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COLLECTION OF FINAL QUESTIONS 104
LABORATORY MANUAL 122
ASSESSMENT 139
2
1.0 PHYSICAL QUANTITIES AND MEASUREMENTS
1.1 Base quantities and units.
Physical quantity that can not be derived from other physical
quantities. Base quantities are shown in table below:
Relationship Relationship
Derived Derived
Symbol with base with base
quantity unit
quantities units
Area A Length x width mxm m2
Length x width x
Volume V mxmxm m3
height
Mass kg
Density ρ kgm-3
Volume m3
displacement m
Velocity v ms-1
Time taken s
Velocity change ms-1
Acceleration a ms-2
Time s
Mass x Kgms-2 @
Force F kg x ms-2
Acceleration N
Force N
Pressure P Nm-2
Area m2
Force x
Work W kg.m.s-2 x m Nm @ J
displacement
Work kg.m.s-2 Js-1 @ Watt
Power P
Time s (W)
3
1.3 Scalar quantities and vector quantities
Scalar quantities are physical quantities with magnitude only.
Vector quantities are physical quantities with direction and magnitude.
Example 1.1:
Express the following derived quantities and their units in terms of base
quantities and base units.
1.5 Prefixes
Used to denote the multiple of a unit
Each prefix has its own abbreviation and value
4
Tera- T 1 000 000 000 000 1012
Giga- G 1 000 000 000 109 Large
magnitude
Mega- M 1 000 000 106
prefix
Kilo- k 1 000 103
Hecto- h 100 102
Deca- da 10 101
Deci- d 0.1 10-1
Centi- c 0.01 10-2
Milli- m 0.001 10-3 Small
magnitude
Micro- μ 0.000 001 10-6 prefix
Nano- n 0.000 000 001 10-9
Pico- p 0.000 000 000 001 10-12
Example 1.2:
Change the following quantities to the units shown.
a) 10 km = _______ m
b) 20 kg = _______ g
c) 30 cm2 = _______ m2
d) 1.2 hours = _______ seconds
Solution:
a) 10 km = ________ m
so,
10 km x . m .
km
= 10 km x 1000m
1 km
= 10 x 1000m
1
= 10000m
5
b) 20 kg = _________ g
so,
20 kg x . g .
kg
= 20 kg x 1000 g
1 kg
= 20 x 1000 g
= 20000 g
c) 30 cm = ________ m
so,
30 cm2 x m
cm
= (30 cm x cm) x 1m x 1m
100 cm 100 cm
= 30 x 1m x 1m
100 100
= 30 x 1m x 1m
100 x 100
= 30 m2
10000
= 0.003 m2
so,
1.2 hour x minutes x seconds
hour minute
= 1.2 hour x 60 minutes x 60 seconds
1 hour 1 minute
= 1.2 x 60 x 60 seconds
1x1
= 4320 seconds
6
1.7.1 Meter ruler
Used in measuring length
Smallest division is 0.1 cm (1 mm)
Can measure length accurately up to 0.1 cm
Measurement have to be recorded accurately to 0.1 cm
Meter ruler
1 2 3 4 5 cm
Vernier
scale
Main scale
0 1 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
cm
5
3 4
0 5 10 3.07cm
thimble
anvil spindle sleeve ratchet
30
25
20
15
7
45
40
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
35
30
Reading:
Main scale : 6.5 mm
Vernier scale : 35 x 0.01 mm
= 0.35
so, actual reading is: (6.5 + 0.35)mm
= 6.85 mm
EXERCISE
CHAPTER 1
8
2. Fill the following table with the correct basic quantities, symbols and SI unit.
3. State the definition of derived quantities and give 4 examples of the quantities
and how each of the quantities is derived.
4. Determine these derived quantities using basic quantities needed. State the SI
unit for each quantity given.
a) Velocity, v
b) Pressure, p
c) Work, W
d) Force, F
e) Density, ρ
f) Volume, V
g) Acceleration, a
5. State the differences between scalar quantities and vector quantities. Give
examples for each quantity.
9
d) 0.0000057
a) 10 km = _______ m
b) 20 kg = _______ g
c) 30 cm2 = _______ m2
d) 1.2 hours = _______ seconds
e) 35 km/hr = _______ km/s
f) 0.4 cm/h2 = _______ m/s2
2.0 FORCES
2.1 Define forces
Happen when there is act or pull action applied on object
These acts will cause the object to move
Will create speed on the direction of force
10
Also needed to bring a moving object to stop
Affect of force are shown below
Force
20 N 20 N 30 N
30 N
F1 F1
F1
F1 F1
11
F1
F1 F1
F1
F1
F1 F1
F1
F1 F1
F1
F1 F1
F1
F1
2.3 Sum of forces
Sum of forces can only be calculated when the forces are acting along
one straight line such as on Y-axis or X-axis.
Forces acting to the right an upward are considered as positive and
forces acting downward and to the left are considered negative forces.
12
Situation Sum of forces
F1 F = F1 + F2
F
2
F1 F2
F F = - F1 + F2 + F3
3
F
1 F F = - F1 + F2 - F3
F 2
3
F1 F2
F = F1 + F2 - F3
F3
F = - F1 + F2 - F3
Example 2.1:
Calculate the net force acting on every object given:
a)
F1 = 25 N F2 = 30 N
13
F2
b)
F1 = 35 N F2 = 20 N
F3 = 15 N
c)
F1 = 40 N F2 = 25 N
F3 = 2 N
d)
F1 = 15 N F2 = 35 N
F3 = 25 N
e)
F1 = 40 N F2 = 50 N
Solutions:
F3 = 200 N
a) F = - F1 + F2
= (- 25 + 30) N
= 5 N (Object move to the right)
b) F = - F1 + F2 + F3
= (- 35 + 20 + 15) N
= 0 N ( Object is in rest)
c) F = - F1 + F2 - F3
= (- 40 + 25 – 2) N
= - 37 N ( Object moves to the left)
d) F = F1 + F2 – F3
= (15 + 35 – 25 ) N
= 25 N ( Object moves upward)
e) F = - F1 + F2 – F3
= (- 40 + 50 – 200) N
= -190 N (object moves downward)
2.4 Newton’s 3 law of motion.
2.4.1 1st law - An object at rest continues in its state of rest. If moving it
continues to move with uniform velocity, unless acted by some
external force.
F=0
14
2.4.2 2nd law – The rate of change of a linear momentum of an object is
directly proportional to the resultant force (net external force)
acting on it and is in the direction of the force.
mv−mu v−u
F= t =m
( )
t = ma
F =
2.4.3 3rd law – When two bodies X and Y interact, the force exerted by
X on Y is equal and opposite to the force exerted by Y on X.
FX on Y = FY on X
W =
with:
W = Weight
m = mass (mass of an object is the total quantity
of material contained in the object)
g = gravity (where g is constant at 9.81 ms-2)
Example 2.2:
Diagram below shows a 5kg object resting on a plain surface. The object
is soon lifted from the surface. Calculate the minimum force needed to lift
the object.
15
5 kg
solution:
F = mg
= 5 kg x 9.81 m/s2
= 49.05 N
Example2.3:
solution:
F = mg
= (10 x 3kg) x 9.81
= 294.3 N
Example 2.4:
solution:
F = mg
2050 N = m (9.81)
m = 2050/9.81
= 208.97kg
16
F = mg (sin
with:
F = Force
m = mass
g = gravity
θ = degree of inclination
Example 2.5:
Based on the diagram given, calculate the force needed to pull the object
along the inclined plane.
30o
solution:
F = mg (sin θ)
= (4 kg) (9.81)(sin 30)
= 19.62 N
Example 2.6:
solution:
F = mg (sin θ)
15 N = m (9.81)(sin37)
15 N = m (9.81)(0.6018)
15 N = m (5.9038)
m = 15 / 5.9038
= 2.541 kg
17
Can be defined as the tendency of an object to maintain its state
of rest, or if moving, to continue its motion in a straight line.
F = ma
with:
F = Force
m = mass
a = acceleration
Example 2.7:
An object move from its resting condition till it reached the velocity of 2
m/s in 3 second. Calculate them minimum amount of force needed by the
object to resist the inertia.
5 kg
solution:
acceleration, a = v-u
t
= (2 – 0)m/s
3s
= 0.6667 m/s2
F = ma
= (5kg) (0.6667)
= 3.3333 N
Example 2.8:
18
solution:
F = ma
130 N = (20kg)(a)
a = 130/20
= 6.5 m/s2
Example 2.9:
solution:
F = ma
= (12)(3)
= 36 N
Example 2.10:
4kg
3saat
solution:
F = ma
= (4)(v-u)/t
= (4)(2-0)/3
= (4)(2/3)
= (4)(0.6667)
= 2.68 N
19
The object is in equilibrium if the net force (resultant of all the force)
acting on it is zero, means forces that act on the object are balanced in
all direction.
When an object is in equilibrium, the body is:
(a) Static (stationary) – For an object to be static (not moving), a = 0
Resultant force, F = ma
= m (0)
=0
(b) Moving with uniform velocity – For an object moving with
constant velocity, u = v ;
v−v
Acceleration, a = t =0
Resultant force, F = ma
= m (0)
=0
magnitud A B
Ver
tica
l vector
co
mp
one
nt
Horizontal component
- Can be resolved an resulted using analysis method or graphical
method
20
Vector AB + vector BC = vector AC
AC is a vector resulting from BC and AB
D C
S sin θ
A S kos θ B
FAB = FX = S kos θ
FAB = FY = S sin θ
tan θ = Fy/Fx
21
Example 2.11:
Resolve the force given below using calculation/analysis method.
80N
60o
0o
Solution:
Fx = 80 N (cos 60o)
= 80 N (0.5)
= 40 N
Fy = 80 N (sin 60o)
= 80 N (0.8660)
= 69.28 N
69.28N
40N
Example 2.12:
22
Taking resolved forces from Example 10 combine the forces into one
force. Force should be 80N acting at 60o.
69.28N
40N
Solution:
tan θ = Fy/Fx
tan θ = 69.28 / 40
tan θ = 1.732
θ = tan-1 1.732
= 60o
Example 2.13:
20N 60o
12N 10N
solution:
analysis method:
23
i) label or mark each forces given:
F3=15N
F1=20N 60o
F2=12N F4=10N
ii) resolve each force acting between x-axis and y-axis into each x and y
components.
F3y = F3 sin θ
= 15 sin 60
= 15 (0.8660) F3=15N
= 12.9904 N
60o
F3x = F3 cos θ
= 15 cos 60
= 15 (0.5)
= 7.5 N
F3y = 12.9904 N
F3x = 7.5 N
F1=20N
F2=12N F4=10N
∑ Fx = - F1 - F2 + F3x + F4
= - 20 N -12 N + 7.5 N + 10 N
= - 14.5 N
∑ Fy = F3y
= 12.9904 N
v) draw out the x and y forces. Make sure there is only 1 force for x-
direction and 1 force for y-direction.
Fy = 12.9904 N
24
Fx = -14.5 N
vi) using the analysis formula, calculate the resulting force
S = √ [(FX)2 + (FY)2]
= √ [(-14.5)2+ (12.9904)2]
= √ ( 210.25 + 168.75)
= √ (279)
= 19.468 N
tan θ = Fy/Fx
= 12.9904 N
14.5 N
= 0.89589
θ = tan-1 0.89589
= 41.8568o
Fy = 12.9904 N
S = 19.468 N
41.86o
Fx = -14.5 N
Graph method:
25
i) separate all forces acting on the object and determine the directions
of actions. Use the nearest force to x-axis in fist sector as
reference. Make sure the following forces is in order.
F3=15N
F1=20N 180o F2=12N
180o F4=10N
60o 360o
y: 1 cm : 5N
x: 1 cm : 5N
180o 180o
360o
60o
v) use a ruler and determine the net force according to your scale
vi) use protractor to measure the direction of resulted force.
26
Example 2.14:
15 N
130o
105o 12 N
x
O
6N
solution:
F1=15 N
130o
F2=12 N
105o
O x
F3=6 N
ii) resolve every force acting at point O into each horizontal and vertical
components
27
F1=15 N
50o O
F1y = 11.49 N
F3y = 12.288 N
∑ Fy = F1y - F3y
= 11.49 N – 12.288 N
= - 0.798 N
28
S = √ [(FX)2 + (FY)2]
=√ [(-6.2458)2+ (-0.798)2]
= √ ( 41.705 + 0.6368)
= √ (42.3418)
= 6.5071 N
vii) determine the force direction
tan θ = Fy/Fx
= 0.798 N
6.2458 N
= 0.12357
θ = tan-1 0.12357
= 7.0442o
7.0442o
S = 6.5071N
Example 2.15:
A pack of five Artic wolves are exerting five different forces upon the
carcass of a 500kg dead polar bear. A top view showing the magnitude
and direction of each of the five individual forces is shown in the diagram.
Use a scaled vector diagram to determine the net force acting upon the
polar bear. Then compute the acceleration of the polar bear (both
magnitude and direction).
Solution:
29
The scaled vector diagram for this problem would look like the following:
30
Product of the force and the perpendicular distance of its line of action
from that point.
Unit of moment is Nm
force , F
distance, d
Moment = force x distance
= Fd
F1 F2
A B
d1 d2
RF
Where,
i) ∑M = ∑M
ii) F1 andF2 = RF
∑ Fx = 0 and ∑ Fy = 0
ii) Condition 2:
31
The forces acting on the body could cause it to rotate if these
forces produced a net moment on the body about any point or axis.
Hence, if the body does not rotate the total moment about any
point or axis must be zero. Hence, we have
∑M=0
Example 2.16:
Determine the center of gravity for the system shown below by assuming
the object is in equilibrium.
20N 50N
4m
A B
x
RF
solution:
∑M = ∑M
FA dA = FB dB
20 (x) = 50 (4 – x)
20 x = 200 – 50 x
70 x = 200
x = 200/70
= 2.86 m
Example 2.17:
A B
Rx Ry
5m 2m 1m 6m
solution:
32
assume Rx as reference point
=
Rx + Ry = 10N + 5N + 12N
= 27 N
∑ Mx = 0
∑M = ∑M
Rx + R y = 27 N
Rx + 22.67 N = 27
Rx = 4.33 N
Example 2.18:
30o
M N
4m 2m
x
Solution:
∑M = ∑M
Example 2.19:
33
From the free body diagram of a beam given, calculate the amount of
force needed at support R and the amount of F force if the beam is in
equilibrium.
20N F
R 5N
4m 12m 4m
solution:
assume R point as reference
=
R + 5 N = 20 N + F
R = 15 N + F
∑ Mx = 0
∑M= ∑M
A B
x
Rx
Assume that the center of gravity is at x distance from A
Take moment at A as reference
Use the formula given:
Example 2.20:
34
Determine the center of gravity for the condition given. Assume the object
is in equilibrium.
5N 10N 12N
30o
6m 9m
solution:
EXERCISE
35
CHAPTER 2
3. Determine force needed to pull the object x up the inclined plane as shown in the
figure if:
a) 50 g, 30o e) 0.45 g, 77o
o
b) 400 kg, 45 f) 1500 kg, 43o
o
c) 0.02 kg, 75 e) 18000000 g, 32o
d) 5050 g, 32o g) 0.0075 kg, 21o
x
x Ø
x Ø
5. A train moves from A station to B station everyday. Using all information given, fill
in the blank of the table given. Show your calculation.
36
t
Initial Final
Force(F) Time(t) velocity velocity Acceleration Mass
N s (u) (v) m/s2 kg
m/s m/s
a) 25 45 45 25 25 000
b) 2500 25 0 13
c) 60 2 45 13 000
d) 23500 3 3 13
e) 250300 6 4 74
f) 1200 12 1 11
g) 38 4 24 30 000
h) 2356 12 24 56
i) 350 22 0 17
j) 5 25 20 50 000
6. Calculate the resultant force for theses situation and determine the direction of
movement.
a)
8kN
15kN
3kN 26o
60N 100N
b)
10N 10N
59o 56o
10N 10N
35o 42o
10N
10N
c) 35N 250N
37
65o 64o
0.035kN 36N
84N 0.02kN
o o
57 35
50N
14N
7. Figure below shows forces acting on point. Determine the resultant force caused by
the forces and determine the direction of the resultant force. Compare your answer to
graphical method.
20N 1N 3N
30o
50N 40o 4N
50o
15N
13N
8. Using the principle of moment method, calculate the gravity point of the beam if the
beams shown are in equilibrium.
20o 60o
3m 5m 1m 12m
x Rf x Rf 15m
9. Calculate the center of gravity for the figures given using moment method suitable.
38
a) 30N 15N 0.01kN 14N b) 50N 30N 40N 2N
11m 100m
39
3 LINEAR MOTION
3.1 Analyzing linear motion:
3.1.1 Define distance and displacement.
Distance is also called as length or distance
one-dimensional quantity representing the separation between two
defined points
Symbolized as d or s
The standard unit of displacement in the International System of
Units (SI) is the meter (m).
Distance is usually measured or defined along a straight line
Displacement is sometimes measured or defined along curved
paths
When expressing large or small distances, prefix multipliers are attached to the meter.
The table below shows the most common alternative displacement units and their
relationship to the meter.
Unit To convert to Conversely,
(and symbol) meters, multiply by: multiply by:
kilometer (km) 1000 0.001
centimeter (cm) 0.01 100
millimeter (mm) 0.001 1000
micrometer or
10-6 106
micron (µ)
nanometer (nm) 10-9 109
Angstrom (Ä) 10-10 1010
40
Example 3.1:
A man drives his car along a road with a distance of 80km. Time taken to
travel that far is 1 hour and 20 minutes. Using information given, calculate
the speed of the car.
solution::
velocity, v = distance traveled
traveled time
= . 80km .
(80/60)jam
= 80 km
1.33jam
= 60.15 km/jam
a = acceleration
v = final velocity
u = initial velocity
t = time
Example 3.2:
solution:
41
Time taken = 3 saat
= 60 m/s – 30 m/s
3s
= 30m/s
3
= 10m/s2
3.2 Linear motion in graph
Motion of an object along straight line with acceleration (a), initial
velocity (u), final velocity (v) and time can be shown in a graphical
diagram.
Velocity, v (m/s)
Initial velocity, u
time (s)
0 t
42
v = u + at
with,
v = initial velocity
u = final velocity
t = period of time
s = displacement
a = acceleration
Example 3.3:
solution:
b) v2 = u2 + 2as
2as = v2 - u2
s = v2 - u2
2a
= ( 33.33 )2 - ( 0)2
2 ( 0.01234)
= 1110.89
0.02468
= 45011.75 m
43
Example 3.4:
solution:
s = ut + ½ at2
= (0 m/s)(32.8 s)+ 0.5(3.20 m/s2)(32.8 s)2
= 1720 m
Example 3.5:
A boy rides his bike with a constant velocity of 5 m/s2. His velocity at that
time is 8 m/s. Determine:
solution:
b) v2 = u2 + 2as
( 88 )2 = ( 8 )2 + 2 ( 5 )(s)
7744 = 64 + 10 s
7744 - 64 = 10s
7680 = s
10
s = 768 m
Example 3.6:
44
A vehicle moves with an acceleration of 1.2 m/s 2 . what is the velocity of
the car after 30 second? Also, determine the distance traveled by the car.
Used both graph and equation method.
solution:
find : v and s
a) equation method
v = u + at
= 0 + 1.2(30)
= 36 m/s
s = ut + ½ at2
= (0)(30) + ½ (1.2)(30)2
= 540 m
v(m/s)
v=?
a = 1.2 m/s2
t (s)
t1 = 30 seconds
from graph:
45
= ½ (36 – 0)(30)
= 15 (36)
= 540 m
Example 3.7:
solution:
graph method:
25m/s
2m/s2
-2m/s2
4m/s
0m/s
t1=10.5sec t3=12.5sec
j1=152.25m j3=156.25m
5000m
46
2 m/s2 = (25 – 4)
t
= (21)
2
t = 10.5 seconds
total time = t1 + t2 + t3
= (10.5 + 187.66 + 12.5)sec
= 210.66sseconds
equation method:
given:
a = 2 m/s2
v1 = 25 m/s
47
u1 = 4 m/s
-a = -2m/s2
v2 = 0 m/s
u2 = 25 m/s
s = ut + ½ at2
= (4)(10.5) + ½ (2)(10.5)2
= 42 + 110.25
= 152.25 m
so,
s = ut + ½ at2
= (25)(12.5) + ½ (-2)(12.5)2
= 312.5 + (-156.25)
= 156.25 m
s = ut + ½ at2
4691.5 = 25(t) + ½ (0)(t) 2
= 25t + 0
= 25 t
t = 4691.5/25
48
= 187.66 s
so,
49
changing and positive slope when plotted as a position-time
graph.
50
line when plotted as a velocity-time graph. The slope of this
line is positive, corresponding to the positive acceleration. In
addition, only positive velocity values are plotted,
corresponding to
a motion with
positive
velocity.
EXERCISE
CHAPTER 3
2. A man drives his car to the south a far as x km. Time needed by the man to reach
that distance is y hour while the velocity of his vehicle is z km/hr. according to
information given, solve all the problems below.
3. David drives his car at initial velocity of x m/s. He then accelerate his car with
acceleration of z m/s until he reaches final velocity of y m/s. Fill in the table
below using all information given.
51
4. A car increases its velocity steadily from 72 km/h to 108 km/h in 5 s. what is its
acceleration in m/s2.
5. An object moves from rest with a uniform acceleration of 2 m/s 2. What is the
velocity of the object after 30 s?
7. A driver traveling at a velocity of 108 km/hr notices a cow in the middle of the
road 80m from him. On seeing that, the driver instantly hit the brakes and able to
bring the car to rest after 6 seconds. Calculate:
8. A car starts from rest and accelerates at constant acceleration of 2 m/s2 for 5
seconds. The car then travels at a constant velocity for 9 seconds. The brakes are
applied then and the car stops in 6 seconds.
52
4 WORK, ENERGY, POWER AND EFFICIENCY
4.1 Define work using W = Fd
Work is defined as force acting upon an object to cause a displacement in
the direction of the applied force.
In order for a force to qualify as having done work on an object, there
must be a displacement and the force must cause the displacement.
In our daily lives, work refers to almost any kind of physical or mental
activity.
Work will not happen if force applied not causing displacement such as
pushing a wall as hard as we can.
Work also does not happen if displacement occurred without applying
force such as a waiter carrying a meal to a table.
The SI unit of work is Joule (J).
Example 4.1:
solution:
53
W = 176.58 J
Example 4.2:
A tractor was pulled from point A to point B. The distance between these
2 points is 5 m. Minimum force needed to pull the tractor is 5000N.
Calculate the work done to pull the tractor from point A to point B.
solution:
Example 4.3:
30o
solution:
Force acting on inclined plane:
F = mg sin θ
W = Fd
W = (mg sin θ) d
W = [(50 x 9.81) sin 30o] x 4.5
W = [(490.5) (0.5)] x 4.5
W = 245.25 x 4.5 Using calculator:
W = 1103.625 J sin 30o = 0.5
Example 4.4:
54
bolt to rotate at 45o. Using all the information, calculate the work done to
loosen the bolt.
solution:
τ = force x distance
= 40N x 0.02 m
= 0.8 Nm
W = τ x θrad
45 o = 0.08 Nm x [ 45o x (Л /
180o)]
= 0.628 Nm @ J
Example 4.5:
A plumber did 300J of work to loosen a big pipe. Once loosen, the pipe
rotated at 60o. Calculate force applied by the plumber to loosen the pipe if
the length of the tool used is 0.50m.
solution:
W = τ x θrad
300 = (F x d) x [60o x (π/180)]
= (F x 0.5) x (60o x 0.017456)
= 0.5F x 1.0473
= 0.5237F
300 = F
0.5237
F = 572.847N
55
Kinetic Energy, EK = ½ mass x velocity2
= ½ mv2
i) mass of object
the greater the mass of an object, the greater the kinetic
energy possesses by it
ii) velocity of the object
the faster an object moves, the bigger the kinetic energy
possesses by it
Example 4.6:
A car with a mass of 1200kg moves with velocity of 25 m/s. calculate the
kinetic energy possessed by the car from the movement.
solution:
Example 4.7:
Determine the kinetic energy of a 1000kg roller coaster car that is moving
with a speed of 20.0 m/s.
solution:
Example 4.8:
Missy Diwater, the former platform diver for the Ringling Brother's Circus
had a kinetic energy of 15 000 J just prior to hitting the bucket of water. If
Missy's mass is 50 kg, then what is her speed?
solution:
56
25
24.495 m/s = v
Example 4.9:
A 750kg compact car moving at 100 km/hr has approximately 290 000
Joules of kinetic energy. What is the kinetic energy of the same car if it is
moving at 50 km/hr?
Solution:
100 km x 1 hr x 1 min x 1000m
Kinetic energy, EK = ½ mv2 hr 60 min 60 s 1 km
290 000 = ½ m (27.7778)2 = 27.7778 m/s
751.678kg =m 50 km/hr = 13.8889 m/s
2
EK = ½ mv
= ½ (751.678) (13.8889)2
= 72 499 J
4.3.2 Define gravitational potential energy
Potential energy is the stored energy of position possessed by an
object.
Unit for gravitational energy is Nm @ J
Depends on 2 variable:
i) mass of object
More massive objects have greater gravitational potential
energy.
Based on figures below, object A stored more than object B
because mass of object A is greater than object B.
Object A Object B
100kg 50kg
5m 5m
Example 4.10:
57
A cat is sitting on a tree branch with height of h. Say that the mass of the
cat is 2 kg and the height of the tree branch is 2 m. calculate the
gravitational potential energy possessed by the cat at the moment.
solution:
Gravitational potential energy, EP = mass x gravity x height
= mgh
= (2) (9.81) (2)
= 39.24 J
Example 4.11:
While the cat in the previous example sit on the tree branch, came another
cat with a weight of 5 kg sat right next to it. Now, calculate the
gravitational potential energy possessed by the second cat.
solution:
Gravitational potential energy, EP = mgh
= (4) (9.81) (2)
= 78.48 J
Example 4.12:
Three boxes of a same size are laid on a table as shown in figure below.
