL]]DPHQWR ULPDQH ILVVR LQ TXDQWR LO
SURFHVVRUH GHYH VDSHUH VHPSUH GRYH FHUFDUH LO SURJUDPPD GD VYROJHUH

5HDOL]]D]LRQH
+DUGZDUH 8QD UHDOL]]D]LRQH KDUGZDUH GL TXHVWD VSHFLILFD SXz HVVHUH TXHVWD )LJXUD  

0DXUR 2OLYLHUL &RUVR GL (OHWWURQLFD 'LJLWDOH , PRGXOR SDJ 


8QLYHUVLWj GL 5RPD ´/D 6DSLHQ]Dµ ² DD 
 )RQGDPHQWL VXL PLFURSURFHVVRUL

3ULQFLSL JHQHUDOL HG HVHPSL

A0:A15 18 bit
Cpu indirizzi

8 bit dati

Ram Ram Ram Rom

R CS R CS R CS R CS
A16
A17

Read/Write

Figura 9.6

%LW GL &RPH VL SXz QRWDUH GDOOD ILJXUD O·LQGLUL]]DPHQWR GHOOD PHPRULD SUHYHGH XQR VFKHPD
LQGLUL]]DPHQWR GL XWLOL]]R GHO WLSR LOOXVWUDWR QHOOD ILJXUD  RVVLD FRQ  ELW GL FXL L  PHQR
VLJQLILFDWLYL LQGLFDQR O·LQGLUL]]R LQWHUQR DO FKLS L GXH SL VLJQLILFDWLYL LQYHFH
FRQFRUURQR DOO·DELOLWD]LRQH GL XQ SDUWLFRODUH FKLS WUDPLWH O·DWWLYD]LRQH GHO VHJQDOH
FKLS VHOHFW ILJXUD  PHGLDQWH XQD VHPSOLFH GHFRGLILFD D SRUWH $QG
,QILQH YL q XQ VHJQDOH GL 5HDG:ULWH XVFHQWH GDO FKLS FKH VSHFLILFD LO WLSR GL
RSHUD]LRQH GD FRPSLHUH

2 16

2
2 bit indirizzano 2 = 4 chip
16
16 bit indirizzano 2 = 64Kbyte
Figura 9.7

OE OE: Output Enable, abilita le uscite del


chip altrimenti in alta impedenza.

CS: Chip Select, se non attivo Il


componente si esclude dal circuito
CS mandando le uscite in alta impedenza,
in modo che i segnali sul bus non
vedano la sua presenza.
Figura 9.8

5HDOL]]D]LRQH /·HVHPSLR SURSRVWR QRQ q RYYLDPHQWH O·XQLFR PRGR SHU LQGLUL]]DUH SL FKLS LQ
SHU VLVWHPL SL
FRPSOHVVL TXDQWR TXDQGR JOL HOHPHQWL GD VHOH]LRQDUH FRPLQFLDQR DG HVVHUH PROWL SXz HVVHUH

0DXUR 2OLYLHUL &RUVR GL (OHWWURQLFD 'LJLWDOH , PRGXOR SDJ 


8QLYHUVLWj GL 5RPD ´/D 6DSLHQ]Dµ ² DD 
 )RQGDPHQWL VXL PLFURSURFHVVRUL

3ULQFLSL JHQHUDOL HG HVHPSL

FRQYHQLHQWH XVDUH XQ GHFRGLILFDWRUH FRQ WDQWL LQJUHVVL TXDQWL L ELW GL LQGLUL]]DPHQWR


GHL FKLS H WDQWH XVFLWH TXDQWL VRQR L FKLS )LJXUD  

A0:A15 18 bit
Cpu indirizzi

8 bit dati

Ram Ram Ram Rom

R CS R CS R CS R CS
A16
A17
Read/Write

Decodificatore da 2 ingressi a 4 uscite


Figura 9.9

*OL HVHPSL ILQRUD FLWDWL ULJXDUGDQR SURFHVVRUL FRQ PHPRULD HVWHUQD DO FKLS $OWUL
SURFHVVRUL SHU VLVWHPL GHGLFDWL (PEHGGHG V\VWHP FRQWHQJRQR LQYHFH EDQFKL GL
PHPRULD 5DP H 5RP LQWHUQL FRPH LO 3,&& FKH YHGUHPR LQ VHJXLWR YH QH VRQR
SRL XOWHULRUL TXDOL L '63 FKH SHU FRQWDUH VX XQD PDJJLRUH FDSDFLWj GL PHPRULD
KDQQR SRVVLELOLWj GL XWLOL]]DUH SL PRGXOL (SURP R 5DP HVWHUQL ROWUH D PHPRULH
LQWHUQH

