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Original Article
Abstract
Author and Affiliations –
Purpose: Yoga is well known for improving oxygenation to the biological system and combating oxidative stress
which is responsible for numerous lifestyle diseases which includes type 2 diabetes and hypertension. Therefore, the
present study was conducted to evaluate the effects of yoga in modifying and improving the quality of life in type II
diabetic with hypertension patients.
Methods: An interventional, prospective and open labeled study was done involving 30 patients of type 2 diabetes
along with hypertension. Patients received yoga therapy for 45 days along with the standard treatment. Oxidative
stress markers such as changes in RBC morphology (crenated edges and Heinz bodies), malondialdehyde levels
along with fasting blood glucose levels, systolic & diastolic blood pressure, body mass index and symptoms
associated with type 2 diabetes were evaluated before and at the end of the yoga therapy.
Results: Abnormal RBCs were markedly reduced as according to the severity ranking assessed after 45 days of
yoga therapy. Significant reduction in the levels of malondialdehyde (P<0.01), blood glucose (P<0.05), Systolic blood
pressure (P<0.01) body mass index (P<0.001) and improvement in the unpleasant symptoms were observed after
yoga therapy when compared to same patients before starting yoga therapy.
Conclusion: These findings suggest that yoga intervention has therapeutic values in patients having type 2 diabetes
with hypertension. This may have direct impact on the dose minimization of hypoglycemic drugs of the patient which
requires further study in this area.
*Corresponding author :
Dr. B. Vasanthi M.D., D.O., Director & Professor, Institute of Pharmacology, Madras Medical College, Chennai – 600 003, Mob.: 9444285974,
Email: drvasanthi62@gmail.com
(Received on August 1, 2017)
52 Gowtham, Vasanthi, Jayshree, Ambika and Jacob Indian J Physiol Pharmacol 2018; 62(1)
pipetted off without disturbing the white buffy layer. The Intervention with yoga schedule:
plasma was stored on ice and then transferred to a deep
freezer at –80°C for estimation of the MDA levels later. The yogasana schedule was designed by naturopathist
The packed cells were reconstituted as 10% v/v involves the combination of asanas and breathing exer-
suspension with 0.9% normal saline. A drop of this cises. All the patients were trained in order to the follow
suspension was put on a glass slide under a cover slip the yoga schedule for 45 days. Yoga schedule starts with
and studied under high power microscope for OM chanting (5 min) followed by naadi suthi prayanama
assessment of morphological changes in the red blood as well as ujjai prayanama (5 min) and various asanas
cells. includes Ardha Halasana, Naukasana, Ushtrasan, Ardha
pawanmuktasana, Salabasana, vakrasana,
Morphological changes in RBC’s at baseline and after Bhujangasan, Chakrasana, katikasana and Shavasan
45 days of yoga therapy were assessed using the (20 min). These asanas are selective according to the
following scoring pattern (4) : Patient condition. They were recommended to practice
these asanas twice a day. They were also handed over a
No abnormal RBC/HPF = 0 booklet regarding the same. If they found any difficulty in
performing those asanas or if they felt any pain or injury
10-25% abnormal RBC/HPF = 1+ while performing any asana, the particular asana was
modified by the yoga specialist. Patients practicing yoga
25-50% abnormal RBC/HPF = 2+ were asked to report once in 15 days to ensure that they
were practicing the yogasana schedule regularly and
50-75% abnormal RBC/HPF = 3+
that they had no difficulty in performing the asanas. The
subjects were allowed to withdraw from the study at any
>75% abnormal RBC/HPF = 4+
point, if they so desired. Statistical analysis was done
using Paired t test.
Presence of crenated edges with Heinz bodies in RBCs
were considered as abnormal RBCs. Malondialdehyde
was estimated by using the thiobarbituric acid reactive
substances (TBARS) assay kit which was purchased Results
from Caymen Chemicals, USA . The fasting blood
glucose levels, body mass index, systolic and diastolic Among 30 patients in which 6 patients were withdrawn
blood pressure were measured and the assessment of from the study due to the reason irrelevant to yoga
improvement of symptoms was done using the practice. The variation was observed in the regularity
questionnaire as shown in the Table I. pattern among the patients. Out of 24 patients, 14 were
male and 10 were female with
1 Lack of energy
2 Urinary frequency
3 Aching Intensity in Calves
4 Dry mouth
5 Thirst frequency
6 Existence of irritability before meal
7 Feeling of Numbness in Palm and feet
8 Palpitation Frequency
9 Sense of Fatigue
Mean±SD age of 53±9 years. RBC Morphology was improvement in their well being patterns was assessed
improved as the damage induced by the free radical through the validated self - made questionnaire (31)
significantly declined after the yoga therapy was (Table III). Few patients even reported that they reduced
confirmed through the scoring patterns (Fig. 1 & 2). the frequency of taking the hypoglycemic medications
themselves, still they found good glycemic control. Data
Significant reduction in the levels of malondialdehyde of those few patients has not been shown separately as
(<0.01), fasting blood glucose (<0.05), systolic blood it is beyond the scope of this study.
pressure (<0.01) and body mass index (<0.001) was
observed after the yoga therapy as shown in the Table II.
