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NAME-
CLASS-12
SEC-
ROLL NO-
1.INTRODUCTION
2.TYPES OF GATE
3.NOT GATE
4.OR GATE
5.AND GATE
6.NAND GATE
7.NOR GATE
8.PROCEDURE
9.OBSERVATION
10.INFERENCE
11.CONCLUSION
12.BIBLIOGRAPHY
INTRODUCTION
LOGIC GATES
A gate is a digital circuit that follows certain relationship between
the input and output voltages. Therefore, they are generally know
as logic gates-gates because they control the flow of information.
I.NOT GATE
This is the most basic gate, with one input and one output. It
produce a ‘1’ output if the input is ‘0’ and vice versa. That is, it
produces inverted version of the input as its output.
II.OR GATE
ELECTRONIC
REALIZATION OF
NOT GATE
In practice a NOT gate can be realized by using transistor as
shown in the figure below:
When input is earthed, the base of the transistor also gets earthed.
The base emitter junction is not forward biased but the base
collector junction is reversed biased. As the emitter is “1” the base
current is “0”. Hence collector current is also “0”. Under such
conditions the transistor is in cut off mode and voltage at C will be
+5V w.r.t earth due to battery in the collector circuit. Hence the
output Y=1.
The output gate has two or more inputs with one output. The
output Y is 1 when either input A or input B or both are 1, that is, if
any of the input is high, the output is high.
ELECTRONIC
REALIZATION OF OR
GATE
In practice an OR gate can be realized by electronic circuit making
use of 2(two) ideal p-n junction diodes D1 and D2. Here negative
terminal of the battery is grounded and corresponds to “0”level
and the positive terminal of the battery(i.e.voltage 5V here)
corresponds to “1”level. The output Y is at voltage C w.r.t earth.
The operation of the OR gate can be understood as follows.
ELECTRONIC
REALIZATION OF OR
GATE
TRUTH TABLE:
DIAGRAM:
ELECTRONIC
REALIZATION OF
AND GATE
In practice an AND gate can be realized by electronic circuit
making u se of 2 ideal p-n junction diodes D1 and D2 as shown in
the figure below
When one of the two terminals is connected to earth and the other
positive terminal of the battery the junction diodes with”0”
input(connected to earth) will conduct while the other connected
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to battery does not conduct. No voltage drop takes place across
diode which is earthed. Therefore, a voltage drop of 5V takes place
across resistance R having D at +5V and C at 0v w.r.t earth. Now
the output Y=0.
ELECTRONIC
REALIZATION OF
AND GATE
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DIAGRAM
PROCEDURE
The logic gate circuit board is connected to the mains
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The power of the board is switched on.
Similarly the observations are taken for OR gate and NOT gate.
All the observations are recorded.
OBSERVATION
INFERENCE
>For AND gate, when either of the inputs were low, the output
was also low. When both inputs were low, output was low but
when both the inputs were high, output was also high.
>For OR gate, when either of the inputs were low or high
alternatively, the output was high. When both inputs were low,
outputs was low but when both the inputs were high, output was
also high.
>For NOT gate, when input is high, output is low and vice versa. It
inverses the input current.
CONCLUSION
Developing such a project was an enormous task but an
enlightening one too. The project work that has perceived in our
minds and the final outcome is slightly different. While working
on this project we encountered many problems, theoretical as well
as practical which were reasonably difficult to manage. This was
partly due to my inexperience with the process of experimenting
to get the desired result and the approach in which the initial
project study was conducted.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1)Comprehensive practical for physics class 12.
2)Internet:
www.google.com
www.cbseprojects.com