6H]LRQH 

3ULQFLSL GL LQWHUIDFFLDPHQWR GHOO· ,2

,QSXW 8Q XOWHULRUH VH]LRQH YD GHGLFDWD DOOH IXQ]LRQL GL ,2 LQ TXDQWR VRQR GL


2XWSXW IRQGDPHQWDOH LPSRUWDQ]D SHUFKp LQ JHQHUH XQ SURFHVVRUH FKH QRQ q LQ JUDGR GL
LQWHUDJLUH FRQ O·XWHQWH q SULYR GL XWLOLWj

0HPRU\ 1HO FDVR SL VHPSOLFH XQ·RSHUD]LRQH GL ,2 SXz HVVHUH LQGLUL]]DWD FRPH VH IRVVH XQ
0DSSHG FKLS GL 5DP RVVLD FRQVLGHULDPR O·HOHPHQWR GL ,2 FRPH XQ XOWHULRUH FRPSRQHQWH
,2 LQGLUL]]DELOH )LJXUD   6L SDUOD LQ TXHVWR FDVR GL 0HPRU\ 0DSSHG ,2 QRQ
HVLVWH Qp XQD OLQHD Qp LVWUX]LRQL GL ,2 VSHFLILFKH VL XVDQR XQD SDUWH GHJOL
LQGLUL]]DPHQWL GL ORFD]LRQL GL PHPRULD SHU LGHQWLILFDUH GLVSRVLWLYL HVWHUQL

/LQHH EXV
8Q DOWUR PHWRGR SXz ULFKLHGHUH DOOD &38 GL LQGLFDUH HVSOLFLWDPHQWH RSHUD]LRQL GL
GHGLFDWH
,2 1HOOD ILJXUD  VL SXz QRWDUH LQIDWWL FKH q VWDWD DJJLXQWD XQD OLQHD GL XVFLWD GDO
SURFHVVRUH SHU DELOLWDUH O·RSHUD]LRQH GL ,2 UHDOL]]DWD FRQ XQD SRUWD $QG D 
LQJUHVVL GL FXL XQR GL ,2 H  GDL ELW GL LQGLUL]]DPHQWR GHOOD 5DP /D OLQHD GL ,2
VL DWWLYD TXDQGR OD &38 HVHJXH XQD LVWUX]LRQH ,1 R XQD LVWUX]LRQH 287 1HL
SURFHVVRUL LQ FXL WDOL LVWUX]LRQL QRQ HVLVWRQR q QHFHVVDULR ULFRUUHUH DO PHPRU\
PDSSHG ,2

0DXUR 2OLYLHUL &RUVR GL (OHWWURQLFD 'LJLWDOH , PRGXOR SDJ 


8QLYHUVLWj GL 5RPD ´/D 6DSLHQ]Dµ ² DD 
 )RQGDPHQWL VXL PLFURSURFHVVRUL

3ULQFLSL JHQHUDOL HG HVHPSL

A0:A15 18 bit
Cpu indirizzi

8 bit dati

Ram Ram Rom I/O

R CS R CS R CS R CS
A16
A17
Read/Write

Decodificatore da 2 ingressi a 4 uscite


Figura 9.10

1HOOD ILJXUD  q GD FRQVLGHUDUH LQROWUH OD SUHVHQ]D GL XQ EXIIHU WULVWDWH JRYHUQDWR


GDOO·$QG IUD :ULWH 5HDG QHJDWR H O·XVFLWD GHOO·$QG GD  LQJUHVVL ,O VXR FRPSLWR q
GL IDU SDVVDUH GDWL GHOOD SRUWD QHO EXV LQ FDVR GL DELOLWD]LRQH RSSXUH GL SHUPHWWHUH
O·XVFLWD GHL GDWL GDO EXV YHUVR LO FRPSRQHQWH GL ,2 LQ FDVR FRQWUDULR ,Q HQWUDPEL L
FDVL LO SDVVDJJLR GHL GDWL IUD EXV H ,2 DYLHQH LQ PRGR SDUDOOHOR

Cpu A0:A15 18 bit


indirizzi
8 bit dati

I/O Read/
Write

Ram

Ram

Ram

Rom


A16
A17 


Decodificatore 2-4


Port
Figura 9.11

'LVDELOLWD]LRQH
GHL FKLS 6L SXz SRL UHDOL]]DUH XQ UDIILQDPHQWR XOWHULRUH DJJLXQJHQGR GHOOH SRUWH $QG FKH
GLVDELOLWLQR L FKLS GL PHPRULD LQ FDVR GL DFFHVVR D GLVSRVLWLYL HVWHUQL )LJXUD 

Decoder Ram

I/O CS
Figura 9.12

0DXUR 2OLYLHUL &RUVR GL (OHWWURQLFD 'LJLWDOH , PRGXOR SDJ 


8QLYHUVLWj GL 5RPD ´/D 6DSLHQ]Dµ ² DD 
 )RQGDPHQWL VXL PLFURSURFHVVRUL

3ULQFLSL JHQHUDOL HG HVHPSL

&RQYHUVLRQL 3HU UHDOL]]DUH WUDVIHULPHQWL GD SHULIHULFKH GL WLSR VHULDOH D EXV 3DUDOOHOR VL XVDQR
SDUDOOHOR
VHULDOH FRPSRQHQWL VWDQGDG TXDOL 3RUWH 8$57 8QLYHUVDO $V\QFKURQRXV 5HFHLYHU
7UDQVPLWWHU FRQ LQ LQJUHVVR L EXV GHO SURFHVVRUH H XVFLWH VHULDOL YHUVR O·HVWHUQR

6H]LRQH 

,O PLFURSURFHVVRUH 3,&&
0LFURSURFHVVRUL &RQVLGHULDPR RUD XQ FRPSRQHQWH GLJLWDOH FRPPHUFLDOH H QH HVDPLQLDPR OD VXD
3,& VFKHGD WHFQLFD 'DWD 6KHHW  1HOOD VHJXHQWH WUDWWD]LRQH SUHQGHUHPR DSSXQWR SDUWH
GHOOH  SDJLQH FKH FRPSRQJRQR OD GRFXPHQWD]LRQH GL TXHVWR VHPSOLFH
FRPSRQHQWH H OH DQDOL]]HUHPR SHU YHGHUH LO VXR IXQ]LRQDPHQWR ,O ILOH FRPSOHWR SXz
HVVHUH WURYDWR LQ LQWHUQHW DO·LQGLUL]]R
http://www.microchip.com/10/lit/pline/picmicro/families/16c5x/index.htm
GRYH LO FRPSRQHQWH YLHQH DQDOL]]DWR LQVLHPH DG DOWUL HOHPHQWL GHOOD VWHVVD IDPLJOLD LQ
PDQLHUD GHWWDJOLDWD

8WLOL]]R GHO ,QQDQ]LWXWWR SRVVLDPR GLUH FKH TXHVWR FRPSRQHQWH q ULYROWR DL FRVLGGHWWL VLVWHPL
SURFHVVRUH (PEHGGHG VLVWHPL HOHWWURQLFL GLJLWDOL D PLFURSURFHVVRUH FKH QRQ KDQQR IXQ]LRQDOLWj
GL XQ FDOFRODWRUH ,O PHUFDWR GL TXHVWR WLSR GL HOHPHQWL q PROWR SL YDVWR GL TXHOOR
GHL FDOFRODWRUL LQ TXDQWR DO JLRUQR G·RJJL RJQL HOHWWURGRPHVWLFR KD XQD SDUWH GL
HOHWWURQLFD QRQ WUDVFXUDELOH 4XHVWL FRPSRQHQWL VRQR DSSXQWR SURJUDPPDWL GDO
FRVWUXWWRUH H SHU WXWWR LO SHULRGR GL IXQ]LRQDPHQWR IDUDQQR OH VWHVVH RSHUD]LRQL
&RPH HOHPHQWL VRQR TXLQGL UHODWLYDPHQWH VHPSOLFL L SURJUDPPL FKH VYROJRQR FRPH
YHGUHPR RFFXSDQR SRFKL .E\WH H VRQR FDEODWL LQ 5RP R LQWHJUDWL QHOOD &38 OD
VWHVVD PHPRULD 5DP q PROWR ULGRWWD VSHVVR LQIHULRUH DO .E\WH

3LHGLQDWXUD 9HQLDPR RUD DO FRPSRQHQWH 3,&&

/H SULPH SDJLQH GHOOD VFKHGD WHFQLFD FRPLQFLDQR DG DQDOL]]DUH O·DVSHWWR HVWHUQR


YHGLDPR LQIDWWL D SDJLQD  OD SLHGLQDWXUD GHO FRPSRQHQWH )LJXUD  

7&.,   0&/59SS
9GG   26&&/.,1
1&   26&&/.287
9VV   5&
1&   5&
5$   5&
5$   5&
5$   5&
5$   5&
5%   5&
5%   5&
5%   5%
5%   5%
5%   5%