Discussion
The diabetic complications were progressively
decreased after the yoga therapy and the significant As a result of chronic stress, sympathetic nervous
system (SNS) activation causes the release of
TABLE II : Represents the changes in the parameters before and after the 45 days of yoga therapy.
Values are expressed in Mean±SD. P value shows significant for malondialdehyde levels (0.01), blood glucose levels (0.05), systolic blood
pressure (0.01) and body mass index (0.001).
Fig. 1 : Represents the change in the severity ranking of the RBC Morphology before and after the 45 days of Yoga therapy.
Indian J Physiol Pharmacol 2018; 62(1) Yoga on RBC Morphology for Diabetics and Hypertensive Patients 55
1 Lack of energy 0 29 4 58 17 13 54 0 25 0
2 Urinary frequency 0 29 8 50 25 21 63 0 4 0
3 Aching Intensity in calves 16 17 21 33 50 17 29 0 16 0
4 Intensity of Dry mouth 27 54 15 38 27 8 31 0 0 0
5 Thirst frequency 8 29 12 46 29 25 38 0 13 0
6 Existence of Irritability before the meal 79 87 0 13 0 0 17 0 4 0
7 Feeling of Numbness or Loss of sensation in feet 29 42 12 29 25 21 17 8 17 0
8 Palpitation Frequency 46 71 0 27 29 4 17 0 8 0
9 Sense of Fatigue 50 54 17 29 21 17 0 12 0 0
(a) (b)
Fig. 2 : Shows the optical microscopy images (40x) of (a) the Heinz bodies along with crenated edges present in RBCs
(b) the Normal RBCs.
Indicates Crenated edges present in RBCs. Indicates Heinz bodies present in RBCs.
Fig. 1(a) : Represents the intensity of symptoms before the yoga therapy.
56 Gowtham, Vasanthi, Jayshree, Ambika and Jacob Indian J Physiol Pharmacol 2018; 62(1)
Fig. 2(b) : Represents the intensity of the symptoms after the 45 days of yoga therapy.
Noradrenaline and Epinephrine which leads to increase glucose leading to persistent hyperglycemia (14). In
in heart rate, force of contraction and increased diabetic patients, gluconeogenesis is induced by stress
peripheral vascular resistance. In addition, SNS hormones (Adrenaline and Glucagon) contributes to
stimulates the release of renin which in turn increases hyperglycemia. Hyperglycemia leads to changes in
Angiotensin II and Aldosterone secretion causing osmolarity of body fluids, intracellular acidosis and
sodium and water retention. The overall effect on increased production of free radicals (ROS) (8, 9, 10).
cardiovascular system (CVS) contributes to the
increased blood pressure (11).
RBCs are highly susceptible to free radical damage due
Low blood glucose level due to fasting is the normal to high concentration of oxygen and haemoglobin.
stimulus for Glucagon. During periods of stress, trauma Normal mature RBC lacks mitochondria therefore it is
or severe exercise, the increased release of Adrenaline, completely dependent on glycolysis for production of
stimulates the secretion of Glucagon even in euglycemic ATP which is required to meet the metabolic needs of
state, in anticipation of increased glucose use (11). RBCs. The circulating RBCs have effective antioxidant
Adrenaline and Glucagon stimulate gluconeogenesis systems like reduced glutathione pool to protect the cell
form glycogen store in liver and adipose tissue. form oxidative damage. Glutathione also helps to
Adrenaline supresses the release of insulin, while maintain reduced state of sulphydryl groups in protein
glucagon antagonizes the effect of insulin, resulting in and haemoglobin in RBCs. In case of oxidative stress
severe hyperglycemia. Glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis conditions like diabetes, the glutathione pool gets
and decreases utilization of glucose in muscle and depleted exposing the RBCs to oxidative stress.
adipose tissue causes Insulin Resistance (13). There is Pyruvate kinase converts phospho enol pyruvate to
increased release of other anti - insulin hormones like pyruvate. This is third irreversible reaction of glycolysis
corticosteroids, growth hormone which causes producing ATP ( adenosine tri phosphate). RBCs are
neoglucogenesis, decrease peripheral utilization of completely dependent on this reaction for the production
of ATP due to lack of
Indian J Physiol Pharmacol 2018; 62(1) Yoga on RBC Morphology for Diabetics and Hypertensive Patients 57
mitochondria. Decreased ATP Production causes production of reactive oxygen species and the synthesis
alteration in RBC cell membrane leading to changes in of inflammatory mediators. Therefore, yoga therapy
the shape and flexibility of RBC’s (crenated edges). decreases insulin resistance, control hyperglycemia and
correction of haemolytic anaemia.
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Indian JJ PhysiolPharmacol2018; 62 (1) 62 (1): 51 – o
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58 Yoga pada Morfologi RBC untuk Penderita Diabetes dan
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Pasien Hipertensi 51
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Artikel asli a
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Efek Yoga pada Diabetes Mellitus Tipe 2
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Perubahan dalam Morfologi RBC i
sebagai Penanda untuk Stres Oksidatif c
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a ke sistem biologis dan memerangi oksidatif stres yang
l bertanggung jawab untuk banyak penyakit gaya hidup
yang meliputi diabetes tipe 2 dan hipertensi. Oleh
karena itu, penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengevaluasi
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efek yoga dalam memodifikasi dan meningkatkan
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kualitas hidup di diabetes tipe II dengan pasien
, hipertensi.
TABEL I: Kuesioner untuk menilai peningkatan komplikasi Indian J Physiol Pharmacol 2018; 62 (1)
diabetes.
1 Kekurangan energi
Diskusi
2 Frekuensi kemih Sebagai akibat dari stres kronis, aktivasi sistem saraf
simpatik (SNS) menyebabkan pelepasan
3 Meningkatkan Intensitas di Betis
4 Mulut kering
5 Frekuensi pertama
ME II: peruba dalam parameter sebelum dan
JA Mewakili han sesudah 45 hari terapi yoga.
6 Adanya iritabilitas sebelum makan
S
7 Merasa mati rasa di Palm dan kaki e
t
e
8 Frekuensi palpitasi S. Se l Nil
N Paramete bel a ai
9 Rasa Kelelahan o. r um h P
47,
25
64,95 ±
Malondialdehid ± 18, <0,0
Para pasien dinilai menurut abjad sesuai tingkat keparahan 1 (µM / L) 14,97 50 1
gejala. 137
.26
200,9 ±
Gula 6± 53. <0,0
2 darah Level (mg / dl) 78,01 15 5
4 13
54 Gowtham, Vasanthi, Jayshree, Ambika, dan Jacob ± 5,
1 66
0, ±
Berarti ± SD usia 53 ± 9 tahun. Morfologi RBC Sistol dara tekan 141 0 9, <0,0
ditingkatkan karena kerusakan yang disebabkan oleh 3 ik h an (mmHg) . 4 14 1
8
radikal bebas menurun secara signifikan setelah terapi ± 89
yoga dikonfirmasi melalui pola penilaian (Gambar 1 & 2). 1 ,3
2. ±
Diast dar tekan 2 7, 0,21
Penurunan yang signifikan dalam tingkat
4 olik ah an (mmHg) 93. 5 90 17
malondialdehyde (<0,01), glukosa darah puasa (<0,05), 5 Indeks Massa 23,2 22 <0,0
tekanan darah sistolik (<0,01) dan indeks massa tubuh Tubuh (BMI) 4± ,8 01
(<0,001) diamati setelah terapi yoga seperti yang 2,68 5
ditunjukkan pada Tabel II. ±
2,
66
Nilai dinyatakan dalam Mean ± SD. Nilai P menunjukkan Ara. 1: Merupakan perubahan dalam peringkat keparahan dari
signifikan untuk tingkat malondialdehyde (0,01), kadar glukosa Morfologi RBC sebelum dan sesudah 45 hari terapi Yoga.
darah (0,05), tekanan darah sistolik (0,01) dan indeks massa
tubuh (0,001).
berdas ker (
Persentas Distribu juml arkan pa asn %
S. Gejala e si dari ah pasien da ya )
Ti
da S
k. kuesioner E
B
U
A
H B C D E
Set Se Set Seb Se Seb Se Seb Set
Sebel ela bel ela elu tel elu tel elu ela
um h um h m ah m ah m h
1 Kekurangan energi 0 29 4 58 17 13 54 0 25 0
K
e
m
2 ih frekuensi 0 29 8 50 25 21 63 0 4 0
S
a
ki
3 t Intensitas di betis 16 17 21 33 50 17 29 0 16 0
Intensitas mulut
4 kering 27 54 15 38 27 8 31 0 0 0
5 Frekuensi pertama 8 29 12 46 29 25 38 0 13 0
Adanya Iritabilitas
6 sebelum makan 79 87 0 13 0 0 17 0 4 0
Perasaan mati rasa
atau Kehilangan
7 sensasi di kaki 29 42 12 29 25 21 17 8 17 0
8 Frekuensi palpitasi 46 71 0 27 29 4 17 0 8 0
1
9 Rasa Kelelahan 50 54 17 29 21 17 0 2 0 0
(Sebuah) (b)
Terapi yoga yang menginduksi asanas dan prayanama 7 Toshikazu Yoshikawa, Yuji Naito. Apa itu Stres Oksidatif? Jepang
mengurangi tekanan mental, meningkatkan aliran darah Med Assoc J 2002; 45 (7): 271 –276.
dan oksigenasi ke semua jaringan. Ini mengurangi
simpati atas aktivitas, pelepasan hormon stres, 8. Halliwell B, Chirico S. Lipid peroxidation: mekanisme, ukuran,
dan signifikansinya. Am J Clin Nutr Mei 1993; 57 (5): 715S –724S.
Kesimpulan