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1. Fig. 13.1 shows the single line diagram of a 13.8kV system connected to a 480V
bus through a 13.8k/480V transformer. Two motor loads of 400hp and 600hp are
connected to the bus through three parallel conductor copper cables. If a 3 phase
bolted fault occurs at F1 and F2 , compute the fault currents.
Ans: Let us take base power as 1000kVA and base voltage as 480V.
kVA 1000
Then base current
3 base voltage
1000 1000
1202.8 A
3 480
Base voltage ( per phase) 480 3
Base impedance
Base current 1202.8
0.2304
Now, we have to convert all important element into per unit values on a
common base. Here the important base is short circuit contribution from 13.8kV
source = 600MVA
600 10 6
Short circuit current 25102 A
3 13.8 10 3
X ratio = 15
R
base kVA 1000
Zs 0.00166 pu
short circuit kVA 600 10 3
Xs
15 Z s Rs2 X s2 Z s2 Rs2 X s2
Rs
i.e. (0.00166) Rs (15 Rs )
2 2 2
Rs 0.00011 pu X s 0.00165 pu
i.e. Z s in pu = 0.00011 + j0.00165
1000kVA Transformer.
Z T = 5.75% RT = 1.21%
base kVA % RT
The per unit value of RT
Transformer kVA 100
1000 1.21
0.0121 pu
1000 100
1000 5.75
Per unit value of ZT � 0.0575 pu
1000 100
XT Z T2 RT2 0.0562 pu
i.e. Z T in pu = 0.0121 + j0.0562
Cable C1
Length of cable C1 500m ,
Resistance of one conductor per km = 0.178
Reactance of one conductor per km = 0.108
Since, three conductors are in parallel, equivalent resistance and reactance for
500m length is given by,
0.178 500
Rc1 0.0297
3 1000
0.108 500
X c1 0.018
3 1000
Converting Rc1 and X c1 , into per unit,
Actual value 0.0297
Rc1 in pu
base value 0.2304
0.129
0.018
X c1 in pu 0.078
0.2304
i.e. Z c1 in pu = 0.129 + j0.078
Cable C 2
Length of cable C 2 300m
Resistance of one conductor per km is given as 0.181 and reactance / km is
given as 0.124 . Since, three conductors are in parallel, equivalent resistance
and reactance for 300m cable is given by,
0.181 300
Rc 2 0.0181
3 1000
0.124 300
X c2 0.0124
3 1000
Converting into pu
0.0181
Rc 2 in pu 0.0786 pu
0.2304
0.0124
X c 2 in pu 0.0538 pu
0.2304
i.e. Z c 2 in pu = 0.0786 + j0.0538
Motors
Assume that 1hp is equivalent to 1kVA
Subtranscient reactance = 25% X R Ratio = 6
base kVA % X m1
Per unit reactance of motor 1 X m1
motor kVA 100
1000 25
0.625 pu
400 100
0.625
Rm1 0.1042 pu
6
For motor 2
1000 25 0.416
X m2 0.416 pu Rm 2 0.069 pu
600 100 6
Z m 2 in pu = 0.069 + j0.416
Note that 1hp = 746w, if we assume a motor power factor of 0.746, then
equivalent motor MVA because 1kVA. Hence, the equivalent circuit of the
system is shown in Fig 13.2. The dotted lines indicate the ground potential.
Fault at F1 :
We now desire to compute Thevenin’s impedance at node A. For fault at F1 the
network as shown in fig 13.2 can be reduced to network as shown in fig 13.3.
Hence, total impedance, Z th is given by,
1 1 1 1
Z th Z s ZT Z c1 Z m1 Z c 2 Z m 2
1 1 1
0.01221 j 0.05785 0.233 j 0.703 0.1476 j 0.4698
1 1 1
0.059 78.1� 0.74 71.6� 0.49 72.6�
16.95 78.1 1.35 71.6� 2.04 72.6�
3.5 j16.6 0.426 j1.28 0.61 j1.9
4.536 j19.78 20.3 77.1�
1
Z th 0.049 77.1� pu
20.3 77.1�
ba se current
Therefore, three phase fault current at fault F1
Z th
1202.8
0.049
24547 A
Fault at F2
For fault at F2, the network shown in fig 2. can be reduced as shown in fig 4.
Calculation of Z
1
Z Z c1
1 1
Z s ZT Z c 2 Z m 2
1
0.129 j 0.078
1 1
0.01221 j 0.05785 0.1476 j 0.4698
1
0.129 j 0.078
3.5 j16.6 0.61 j1.9
1
0.129 j 0.078 0.129 j 0.078 0.054 77.5
4.11 j18.5
0.129 j 0.078 0.012 j 0.053 0.141 j 0.131 pu
1 1 1 1 1
Z th Z Z m1 0.141 j 0.131 0.104 j 0.625
1 1
3.83 j 3.53 0.26 j1.56
0.192 42.7� 0.633 80.5
4.09 j 5.09 6.53 51.2�
1
i.e., Z th 0.153 51.2�
6.53 51.2�
ba se ampere
Therefore, the total three phase fault current at F2
per unit Z th
1202.8
7861.44 A
0.126
Fig 13.5 shows the single line diagram of a 3 bus system. The sequence data for
transmission lines and generators are given in table 1. If a bolted single line to
ground fault occurs at F1, calculate the fault current. If the fault impedance is
j0.1pu; what will be the fault current?