Figura 9.13

0DXUR 2OLYLHUL &RUVR GL (OHWWURQLFD 'LJLWDOH , PRGXOR SDJ 


8QLYHUVLWj GL 5RPD ´/D 6DSLHQ]Dµ ² DD 
 )RQGDPHQWL VXL PLFURSURFHVVRUL

3ULQFLSL JHQHUDOL HG HVHPSL

&RQVLGHUD]LRQL ,O FRPSRQHQWH LQ FRQVLGHUD]LRQH KD SRFKL SLHGLQL YH QH VRQR VROWDQWR 


'L TXHVWL  QRQ WXWWL KDQQR IXQ]LRQL ORJLFKH LQIDWWL SUHVHQWD VROR WUH SRUWH SDUDOOHOH
LQ XVFLWD XQD D  SLHGLQL 3RUWD $ H GXH D RWWR SLHGLQL 3RUWH % H &  ,Q WRWDOH L
SLHGLQL ORJLFL HIIHWWLYL VRQR  LO UHVWR q UDSSUHVHQWDWR GD VHJQDOL SHU LO
IXQ]LRQDPHQWR GHO FRPSRQHQWH TXDOL DOLPHQWD]LRQH PDVVD FORFN H DOFXQL ODVFLDWL
YXRWL SHUFKp VL q XWLOL]]DWR XQ SDFNDJH VWDQGDUG D  SLHGLQL LQ TXDQWR QRQ FRQYLHQH
UHDOL]]DUQH XQR DSSRVWD D  SLHGLQL VROR SHU TXHVWR FRPSRQHQWH 

&DUDWWHULVWLFKH 6FRUUHQGR DYDQWL QHOOH SDJLQH WURYLDPR OD 7DEHOOD  FKH LOOXVWUD OH FDUDWWHULVWLFKH
KDUGZDUH
GHO FRPSRQHQWH TXL 7DEHOOD  

&ORFN 0DVVLPD IUHTXHQ]D RSHUDWLYD  0+]


0HPRULD 0HPRULD (SURP .E\WH
0HPRULD GDWL 5DP  E\WH
3HULIHULFKH 0RGXOR 7HPSRUL]]DWRUH 705
3LQ GL ,2 
1XPHUR GL LVWUX]LRQL 
9DULH 3DFNDJH SLQ ',3

62,&

SLQ 663

Tabella 9.2

9HORFLUj GHO ,QQDQ]LWXWWR QRWLDPR OD UHODWLYD OHQWH]]D GHO FRPSRQHQWH VROL  0+] PD VDUHEEH
FKLS
LQXWLOH DYHUH XQ SURFHVVRUH SL YHORFH SHU SURJHWWDUH VLVWHPL HPEHGGHG LQ TXDQWR

QHOOD PDJJLRU SDUWH GHL FDVL OD YHORFLWj QRQ q XQ HOHPHQWR FULWLFR

0HPRULD
/D PHPRULD (SURP q DEEDVWDQ]D FDSLHQWH SHU XQ SURJUDPPD VHPSOLFH WDOH GD HVVHUH
GLVSRQLELOH
HVHJXLWR GD TXHVWR SURFHVVRUH FLUFD XQ FHQWLQDLR GL OLQHH GL FRGLFH

