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HOCHIMINH CITY
INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY
CHAPTER 2. DIFFERENTIATION
CALCULUS I
Lecturer: Nguyen Minh Quan, PhD
Email: quannm@hcmiu.edu.vn
3 Rules of Differentiation
4 Implicit Differentiation
Example
Suppose a car travels due north at a constant speed. After 3 hours
the car has travelled 180 km.
a) What is the speed of the car?
b) Sketch a graph of displacement, s, as a function of time, t.
Example
Suppose a car travels due north at a constant speed. After 3 hours
the car has travelled 180 km.
a) What is the speed of the car?
b) Sketch a graph of displacement, s, as a function of time, t. (a)
Example
Suppose a car travels due north at a constant speed. After 3 hours
the car has travelled 180 km.
a) What is the speed of the car?
b) Sketch a graph of displacement, s, as a function of time, t. (a)
∆y y2 − y1 f (x2 ) − f (x1 )
m= = =
∆x x2 − x1 x2 − x1
change in displacement
average velocity =
change in time
∆s s 2 − s1 s(t2 ) − s(t1 )
vav = = =
∆t t2 − t1 t2 − t1
That is, average velocity = slope of secant line.
Note: With "distance" and "speed" we are not concerned with the
direction in which the movement occurs. To be more precise, we use
displacement (directed distance) and velocity, where
speed = |velocity |.
Nguyen Minh Quan (HCMIU) CHAP. 2. Differentiation Fall 2013 7 / 71
Instantaneous Rate of Change
The slope of the tangent line is said to be the limit of the slopes of
the secant lines as Q approaches P.
m = lim mPQ
Q→P
f (x) − f (a)
m = lim
x→a x −a
provided that this limit exists.
Definition
Then the tangent line to the curve y = f (x) at the point P(a, f (a))
has equation (in point-slope form)
y − f (a) = m(x − a)
Definition
Derivative of a function f at a point a is
Example
Let f (x) = x 2 + x,
f (x + h) − f (x)
f 0 (x) = lim
h→0 h
= lim (2x + 1 + h) = 2x + 1
h→0
Example
x
Let f (x) = x−1
, for x 6= 1
−1
f 0 (x) = lim
(x + h − 1)(x − 1)
h→0
−1
=
(x − 1)2
Definition
Then the tangent line to the curve y = f (x) at the point P(a, f (a))
has equation (in point-slope form)
y − f (a) = f 0 (a)(x − a)
Example
Find an equation of the tangent line to the graph of f (x) = x 2 at
x = 5.
f (x) − f (5) x 2 − 52
f 0 (5) = lim = lim = 10
x→5 x −5 x→5 x − 5
Example
A manufacturer produces bolts of a fabric with a fixed width. The
cost of producing x meters of this fabric is C = f (x) dollars.
(a) What is the meaning of the derivative f 0 (x)? What are its units?
Example
It can be shown that for an object falling freely under gravity, taking
g = 10m/s 2 , the downward displacement s (in meters) after t
seconds is given by s(t) = 5t 2 . Suppose a ball is dropped from the
top of a skyscraper. Find the velocity of the ball after 5 seconds.
Example
dy ∆y
= lim
dx ∆x→0 ∆x
Theorem
If f is differentiable at a then f is continuous at a.
Proof:
Example
In the previous example, we showed that the function f = |x| is not
differentiable at x = 0. In the continuity section of Chapter 1, we
already saw that this function is continuous.
d 2y
d dy
= 2
dx dx dx
d 2y d 3y
000 000 d
y = f (x) = =
dx dx 2 dx 3
f (x + h) − f (x) c −c
f 0 (x) = lim = lim =0
h→0 h h→0 h
Therefore, we obtain the first rule of differentiation
d
(c) = 0
dx
Example
Find the points on the hyperbola xy = 12 where the tangent is
parallel to the line 3x + y = 0.
