CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

A brick is a building material used to make walls, pavements and other elements in

masonry construction. Traditionally, the term brick referred to a unit composed of clay, but it is now

used to denote any rectangular units laid in mortar. A brick can be composed of clay-bearing soil,

sand, and lime or concrete materials. Bricks are produced in numerous classes, types, materials,

and sizes which vary with region and time period, and are produced in bulk quantities. Two basic

quantities of brock are fired and non-fired bricks. It is also considered as one of the home

decorations as it looks like more attractive than the other concrete elements.

The earliest bricks were dried brick, meaning that they were formed from clay-bearing

earth or mud and dried (usually in the sun) until they were strong enough to use. The oldest

discovered bricks, originally made from shape mud and dating before 7500 BC, were found at

Tell Aswad, in the upper Tigris region and in southeast Anatolia close to Diyabakir. Other more

recent findings, dated between 7,000 and 6,395 BC, come from Jericho Catal Huyuk, and the

ancient Indus Valley cities of Mohenjo-daro, Harappa, and Mehrgarh. Ceramic, or fired brick

was used as early as 3000 BC in early Indus Valley cities like Kalibangan.

The brick usually sees in the roads, old buildings even in the old or modern parks, the

brick is one of the traditional building materials in the last thousand years. By this day’s bricks

only see in the old churches that made of mud.

 For any land-based structure, the foundation is very important and has to be strong to

support the entire structure. To build a unique strong construction material. I conducted this

research to add a Powdered Egg Shell in the bricks by making it by the machine.

Egg shells are usually a waste of many people, it is considered as a trash. Chicken

eggshells is a waste from domestic sources such as poultries, hatcheries, homes and fast food

restaurants. Egg shells can add to the brick to make the brick much stronger because it could

hold the brick’s construction. An egg shells is composite material but primarily calcium

carbonate, “natures ceramic”, that means that the egg shell powder can add to the brick’s

elements.

The chemical composition of an egg shell powder is also similar to the cement. The main

component of an egg shell was calcium carbonate (around 51 %). Egg shells consists of several

mutually growing layers of CaCO3, the innermost layer-maxillary 3 layer grows on the

outermost egg membrane and creates the base on which palisade layer constitutes the thickest

part of the egg shell. The shell itself is about 95% CaCO3 (which is also main ingredients in see

shells). The remaining 5% includes Magnesium, Aluminum, Phosphorous, Sodium, Potassium,

Zinc, Iron, Copper, Ironic acid and Silica acid. Egg shells has a cellulosic structure and contains

amino acid; thus, it is expected to be goo bio-sorbent and it was reported that large amount of

egg shells are produced on some countries, as waste products and disposed in landfills annually.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF EGG SHELL POWDER

NAME PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

Specific Gravity 0.85

 Moisture content 1.18

Bulk Density (g/m3) 0.8

Particle Density (g/m3) 1.012

Porosity 22.4 BET

Surface are m2/g 21.2

( www.iljec.com)

By the proven properties of an egg shells that it can hold and construct as a brick. The

researchers come up with the idea of making a machine that can make an egg shell into a powder

by milling and mix it to the traditional mud or alternative cement to make a brick. After

completing the mixing process, the researchers develop a machine the can put the eggshell

powder and mold until it becomes brick.

Objective of the Study

The main objective of the study is to reduce the egg shell waste in the surroundings and

make it more functionable to the surroundings not a waste.

Specially it aims to:

1. To fabricate an egg shell bricks.

 2. To test the quality of the bricks.

3. To test the performance of the machine.

4. To prove the alternative use of an egg shell.

Significance of the Study

This study addresses to reduce the waste of the eggshells and make it more functionable

eggshell bricking making machine to the surroundings: Furthermore this study will be beneficial

to the following:

Individual Persons (businessman, conduction companies etc.)

By this making machine the individual persons will no think that the egg shells are not

anymore a waste it is one of the alternative construction material that can help them build there

home by the egg shell wastes. By this machine the egg shell will reduce the egg shell waste that

means that the possibility of individual to be harms by the egg shell waste will increase because

we have the egg shell brick making machine.

Researchers and Innovators

This study could serve as reference for researchers and innovators who are either

composing further research for innovation or conducting related studies in relation to this subject.
Scope and Delimitation

The scope of this study is to fabricate prototype eggshell brick making machine. This study

only covers the design, fabrication, testing, troubleshooting and evaluation of the prototype using

electrical, reducing waste and principles.

This project only delimitate to make a brick that made of an eggshell and the aim of good

quality of the brick and most important is to increase the waste of egg shells in every country. Also

the study is delimitated only to the effectiveness of the machine compared in a traditional molding

of a brick. The project is designed to operate in the places where power supply is accessible.

Definition of Terms

Brick – a small, hard block of baked clay that is used to builds structures (such as houses) and

something to make streets, paths etc.

Egg shell – is the outer covering of a hard-shelled egg and of some forms of eggs with soft outer

coats.

Molding - is the process of manufacturing by shaping liquid or pliable raw materials.

Prototype – a first, typical or preliminary model of something, especially a machine, from which

other forms are developed or copied

Machine – an apparatus using or applying mechanical power and having several parts, each with

definite function and together performing a particular task.

CaCO3 – Calcium Carbonate

References

Scientificamarecican.com/article/structure-science

Ijlree.com

International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT)