©AIRBUS INDUSTRIE

PROCESS AND MATERIAL SPECIFICATION

PROCESS SPECIFICATION

01-01-13

SHOT-PEENING

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PROCESS AND MATERIAL SPECIFICATION

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PROCESS AND MATERIAL SPECIFICATION

LIST OF EFFECTIVE PAGES

SUBJECT PAGE DATE

RECORD OF REVISION 1 Aug 01/93

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TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 Aug 01/93

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PROCESS AND MATERIAL SPECIFICATION

TABLE OF CONTENTS

SUBJECT PAGE

1. GENERAL 1

1 .1 Scope 1
1 .2 Limitations 1
1 .3 Definitions 2

2. EQUIPMENT, MATERIALS, PERSONNEL 3

2 .1 Equipment 3
2 .2 Materials 3
2 .3 Personnel 3

3. PROCESS 4

3 .1 Shot Peening Process Parameters 4

3 .2 Process Flow Chart 5

4. QUALITY REQUIREMENTS 8

4 .1 Shot Peening Intensity 8

4 .2 Maintenance of Shot Size and Uniformity when in use 9
4 .3 Inspection of Peened Parts 9

5. REFERENCED DOCUMENTS 10

Appendix 1 11

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1 . GENERAL

This Document shall not be used as a basis for manufacture and supply of
original and replacement parts to AIRBUS INDUSTRIE unless specifically
required in a contract or purchase agreement .

1 .1 Scope

This document outlines the requirements and defines the necessary

operations for shot peening metallic parts, all details of the process
shall be recorded on a "component specific instruction" which contains
the requirements of the Design Authority . The "component specific
instruction" shall be approved by the design Authority before this
process is used .

Shot peening is used to induce, through cold working, a surface Layer

that is residually stressed in compression thereby enhancing :

Fatigue performance .
Resistance to stress corrosion cracking .
Fretting .

1 .2 Limitations

a) This process shall only be performed on components when this type of

process is specified on the drawing .

b) When non-destructive testing is required e .g . checking for damage

caused by machining as detailed in PMS 01-03-06, the components
shall be subjected to the non-destructive testing before shot
peening .

c) On all areas to be shot peened, indentations such as hardness

measurements shall be forbidden .

d) The shot peening process shall not cause any distortion and any
instances shall be referred to the Design Authority .

e) Unless permitted by the Design Authority, components shall be free

from externally applied Loads or forces during shot peening .

f) The nozzles used for shot peening shall be positioned in such a

manner that the angle between the shot blast and the surface to be
shot peened is between 45°C and 90° . This angle shall not fall below
450 .

g) Shot peening of clad aluminum alloy parts is not permitted .

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PROCESS AND MATERIAL SPECIFICATION

1 .3 Definitions

a) Almen Test Strips

Thesse are standardised flat steel strips used for measuring

intensity of shot peening, they are of increasing thickness from 'N'
to 'A' to 'C' . Almen test strip dimensions and material shall be as
follows :

Length of all Almen Test Strips : 3" t 0 .015"

Width of all Almen Test Strips
Thickness of Almen Test Strips
Flatness of all Almen Test Strips
Material for all Almen Test Strips
(76 .2 mm f 0 .38 mm)
: 0 .745" - 0 .750"
(18 .92 mm - 19 .05 mm)
'N' : 0 .031" t 0 .001"
(0 .79 mm t 0 .025 mm)
'A' : 0 .051" t 0 .001"
0 .29 mm t 0 .025 mm)
'C' : 0 .0938" t 0 .001"
(2 .38 mm f 0 .025 mm)
: t 0 .0015" (t 0 .038 mm)
: SAE 1070

The holding fixture and test gauges shall conform to the

requirements of MIL-S-13165 .

b) Almen Arc Height

Almen Arc Height is a measure of physical deflection from flatness

caused by the peening action on one side of an Almen test strip .

c) Complete Coverage

This is defined as the uniform and complete dimpling or obliterating

(e .g . 100%) of the original surface of the areas requiring shot
peening on the component determined by using a 00 magnifying glass .
When viewed using a x30 magnifying glass, at least 98% of the
surface should be dimpled or obliterated .

d) Intensity

This is defined as the Almen Arc Height when a standard Almen test
strip is shot peened to its saturation point, see Appendix 1,
Figure 1 .

In general an Almen 'A' test strip will be used with the following
exceptions :

The Almen 'C' test strip shall be used if the Almen 'A' Arc Height
exceeds 0 .024" A (0 .6 mm A)

and

The Almen 'N' test strip shall be used if the Almen 'A' Arc Height
i s less than 0 .004" A (0 .1 mm A) .

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PROCESS AND MATERIAL SPECIFICATION

e) Saturation Time

This is defined as the point when doubling of the peening time

causes a rise in the ALmen Arc Height values of not more than 10 %
on the ALmen test strip see Appendix 1, Figure 1 . A minimum of four
points other than zero shall be used to define the curve; one of the
four points used to indicate saturation shall be at least double the
time of the saturation point .

2. EQUIPMENT,. MATERIALS , PERSONNEL

2 .1 Equipment

a) The shot peening equipment shall be capable of reproducing the

required parameters to obtain the coverage and intensity specified on
the drawing or agreed with the Design Authority .

b) The shot peening equipment shall include separation facilities for

continuous removal of defective shot during the shot peening process .

2 .2 Materials

a) Steel Shot

The steel shot shall conform to MIL-S-851 Type 1 except that, the
hardness of the shot shall be Rc 45 to 55, unless the material to be
peened is harder than Rc 50 in which case the hardness of the shot
shall be Rc 55 to 65 .

The steel shot shall be spherical to elliptical in shape .

The maximum number of deformed steel shot on purchase shall be to

the requirements detailed in MIL-S-13165 .

b) Glass Beads

The glass beads shall conform to MIL-G-9954 for shot peening

processes .

c) Purchase screening tolerances for steel shot and glass beads shall
be as specified in MIL-S-13165 .

2 .3 Personnel

Personnel who perform this type of process shall be trained, they shall
also be approved by the Quality Assurance Authority .

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PROCESS AND MATERIAL SPECIFICATION

3. PROCESS

3 .1 Shot Peening Process Parameters

The following parameters shall be defined before performing the shot

peening process :

a) Intensity
b) Shot Size
c) Saturation Time
d) Degree of Coverage
e) Machine Settings/Details of Manual Peening Operations .

The above parameters will differ for any individual component and in
this respect all "component specific" information shall be recorded in a
"component specific instruction" which shall be approved by the Design
Authority .

a) Intensity

The intensity value used on the component may be as specified in

Appendix 1, Table 1 unless otherwise specified on the Drawing or
agreed with the Design Authority and given the "component specific
instruction" .

b) Shot Size

Should a shot size be specified on the Drawing, that shot size

shall be used .

Should a shot size range be specified on the Drawing, a single

size within that range shall be selected .

Should a shot size/shot size range not be specified on the

Drawing, the shot size shall be selected and recorded on the
"component specific instruction" .

In selecting the nominal shot size consideration shall be given to

the following :

The type of short peening operation .

The shot size seleted shall not be larger than half the smallest
fillet radius within the area to be shot peened .

The shot size selected shall not be larger than quarter the
diameter or width of any opening through which the shot must pass
to peen shielded critical areas .

c) Saturation Time

As defined in paragraph 3 . (e) .

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d) Degree of Coverage

Areas of components that require shot peening as specified on the

Drawing shall be peened to complete coverage . When a surface on
which shot peening is required is obstructed and it is impossible to
obtain complete coverage by direct impact, coverage by reflected shot
may be allowed in some cases when permitted by the Design Authority .
Coverage by reflected shot shall be detailed in the "component
specific instruction" which shall be approved by the Design Authority
before this process is used .

e) Machine Settings/Details of Manual Peening Operations

Rotational or transitional speed of component /nozzLe(s) and direction

including number of reciprocal passes (where applicable) .

Nozzle or centrifugal wheel distance .

Number and angle of nozzles or wheels .

All manual peening operations shall be detailed .

Air Pressures .

3 .2 Process Flow Chart

Step 1 .1 CONDITIONING OF COMPONENTS

Step 1 .2 DEGREASING

Step 1 .3 MASKING

Step 1 .4 SHOT PEENING

Step 1 .5 DECONTAMINATION

Step 1 .6 SURFACE PROTECTION

Step 1 .7 POST PEENING TREATMENT

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a) Step 1 .1 - Conditioning of Components

All heat treatment to meet the requirements of mechanical properties

of the material specification shall be completed before shot peening .

Areas of components to be peened shall be free from any surface

coatings such as paint, oil or grease, plating corrosion etc .
Procedures for stripping coatings shall be as detailed in the
"component specific instruction" .

Where no surface finish is specified on the Drawing the surface

roughness of the component prior to shot peening shall be no greater
than 125 iu in . (3 .2 ,u m) .

Unless otherwise specified on the Drawing, all internal and external

edges shall be radiused or chamfered as follows :

* Radius : 0 .02" - 0 .03" (0 .50 mm - 0 .75 mm)

* Chamfer : 0 .02" - 0 .03" (0 .50 mm - 0 .75 mm) x 450

b) Step 1 .2 - Degreasing

All areas to be peened shall be degreased in accordance with

PMS 01-01-01, PMS 01-01-03 or PMS 01-01-16 .

c) Step 1 .3 - Masking

Areas of the component which are designated on the applicable

Drawing to be free from any shot peening shall be clearly shown in
the "component specific instruction" .

Areas which are not to be shot peened shall be masked against shot
impingement using elastic devices or baffles made from suitable
materials . The tolerance of a masked area shall be - 0" to + 0 .125"
(- 0 mm to + 3 mm) except where stated otherwise e .g . the specified
area that requires shot peening shall not be reduced .

d) Step 1 .4 - Shot Peening

As detailed in the "component specific instruction" (see

paragraph 5 .1) .

e) Step 1 .5 - Decontamination after Steel Shot Peening

After steel shot peening and before decontamination any maskant used
for areas not required to be shot peened shall be removed from the
surfaces of the part, only methods which shall not corrode or
scratch surfaces are pemitted .

Aluminum and Titanium :

Aluminum and Titanium parts shall be decontaminated using one of the

following :

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Chemical Cleaning using a solution based on nitric acid which shall

be to the requirements of the relevant Design Authority . The exact
composition of the solution shall be detailed in the "component
specific instruction" which shall be approved by the Design Authority
before the process is used .

or

Dry Blasting in accordance with PMS 01-01-14-1 .

or

wet Blasting in accordance with PMS 01-01-14-2 .

If Dry/Wet Blasting is used for decontamination, the amount of

material to be removed shall be included in the "component specific
instruction" (see paragraph 5 .2 g)) .

Steel :

Proceed as detailed in the applicable part of step 1 .6 - Surface

Protection, (paragraph 5 .2 f)) .

Step 1 .5 - Decontamination after Glass Bead Peening

After glass bead peening decontamination is not required and the

procedure is as follows

Any maskant used for areas not required to be shot peened shall be
removed from the surfaces of the part, only methods which shall not
corrode or scratch surfaces are permitted .

Degrease parts in accordance with PMS 01-01-01, PMS 01-01-03 or

PMS 01-01-16 .

Proceed as detailed in the applicable part of step 1 .6 - Surface

Protection, (paragraph 5 .2 f)) .

f) Step 1 .6 - Surface Protection

Aluminum :

Aluminum parts shall be temporarily protected from corrosion using a

water displacing corrosion preventive compound comlying with MIL-C-
16173 (Grade 3) within two hours of the shot peening process .

Titanium :

Titanium parts do not require temporary protection against corrosion .

Steel :

Steel parts shall be passivated to the requirements of the relevant

Design Authority .

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PROCESS AND MATERIAL SPECIFICATION

g) Step 1 .7 - Post Peening Treatment

No manufacturing operations which relieve stresses developed by

peening or which develop detrimental residual stresses shall be
permitted after shot peening . When shot peened parts are heated
after shot peening such as for baking of paint or protective
coatings, embrittLement relief after electroplating or other thermal
treatment, the temperature employed shall not exceed the following :

MATERIAL TEMPERATURE

STEEL PARTS 230° C

ALUMINUM ALLOY PARTS 100 ° C

TITANIUM ALLOY PARTS 315 ° C

It is permissible to improve the surface finish after shot peening

by polishing, Lapping, honing or blasting providing the applicable
temperature Limitations are not exceeded and material removal is Less
than 10% of the ALmen 'A' intensity arc height or 3% of the ALmen
'N' intensity arc height . If however the ALmen test strip is not as
hard as the peened part the amount of material allowed to be removed
shall be Less than 10% .

4. QUALITY REQUIREMENTS

4 .1 Shot Peening Intensity

a) ALmen Testing

At Least one ALmen intensity determination as defined in paragraph

6 .1 c) shall be made to respresent each machine for each eight hours
of continuous operation . At Least one determination shall be made at
the beginning and one at the end of each period of operation or each
batch of components if Less than eight hours continuous operation .
Some components shall require a specific ALmen intensity
determination and when this is a requirement all details shall be
required in the "component specific instruction" .

b) ALmen Test Strips

Two test strips conforming to the requirements detailed in paragraph

3 . a) shall be used for each intensity determination to ensure
saturation is achieved (see paragraph 3 . e)) .

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PROCESS AND MATERIAL SPECIFICATION

c) Almen Test Procedure

The Almen test specimens selected in accordance with paragraph 6 .1

a) shall be mounted in the holding fixture to the requirements of
MIL-S-13165 (see paragraph 3 . a)) and mounted on a support or the
component and exposed to the shot stream in a manner and for a time
which simulates conditions used for parts/ components . After exposure
the test strips shall be removed from the holding fixture and the
amount of deflection measured using an Almen test gauge which shall
conform to the requirements of MIL-S-13165 (see paragraph 3 . a)) .
The measurement shall consist of using the central portion of the
unpeened side of the Almen test strip and placing it against the
indicator stem of the Almen test gauge . The values obtained shall be
compared to the requirements of paragraph 5 .1 a) or the "component
specific instruction" (as applicable) .

