GCV401 - Structural Analysis - Chapter I - Introduction - Loading & Type of Structures

Chapter I: Type of Structures
Chapter I :
Introduction TDM
Loading
&
Type of Structures 1
Subjects:
I.0 Statics & Strength of Materials - Revision. (Statics & Strength of Materials)
I.1 Introduction Structural Analysis (Ref. P.3)
I.2 Classification of Structures. (Ref. P.4-8)

TDM
I.3 Loadings. (Ref. P.9-25)
I.4 Structural Design (Service et Ultimate). (Ref. P.26)
- Allowable stress Design ASD (Serviceability limit states)
- Ultimate Strength Design USD (Ultimate Limit States)
I.0 Statics & Strength of Materials:

 Internal Stresses
TDM
Suj I
Fz
 z  lim
A0 A
F
 zx  lim x
A0 A 3
F
 zy  lim y
A0 A
1

 Stresses: Average Stresses – Distribution of Stresses
 dF    dA
A
TDM
P  A
Suj I
P

A
V
 avg  4
A

 Sample: Calculate the Maximum Average Stress
TDM
Suj I
 BC 
PBC

 
30 103
 85.7 MPa (Ans)
A 0.0350.01

 Deformation / Strain
Normal:
s 's s '  1   s

 avg  TDM
s
Suj I
Tangential:

 nt   lim  '
2 B  A along n
C  A along t
6
θ<90 +shear strain
θ>90 ‐shear strain
2

 Stress-Strain Diagram
TDM
Suj I

 Creep:
• Material Under constant load for a long Period  Failure of Material
• Strain function of Time
• Stress Values and Temperature are important phenomena Factors

TDM
Suj I
• Creep Elasticity (Capacity)o decrease with High Temperature

 Fatigue:
• Cycle of applied load  Failure of Material
• S-N Diagram
TDM
Suj I
3

 Creep & Shrinkage
TDM
Suj I
10

 Torsion
Tc Tp
 max  or   TDM
J J Suj I
 max = maximum shear stress in the shaft
 = shear stress
T = resultant internal torque
11
J = polar moment of inertia of cross‐sectional area
c = outer radius of the shaft
p = intermediate distance

 Bending Moment
TDM
Suj I
12
4

 Bending Analysis - Flexure
My
 
I
σ = normal stress in the member
M = resultant internal moment TDM
I = moment of inertia
Suj I
y = perpendicular distance from the neutral axis
13

 Composite Section
TDM
Suj I
14

 Shear Stress:
VQ

It
where Q   ydA  y ' A'
TDM
Suj I
A'
τ = the shear stress in the member
V = internal resultant shear force
I = moment of inertia of the entire cross‐sectional area
t = width of the member’s cross‐sectional area
15
5

 Sample:
bh  100125  16.28  106 mm 4

1 3 1 TDM
I
3
12 12 Suj I
 
Q  y A'  12.5  5050100  18.75 10 4 mm3
1
 2 
p 
VQ

 
3 18.75 104  0.346 MPa (Ans)
It  
16.28 106 100
16

 Thin-walled pressure vessels:
pr
1  normal stress in hoop direction
t
pr TDM
2  normal stress in longitudinal direction
2t Suj I
17

 Stress Transformation
TDM
Suj I
18
6

 Stress Transformation
 x  y  x  y
 x'   cos 2   xy sin 2
2 2
 x  y
 x' y'   sin 2   xy cos 2
2 TDM
Suj I
19

 Strain Transformation
x y x y  xy
 x'   cos 2  sin 2
2 2 2
x y x y  xy
 y'   cos 2  sin 2
2 2 2
 x' y' x y   xy TDM
   sin 2  2 cos 2
2  2  Suj I
x  y 
tan 2 S   
  
 xy 
 max in-plane   x   y    xy  x y
2 2
      ,  avg 
2  2   2  2
 xy x y   x   y    xy 
2 2 20
tan 2 p   1, 2       
x y 2  2   2 

 Deflection - Deformation
TDM
Suj I
21
7

ρ = radius of curvature at a specific point
1 M M = internal moment in the beam at the point
 E = material’s modulus of elasticity TDM
 EI I = beam’s moment of inertia computed about the neutral axis Suj I
EI = flexural rigidity
22

TDM
Suj I
d 4v d 3v d 2v
EI  wx  EI  V x  EI  M x 
dx 4 dx 3 dx 2
d 2v w wL
EI  M   0 x3  0 x
dx 2 3L 4
dv w wL
EI   0 x 4  0 x 2  C1
dx 12L 8
w wL
EIv   0 x 5  0 x 3  C1 x  C2 23
60 L 24
5w0 L3
v  0, x  0 and dv dx  0, x  L 2 we have C1   , C2  0
192