/D 5DP LQYHFH SXz VHPEUDUH YHUDPHQWH SRFD  E\WH RJJL SRVVRQR ULVXOWDUH

ULGLFROL WXWWDYLD VRQR SL FKH VXIILFLHQWL DG LPPDJD]]LQDUH L SRFKL GDWL FKH GHYRQR

DUULYDUH GDOO·HVWHUQR DO QRVWUR FKLS

7LPHU Ë SUHVHQWH XQ WLPHU LQWHJUDWR SLORWDELOH GDOO·HVWHUQR FKH SXz FRQWHJJLDUH L FLFOL GL

XQ FORFN HVWHUQR RSSXUH OH LVWUX]LRQL PDQ PDQR HVHJXLWH

,2 &RPH GHWWR SUHFHGHQWHPHQWH L SLHGLQL GL ,2 VRQR SRFKL LQIDWWL YH QH VRQR VROR 

HIIHWWLYL H DQFKH OH LVWUX]LRQL QRQ VRQR PROWH  $ FDXVD GHO ULGRWWR VHW LVWUX]LRQL LO

3,&& H JOL DOWUL HOHPHQWL GHOOD VXD IDPLJOLD YHQJRQR LQIDWWL GHWWL LPSURSULDPHQWH

GL WLSR 5,6&

3DFNDJH 9L q SRL XQD XOWLPD VH]LRQH UHODWLYD DO SDFNDJH FKH LOOXVWUD OH SDUWLFRODULWj GHO

FRPSRQHQWH YLVLELOL GDOO·HVWHUQR TXDOL WLSR GL FRQWHQLWRUH H PDWHULDOH RYYLDPHQWH

VFULWWL LQ VLJOH VWDQGDUG

&RPH XOWHULRUH LQIRUPD]LRQH LQ IRQGR DOOD WDEHOOD YLHQH GHWWR FKH WXWWL L SURFHVVRUL

GHOOD IDPLJOLD 3,& KDQQR LO UHVHW DXWRPDWLFR DOO·DFFHQVLRQH :DWFKGRJ WLPHU


IXQ]LRQH SDUWLFRODUH GHO WLPHU PHJOLR VSHFLILFDWD LQ VHJXLWR  FRGLFH VHOH]LRQDELOH H
FDSDFLWj GL SLORWDUH DOWH FRUUHQWL

0DXUR 2OLYLHUL &RUVR GL (OHWWURQLFD 'LJLWDOH , PRGXOR SDJ 


8QLYHUVLWj GL 5RPD ´/D 6DSLHQ]Dµ ² DD 
 )RQGDPHQWL VXL PLFURSURFHVVRUL

3ULQFLSL JHQHUDOL HG HVHPSL

)XQ]LRQDPHQWR GHO FRPSRQHQWH


'DWD 3DWK 3URFHGHQGR DYDQWL QHOOD GRFXPHQWD]LRQH WURYLDPR D SDJLQD  XQR VFKHPD PROWR
LQWHUHVVDQWH VXOOD SDUWH RSHUDWLYD GHO SURFHVVRUH )LJXUH  H OR ULSRUWLDPR GL
VHJXLWR SHU DQDOL]]DUOR )LJXUD  

Eprom Stack 1 Configuration Word Oscillatore

Program Counter
2048*12
Stack 2
Watchdog timer
Instruction
Register
PC Watchdog Timer
TMR0 Prescaler
OPTION Reg
Instruction
Decoder

Registri general
purpose
Status 72 bytes Sram
TMR0 FSR

W ALU

TrisA PortA TrisB PortB TrisC PortC

Figura 9.14

,Q TXHVWD ILJXUD q UDSSUHVHQWDWR LQ XQD YHUVLRQH VHPSOLILFDWD LO GDWD SDWK GHO


FRPSRQHQWH RVVLD OD SDUWH RSHUDWLYD H OH IUHFFLH UDSSUHVHQWDQR L SHUFRUVL GHL GDWL
,QL]LDPR RUD O·DQDOLVL GHL YDUL HOHPHQWL

'HVFUL]LRQH &RPH LQ RJQL VLVWHPD SURJUDPPDELOH q SUHVHQWH XQ SURJUDP FRXQWHU 3&  QHO
QRVWUR FDVR KD XQD XVFLWD D  ELW FKH q LQ JUDGR GL LQGLUL]]DUH XQD (SURP GD .E\WH
FKH FRQWLHQH LO SURJUDPPD GD HVHJXLUH /·XVFLWD GHOOD (SURP q D  ELW TXHVWD
FRQWLHQH O·RSHUD]LRQH GD HVHJXLUH FKH YLHQH FDULFDWD QHOO·LQVWUXFWLRQ UHJLVWHU ,5  'D
TXHVWR O·LVWUX]LRQH SDVVD DO GHFRGLILFDWRUH SHU HVVHUH LQWHUSUHWDWD
,O GHFRGLILFDWRUH KD WUH SRVVLELOL XVFLWH XQD D  ELW SRUWD HOHPHQWL QHO UHJLVWUR
DFFXPXODWRUH : XQD VHFRQGD D  ELW IRUQLVFH XQ LQGLUL]]DPHQWR GLUHWWR GHOOD 5DP
XQD XOWLPD D  ELW LQVHULVFH XQ LQGLUL]]R GLUHWWR QHO 3& &ROOHJDWR DO 3& F·q XQR 6WDFN
D GXH OLYHOOL FKH q LQ JUDGR GL PHPRUL]]DUH JOL LQGLUL]]L GL ULWRUQR GHOOR 6WDWXV
/D $/8 KD GXH RSHUDQGL GL LQJUHVVR XQR YLHQH QHFHVVDULDPHQWH GDO UHJLVWUR : LO
VHFRQGR VH QHFHVVDULR SXz HVVHUH SUHVR GDOOD 5DP R GD XQD GHOOH WUH SRUWH GL
LQJUHVVR PHGLDQWH XQ EXV GDWL D  ELW 8QD VXD XOWHULRUH IXQ]LRQH q TXHOOD GL JHQHUDUH
DOFXQL ELW GL VWDWXV GHWWL )ODJ FKH VHUYRQR D VHJQDODUH RSHUD]LRQL FRQFOXVH LQ PRGR
SDUWLFRODUH ]HUR RYHUIORZ« 
6FRUUHQGR OXQJR LO EXV GDWL WURYLDPR OH SRUWH GL ,2 DFFRPSDJQDWH GDL UHODWLYL
VHOH]LRQDWRUL 7ULV SHU DELOLWDUOH FRPH LQJUHVVL R XVFLWH  L UHJLVWUL JHQHUDO SXUSRVH
DFFRPSDJQDWL GDOO·)65 FKH VHUYH FRPH UHJLVWUR GL LQGLUL]]DPHQWR LQGLUHWWR H FRPH
XOWLPR LO 7LPHU 705

0DXUR 2OLYLHUL &RUVR GL (OHWWURQLFD 'LJLWDOH , PRGXOR SDJ 


8QLYHUVLWj GL 5RPD ´/D 6DSLHQ]Dµ ² DD 
 )RQGDPHQWL VXL PLFURSURFHVVRUL

3ULQFLSL JHQHUDOL HG HVHPSL

)XQ]LRQL GL 1HOOD SDUWH LQ DOWR D GHVWUD WURYLDPR L YDUL HOHPHQWL FKH FRQWUROODQR LO FORFN H OH
WLPHU IXQ]LRQL GL WLPHU $EELDPR LQIDWWL XQ RVFLOODWRUH FRQWUROODWR GD XQD SDUROD GL
FRQILJXUD]LRQH RSSXUH GDOO·HVWHUQR KD LQIDWWL XQ LQJUHVVR SHU FORFN HVWHUQR XQR FKH
QH GHWHUPLQD OR VSHJQLPHQWR 6OHHS  H LQROWUH XQD XVFLWD SHU IRUQLUH HVWHUQDPHQWH LO
VXR VHJQDOH ,O VHJQDOH GL WHPSRUL]]D]LRQH FKH JHQHUD YD SRL DO :'7705
SUHVFDOHU FKH VHUYH D UDOOHQWDUOR GLYLGHQGR DO IUHTXHQ]D GL LQJUHVVR SHU    « 
9L q LQROWUH LO ZDWFKGRJ WLPHU FKH FRQWD LO QXPHUR GL FLFOL GL FORFN H TXDQGR VL D]]HUD
q DUULYDWR LQ IRQGR D FRQWHJJLDUH JHQHUD XQ VHJQDOH GL UHVHW GHO SURFHVVRUH 3Xz
HVVHUH XWLOH TXDQGR LO SURFHVVRUH GHYH ULSDUWLUH DG LQWHUYDOOL UHJRODUL

3LHGLQDWXUD 6FRUUHQGR GL GXH SDJLQH OD GRFXPHQWD]LRQH SDJLQD  WURYLDPR OD WDEHOOD  FKH
LOOXVWUD OD SLHGLQDWXUD GHO FRPSRQHQWH LQ SDUWLFRODUH GLFH VH XQ FRQWDWWR q GL LQJUHVVR
R GL XVFLWD SHU HYLWDUH FKH VDOGDWXUH HUUDWH GDQQHJJLQR LO FRPRQHQWH 7DEHOOD  

Nome n° DIP, SOIC n° SSOP funzione Livelli input


RA0 6 5 I/O TTL
RA1 7 6 I/O TTL
RA2 8 7 I/O TTL
RA3 9 8 I/O TTL
RB0 10 9 I/O TTL
RB1 11 10 I/O TTL
RB2 12 11 I/O TTL
RB3 13 12 I/O TTL
RB4 14 13 I/O TTL
RB5 15 15 I/O TTL
RB6 16 16 I/O TTL
RB7 17 17 I/O TTL
RC0 18 18 I/O TTL
RC1 19 19 I/O TTL
RC2 20 20 I/O TTL
RC3 21 21 I/O TTL
RC4 22 22 I/O TTL
RC5 23 23 I/O TTL
RC6 24 24 I/O TTL
RC7 25 25 I/O TTL
TOCKI 1 2 I ST
MCLR# 28 28 I ST
OSC1/CLKIN 27 27 I ST
OSC2/CLKOUT 26 26 O -
Vdd 2 3,4 P -
Vss 4 1,14 P -
N/C 3,5 - - -

/HJHQGD , ,QSXW 2 2XWSXW 3 3RZHU  1RW 8VHG 77/ 77/ LQSXW


Tab 9.3
67 6FKPLWW 7ULJJHU LQSXW

5LJXDUGR DOOD WDEHOOD  F·q GD VSHFLILFDUH FKH L SULPL HOHPHQWL UDSSUHVHQWDQR OH
SRUWH ELGLUH]LRQDOL GL ,2 LO 7&., q O·LQSXW GL FORFN D 7LPHU GHYH HVVHUH SRVWR D
9GG R 9VV VH QRQ XVDWR SHU OLPLWDUH LO FRQVXPR GL FRUUHQWH 0&/5 UDSSUHVHQWD LO
0DVWHU FOHDU UHVHW LQSXW FLRq q XQ UHVHW DWWLYR EDVVR 26& Ë O·LQJUHVVR GHO FORFN
HVWHUQR 26& q O·XVFLWD SHU LO FORFN GL VLVWHPD 9GG H 9VV VRQR OH DOLPHQWD]LRQL
SRVLWLYD H PDVVD SHU LO FRPSRQHQWH 1& VRQR GXH SLHGLQL QRQ XWLOL]]DWL

