Next Generation OTN Transport Solution

Horsebridge Network Systems Ltd, 1 Pate Court, North Place, Cheltenham, GL50 4DY England.
Tel:+44 (0)1242 530630 Fax: +44 (0) 1242 530660 E-Mail info@horsebridge.net www.horsebridge.net
Next Generation OTN Transport Solution
White Paper
December, 2008

© Copyright by ECI Telecom, 2008. All rights reserved worldwide.

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 CONTENTS

Contents
Introduction...................................................................................................................... 5 
Optical Transport Networks........................................................................................... 6 
OTN Hierarchy ................................................................................................................. 7 
Main Advantages............................................................................................................. 9 
Better Switching Scalability................................................................................... 9 
Transparent Transport of Client Signals ........................................................... 10 
Enhanced FEC Mechanism ................................................................................. 10 
More TCM Levels................................................................................................... 11 
OAM&P Capabilities ............................................................................................. 12 
ECI's Total OTN Solution.............................................................................................. 13 
End-to-End OTN Solution .................................................................................... 13 
Delivery over a Single Platform........................................................................... 14 
Transparent Transport of Client Signals ........................................................... 15 
Unique 10G LAN Transmission Solution........................................................... 16 
Powerful ROADM Metro Solution ....................................................................... 17 
FEC Types.............................................................................................................. 18 
Summary ........................................................................................................................ 19 
Abbreviations................................................................................................................. 20 
About ECI Telecom ....................................................................................................... 21 

ECI Telecom Ltd. Proprietary iii

CONTENTS

List of Figures
Figure 1: OTN hierarchy.................................................................................................... 8 
Figure 2: OTN network – domains and layers.................................................................. 8 
Figure 3: ODU multiplexing concept ............................................................................... 10 
Figure 4: TCM in OTN network....................................................................................... 11 
Figure 5: OTH unified service layer for lambda and sublambda services..................... 14 
Figure 6: XDM transmission layer and technologies...................................................... 15 
Figure 7: OTN transparency for SONET/SDH services................................................. 16 
Figure 8: 10G LAN PHY over OTN................................................................................. 17 
Figure 9: Advanced ROADM metro solution .................................................................. 18 

iv ECI Telecom Ltd. Proprietary

 INTRODUCTION

Introduction
For several decades, traditional PTTs essentially dominated the
telecommunications environment. Telephone service was the main offering and
revenue generator. Eventually, business leased line service and high speed Internet
started to take their share. Cable TV operators and Multimedia Service Operators
(MSOs) also entered the telecommunication carrier arena, developing networks
that originally provided only TV and video services to households. Cellular
operators evolved as well, from pure voice services to video and Internet services
over mobile phones, as well as business connectivity to the Enterprise market.
Deregulation in the telecom market and competition between incumbent and
competitive carriers have pushed both cable television and telecommunication
operators to provide triple play services (telephone service, high speed Internet,
VoD, and broadcast TV). The premise was that bundled services would increase
business opportunity while offering attractive prices to the end-customer. The
operators have been focusing on the triple play business aspects rather than on
technical issues.
The support of triple play and advanced services requires network migration. This
includes migration from 64 Kbps and 2 Mbps to broadband access technologies,
from circuit switched voice to VoIP, Enterprise marked migration towards
Ethernet-based services, and the support of the increasing number of storage
systems deployed in medium and large businesses.
The common hurdles for migration are the support of an increased amount of
packet-based services/applications and high-capacity transport pipes. The existing
SDH/SONET transport network does not provide the optimized solution for both
issues. SDH/SONET was developed to support low-order services at E1/DS-1
rates, and high-order services at VC-3/STS-1 and VC-4/STS-3c rates. It was not
optimized to handle pipes with a capacity beyond 150 Mbps (for example 1, 2.5,
and 10 Gbps services).
A new transport technology is required to provide a converged transport solution
for TDM and packet-based services. The Optical Transport Network (OTN)
technology introduces such a solution, while offering flexibility for new services.

ECI Telecom Ltd. Proprietary 5

OPTICAL TRANSPORT NETWORKS

Optical Transport Networks

The Optical Transport Hierarchy, OTH, is a new transport technology developed
by the ITU for utilizing the experience and benefits of SONET/SDH and DWDM
technologies. It enables the transfer of client signals (packet-based and legacy
TDM services) over multiservice transport networks. It has all the capabilities to
monitor, manage, and control each particular wavelength in the network.
OTN is specified in several ITU standards.
„ Architecture is defined in ITU T G.872 - the Architecture of Optical Transport
Networks.
„ Interfaces and framing are defined in ITU T G.709 - Interfaces for the OTN
and ITU T G.959.1 - OTN physical layer interfaces.
„ Equipment function is defined in ITU T G.798 - Characteristics of optical
transport network hierarchy equipment functional blocks, ITU T G.873.1 -
OTN: Linear Protection and ITU G.8251 - the control of jitter and wander
within the OTN.
„ Network management is defined in ITU G.874 - Management aspects of the
optical transport network element, ITU G.874.1 - OTN protocol neutral
management information model for the network element view and ITU G.875 -
OTN management information model for the network element view.