 Buckling
Pcr = maximum axial load
 2 EI
Pcr  σcr = critical stress
L2 E = modulus of elasticity for the material
 2E I = least moment of inertia for the column’s cross‐sectional area
σ cr  L = unsupported length of the column TDM
L / r 2 r = smallest radius of gyration of the column Suj I
L/r = slenderness ratio
24
8
I.1 Introduction to Structural Analysis:

TDM
Suj I
25

TDM
Suj I
26

 Type of Connections between Structural Elements to Hold

Loading.
 e.g.: Buildings, Bridges, Dams, etc… Civil Engineering.
 e.g.: Aircraft, Vessels, Tanks, stc… Mechanical Engineering.

TDM
Suj I
 e.g.: Pillar, Truss columns, etc… Electrical Engineering
 Goals: Public Service, Safety, Aesthetique, Environment, etc…
 Environment Protection and Economic Studies.
 Preliminary Study, Analysis and Value Engineering.

27
9
I.2 Classification of Structures

 Industrial Steel: Profiles
- European H, I, U, etc…
- American W, WP, etc…
 Beams: TDM
- Linear & Curve Suj I
- Vertical Loading
- Section and Shape, Spans, Types
- Materials: Concrete, Steel, Wood. etc…
 Columns:
- Axial Loads
28
- Transfer the loads to Foundations

TDM
Suj I
29

 Structure Types: Structural Elements Combinations.

* Truss:
- Slender Elements
- For Long Spans
TDM
- For Bridges & Hangars
Suj I
- Elements subjected to Axial Loads only
- Connection as Hinges
- High resistance Capacity.
- Economic & Aesthetics
30
10

* Cables & Arches:
- Long Spans.
- Cables under Tractions.
TDM
- Arches under Compressions
Suj I
- Cables Self weight Could be neglected.
- Arches could be from concrete, steel, etc…
Disadvantages:
 Cables: Connections, Maintenances.

31
 Arches: Huge Structure, Lateral Reaction at Supports.

TDM
Suj I
32


* Frames:
- For Buildings and other Structures

TDM
- Receiving Lateral and Vertical Loads
Suj I
- Type of Connections
- 2D & 3D Frames (Software)
- Statically Indeterminate Structures (Simplifications)
- Interaction Diagram – Moment & Axial – Shear
forces
- Composite and deviated sections
33
11

TDM
Suj I
34
I.3 Loadings
 After Structure System Definition – Define the Loads
 Loads for Different structural Elements Dimensions
 Vertical Loads: SW, SIDL & LL

TDM
 Lateral Loads: Earth Pressures, Seismic, Wind, Ground Water Suj I
Table.
 Ductile & Fragile (Brutal)
 Loads Transfer: Slab, Ribs, Beams, …, Columns & Walls,

Foundations, Ground.
35
 Sequences of Loads Transfers, Details and Discussion .. DWG
I.3 Loadings:
 Standards / Norms / Codes:

- General Building Codes
- Design Codes for Structural Element design
TDM
Suj I
36
12
I.3 Loadings:

 Load Types:
1. Dead Load (DL): Self Weights for structural elements
attached to the structural system:
- Slab, Beam, Column, Wall, Foundation, etc…
- Direct Calculation: Density of Materials TDM
Suj I
Wood / Timber 1.9 - 2.4 KN/m2
Steel Structure 2.9 – 3.6 KN/m2
Reinforced Concrete 5.3 – 6.2 KN/m2
Sample for Ribbed Slab SW calculation: ….DWG
37
2. Super-Imposed Dead Load (SIDL or SDL): Masonry,
Plaster, tiles, etc… (Not movable loads)
I.3 Loadings:
 Ribbed Design Process: (for project Use) - Sketches
TDM
Suj I
38
I.3 Loadings:
TDM
Suj I
39
13
 Sample:
I.3 Loadings:
I.3 Loadings:
I.3 Loadings:
Chapter I: Type of Structures Chapter I: Type of Structures Chapter I: Type of Structures
Suj I
Suj I
Suj I
42
41
40
TDM
TDM
TDM
14
I.3 Loadings:

 Sample:
TDM
Suj I
43
I.3 Loadings:
 Live Load:
- Superficial (Surface Load), Linear, Concentrated
- Noted as Variable Loads
- Vehicle, and other Road Loads
TDM
- Standards provide the “MINIMUM”
Suj I
44
I.3 Loadings:
TDM
Suj I
45
15
I.3 Loadings:

 Sample for Superficial, linear, ……. Loadings (Sketches)
TDM
Suj I
46
I.3 Loadings:
 Live Load Reduction:

