Cambridge First Series: Writing & Use of English - Linkers

CAMBRIDGE FIRST SERIES
WRITING & USE OF ENGLISH – LINKERS
When sitting the Cambridge First exam, one of the things most candidates may
have problems with is the accurate use of linkers.
Linkers are words that relate one idea or sentence of the text with another.
They connect ideas logically.
There are several groups and types of linkers.
This session aims at looking at the following linkers:
Contrast
Reason and cause
Purpose
Consequence
Addition
Exemplification
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A. CONTRAST
We use contrast linkers to identify differences between two ideas.
In spite of / Despite
o Link two contrasting ideas.
o Followed by a noun phrase (no subject).
I went to the beach in spite of the terrible weather forecast.
Although / (Even) Though

o Followed by a sentence (subject + verb).
Although the weather forecast was terrible, I went to the beach.
However / Nevertheless / Still / Yet / Even so / On the contrary

o Introduce a new idea which marks a contrast with previously stated ideas.
o Introduced by a comma ‘ , ‘ .
(in a long text)

… and I don’t like ice cream because it is too sweet for me.
… (later in the text) …
However, I have to admit this time the ice cream was delicious.
On the one hand… On the other hand

o Links two contrasting ideas or paragraphs.
On the one hand, the government has to put a stop to crime.

On the other hand, there isn’t enough money to invest on it.
Whereas
o Not separated by commas.
This book is rather dull whereas the other one you gave is much more interesting
and entertaining.
B. REASON AND CAUSE
Introduces a reason and shows the result of it.
Because / As / Since / Seeing that

o Introduce a sentence.
o Subordinate sentences introduced by because always appear in final position.
I didn’t go to the party because/as/since/seeing that it was too late.
Because of / On account of / Owing to / Due to

o Introduce a noun phrase (no subject)
I didn’t go to the party because of/due to the heavy rain.
C. PURPOSE
Introduces the final motive why something happened.
In order to / So as to
o Introduce an infinitive of purpose (no subject; infinitive without ‘to’)
I went to your party in order to / so as to show you I am a good friend.
In order that / So that

o Introduce a sentence (subject + verb)
I went to your party in order that / so that I showed you I am a good friend.
D. CONSEQUENCE
Introduces the result and effect of an action.
Consequently / As a result / Therefore
I didn’t do my homework. Therefore / Consequently / As a result, I was asked to do

it today.
As a consequence of / As a result of
o Followed by a noun phrase (no subject)
As a consequence of my lack of compassion, she told me off.
So
o Introduces a sentence.
o No commas
I didn’t show any compassion so she told me off.
E. ADDITION
Introduces ideas that support the main idea.
Moreover / Furthermore / In addition / Besides / What’s more.

o Used after a strong pause and separated from sentences.
o They are introduced by a comma.
I swear to you I didn’t break that glass. Furthermore, I know who did it and it’s in
this room.
As well as / In addition to / Besides

o Used to add one more piece of information.
o Followed by a noun phrase.
I don’t think I’m going the cinema. Besides, the movie looks quite bad.
F. EXEMPLIFICATION
Illustrates in support of the main idea.
For example / For instance.

o Introduces an example referring to previously stated ideas.
… I think European cars are much better than American cars. For example, the
brand Mercedes is more luxurious than Cadillac.
Such as
o Introduces an example / examples, referring to the last idea.
… I don’t movies that have a lot of special effect in them, such as Avatar or Star
Wars.
NOW GO TO THE NEXT PAGE AND COMPLETE THE PRACTICE EXERCISE
PRACTICE EXERCISE: LINKERS
Select the appropriate linking word to complete the sentence.
1. Transportation has developed a lot in India; in addition / whereas trade has suffer a decline
over the recent years.
2. India has to overcome many problems to keep pace with the developed countries. For example
/ Furthermore it has to control population growth, improve its economy and increase its
literacy rate.
3. Some of the students scored low ranks in the exams. So that / Consequently the teacher
arranged some extra lessons to improve the situation.
4. Dubai is a great touristic destination and also / furthermore it is a convenient place for
shopping.
Complete the following text with the correct linker from the ones in the box.
in contrast for instance although even furthermore
__________ Hinduism is practiced by the vast majority of Indians. India declared itself a
secular state __________ to a couple of countries in its neighbourhood. It has thus ensured
equal treatment to all religions. __________ , it has given all its citizens the right to practice
the religion of their choice and the right to build the places of worship.
Likewise, it has officially declared holidays on the important festivals of all the important
religions. __________ Dessera and Diwali are holidays for all. __________ Christmas and
Ramadan are too holidays for all Indians. The common observance of these holidays helps us
in forging brotherly bonds among the followers of various religions.
YOU CAN PRINT THIS PAGE TO DO THE EXERCISE. THE ANSWERS WILL BE GIVEN TOMORROW

Cambridge First Series: Writing & Use of English - Linkers

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CAMBRIDGE FIRST SERIES

WRITING & USE OF ENGLISH – LINKERS

have problems with is the accurate use of linkers.

They connect ideas logically.

There are several groups and types of linkers.

This session aims at looking at the following linkers:

Reason and cause

We use contrast linkers to identify differences between two ideas.

I went to the beach in spite of the terrible weather forecast.

Although / (Even) Though

Although the weather forecast was terrible, I went to the beach.

However / Nevertheless / Still / Yet / Even so / On the contrary

(in a long text)

On the one hand… On the other hand

On the one hand, the government has to put a stop to crime.

Because / As / Since / Seeing that

I didn’t go to the party because/as/since/seeing that it was too late.

Because of / On account of / Owing to / Due to

I didn’t go to the party because of/due to the heavy rain.

I went to your party in order to / so as to show you I am a good friend.

In order that / So that

Consequently / As a result / Therefore

I didn’t do my homework. Therefore / Consequently / As a result, I was asked to do

As a consequence of my lack of compassion, she told me off.

I didn’t show any compassion so she told me off.

Introduces ideas that support the main idea.

Moreover / Furthermore / In addition / Besides / What’s more.

As well as / In addition to / Besides

Illustrates in support of the main idea.

For example / For instance.

NOW GO TO THE NEXT PAGE AND COMPLETE THE PRACTICE EXERCISE

Select the appropriate linking word to complete the sentence.

in contrast for instance although even furthermore

in forging brotherly bonds among the followers of various religions.

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