Example
d d d d
(2x 7 − 5x 4 − 8x) = 2 (x 7 ) − 5 (x 4 ) − 8 (x)
dx dx dx dx
6 3 6 3
= 2(7x ) − 5(4x ) − 8(1) = 14x − 20x − 8
Nguyen Minh Quan (HCMIU) CHAP. 2. Differentiation Fall 2013 31 / 71
Product Rule. Quotient Rule
Product Rule: If f and g are both differentiable, then
d d d
[f (x)g (x)] = f (x) [g (x)] + g (x) [f (x)]
dx dx dx
0 0 0
or (fg ) = f .g + f .g
Quotient Rule: If f and g are both differentiable, then
g f 0 − f g0
d f
=
dx g g2
Example
Find the derivatives
√ of the given functions
(a) f (t) = t(1 − 3t)
x2 − 1
(b) f (x) = √
x +2
Nguyen Minh Quan (HCMIU) CHAP. 2. Differentiation Fall 2013 32 / 71
Summary of Rules of Differentiation
dy dy du
=
dx du dx
or
d du
f (u) = f 0 (u)
dx dx
By chain rule,
1 x
F 0 (x) = f 0 (g (x)) g 0 (x) = √ (2x) = √ .
2
2 x +1 2
x +1
Nguyen Minh Quan (HCMIU) CHAP. 2. Differentiation Fall 2013 37 / 71
The chain rule
Example
Find F 0 (x) if
2
x
(a) F (x) = cos x , (b) F (x) = tan
x +1
√
q
(c) F (x) = x+ x2 + 1
Example
Find the derivatives:
−1/3
(a) f (x) = (x 3 + 9x + 2) ,
cos x
(b) f (x) = e ,
√ 3
(c) f (x) = x + xe cos x .
2
Theorem
d 1 d 1
(loga ) x = , (ln x) = .
dx x ln a dx x
Example
d
(ln sin x) = cot x,
dx
d √ 1
ln x = √ .
dx 2x ln x
Example
Differentiate √
x 3/4 x 2 + 1
y=
(3x + 2)5
Exercises
Differentiate
(x+1)2 (2x 2 −3)
(a) f (x) = √
x 2 +1
,
Example
sin x tg (x) arcsin(x)
Prove that (a) lim = 1, (b) lim = 1, (c) lim = 1,
x→0 x x→0 x x→0 x
ln(x+1) e x −1
(d) lim x
= 1, (e) lim x
= 1.
x→0 x→0
Solution
(a) By the definition of derivative, we have
lim sinx x = lim sin x−sin
x−0
0
= sin0 (0) = cos 0 = 1.
x→0 x→0
One can prove the problems (b) − (e) similarly.
Example
Find the limit
2x − 4
lim
x→2 x − 2
Marginal Cost:
Example: A manufacturer produces bolts of a fabric with a fixed
width. The cost of producing x meters of fabric is C = f (x) dollars.
What is the meaning of f 0 (x)?
In this example, the function C (x) is an example of a cost function.
The derivative dC /dx is called the marginal cost, which can be
approximated by
C 0 (x) ≈ C (x + 1) − C (x)
Marginal cost estimates the cost of producing one unit beyond the
present production level.
Example
Suppose it costs C (x) = x 3 − 6x 2 + 15x dollars to produce x stoves
and your shop is currently producing 10 stoves a day. About how
much extra will it cost to produce one more stove a day?
Solution
The cost of producing one more stove a day when 10 are produced is
about C 0 (10). Since
C 0 (x) = 3x 2 − 12x + 15
d
y2 = 0
2x +
dx
d
y 2 , we think of y as a function y = f (x), then
To calculate
dx
d dy
y 2 = 2y . Hence,
y 2 = f (x)2 , and apply the Chain Rule:
dx dx
dy dy x
2x + 2y =0⇒ =−
dx dx y
Nguyen Minh Quan (HCMIU) CHAP. 2. Differentiation Fall 2013 49 / 71
Implicit Differentiation
Example
Find the slope of the tangent line at the point P = (3/5, 4/5).