- Tributary Area / Influence Area
- ASCE7-10 Standards …. See the related File
Live load reduction could be applied under Conditions):
TDM
* Influence Area (KLL.AT) > 37.2m2 & Load < 4.79 KN/m2
Suj I
* Reduction limited 50% one floor and 40% many floors
47
I.3 Loadings:
 Example 1.2:
TDM
Suj I
48
16
I.3 Loadings:

 Example 1.2:
TDM
Suj I
49
I.3 Loadings:
 Bridge Loading:
- Traffic Loading: Vehicle, Truck & High loading.
- LRFD (Load & Resistance Factor Design)
- AASHTO (American Association of State and Highway
Transportation Officials) TDM
Suj I
- Load Types for Trucks:
* Truck Series “H”  10T to 20T
* Series “HS” - semitrailer axis
- Loads are related to Trafic Type.
- Load distribution according to standards.
50
I.3 Loadings:
TDM
Suj I
51
17
I.3 Loadings:

TDM
Suj I
52
I.3 Loadings:
TDM
Suj I
53
I.3 Loadings:
 Railway Loading:
- AREA (American Railroad Engineers Association) –
Series « M » Influence Lines.
 Accidental Loading: TDM
- Collision / Impact Factor “I” Suj I
- Moving Vehicle.
 Special Cases:
- Machinery loading: (Vibration) increasing up to 100%
- Hangers increasing up to 33%
54
18
I.3 Loadings:

 Wind Effect:
- kinetic energy  potential energy  pressure due to
wind
- Wind effect depends upon:
TDM
1. Wind Speed & Density
Suj I
2. Contact Angle
3. Shape and Structure Stiffness (rigidity)
4. Surface roughness
- Static and Dynamics effects:
Static  Pressure according ASCE7-10 – equivalent Value
factors to be considered are: Height of the
55
structure, Structure type and land configurations.
I.3 Loadings:
 Wind Effect:
TDM
Suj I
56
I.3 Loadings:
 Wind Effect:
- Wind Pressure on Closed Buildings: ASCE7-10
- Structure Flexibility
- Building Height
TDM
- Element under study – Architectural or
Suj I
Structural
57
19
I.3 Loadings:
I.3 Loadings:
I.3 Loadings:
 Example 1.3:
Suj I
Suj I
Suj I
60
59
58
TDM
TDM
TDM
20
I.3 Loadings:

 Example 1.3: Solution
h= 25ft + 75*tg10o/2 = 31.6 ft TDM
Suj I
61
I.3 Loadings:
G=0.85
(GCpi )=±0.18
TDM
Suj I
62
I.3 Loadings:
TDM
Suj I
63
21
I.3 Loadings:

TDM
Suj I
64
I.3 Loadings:
 Wind Effect: Design Wind Pressure for Signs

- Pressure results on a sign:
TDM
Suj I
65
I.3 Loadings:
TDM
Suj I
66
22
I.3 Loadings:

Solution:
TDM
Suj I
67
I.3 Loadings:
TDM
Suj I
68
I.3 Loadings:
Solution:
TDM
Suj I
69
23
I.3 Loadings:

 Snow Load:
Factors affecting the Snow Load: ASCE 7-10
- Building Shape & Roof Slope
- Wind Exposure
TDM
- Location
Suj I
- Zone Map
- On relatively flat elevation throughout the mid-section
of Illinois and Indiana, the ground snow loading is
Pg=20lb/ft2 - 0.96 KN/m2

70
I.3 Loadings:
 Snow Load:
TDM
Suj I
71
I.3 Loadings:
 Example 1.4:
TDM
Suj I
72
24
I.3 Loadings:

TDM
Suj I
0.8 12
73
12
I.3 Loadings:
 Wind Tunnel Test: required for

- For height rise building,
- Location and Shape,
- Sensitive analysis effects
 Dynamic Study using the wind tunnel test with the required TDM
Suj I
sensors to register the stresses.
74
I.3 Loadings:
 Seismic Loads and Forces:

- Standards and Norms, IBC, UBC, PS, NBCC, BS, EC8
- Static and Dynamics Design and Analysis
- Factors: Ground Acceleration ag, Weight of the structure,
structure stiffness type, height and shape, Lateral resistance TDM
Suj I
system, rise building.
- Direction of seismic attack.