The first box labeled as Box A is empty. Box B instead is filled with
shredded paper while Box C is filled with beach sand. Which of these
boxes possesses the most gravitational potential energy and which
possesses the least? Explain your answer.
solution:
58
the higher that an object is elevated, the greater the
gravitational potential energy
based on figures given, object A possesses greater
potential energy compared to object B due to its
difference in height even though both objects have
same mass
50kg
50kg
8m
5m
Example 4.13:
Box B
50kg
Box A
50kg
7m
4m
solution:
Box A, Box B,
EP = mgh EP = mgh
= 50 x 9.81 x 4 = 50 x 9.81 x 7
= 1962 J = 3433.5 J
Example 4.14:
59
Jack Sparrow was in a mission to locate a treasure on an island. He had to
climb a cliff as the treasure was laid on top of it. Now, calculate the
gravitational potential gravity possessed by Jack Sparrow as he reached ¼,
½ and ¾ of the cliff. Also calculate the potential energy when jack reach
the top of the cliff. Jack’s mass is 72 kg and the cliff is 500m high.
solution:
¼ of the cliff,
EP = mgh
= 72 x 9.81 x (¼ x 500)
= 72 x 9.81 x 125
= 88290 J
½ of the cliff,
EP = mgh
= 72 x 9.81 x (½ x 500)
= 72 x 9.81 x 250
= 176580 J
¾ of the cliff,
EP = mgh
= 72 x 9.81 x (¾ x 375)
= 72 x 9.81 x 125
= 264870 J
60
4.5 Energy transfer from potential energy to kinetic energy and the opposite
Object of any mass falling vertically downwards from static , its loss in
potential energy is equal to the amount of kinetic energy gained, assuming
that no energy is lost during the process.
mgh = ½ mv2
If object is rebound to any height after hitting the ground and left it, its
maximum kinetic energy while moving upwards will be equal to its
potential energy at its maximum height.
½ mv2 = mgh
For an object that slides down a friction free slope, its potential energy is
equal to its kinetic energy at the bottom.
mgh = ½ mv2
Example 4.15:
61
A steel ball of a mass 2 kg is released from a height of 8 m from the
ground. On hitting the ground, the ball rebounds to a height of 3.2m.
Assuming there is no other energy leaves or enters the system during the
process, find:
solution:
EK = mgh
= 2 (9.81) (8)
= 156.96 J v2 = u2 + 2as
or, v2 = (0)2 + (2) (9.81) (8)
v2 = 156.96
EK = ½ mv2
= ½ (2) 156.96
= 156.96 J
EK = ½ mv2
156.96J = ½ (2) v2
156.96J = v2
v = 12.2866 m/s
EK = mgh
= 2 (9.81) (3.2)
= 62.784 J
EK = ½ mv2
62
62.784J = ½ (2) v2
62.784J = v2
v = 7.9236 m/s
Example 4.16:
solution:
EP = mgh
= 30 x 9.81 x 3
= 882.9 J
EK = ½ mv2
= ½ (30)(0)
= 0
b) 1 meter under free fall
EP = mgh
= 30 x 9.81 x 2
= 588.6 J
EK = ½ mv2
= ½ (30) (v2)
v2 = u2 + 2as
= 0 + 2 (9.81) (1)
= 19.62 m/s
EK = ½ mv2
= ½ (30) (v2)
= ½ (30) (19.62)
= 294.3 J
63
c) right after its touched the ground
EP = mgh
= 30 (9.81) (0)
= 0
EK = ½ mv2
= ½ (30) (v2)
v2 = u2 + 2as
= 0 + 2 (9.81) (3)
= 58.86 m/s
EK = ½ mv2
= ½ (30) (v2)
= ½ (30) (58.86)
= 882.9 J
Power, P = Work, W
Time, T
Means,
Example 4.17:
64
A tractor was pulled by another tractor as far as 5 m from point A to point
B. amount of force needed to pull the tractor was 5000N. It took 2 minutes
for the tractor to reach point B from point A. calculate the power done.
Solution:
Power, P = Work
time
P = W
t
= 25000 Nm
(2 x 60) s
= 25000 Nm
120s
= 208.33 Nm/s @W
Example 4.18:
solution:
W = (F) (d)
= (m) (g) (h)
= (80 x 9.81) (90m)
= 70632.0 Nm
P = W
t
= 70632 Nm
(3 x 60) s
= 70632 Nm
180s
= 39.238 Nm/s
65
Example 4.19:
Solution:
calculate τ:
τ = Force x displacement
= Fxd
= 40N x 0.02 m
= 0.8 Nm
W = τ x θrad
= 0.08 Nm x Л /4 rad
= 0.628 Nm
P = W
t
= 0.628 Nm
4s
= 0.157 Nm/s @ W
Example 4.20:
Solution:
W = (F) (d)
= (m) (g) (h)
= (40 x 9.81) (0.25m)
= 98.1 Nm
P = W
t
= 98.1 Nm
2s
= 49.05 Nm/s @ W
66
Example 4.21:
P = W
t
Time:
= 58860 Nm 1 minute = 60seconds
60 s
= 981 Nm/s @ W
Example 4.22:
solution:
Power, P = Work, W
Time, t
= Force, F x displacement, d
Time, t
= Force, F x displacement, d
Time, t Unit conversion:
= Force, F x velocity, v = 72km x 1000m x 1 hr x 1 min
= Fxv hr 1km 60min 60s
= 1500 N x 20 m/s = 72 x 1000m x 1 x 1
60 x 60s
= 30 000 W = 20 m/s
67
4.7 Explain efficiency, efficiency = X output x 100%
X input
Efficiency is defined as the ratio of the useful output energy to the total
energy put into the machine.
Example 4.23:
solution:
68
work input
= 5000 N x 100%
7500 N
= 66.7 %
EXERCISE
CHAPTER 4
2. A student lifts a 20 kg bag onto his shoulder through a vertical distance of 1.62m.
What is the work done by the student?
3. A tractor was pulled from point A to point B. The distance between these 2 points
is 10 m. Minimum force needed to pull the tractor is 25 000N. Calculate the work
done to pull the tractor from point A to point B.
30o
69
5. A plumber did 200J of work to loosen a big pipe. Once loosen, the pipe rotated at
40o. Calculate force applied by the plumber to loosen the pipe if the length of the
tool used is 0.20m.
6. Determine the kinetic energy of a 2000kg roller coaster car that is moving with a
speed of 25.0 m/s.
7. A 550kg compact car moving at 110 km/hr has approximately 260 500 Joules of
kinetic energy. What is the kinetic energy of the same car if it is moving at 65
km/hr?
8. A bird is sitting on a tree branch with height of h. Say that the mass of the bird is
0.5 kg and the height of the tree branch is 2 m. Calculate the gravitational
potential energy possessed by the bird at the moment.
11. Approximately 5 minutes is needed to bring 1000kg of raw mineral from through
a mine shaft to the surface. The depth of the mine is 250m. Find the power used
for the process.
12. 50N of force applied on a spanner to loosen a nut. Length of the spanner is 0.04 m
and 45o angle was produced as the loosed. Time for the whole process to take part
was 6 seconds. Calculate power done in the process.
70
5 SOLID AND LIQUID
5.1 State characteristic of solid, liquid and gas
Everything in this world existed in form of solid, liquid or gas.
Gases, liquids and solids are all made up of atoms, molecules, and/or
ions, but the behaviors of these particles differ in the three phases. The
following figure illustrates the microscopic differences.
71
5.2 Determine density of material and relative density/specific gravity
i) Density
Density is a measure of how much mass is contained in a given
unit volume (density = mass/volume).
It is usually expressed in kg/m3.
In other word if mass is a measure of how much ‘stuff’ there is in
an object, density is a measure of how tightly that ‘stuff’ is packed
together.
Before we can calculate density we have to know how to calculate
the volume of substance
Unit of density is kg/m3
Density = mass
Volume
= m/v
substance density
(kg/m3)
Water 1000
Ice 917
Alcohol 790
Oxygen 1.43
Air 1.29
Volume:
Area (A) Shape Volume (V)
h
A=bxl V=bxlxh
l
b
h
A = Л j2 V = Л r2h
D
h
2
A = (1/3) Л j V = 1/3 Л r2h
D
A = 4 Л j2 V = 4/3 Л j3
72
ii) relative density
also known as specific density
Specific gravity is the density of a substance divided by the density
of water.
Since water has a density of 1 gram/cm3, and since all of the units
cancel.
ρ specific = ρ substance
ρ water
Example 5.1:
A big box with has mass of 20N and size of 30cm x 30cm x 30cm. Using
all the information, calculate the density of the box.
solution:
given,
W = 20N
size = 30cm x 30cm x 30cm
= 0.3m x 0.3m x 0.3m
so,
W = mg
30N = m (9.81)
mass ,m = 30/(9.81)
= 2.04kg
density, ρ = m/v
= 2.04kg/0.027m3
= 75.57 kgm-3
Example 5.2:
solution:
W = mg
= 285 N
= 285 kgms-2
73
mass, m = W/(9.81)
= 285 kgms-2 / 9.81ms-2
= 29.05 kg
volume ,V = m/ρ
= 29.05kg / 2300kgm-3
= 0.0126 m3
Pressure = Force
Area
p = F
A
Example 5.3:
solution:
Pressure = Force
Area
p = F
A
p = 50000
0.8
p = 62 500 Pa
Example 5.4:
102 1002
A = 20 x 1 x 1 m2
p = 1N . 100 x 10000
0.00002m2 = 20 m2
p = 50 000 Pa 1000000
= 0.00002 m2
74
Example 5.5:
A fruit seller uses a knife with a sharp edge and a cross-sectional area of
0.5 cm2 to cut open a watermelon.
a) If the force applied on a knife is 18 N, what is the pressure
exerted by the knife on the watermelon?
b) After that, he cuts open a papaya using the same knife by
exerting a pressure of 2.7 x 105 Pa. calculate the magnitude of
force applied to cut the papaya.