Solution
Substitute x = 53 , y = 45 into the equation dy
dx
= − yx we obtain
dy 3
=−
dx P 4
Example
Find an equation of the tangent line at the point P = (1, 1) on the
curve y 4 + xy = x 3 − x + 2.
4y 3 y 0 + (xy 0 + y ) = 3x 2 − 1
y 0 4y 3 + x = 3x 2 − 1 − y
2
3x − 1 − y dy 1
y0 =
3
. Thus, =
4y + x dx (1,1) 5
Exercises
Find y 0 if
(a) sin (x + y ) = y 2 cos x,
(b) 2x 3 + x 2 y − xy 3 = 2,
2
(c) y 5 + x 2 y 3 = 1 + ye x ,
(d) 1 + x = sin (xy 2 ),
y
(e) tan (x − y ) = 1+x 2
,
(f) e xy = x + y .
f (x) = x 2 + 4
Remarks
Note that the notations sin−1 (x),cos−1 (x),.. in the formula in the
previous slide mean arcsin x, arccos x,...respectively. They are
respectively the inverse functions of y = sin x, y = cos x,...[while
(sin (x))−1 = sin1 x , be careful, sin−1 x and (sin (x))−1 are two different
functions, that is, arcsin x = sin−1 x 6= (sin (x))−1 = sin1 x ].
Nguyen Minh Quan (HCMIU) CHAP. 2. Differentiation Fall 2013 58 / 71
Differentiation of Inverse Functions
Example
Differentiate
√
(a) f (x) = arcsin x, (b) f (x) = arctan (3x + 1)
Solution
By the chain rule:
(a)
√ 0
√ 0 x 1
arcsin x = q √
√ 2 = 2√x 1 − x
1− x
(b)
0 (3x + 1)0 3
(arctan (3x + 1)) = 2 =
1 + (3x + 1) 1 + (3x + 1)2
Nguyen Minh Quan (HCMIU) CHAP. 2. Differentiation Fall 2013 59 / 71
Linear Approximations
Definition
The approximation
Example
(a) Find the linearization of the function f (x) = e x at a = 0 and use
it to approximate the number e 0.01 . √
(b) Find the linearization of the function f (x) = x at a = 1 and
use it to approximate the number 1.001.
Solution
(a). We have a = 0, f (x) = e x ⇒ f 0 (x) = e x , f 0 (0) = 1.
By linear approximation,
f (x) ≈ 1 + 1 (x − 0) = x + 1
Exercise
1. Find the linearization of the function at a = 0
(a) f (x) = sin x.
(b) f (x) = cos x.
2. Use the linearization to estimate tan π4 + 0.02 .
√
3. Use the linearization to estimate 3.98.
s = f (t) = t 3 − 6t 2 + 9t
(c) v (t) = 0 ⇔ t = 1, t = 3
Theorem
The only solutions of the differential equation dy /dt = ky are the
exponential functions y (t) = y (0)e kt .
Example
Use the fact that the world population was 2560 million in 1950 and
3040 million in 1960 to model the population of the world in the
second half of the 20th century. (Assume that the growth rate is
proportional to the population size.) What is the relative growth
rate? Use the model to predict the population in the year 2020.
Example
Use the fact that the world population was 2560 million in 1950 and
3040 million in 1960 to model the population of the world in the
second half of the 20th century. (Assume that the growth rate is
proportional to the population size.) What is the relative growth
rate? Use the model to predict the population in the year 2020.
Solution
We measure the time t in years and let t = 0 in the year 1950. We
measure the population P(t) in millions of people. We have
1 3040
P (10) = 2560e 10k = 3040 ⇒ k = ln ' 0.0172
10 2560
the population in 2020 will be P(70) ' 8524 millions.
Answer
(a) P (t) = 100 (4.2)t .
(b) P (3) ≈ 7409 bacteria.
(c) P 0 (3) ≈ 10, 632.
(d) t ≈ 3.2 hours.
A (t) = A0 e rt
A (t) = A0 e rt