- Vertical and Horizontal
- Earthquake response spectrum
for “Dynamic Analysis”
- Static Analysis for simplified and 75
low rise building.
25
I.3 Loadings:

 Hydra-static loads and soil / earth pressure:
- Water Pressure – Ground water – Dry and wet ground

- Refer to Soil Mechanics and Foundation Design
TDM
Suj I
 Other Loadings:
- Differential Settlements
- Temperature Variation
- Explosions
- Special Constructions 76
I.4 Structural Design (Ultimate & Serviceability):

 Factors to be considered during the structural Analysis:

- Material Defects
- Residual Stresses in structures
- unconformity of the structural element dimensions
- Corrosion and elements deteriorations TDM
Suj I
 ASD (Allowable Stress Design) Material and loading

Uncertainty to be considered by:
- Safety or reduction factors to be applied for Allowable st.
- Combination of Loads (DL, LL, Wind, Earthquake, etc..
- To do not exceed the yielding limits
77
I.4 Structural Design (Ultimate & Serviceability):

 LRFD « Strength Design » (Load & Resistance Factor Design)
- Uncertainty ---- Factors for Loads and combinations

- Factors for Strength of Materials
TDM
Suj I
78
26
Problems:

TDM
Suj I
Cinder Concrete: concrete having small coal clinkers as an aggregate
79
Problems:
TDM
Suj I
80
Problems:
TDM
Suj I
81
27
Problems:
Problems:
Problems:
Suj I
Suj I
Suj I
84
83
82
TDM
TDM
TDM
28
Problems:
Problems:
Chapter I: Type of Structures Chapter I: Type of Structures
Suj I
Suj I
86
85
TDM
TDM
29

GCV401 - Structural Analysis - Chapter I - Introduction - Loading &amp; Type of Structures

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GCV401 - Structural Analysis - Chapter I - Introduction - Loading &amp; Type of Structures

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Chapter I: Type of Structures

I.1 Introduction Structural Analysis (Ref. P.3)

I.2 Classification of Structures. (Ref. P.4-8)

I.3 Loadings. (Ref. P.9-25)

I.4 Structural Design (Service et Ultimate). (Ref. P.26)

- Allowable stress Design ASD (Serviceability limit states)

- Ultimate Strength Design USD (Ultimate Limit States)

I.0 Statics & Strength of Materials:

Chapter I: Type of Structures

I.0 Statics & Strength of Materials:

 Sample: Calculate the Maximum Average Stress

I.0 Statics & Strength of Materials:

s 's s '  1   s

Chapter I: Type of Structures

I.0 Statics & Strength of Materials:

• Strain function of Time

• Stress Values and Temperature are important phenomena Factors

I.0 Statics & Strength of Materials:

Chapter I: Type of Structures

I.0 Statics & Strength of Materials:

I.0 Statics & Strength of Materials:

Chapter I: Type of Structures

I.0 Statics & Strength of Materials:

I.0 Statics & Strength of Materials:

Chapter I: Type of Structures

bh  100125  16.28  106 mm 4

I.0 Statics & Strength of Materials:

 Thin-walled pressure vessels:

I.0 Statics & Strength of Materials:

Chapter I: Type of Structures

I.0 Statics & Strength of Materials:

I.0 Statics & Strength of Materials:

Chapter I: Type of Structures

I.0 Statics & Strength of Materials:

I.0 Statics & Strength of Materials:

Chapter I: Type of Structures

I.1 Introduction to Structural Analysis:

I.1 Introduction to Structural Analysis:

 Type of Connections between Structural Elements to Hold

 e.g.: Buildings, Bridges, Dams, etc… Civil Engineering.

 e.g.: Aircraft, Vessels, Tanks, stc… Mechanical Engineering.

 e.g.: Pillar, Truss columns, etc… Electrical Engineering

 Goals: Public Service, Safety, Aesthetique, Environment, etc…

 Environment Protection and Economic Studies.

 Preliminary Study, Analysis and Value Engineering.

Chapter I: Type of Structures

- Linear & Curve Suj I

I.2 Classification of Structures

I.2 Classification of Structures

 Structure Types: Structural Elements Combinations.

Chapter I: Type of Structures

 Cables: Connections, Maintenances.

I.2 Classification of Structures

I.2 Classification of Structures

 Structure Types: Structural Elements Combinations.

- For Buildings and other Structures

Chapter I: Type of Structures

 After Structure System Definition – Define the Loads

 Loads for Different structural Elements Dimensions

 Vertical Loads: SW, SIDL & LL

 Lateral Loads: Earth Pressures, Seismic, Wind, Ground Water Suj I

 Ductile & Fragile (Brutal)

 Loads Transfer: Slab, Ribs, Beams, …, Columns & Walls,

 Standards / Norms / Codes:

GCV401 - Structural Analysis - Chapter I - Introduction - Loading & Type of Structures

GCV401 - Structural Analysis - Chapter I - Introduction - Loading & Type of Structures