0DXUR 2OLYLHUL &RUVR GL (OHWWURQLFD 'LJLWDOH , PRGXOR SDJ 


8QLYHUVLWj GL 5RPD ´/D 6DSLHQ]Dµ ² DD 
 )RQGDPHQWL VXL PLFURSURFHVVRUL

3ULQFLSL JHQHUDOL HG HVHPSL

3LHGLQL QRQ Ë LPSRUWDQWH OHJJHUH OD WDEHOOD GHOOD SLHGLQDWXUD SHUFKp IRUQLVFH LQIRUPD]LRQL
XWLOL]]DWL
LPSRUWDQWL LQ SDUWLFRODUH VH XQ SLHGLQR QRQ VHUYH SXz QRQ HVVHUH VDJJLR ODVFLDUOR
DSSHVR LQ TXDQWR OH FDSDFLWj LQWHUQH GHL YDUL &026 SRVVRQR HVVHUH FDULFKH H LO
YDORUH DVVXPHUHEEH YDORUL FDVXDOL IUD  H  LQ TXHVR FDVR QHOOD WDEHOOD q VSHFLILFDWR
FRVD IDUH DG HVHPSLR SHU LO 7&., 

6SHFLILFKH
77/ ,O VLPEROR 77/ UDSSUHVHQWD L OLYHOOL VWDQGDUG GL WHQVLRQH SHU L SLHGLQL )LJXUD  

Voh=2,4 V
Vih=2,0 V

Vil=0,8 V
Vol=0,4 V

Figura 9.15

/D VLJOD 67 6FKPLWW 7ULJJHU VSHFLILFD FKH OD VRJOLD GL WHQVLRQH GL FRPPXWD]LRQH


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LQ VHJXLWR XQ· XOWHULRUH VSHFLILFD]LRQH

7HPSRUL]]D]LRQH
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VRQR DOWL SHU XQ VROR FLFOR EDVH GXW\ FLFOH  H VL DOWHUQDQR D FRPSOHWDUH XQ
SHULRGR GL FORFN HVWHUQR GDWR GD TXDWWUR FLFOL EDVH OD ORUR IXQ]LRQH q GL
VLQFURQL]]DUH GLYHUVH RSHUD]LRQL QHOO·DUFKLWHWWXUD

OSC1

Q1

Q2

Q3

Q4

OSC2

Figura 9.16

0DXUR 2OLYLHUL &RUVR GL (OHWWURQLFD 'LJLWDOH , PRGXOR SDJ 


8QLYHUVLWj GL 5RPD ´/D 6DSLHQ]Dµ ² DD 
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3LSHOLQH 1HOOD VWHVVD SDJLQD O·HVHPSLR  LOOXVWUD OD SUHVHQ]D GL XQD SLSHOLQH D GXH VWDGL GRYH
VLPXOWDQHDPHQWH YLHQH HVHJXLWD XQD LVWUX]LRQH H FDULFDWD OD VXFFHVVLYD )LJXUD  

Fetch 1 Execute 1
Fetch 2 Execute 2
Fetch 3
Figura 9.17

0HPRULD 3URJUDPPD
0HPRULD
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DOOR VWDFN PHGLDQWH EXV D  ELW )LJXUD   ,Q TXHVWD DUFKLWHWWXUD OH LVWUX]LRQL GL
VDOWR VRQR OLPLWDWH DOO·LQWHUQR GL XQD SDJLQD LQ TXDQWR OH LVWUX]LRQL GL VDOWR KDQQR
RIIVHW D  ELW DOWULPHQWL QRQ HQWUHUHEEHUR QHO IRUPDWR GHOO·LVWUX]LRQH 
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RSHUD]LRQH HVHJXLWD

Progam Counter

Stack 1
Stack 2
Spazio di Memoria

000h
On Chip Program
Memory (Page 0)
200h
On Chip Program
Memory (Page 1)
400h
On Chip Program
Memory (Page 2)
600h
On Chip Program
Memory (Page 3)

RESET Vector 7FFh

Figura 9.18

0DXUR 2OLYLHUL &RUVR GL (OHWWURQLFD 'LJLWDOH , PRGXOR SDJ 


8QLYHUVLWj GL 5RPD ´/D 6DSLHQ]Dµ ² DD 
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3ULQFLSL JHQHUDOL HG HVHPSL

0HPRULD 'DWL
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SDUWLFRODULWj q GDWD GDO UHJLVWUR )65 FKH q VSHFLILFR GHO PLFURSURFHVVRUH ID XQ
LQGLUL]]DPHQWR LQGLUHWWR RVVLD FRQWLHQH O·LQGLUL]]R GL XQ DOWUR UHJLVWUR GHOOD PHPRULD

00 01 10 11
00
INDF
01
TMR0
02
PCL
STATUS L’indirizzamento
FSR torna indietro al
PORT A primo banco
PORT B
PORT C
08
General
Purpose
0F
10

General General General General


Purpose Purpose Purpose Purpose

1F

Figura 9.19

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VHW
VSHFLILFD LQ PRGR PROWR VLQWHWLFR OH LVWUX]LRQL FKH q LQ JUDGR GL HVHJXLUH LO
FRPSRQHQWH 1HO GDWD VKHHW WURYLDPR XQD GHVFUL]LRQH FRPSOHWD GHOOH LVWUX]LRQL LO
QXPHUR GL FLFOL FKH XWLOL]]DQR H LO FRGLFH D  ELW FKH OH LGHQWLILFD QRL FRQVLGHUHUHPR
VROR JOL HOHPHQWL SL LPSRUWDQWL 7DEHOOD  

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QRWD]LRQH q FKH SHU G  LO ULVXOWDWR YD QHO UHJLVWUR DFFXPXODWRUH : SHU G  LO
ULVXOWDWR YD QHO UHJLVWUR LQGLFDWR GD )
1HOOH LVWUX]LRQL GRYH q SUHVHQWH XQ VDOWR FRQGL]LRQDWR VDOWD VH q ]HUR YLHQH LJQRUDWD
O·LVWUX]LRQH VXFFHVVLYD TXDORUD OD FRQGL]LRQH VLD YHUD

0DXUR 2OLYLHUL &RUVR GL (OHWWURQLFD 'LJLWDOH , PRGXOR SDJ 


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 )RQGDPHQWL VXL PLFURSURFHVVRUL

3ULQFLSL JHQHUDOL HG HVHPSL

7DEHOOD 

ADDWF f,d Addiziona W e F


ANDWF f,d Fai l’ And tra W e F
CLRF f Azzera F
CLRW - Azzera W
COMF f,d Complementa a 1 F
DECF f,d Decrementa di 1 F
DECFSZ f,d Decrementa F, salta se è zero
INCF f,d Incrementa F
INCFSZ f,d Incrementa F salta se è zero
IORWF f,d Or inclusivo fra W e F
MOVF f,d Sposta F
MOVWF f Sposta il contenuto di W in F
NOP - Niente operazioni
RLF f,d Rotazione verso sx di F
RRF f,d Rotazione verso dx di F
SUBWF f,d Sottrai W con F
SWAPF f,d Inverti i primi 4 bit con gli altri in F
XORWF f,d Or esclusivo fra W e F
BCF f,b Azzera il registro indicato da F
BSF f,b Imposta in F il numero massimo
BTFSC f,b Test del registro F, salta se è zero
BTFSS f,b Test del registro F, salta se tutti 1
CALL k Chiamata di subroutine
CLRWDT k Azzera watchdog timer
GOTO k Salto incondizionato
OPTION k Carica il registro option
RETLW k Ritorno da una subroutine
SLEEP - Stand by
TRIS f Seleziona porte per I/O
ANDLW k And di W con valore immediato
IORLW k Ior di W con valore immediato
MOVLW k Sposta in W un valore immediato
XORLW k Xor di W con valore immediato

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36«36 GHWHUPLQDQR LO YDORUH GHO SUHVFDOHU GD  D   7&6 DWWLYD XQ
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DOWULPHQWL FRQWHUHEEH LO QXPHUR GL LVWUX]LRQL HVHJXLWH 

T0CS T0CE PS2 PS1 PS0

Figura 9.20

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3ULQFLSL JHQHUDOL HG HVHPSL

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JUDGR GL IDUH LO SDVVR VXFFHVVLYR q VWDELOLUH O·XWLOL]]R D FXL GHYH HVVHUH DGLELWR H
SURJUDPPDUOR

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VRQR SRFKH H VHPSOLFL

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3,&&

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PIC16C57
Port C
Ram
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Timer Dati
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Port A
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Cpu Vdd
Clock ext

(SURP
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Figura 9.22
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6FULWWR LQ & Scritto in Pascal:

7LPHU  Timer:=0;
)UHT  Freq:=0;
:KLOH 7LPHU )) Repeat
^LI SUHZBLQ  If (prew_in=0) and (in=1) then
LQ  freq:=freq+1;
IUHT  until timer:=FF;
3UHZBLQ LQ ` output (freq);
2XWSXW IUHT 

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3ULQFLSL JHQHUDOL HG HVHPSL

; timer = 7PU
 IUHT )UHT+ IUHT/ LQ 5DP
 LQ 3RUW$ !
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