Management information system

A management information system (MIS) is an information system[1] used for decision-making, and for the coordination, control,
analysis, and visualization of information in an or
ganization; especially in acompany.

The study of management information systems examines people, processes and technology in an ganizational
or context.[2][3]

In a corporate setting, the ultimate goal of the use of a management information system is to increase the value and profits of the
business.[4]

Contents
History
Terminology
Management
Types
Advantages
Enterprise applications
See also
References
External links

History
While it can be contested that the history of management information systems date as far back as companies using ledgers to keep
track of accounting, the modern history of MIS can be divided into five eras originally identified by Kenneth C. Laudon and Jane
Laudon in their seminal textbookManagement Information Systems.[5][6]

First Era – Mainframe and minicomputer computing

Second Era – Personal computers
Third Era – Client/server networks
Fourth Era – Enterprise computing
Fifth Era – Cloud computing
The first era (mainframe and minicomputer computing) was ruled by IBM and their mainframe computers for which they supplied
both the hardware and software. These computers would often take up whole rooms and require teams to run them. As technology
advanced, these computers were able to handle greater capacities and therefore reduce their cost. Smaller, more affordable
minicomputers allowed larger businesses to run their own computing centers in-house / on-site / on-premises.

The second era (personal computers) began in 1965 as microprocessors started to compete with mainframes and minicomputers and
accelerated the process of decentralizing computing power from large data centers to smaller offices. In the late 1970s, minicomputer
technology gave way to personal computers and relatively low-cost computers were becoming mass market commodities, allowing
businesses to provide their employees access to computing power that ten years before would have cost tens of thousands of dollars.
This proliferation of computers created a ready market for interconnecting networks and the popularization of the Internet. (The first
microprocessor — a four-bit device intended for a programmable calculator — was introduced in 1971 and microprocessor-based
systems were not readily available for several years. The MITS Altair 8800 was the first commonly known microprocessor-based
system, followed closely by the Apple I and II. It is arguable that the microprocessor-based system did not make significant inroads
into minicomputer use until 1979, when VisiCalc prompted record sales of the Apple II on which it ran. The IBM PC introduced in
1981 was more broadly palatable to business, but its limitations gated its ability to challenge minicomputer systems until perhaps the
late 1980s to early 1990s.)

The third era (client/server networks) arose as technological complexity increased, costs decreased, and the end-user (now the
ordinary employee) required a system to share information with other employees within an enterprise. Computers on a common
network shared information on a server. This lets thousands and even millions of people access data simultaneously on networks
referred to as Intranets.

The fourth era (enterprise computing) enabled by high speed networks, consolidated the original department specific software
applications into integrated software platforms referred to as enterprise software. This new platform tied all aspects of the business
enterprise together offering rich information access encompassing the complete management structure.

The fifth era (cloud computing) is the latest and employs networking technology to deliver applications as well as data storage
independent of the configuration, location, or nature of the hardware. This, along with high speed cellphone and Wi-Fi networks, has
led to new levels of mobility in which managers may access the MIS remotely with
laptops, tablet computers and smartphones.

Terminology
The terms management information systems (MIS), information system (IS) , enterprise resource planning (ERP), computer science,
electrical computer engineering, and information technology management (IT) are often confused. MIS is a hierarchical subset of
information systems. MIS are more organization-focused narrowing in on leveraging information technology to increase business
value. Computer science is more software-focused dealing with the applications that may be used in MIS.[7] Electrical computer
engineering is product-focused mainly dealing with the architecture behind computer systems. ERP software is a subset of MIS and
IT management refers to the technical management of an IT department which may include MIS.

Management
While management information systems can be used by any and every level of management, the decision of which systems to
implement generally falls upon thechief information officers (CIO) and chief technology officers (CTO). These officers are generally
responsible for the overall technology strategy of an organization including evaluating how new technology can help their
organization. They act as decision makers in the mplementation
i process of new MIS.

Once decisions have been made, IT directors, including MIS directors, are in charge of the technical implementation of the system.
They are also in charge of implementing the policies affecting the MIS (either new specific policies passed down by the CIOs or
CTOs or policies that align the new systems with the organizations overall IT policy). It is also their role to ensure the availability of
data and network services as well as the security of the data involved by coordinating IT activities.

Upon implementation, the assigned users will have the appropriate access to relevant information. It is important to note that not
everyone inputting data into MIS need necessarily be management level. It is common practice to have inputs to MIS be inputted by
non-managerial employees though they rarely have access to the reports and decision support platformsfered
of by these systems.

Types
The following are types of information systems used to create reports, extract data, and assist in the decision making processes of
middle and operational level managers.

Decision support systems (DSS)are computer program applications used by middle and higher management to
compile information from a wide range of sources to support problem solving and decision making. A DSS is used
mostly for semi-structured and unstructured decision problems.

Executive information systems (EIS)is a reporting tool that provides quick access to summarized reports coming
from all company levels and departments such as accounting, human resources and operations.
 Marketing information systemsare management Information Systems designed specifically for managing the
marketing aspects of the business.

Accounting information systemsare focused accounting functions.

Human resource management systemsare used for personnel aspects.

Office automation systems (OAS)support communication and productivity in the enterprise by automating
workflow
and eliminating bottlenecks. OAS may be implemented at any and all levels of management.

School Information Management Systems (SIMS)cover school administration, often including teaching and learning
materials.

Enterprise resource planning (ERP)software facilitates the flow of information between all business functions inside
the boundaries of the organization and manage the connections to outside stakeholders.[8]

Local Databases, can be small, simplistic tools for managers and are considered to be a primal or base level version
of a MIS.

Advantages
[9]
The following are some of the benefits that can be attained using MIS:

Improve an organization's operational efficiency, add value to existing products, engender innovation and new
product development, and help managers make better decisions. [10]

Companies are able to identify their strengths and weaknesses due to the presence of revenue reports, employees'
performance record etc. Identifying these aspects can help a company improve its business processes and
operations.
Giving an overall picture of the company .
Acting as a communication and planning tool.
The availability of customer data and feedback can help the company to align its business processes according to
the needs of its customers. The effective management of customer data can help the company to perform direct
marketing and promotion activities.
MIS can help a company gain acompetitive advantage.
MIS reports can help with decision-making as well as reduce downtime for actionable items.

Enterprise applications
Enterprise systems—also known as enterprise resource planning(ERP) systems—provide integrated software
modules and a unified database that personnel use to plan, manage, and control core business processes across
multiple locations. Modules of ERP systems may include finance, accounting, marketing, human resources,
production, inventory management, and distribution. [11]

Supply chain management(SCM) systems enable more efficient management of the supply chain by integrating the
[12]
links in a supply chain. This may include suppliers, manufacturers, wholesalers, retailers, and final customers.
Customer relationship management(CRM) systems help businesses manage relationships with potential and
current customers and business partners across marketing, sales, and service.[13]

Knowledge managementsystem (KMS) helps organizations facilitate the collection, recording, organization,
retrieval, and dissemination of knowledge. This may include documents, accounting records, unrecorded
procedures, practices, and skills. Knowledge management (KM) as a system covers the process of knowledge
creation and acquisition from internal processes and the external world. The collected knowledge is incorporated in
organizational policies and procedures, and then disseminated to the stakeholders.[14]

See also
Bachelor of Computer Information Systems Data mining
Business intelligence Predictive analytics
Business performance management Purchase order request
Business rule Enterprise architecture
Corporate governance of information technology Enterprise information system
Enterprise planning system
 Management by objectives Online office suite
Online analytical processing Real-time marketing

Real-time computing

References
1. Bourgeois, David T. (2014). Information Systems for Business and Beyond
. The Saylor Academy. p. 5.
2. "What is Management Information Systems?"(https://web.archive.org/web/20150509003228/http://mays.tamu.edu/in
fo/what-is-mis/). Mays Business School. Archived fromthe original (http://mays.tamu.edu/info/what-is-mis/)on May
9, 2015.
3. "Leveraging People Processes and Technology" (https://saunders.rit.edu/undergraduate/majors-minors/management
-information-systems-mis-degree-overview). Saunders College of Business, Rochester Institute of echnology.
T
4. "Management Information Systems"(https://www.umassd.edu/charlton/programs/mis/). umassd.edu. University of
Massachusetts Dartmouth. Retrieved 2018-04-11.
5. Laudon, Kenneth C.; Laudon, Jane P . (2009). Management Information Systems: Managing the Digital Firm(11 ed.).
Prentice Hall/CourseSmart. p. 164.
6. Boykin, George (2017-09-26)."The History of Management Information Systems"(https://bizfluent.com/about-54449
25-history-management-information-systems.html). bizfluent. Retrieved 2018-04-26.
7. The University of Arizona."What is MIS?" (https://mis.eller.arizona.edu/what-is-mis). Retrieved 2018-04-26.
8. Bidgoli, Hossein, (2004). The Internet Encyclopedia, V
olume 1, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. p. 707.
9. (1995), Strategic Information Systems Planning: A Review
, Information Resources Management Association
International Conference, May 21–24, Atlanta.
10. "Delivering Business Analytics and T
echnology Solutions" (https://saunders.rit.edu/undergraduate/majors-minors/ma
nagement-information-systems-mis-degree-overview) . Saunders College of Business, Rochester Institute of
Technology.
11. Costa, A; Ferreira, C.; Bento, E.; Aparicio, F
. (2016). "Enterprise resource planning adoption and satisfaction
determinants". Computers in Human Behavior. 63: 659–671. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2016.05.090(https://doi.org/10.101
6%2Fj.chb.2016.05.090).
12. Taylor, Victoria. "Supply Chain Management: The Next Big Thing?"(http://www.businessweek.com/business-school
s/supply-chain-management-the-next-big-thing-09122011.html) . Sept. 12, 2011. Business Week. Retrieved 5 March
2014.
13. Lynn, Samara. "What is CRM?" (https://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2391297,00.asp). PC Mag. Retrieved
5 March 2014.
14. Joshi, Girdhar (2013). Management Information Systems(http://www.oup.co.in/product/higher-education/business-m
anagement/business-management/6/management-information-systems-1e/9780198080992) . New Delhi: Oxford
University Press. p. 328.ISBN 9780198080992.

External links
Index of Information Systems Journals
MIS Links (University of York)
Executive Information Systems: Minimising the risk of development
RIT Saunders College of Business – MIS - What is MIS?
Central Michigan University – MSIS
University of Alabama Birmingham – MSIS
Northwestern University – MSIS

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Management_information_system&oldid=877963803

"

This page was last edited on 12 January 2019, at 01:13(UTC).

Text is available under theCreative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this
site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of theWikimedia
Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.