Solution:
Pressure = Force
Area
p = F
A
270000Pa = F .
0.00005m2
F = 0.00005 x 270000
= 13.5 N
53670291960252
75
ii) low pressure
heavy machine:
Bulldozers and heavy machineries usually have large area
of surface to move them to decrease the pressure exerted on
the ground.
Buildings:
Tall buildings often build on large area of surface to
decrease the pressure exerted on the ground
Water
level
Water jet
76
5.4.2 Density to pressure in liquid
Pressure of liquid increases with density.
Water and cooking oil make a different pressure as the density
of cooking oil is less than water.
Example 5.6:
A solid metal sinks slowly in 500m water. Calculate the pressure exerted
by the water to the metal when the metal reaches the depth of 100m,
200m, 300m, 400m and the bottom. What if the metal sinks in 500m of
oil? Explain the difference of your answers. (Density of oil = 800 kgm-3).
solution:
at 100 m,
Pwater = ρgh Poil = ρgh
= 1000 x 9.81 x 100 = 800 x 9.81 x 100
= 981000 Pa = 784800 Pa
at 200 m,
Pwater = ρgh Poil = ρgh
= 1000 x 9.81 x 200 = 800 x 9.81 x 200
= 1962000 Pa = 1569600 Pa
at 300 m,
Pwater = ρgh Poil = ρgh
= 1000 x 9.81 x 300 = 800 x 9.81 x 300
= 2943000 Pa = 2354400 Pa
at 400 m,
Pwater = ρgh Poil = ρgh
= 1000 x 9.81 x 400 = 800 x 9.81 x 400
= 3924000 Pa = 3139200 Pa
at 500 m,
Pwater = ρgh Poil = ρgh
= 1000 x 9.81 x 500 = 800 x 9.81 x 500
= 4905000 Pa = 3924000 Pa
Explanations:
i) Liquid pressure increases with depth.
ii) Liquid pressure increases with density.
77
5.4.3 Application of pressure of liquid
i) Public water supply system
Due to gravitational pull, water in storage is maintained at a
high pressure and this enables water to flow to houses of
consumers.
Water tank is usually built atop the roof of each house to
store water and maintain constant water pressure.
ii) The wall of a dam
Walls of a dam increase in thickness downward.
A thicker wall is required to withstand greater pressure
since water pressure increases with depth.
iii) Fire-fighting hose
A fire fighter requires a fire hose for directing a water of
very high pressure to put out fire in a high rise building.
To produce a pressurized water jet, the water is accelerated
by an electric pump before flowing through the fire hose.
78
Example 5.7:
Area,A1= 0.2m2
Area,A1= 0.4m2
Pressure, P
solution:
P = F1 = F2
A1 A2
use
F1 = F2
A1 A2
30 = F2
0.2 0.4
150 (0.4) = F2
60 = F2
F2 = 60 N
or
use
P = F2
A2
150 = F2
0.4
150(0.4) = F2
60 = F2
F2 = 60N
79
Example 5.8:
a) The upward force for lifting a load placed on top of the large
piston is 9 000 N. calculate the downward force on the plunger
required
b) If the distance moved by the plunger is 75cm, what is the
distance moved by the large piston?
F2=9 000N
F1
load
plunger
A1=0.002 m2 A2=0.06m2
pressure
oil
solution:
F1 = F2
A1 A2
F1 = F2 A1
A2
= 0.002 x 9 000
0.06
= 300 N
A2x2 = A1x1
x2 = A1x1
A2
= 0.002 x 75
0.06
= 2.5 cm
80
5.4.5 Archimedes’ Principle
states that a body immersed in a fluid is buoyed up by a force
equal to the weight of the displaced fluid
applies to both floating and submerged bodies and to all fluids
It explains not only the buoyancy of ships and other vessels in
water but also the rise of a balloon in the air and the apparent
loss of weight of objects underwater.
Example 5.9:
81
solution:
ρ = m
V
V = m
ρ
= 27 kg / 3000 kg m-3
= 0.009m3
p = pa + hρg
where,
pa = atmospheric pressure
h = height difference of liquid column
ρ = density of liquid
g = gravitational field strength
82
Example 5.10:
Water is added into one arm of a U-tube containing some mercury until its
height above the mercury level is 14 cm. petrol is then added carefully into
the other arm of the U-tube until the mercury levels at X and Y in both
arms are the same. It is observed that the petrol column is 17.5 cm high.
Calculate the density of petrol. Given the density of water = 1 000 kgm-3.
petrol
water
17.5cm
14.0cm
X Y
mercury
solution:
83
5.5.3 Bernoulli’s principle
This principle states that the pressure of a fluid (liquid or gas)
decreases at the region where the speed of fluid flow increases.
The higher the velocity, the higher the pressure exerted.
Velocity of fluid increases in narrow space or orifice.
Pressure will decrease uniformly in uniform velocity water.
x y z
Water
inlet
x y z
Water Water
inlet outlet
x y z
Water
inlet
x y z
Water
inlet
84
EXERCISE
CHAPTER 5
1. A big box with has mass of 100N and size of 20cm x 40cm x 30cm. Using all the
information, calculate the density of the box.
2. A cube with density of 5300kgm-3 was located on a table. Weight of the cube is 400
N. Determine the mass and the volume of the cube.
3. How many Pascal’s are exerted by an elephant of weight 54 000 N standing on his
feet of total area 0.15 m2?
5. A fruit seller uses a knife with a sharp edge and a cross-sectional area of 0.6 cm 2 to
cut open a watermelon.
a) If the force applied on a knife is 20 N, what is the pressure exerted by the
knife on the watermelon?
b) After that, he cuts open a papaya using the same knife by exerting a
pressure of 3.7 x 105 Pa. calculate the magnitude of force applied to cut
the papaya.
6. A solid metal sinks slowly in 455m water. Calculate the pressure exerted by the water
to the metal when the metal reaches the depth of 150m, 210m, 320m, 408m and the
bottom. What if the metal sinks in 500m of oil? Explain the difference of your
answers. (Density of oil = 800 kgm-3).
7. The cylindrical piston of a hydraulic jack has a cross-sectional area of 0.06 m 2 and the
plunger has a cross-sectional area of 0.002m2.
a) The upward force for lifting a load placed on top of the large piston is 10
000 N. calculate the downward force on the plunger required
b) If the distance moved by the plunger is 105cm, what is the distance moved
by the large piston?
F2=10 000N
F1
load
plunger
A1=0.002 m2 A2=0.06m2
pressure
oil
85
8. A piece 21 kg rubber with density of 2 000 kgm-3 is placed inside an aquarium filled
with water of density 1 000kg m-3. Calculate
Area,A1= 0.2m2
Area,A1= 0.4m2
Pressure, P
10. Water is added into one arm of a U-tube containing some mercury until its height
above the mercury level is 14 cm. petrol is then added carefully into the other arm of
the U-tube until the mercury levels at X and Y in both arms are the same. It is
observed that the petrol column is 18.5 cm high. Calculate the density of petrol.
Given the density of water = 1 000 kgm-3.
petrol
water
18.5cm
12.0cm
X Y
mercury
86
6 HEAT AND TEMPERATURE
6.1 Define heat and temperature
Heat is the amount of thermal energy that can be transferred from one
object to one another.
Heat is measured in Joules, J.
Temperature is the degree of hotness of an object.