NOTE : Peened Almen test strips shall not be re-peened after being
removed from the test strip holder .

4 .2 Maintenance of Shot Size and Uniformity when in use

a) Sampling

Steel Shot

At least one determination for size and uniformity shall be made in

accordance with paragraph 6 .2 b) and 6 .2 c) respectively for each
eight hours of continuous operation or if less once at the beginning
and end of each period of operation or each batch .

Glass Beads

At least one determination for size and uniformity shall be made in

accordance with paragraph 6 .2 b) and 6 .2 c) respectively for each
two hours of continuous operation or if less once at the beginning
and end of each period of operation or each batch .

b) Shot Size Maintenance

Not more than 15% by weight shall pass through the screens specified
in Appendix 1, Table 2 .

c) Shot Uniformity

Steel shot and glass beads shall be clean and free of dirt, grit,
oil, grease or other contaminants .

Steel Shot

The maximum number of deformed steel shot in use shall be to the

requirements detailed in MIL-S-13165 .

4 .3 Inspection of Peened Parts

Visual examination at 00 magnification shall show complete visual

coverage of the required peened surfacce areas .
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5. REFERENCED DOCUMENTS

01-01-01 Degreasing using chlorinated solvent in vapour phase

01-01-03 Alkaline degreasing

01-01-14-1 Dry blasting

01-01-14-2 Vapour blasting

01-01-16 Cold agent cleaning (solvents)

01-03-06 Detection of defects caused during machining/grinding

of metallic components

MIL-C-16173 Corrosion preventive compound

MIL-G-9954 Glass beads for cleaning and peening

MIL-S-851 Stee grit, shot, cut wire, iron grit, shot-blast

clening and peening

MIL-S-13165 Shot peening of metal parts

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T1 T2 EXPOSURE TIME

T1 IS THE SATURATION TIME

Intensity Determination Curve

Appendix 1 01-01-13
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MATERIAL SECTION RECOMMENDED ALMEN

THICKNESS INTENSITY
Steel Rm >_ 1500 MPa + Carburised > 6 mm ( .250") 0.40- 0 .50 mm A
(0 .16 - .020" A)

Steel Rm ? 1500 MPa + Carburised < 6 mm ( .250") 0 .30 - 0 .40 mm A

( .012 - .016" A)*

Steel Rm ? 1080 - 1500 MPa > 6 mm ( .250") 0 .40 - 0 .50 mm A

( .016 - .020" A)
Steel Rm >_ 1080 - 1500 MPa 3 - 6 mm 0 .30 - 0 .40 mm A
( .125 - .250") ( .012 - .016" A)
Steel Rm >_ 1080 - 1500 MPa < 3 mm ( .125") 0 .20 - 0 .30 mm A
( .008 - .012" A) *
Steel Rm < 1080 MPa > 6 mm ( .250") 0 .30 - 0 .40 mm A
( .012 - .016" A)
Steel Rm < 1080 MPa < 6 mm ( .250") 0 .20 - 0 .30 mm A
( .008 - .012"A)
Titanium Alloys > 3 mm ( .125") 0 .20 - 0 .30 mm A
( .008 - .012"A)
Titanium Alloys 1 .5 - 3 mm 0 .15 - 0 .20 mm A
( .060 - .125") ( .006 - .008" A)
Titanium Alloys < 1 .5 mm 0 .10 - 0 .15 mm A
( .060") ( .004 - .006" A) *
Titanium Alloys Splines 0 .25 - 0 .35 mm A
( .010 - .014" A)
Aluminum Alloys < 2 .3 mm 0 .1 - 0 .15 mm A
( .090") ( .004 - .006" A)*
Aluminum Alloys 2 .3 - 9 .5 mm 0 .15 - 0 .25 mm A
( .090 - .4") ( .006 - .010" A) *
Aluminum Alloys > 9 .5 mm ( .4") 0 .25 - 0 .35 mm A
( .010 - .014" A) *

* Reference Only
Peening Intensities
Table 1

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STEEL SHOT US SCREEN SIZE CLASS BEAD US SCREEN SIZE

SIZE (FED . SPEC . RR-S-366) SIZE FED . SPEC . RR-S-366)

930 16 331 35
780 18 280 40

660 20 232 45
550 25 197 50
460 30 165 60
390 35 138 70
330 40 117 80
280 45 98 100

230 50 83 120
190 60 70 140
170 70 59 170
130 80 49 200
110 120 41 230
70 170 35 270

29 325
24 400

Shot Size Maintenance

Table 2

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