Temperature is measured in degree Celsius (oC)
87
6.4 Application of heat capacity
Using the formulae Q = mCθ
Example 6.1:
solution:
Q = mC θ
= (7kg)(4.2kJ/kg oC)(30oC)
= 882 kJ
Example 6.2:
solution:
Q = mC θ
= (6kg) (0.38kJ/kg oC) (80oC – 10oC)
= 159.6 kJ
where:
Example 6.3:
88
solution:
Object Object
A B Object Object
(Hot) Heat transfer (Cold) A B
Thermal equilibrium
Q released = Q absorbed
mc θ1 = mc θ2
mc(T1 - T3) = mc (T3 – T2)
where:
θ1 = heat loss
θ2 = heat absorbed
T3 = final temperature
89
Example 6.4:
An iron block with a mass of 4.5 kg was heated till it reached the
temperature of 650oC. Then, the iron block was immediately soaked in 2
kg of oil with temperature of 200oC. Both oil and iron temperature then
settled at 250oC. Given, the specific heat capacity of iron is 0.11kcal kg-1 o
C-1. Determine the quantity of heat being transferred from iron to oil. Also
calculate the specific heat capacity of the oil.
solution:
Q released = Q absorbed
mc θ1 = mc θ2
mc (T1 - T3) = mc (T3 – T2)
= mcθ
= (4.5) (0.11) (650 – 250)
= 198 k cal
Q released = Q absorbed
mc θ1 = mc θ2
2c (250 - 200) = mc (T3 – T2)
100c = mcθ
100c = (4.5) (0.11) (650 – 250)
c = 198 k cal
100
= 1.98 kcal kg-1 o C-1
Example 6.5:
Q released = Q absorbed
mc θ1 = mc θ2
mc (T1 - T3) = mc (T3 – T2
0.5c (100 - 32)= mc (32 – 27)
0.5c (68) = 1.5 (4200) (5)
34 c = 31500
c = 31500
34
= 926.5 j kg-1 o C-1
90
EXERCISE
CHAPTER 6
3. If relative specific heat capacity of copper is 0.07, calculate the specific heat capacity
of the copper.
4. An iron block with a mass of 4.7 kg was heated till it reached the temperature of
650oC. Then, the iron block was immediately soaked in 4 kg of oil with temperature
of 220oC. Both oil and iron temperature then settled at 285oC. Given, the specific heat
capacity of iron is 0.12kcal kg-1 o C-1. Determine the quantity of heat being transferred
from iron to oil. Also calculate the specific heat capacity of the oil.
7. 400 g of water at 25oC is added to 200 g of water at 100 oC. Find the final temperature
of the mixture.
91
7 ELECTRICITY
7.1 Understanding electric charge
Referring to atom figure given below, matter is made up of tiny particles
called atoms.
At the centre of the atom is the nucleus which is made up of protons and
neutrons.
Surrounding the nucleus are particles called electrons.
A proton has positive (+) charge while electron has an equal negative (-)
charge otherwise neutron is uncharged.
Electric charge is denoted by the symbol Q. The SI unit of electric charge
is the coulomb and is denoted by the symbol C.
Q = It
Q = ne
92
An electric circuit represents he path taken by an electric current as it
flows from the positive to the negative terminals.
Positive Negative
terminal terminal
+ - Electron
flow
Conventional
current
lamp
Example 7.1:
a) How much charge flows through the lamp if the ammeter shows a
reading of 0.3 A?
b) Determine the number of electrons that flows through the lamp if
the charge on one electron is 1.6 x 10-19 C?
solution:
a) How much charge flows through the lamp if the ammeter shows a
reading of 0.3 A?
I = 0.3 A
t = 5 minutes = 300s
Q = It
= 0.3 x 300
= 90 C
93
b) Determine the number of electrons that flows through the lamp if
the charge on one electron is 1.6 x 10-19 C?
Q = 90 C
e = 1.6 x 10-19 C
n = Q
e
= 90 .
-19
1.6 x 10 C
= 5.625 x 1020
Example 7.2:
The potential difference across the lamp is 1.3 V. How many joules of
energy are transformed into light and heat when a charge of 20 C passes
through the lamp?
solution:
V = 1.3 V
Q = 20 C
V = E/Q
E = VQ
= 1.3 x 20
= 26 J
Example 7.3:
solution:
W = 72 J Q = 6C
V = W/Q
= 72 / 6
= 12 V
94
7.4.1 Voltage application
DC Filter - A DC filter is used to create a smooth voltage from
irregular or pulsating voltage sources. High peak currents and
ripple currents are dissipated by capacitors storing and
releasing charge in a controlled fashion.
Inverter - An inverter is a device that converts direct current
power input to alternating polarity power output.
Resonant Charge Circuit - A circuit used for the resonant
charging of one capacitor from another capacitor through an
inductor. This form of charging is frequently used in pulsed
power and power conditioning circuits in order to efficiently
transfer energy from one stage to another.
Pulse Forming Network - Pulse forming networks are able to
create a high power pulse with a relatively flat top. This is
achieved using a network of capacitors and inductors to
discharge at precise times to create a square or trapezoidal
current. Different network designs exist based on the desired
output.
V = IR
Example 7.4:
solution:
V = IR
R = V/I
R = 3.0
95
7.6 Define conductors
contain movable electric charges which will move when an electric
potential difference (measured in volts) is applied across separate
points on a wire (etc) made from the material.
This flow of charge (measured in amperes) is what is meant by
electric current.
In most materials, the amount of current is proportional to the voltage
(Ohm's Law) provided the temperature remains constant and the
material remains in the same shape and state
A bulb of 120 W has 0.91 A. Calculate the resistance of the bulb if 12V
passes through it.
96
solution:
R = ∆V
I
= 12 V
0.91A
= 120.9 Ώ
wire
A
Example 7.6:
solution:
R = ρL
A
= (1.72 x 10-6) (20000)
0.01
= 3.44 Ώ
R = ρL
97
A
= (2.824 x 10-6)(20000)
0.01
= 5.648 Ώ
Example 7.7:
R = ρL
A
= (0.15 x 10-6) x 30
(Л j2)
= (4.5 x 10 -6)
(Л x 0.001252)
= 1.24 Ώ
98
7.10 State simple electrical circuit
A circuit connects circuit elements together in a specific configuration
designed to transform the source signal (originating from a voltage or
current source) into another signal—the output—that corresponds to
the current or voltage defined for a particular circuit element
is an interconnection of electrical elements such as resistors, inductors,
capacitors, transmission lines, voltage sources, current sources, and
switches
is a network that has a closed loop, giving a return path for the current.
i) Series circuit
The three resistors R1, R2 and R3 in figure below are said
to be connected in series
The current I is the same at all point throughout the circuit.
I = I 1 = I2 = I 3
V = V1 + V2 + V3
IR = I1 R1 + I2R2 + I3R3
99
R = R 1 + R2 + R 3
I V
R1 R2
R3
V1 V2 V3
Resistors in series
Example 7.8:
8Ώ 12 Ώ
solution:
R = R 1 + R2
= (8 + 12 ) Ώ
= 20 Ώ
V = IR
12 = I (20)
I = 12 / 20
= 0.6 A
V1 = I R1
= 0.6 x 8
= 4.8 V
V2 = I R2
= 0.6 x 12 V
= 7.2 V
Example 7.9:
100
A 12 V battery is connected in series with a lamp M and a 4 Ώ resistor as
shown in the following figure. If the ammeter A shows a reading of 0.5 S,
find the resistance of the lamp M and potential difference across the lamp.
12 V
A
8Ώ 4Ώ
Solution:
R = 1 + 1 + 1
R1 R2 R3
I V
I1
R1
I2
R2
I3
R3
Resistors in parallel
Example 7.10:
101
A potential difference of 3 V is applied to a network of resistors as shown
in figure below.
3V
A
6Ώ
4Ώ
3Ώ
solution:
1 = 1 + 1
R1 R2 R3
= 1 + 1
6 3
= 2Ώ
V = 1R1
= 0.5 x 2
= 1.0 V
V = IR2
1 = I (6)
I = 1/6 A
Example 7.11:
R = R1 + R2 + R3
102
= (8 + 12 + 13) Ώ
= 33 Ώ
parallel:
1 = 1+ 1 + 1
Rj R1 R2 R3
1/Rj = (1/8) + (1/12) + (1/13)
1/Rj = 0.285
Rj = 3.51 Ώ
Example 7.12:
10 Ώ 60 Ώ
p 30 Ώ
q
15 Ώ
5Ώ
20 Ώ
+ -
solution:
200 V
a) Effective resistance
R1 = 10 + 1
(1/50) + (1/60) + (1/30)
= 10 + 14.29
= 24.29 Ώ
R2 = 1 + 5
(1/15) + (1/20)
103
= 8.57 + 5
= 13.57 Ώ
R = 1
(1/24.29) + (1/13.57)
= 8.7 Ώ
8.57 Ώ
5Ώ
+ -
200 V
V = 200
I = V/R
= 200/24.29
= 8.23 A
V1 = IR
= (8.23) (14.29)
= 117.7 volt
I = V/R
= 200/13.57
= 14.74 A
V2 = IR
= (14.74) (8.57)
= 126.31 volt
I15 = V/R
= 126.31/15
104
= 8.42 A
I20 = V/R
= 126.31/20
= 6.312 A
EXERCISE
CHAPTER 7
105
1. Define electric charge, charge flow, current and voltage.
3. A lamp is lighted up for duration of 10 minutes using a dry cell as shown in figure
below. Assume that the dry cell provides a steady current during that duration.
a) How much charge flows through the lamp if the ammeter shows a reading of
0.8 A?
b) Determine the number of electrons that flows through the lamp if the charge
on one electron is 1.6 x 10-19 C?
4. The potential difference across the lamp is 1.7 V. How many joules of energy are
transformed into light and heat when a charge of 40 C passes through the lamp?
5. A source of 7.0V is connected to a purely resistive lamp and a current of 4.0 amperes
flows. All the wires are resistance-free. What is the resistance of the lamp?
4Ώ 8Ώ
106
COLLECTION
FINAL EXAMINATION
Soalan 1 (Julai 2006)
c) Berapakah nilai tekanan bagi suatu jasad yang berada pada kedalaman 6.0m
dari permukaaan laut. Diberi,
Tekanan atmosfera = 1.01 x 105 Pa
Ketumpatan air laut = 1.00 x 103 kgm-3
d) Berapakah daya paduan bagi jasad yang bertindak daya-daya seperti dalam
Rajah 1.
4N
8N
30o
30o
45o
2N
Rajah 1
a) Berikan takrifan:
i) Tekanan
ii) Ketumpatan
iii) Ketumpatan bandingan
c) Suatu bekas kiub berukuran 30cm x 20cm x 40cm telah diisikan dengan
minyak yang berjisim 3500 g.
Kirakan:
i) Ketumpatan minyak.
ii) Ketumpatan bandingan minyak.
iii) Tekanan pada bekas jika ia dikenakan daya 5 kN.
107
Soalan 1 (Januari 2005)
7N 10N
45o
45o
30o
5N
Daya, Jisim, m
FA=30N (kg)
Omboh A, Omboh B
Diameter, DA Diameter ,
= 0.8 m DB = 0.95m
Tekanan Air, P
Rajah 1 (a)
108
b) i) Nyatakan perbezaan kuantiti vektor dan kuantiti skalar.
ii) Tiga daya F1, F2, dan F3 bertindak ke atas satu titik O seperti
ditunjukkan pada rajah 1 (b). Dapatkan daya paduan ke atas titik O
dan arahnya.
F1 = 15N 130o
105o F2 = 12N
F3 = 6N
Rajah 1 (b)
ii)
32 N 8N
25
F1 F2
A1 A2
Tekanan, P
109
Soalan (Julai 2002)
110
Soalan 2 (Julai 2006)
a) Sebuah tangki minyak kosong telah diisi penuh dengan 300 x 106 cm3
minyak dari sebuah lori tangki. Semasa proses memindahkan minyak dari lori
tangki ke dalam tangki tersebut, didapati beza ketinggian static dan lori ialah
25m, pam yang digunakan untuk tujuan pemindahan tersebut seperti dalam
rajah di bawah. Dapatkan kerja yang telah dila5kukan oleh pam tersebut. (ρ
minyak = 6500 g/m3)
25m
111
Soalan 2 (Januari 2005)
b) Sebuah bateri berkuasa 30V boleh menyimpan 2400 Coulomb cas elektron.
Berapakah kerja elektrik yang terhasil.
c) Tenaga masukan sebuah motor ialah 6 Joule. Motor disambungkan kepada kren
untuk menggerakkan rasuk. Berat rasuk 2000N dan diangkat setinggi 3m.
Kirakan kerja yang dilakukan oleh motor dan kecekapannya.
a) Lima orang pelajar politeknik menolak sebuah kereta yang rosak ke sebuah
bangkel pada jarak 50 meter. Jika setiap pelajar memerlukan daya 100N,
berapakah kerja yang dilakukan untuk membawa kereta tersebut ke bengkel?
b) Kerja yang dilakukan untuk mengangkat sebuah enjin kereta dengan sebuah takal
ialah 3924 J. Jika jisim ialah 200 kg, berapakah tinggi enjin itu diangkat?
Anggapkan daya tarikan gravity Bumi (g) ialah 9.81 N/kg.
b) Merujuk kepada rajah di bawah, dapatkan nilai daya F jika kerja yang dilakukan
ialah 300J untuk menganjakkan jasad A dari B ke C.
C
13m
5m
F
A 12m
112
c) Sebuah motor disambungka kepada kren untuk mengangkat kontena setinggi
400cm. Berat kontena adalah 5000N. Kirakan kerja yang dilakukan oleh
motor serta kecekapan motor. Diberi tenaga masukan motor ialah 37766 J.
2 meter
lantai
c) Sebuah motor elektrik yang mempunyai 0.5 Kuasa Kuda memerlukan 600 Watt
kuasa masukan. Kirakan kecekapan motor elektrik tersebut.
113
Soalan 3 (Julai 2006)
V
R32 R1
Rajah 2
b) Satu plat nipis di letakkan di atas sekeping papan. Kemudian papan tersebut di
condongkan pada sudut 32o dan plat nipis tersebut mula menggelongsor jatuh.
Dapatkan pekali geseran antara plat dan papan.
c) Sebuah kereta bermula dari keadaan diam dari sebuah Bandar A memecut
dengan kadar 0.4 m/s2 selama 3 minit. Selepas itu kereta bergerak engan
114
halaju seragam selama 13 minit. Seterusnya kereta itu melalui nyahpecutan
seragam selama 5 minit sebelum berhenti.
i) Lakarkan graf halaju – masa untuk pergerakan ini
ii) Dari graf dapatkan kadar nyahpecutan dan jumlah jarak yang dilalui
dalam km.
b) Sebuah troli yang pegun dibiarkan turun secara bebas ke bawah satu landasan
yang cerun dengan suatu pecutan seragam. Dalam saat yang pertama, ia telah
bergerak sejauh 10 cm. Hitungkan:
i) Halaju purata dalam saat pertama.
ii) Halajunya pada hujung saat pertama.
iii) Pecutannya.
iv) Halajunya selepas 5 saat.
v) Jarak yang dilalui selepas 5 saat.
A1
20Ώ 20Ώ
40Ώ
V 30Ώ
A2
115
Soalan 3 (Julai 2004)
a) i) Takrifkan kerintangan
ii) Tiga perintang yang bernilai 10Ώ, 20 Ώ, dan 25 Ώ disambung selari.
Dua perintang yang lain bernilai 15 Ώ dan 30 Ώ juga disambung selari.
Dua kumpulan perintang yang ini disambung secara sesiri dengan
bekalan 240 V.
- Lukiskan gambarajah litar
- Tentukan jumlah arus yang diambil dari bekalan
b) Sebuah kenderaan bergerak dari keadaan diam dengan pecutan seragam 0.2m/s2
selama 8 saat sehingga mencapai halaju maksimum. Ia bergerak pada halaju
selama 30 saat. Sebelum diberhentikan dengan lambatan seragam dalam masa
5 saat.
Lakarkan graf halaju melawan masa untuk pergerakan ini. Dengan
menggunakan graf ini tentukan:
i) Halaju maksimum.
ii) Masa yang diambil untuk bergerak 15m pertama.
iii) Jumlah jarak di lalui.
a) Sebuah keretapi bergerak dari stesen dari stesen A ke stesen D dalam masa 40
saat. Semasa perjalanan itu, ia telah melalui stesen-stesen B dan C. Perjalanan
dari stesen A ke stesen mengambil masa 10 saat dengan pecutan 16m/s 2 dan
perjalanan dari stesen B ke stesen C pula mengambil masa 15 saat dan
pecutannya ialah 8m/s2. Bagi 15 minit terakhir, ia bergerak dengan lambatan
seragam sehingga berhenti di stesen D. Hitungkan:
i) Halaju maksimum yang dicapai.
ii) Lambatan pada 15 saat terakhir.
iii) Jumlah jarak yang telah dilalui.
b) Dua perintang 5 Ώ dan 20 Ώ disambung kepada sumber voltan 10V secara selari
seperti rajah di bawah. Hitungkan:
i) Rintangan berkesan selari
ii) Jumlah arus yang mengalir dari sumber voltan
iii) Arus yang mengalir dalam setiap cabang.
116
+
10V R1= 5 Ώ R2= 20 Ώ
-
a) Apakah yang dinyatakan oleh Hukum Ohm. Berikan formula Hukum Ohm.
b) Cari nilai-nilai arus jika nilai rintangan 5ohm digunakan oleh voltan 20 Volt dan
60 Volt. Apakah kesan kepada arus dalam satu litar jika nilai voltan diubah
daripada 20 Volt kepada 60 Volt dengan mengekalkan nilai rintangan ohm.
c) Sebuah kereta bergerak dari keadaan pegun dengan pecutan positif 0.8 m/s 2
sepanjang jalan yang lurus. Dapatkan:
i) Masa yang diperlukan untuk mencapai halaju 72km/j.
ii) Jarak yang telah dilalui sehingga mencapai halaju 72 km/j.
iii) Masa yang diambil untuk mencapai halaju 72 km/j dari 5 m/s.
iv) Halaju kereta selepas 20 saat yang pertama.
117
Soalan 6 (Julai 2006)
a) Sebuah kren mengangkat sebatang rasuk berjisim 200kg setinggi 30m, dalam
masa 25s. Kira kuasa digunakan. Jika kecekapan enjin kren adalah 80%, kira
kuasa masukan diperlukan.
c) Sebuah generator membekalkan arus 30A pada beza upaya 240V. Berapakah
kuasa masukan generator tersebut.
a) Berikan takrif KUASA bagi sebuah mesin dan nyatakan unit bagi KUASA.
b) Sebuah motor 6000 watt memusingkan kabel mengelilingi sebuah deram. Jika
kabel itu mengangkat beban 300kg kepada ketinggian 4 meter dalam masa 3 saat.
Kirakan:
i) kuasa keluaran.
ii) kecekapan motor.
iii) kadar kerja dilakukan untuk mengatasi geseran.
c) Sebuah motor elektrik 110V menghasilkan kuasa keluaran aci sebanyak 0.5
Kuasa Kuda dengan kecekapan 80% (1 Kuasa Kuda = 746 watt). Kirakan:
i) Kuasa masukan motor.
ii) Arus yang diperlukan oleh motor.
a) Air dipam setinggi 10m pada kadar 7 liter/saat, kira kuasa yang diperlukan. Jika
pam mempunyai kecekapan 70%, cari kuasa masukan pam.
118
Soalan 6 (Januari 2005)
b) Seorang budak berjisim 25 kg dapat menaiki tangga 30m dalam masa 6s dan
seorang dewasa berjisim 60 kg dapat menaiki tangga yang sama dalam tempoh
9s. Siapakah yang lebih berkuasa?
c) Sebuah pam diperlukan untuk mengangkat air ke tangki yang tingginya 25m dari
aras bumi. Kuasa keluaran yang mampu dihasilkan oleh pam 9kW. Cari kadar
mengepam bagi mengangkat air itu dalam unit m3/s.
d) Sebuah motor elektrik yang beroperasi dengan voltan 28V menghasilkan kuasa
keluaran aci ¼ kk. Arus yang digunakan 9.50A. Kirakan:
i) Kuasa masukan
ii) Kecekapan
(1 kk = 746 W)
a) Takrifkan Kuasa.
b) Sebuah silinder hidraulik menghasilkan kuasa 3700 watt dan daya keluaran 650
N. Apakah laju omboh (piston) dalam m/s. Seterusnya cariperbezaan tekanan jika
luas keratan rentas silinder ialah 25cm2. (1watt = 1 Nm/s)
c) Sebuah motor elektrik 48 V menghasilkan kuasa keluaran aci ¼ kk. Arus yang
digunakan 6.25 A (1kk = 746 w). Kirakan:
i) Kuasa Masukan
ii) Kecekapan
c) Sebuah kereta dengan jisimnya 2500kg memecut sejauh 80 km/j. Tentukan kuasa
yang dilakukan oleh kereta semasa memecut.
119
Soalan 6 (Julai 2002)
a) Disebuah tempat pelupusan sampah terdapat dua buah kren pengangkat besi
buruk. Kren A mengangkat objek besi menggunakan pengepit besi secara
mekanikal, manakala kren B menggunakan kuasa elektrik bagi mengangkat objek
besi.
i) Kirakan kuasa mekanikal linear yang digunakan oleh kren A di tempat
pelupusan sampah bagi mengangkat sebuah kereta buruk yang seberat
1000kg secara menegak ke atas dengan ketinggian 5 meter dalam masa 10
saat.
ii) Sekiranya kuasa elektrik yang digunakan oleh kren B untuk mengangkat
kereta yang sama secara menegak ke atas dengan ketinggian dan
jangkamasa yang sama adalah 12500watt, kirakan kecekapan sistem bagi
kren B.
b) Sebatang paip besar dari sebuah empangan mempunyai keratin rentas 1 meter
persegi menyalurkan air sejauh 2 kilometer tanpa menggunakan sebarang
pengepam. Air mengalir di dalam paip disebabkan oleh paip itu disambungkan ke
dasar empangan. Sekiranya pada waktu itu kedalaman atau jarak menegak antara
saluran paip di dasar empangan dengan permukaan air empangan adalah 5 meter,
manakala masa yang diambil untuk mengalir air sejauh 2 kilometer adalah 3 minit
20 saat, kirakan kuasa yang terjana oleh air yang mengalir di dalam paip itu.
Anggapkan:
Pecutan gravity = 10 ms-2
Ketumpatan air diberikan sebagai 1000 kg.m-3
120
Soalan 4 (Julai 2006)
b) Seorang pelajar Politeknik menolak sebuah troli yang berjisim 1.5 kg dengan
kelajuan awal 3 m/s kepada suatu halaju akhir 5 m/s. Kirakan tenaga kinetik awal
dan tenaga kinetik akhir troli tersebut.
c) Seorang pengasuh menarik sebuah buaian yang pada awalnya berada pada
ketinggian 45 cm. Seorang kanak-kanak berjisim 25kg berada dalam buaian itu.
Kirakan:
i) Tenaga keupayaan graviti buaian pada permulaan ayunan.
ii) Halaju maksimum yang boleh dicapai oleh buaian itu apabila diayunkan.
b) Sebatang sudu perak berjisim 500g telah dipanaskan daripada 20oC sehingga
mencapai suhu 100oC. Berapakah kuantiti haba yang diserap oleh sudu besi itu?
(muatan haba tentu besi ialah 452 J kg-1 oC -1)
b) Takrifkan Tenaga Keupayaan dan Tenaga Kinetik serta satu contoh yang
berkaitan
c) Sebuah motor digunakan untuk mengangkat 80kg beban setinggi 90m dalam masa
4 minit. Kirakan:
i) Kerja yang dilakukan
ii) Kuasa yang diperlukan
121
e) Jika satu objek yang berjisim 8 kg mempunyai tenaga kinetik 300Joule. Kirakan
halaju objek tersebut.
a) Berikan takrifan Tenaga Keupayaan (Ep) dan Tenaga Kinetik (Ek) beserta contoh.
b) Satu asad berjisim 40 kg bergerak dari dua tempat berjarak 15m dalam masa 10
saat. Dengan menganggapkan bahawa halaju adalah malar, carikan nilai tenaga
kinetik jasad tersebut.
c) Diberi voltan sebanyak 25 telah melalui sebuah kapasitor pada kadar 1.5μF.
Kirakan Tenaga Keupayaan yang disimpan dalam kapasitor tersebut.
d) Sebiji bola getah berjisim 2.5kg jatuh ke bawah dengan ketinggian 5m ke atas
sekeping keluli danmelantun setinggi 3.4m, hitungkan:
c) Suatu cecair berjisim m kg disejukkan dari 95o C kepada 35o C. Jumlah haba yang
hilang ialah 9.6kJ. Berapakah berat jisim tersebut jika muatan haba tentu cecair
adalah sebanyak 4200 J/kgo C.
122
d) Sekeping tembaga 200g pada suhu 60o C dimasukkan ke dalam sebuah bikar yang
mengandungi 600g air pada suhu 28o C. Dengan menganggapkan bahawa tidak
ada pindahan haba ke sekeliling dan kuantiti haba yang dihilangkan itu adalah
sama dengan kuantiti haba yang diserapkan oleh ketul tembaga tersebut, tentukan
suhu akhir air itu.
Muatan haba tentu tembaga = 840 J/kgo C
Muatan haba tentu air = 4200 J/kgo C
a) Satu jasad berjisim 30kg diangkat setinggi 3m dari permukaan bumi dan
dibiarkan jatuh secara bebas di bawah tindakan graviti. Apakah tenaga keupayaan
dan tenaga kinetiknya:
i) sebelum jasad itu jatuh
ii) setelah jatuh 1m ke bawah
iii) ketika ia menyentuh tanah
1.5μF
1.5μF
2.0μF
120V
b) 100 gram air pada suhu 85o C dituang ke dalam 200 gram air yang bersuhu 25o C.
Berapakah suhu akhir campuran tersebut? Muatan haba tentu air ialah 4200 J/kg o
C.
123
c) Seketul logam panas dicelupkan ke dalam satu calorimeter yang mengandungi air
seperti berikut:
celup
ii) Jika jasad berjisim 5 kg bergerak dengan halaju 9m/s, berapakah tenaga
kinetic jasad tersebut.
c) Diberi voltan sebanyak 30 Volt telah melalui kapasitor pada kadar 2μF untuk
mengecaskkannya. Kirakan:
i) Cas yang disimpan dalam plat kapasitor
ii) Tenaga Keupayaan yang disimpan dalam kapasitor
b) Berapakah haba diserap oleh 5 kg aluminium untuk menaikkan suhunya dari 20oC
ke 100oC?
Muatan haba tentu aluminium = 0.215 kal/goC
124
c) Satu bongkah besi berjisim 18 kg danmempunyai muatan haba tentu 500 J/kgK
dimasukkan ke dalam minyak. Suhu awal besi ialah 150oC dan suhu awal minyak
ialah 18oC. Hitungkan jisim minyak yang dikehendaki supaya suhu akhir yang
dicapai oleh minyak ialah 40oC. Abaikan semua kehilangan haba yang diserap
oleh bekas minyak. Muatan haba tentu minyak ialah 1580 J/kgoC.
125
126