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 OTN HIERARCHY

OTN Hierarchy
OTH is also known as a "digital wrapper" because of its ability to enclose any
service in digital optical containers. It has hierarchical layers, similar to
SDH/SONET. The OTN is composed of OTH and the optical layers (OMS, OTS)
with the addition of a supervisory channel for management purposes.
The OTH layers are as follows:
„ The OPU (Optical Payload Unit) maps (encapsulates, digitally wrapping) the
Client signal (e.g. SONET/SDH, IP-packets, ATM cells, Ethernet frames) and
performs rate justification, if needed.
„ The ODU (Optical Channel Data Unit) consists of the OPU and the ODU
overhead. The ODU overhead functionality is similar to the path overhead in
SONET/SDH. It provides multiplexing, protection switching, end-to-end path
supervision, tandem connection monitoring, BIP for signal quality supervision,
maintenance signals, and data communication channels.
„ The OTU (Optical Channel Transport Unit) is the highest layer in the electrical
domain. Its functionality is similar to the Section Overhead in SONET/SDH
and includes BIP calculation, Trail Trace ID, and Forward Error Correction
(FEC).
„ The OCh (Optical Channel) performs electrical to optical signal conversion
and modulates the DWDM wavelength (ITU-T grid) carrier.
„ The OMS (Optical Multiplex Section) multiplexes several wavelengths, each
carrying one OCh into one fiber. The OMS layer refers to the section between
an optical multiplexer and demultiplexer.
„ The OTS (Optical Transmission Section) exists between each of the in-line
optical amplifier units.

ECI Telecom Ltd. Proprietary 7

OTN HIERARCHY

Figure 1: OTN hierarchy

The OTN defines two interfaces:

„ Inter domain interface (IrDI) – the interface between different operator
domains or between different vendors in the same operator domain.
„ Intra domain interface (IaDI) – the interface between a single vendor's network
equipment in a single operator domain.

Figure 2: OTN network – domains and layers

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 MAIN ADVANTAGES

Main Advantages
OTN offers several advantages over SONET/SDH.

Better Switching Scalability

Over time, the new IP based service rates have increased while the SONET/SDH
switching rates remained fixed at VC-12/VT-1.5 to VC-4/STS-1 granularity. The
gap between the new services and switching bitrate has grown. Contiguous and
virtual concatenation functionality has been introduced to enable transmitting new
services, requiring a higher switching rate, over the SONET/SDH network.
Support of 10 GbE services, for example, requires virtual concatenation to 64
VC-4s/STS-3c in order to transmit them through the network. This method is very
complicated to process within the NEs, not to speak of management and operation.
Another transmission method for these signals would be directly over wavelength,
but this cannot provide a flexible switching rate and wastes network bandwidth.
For example, a network that uses 10G DWDM wavelength channels will waste
75% or 90% of the bandwidth when transmitting 2.5G or 1GbE services,
respectively. On the other hand, a network that uses 2.5G wavelength DWDM
channels cannot support 10 GbE services without upgrading the relevant
wavelengths to 10 GbE, which is expensive and inefficient.
OTH was introduced in order to overcome these problems. It defines new entities
(similar to virtual containers, VCs/VTs, in SDH/SONET), which provide end to
end containers and switching rates. OTH defines three switching rates:
„ ODU 1, ~2.50 Gbps
„ ODU 2, ~10.00 Gbps
„ ODU 3, ~40 Gbps
The corresponding Optical Channel Transport Unit (OTU) bitrates are:
„ OTU 1, ~2.67 Gbps
„ OTU 2, ~10.71 Gbps
„ OTU 3, ~43.02 Gbps
The OTN multiplexing function is similar to PDH. Four ODU 1 signals are
multiplexed into ODU 2, and four ODU 2 signals are multiplexed into ODU 3
(additional combinations are supported as well).

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MAIN ADVANTAGES

Figure 3: ODU multiplexing concept

Transparent Transport of Client Signals

SDH/SONET signals are mapped directly into OTN, while data traffic is mapped
to OTN using Generic Framing Procedure (GFP). Client signals may be
PDU-oriented (e.g. IP/PPP or Ethernet MAC) or block code oriented constant
bitrate streams, such as ESCON, FICON, or Fiber Channel (FC). PDU-oriented
signals are mapped to ODU using frame-mapped GFP (GFP-F). Block code
oriented signals, which require very low latency, are mapped to ODU using
transparent GFP (GFP-T).
One of the important benefits of this feature is that OTN can transmit SDH/SONET
services via the OTN network, without terminating the signal in each NE.
SDH/SONET service transmission is entirely transparent (including the clock and
overhead bytes). This capability is important for the customer in Carrier of Carriers
(CoCs) applications where the client signal must be transmitted as a fully
transparent service. For example, an STM-16/OC-48 signal will be transmitted
transparently from one NE to another through the CoC network, maintaining the
original clock of the NEs.

Enhanced FEC Mechanism

SDH/SONET already has Forward Error Correction (FEC) capability, but uses
undefined SOH bytes to transmit the FEC information, limiting capability and
performance.
OTH, however, uses a Reed-Solomon algorithm (RS255239), which adds 7%
overhead on the line rate. This improves Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) by 5 dB to 6
dB. The result is an increased maximum span length, saving 3R regeneration sites
and enabling more OADM nodes deployed along the signal path without 3R
regeneration. This makes it more efficient to evolve from point-to-point and mesh
to OADM and ROADM topologies.

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 MAIN ADVANTAGES

More TCM Levels

OTH supports six levels of independent Tandem Connection Monitoring (TCM),
allowing nested and cascaded domain monitoring. This capability permits parallel
monitoring for a path transmitted over multiple administrative domains/carriers and
different segments of the path. In contrast, SDH/SONET only allows cascaded
monitoring (one level).

Figure 4: TCM in OTN network

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MAIN ADVANTAGES

OAM&P Capabilities
The OTH provides Operation, Administration, Maintenance, and Provisioning
(OAM&P) functionality. It adapts many capabilities that have been developed for
the SDH/SONET technology and expands it for the OTH electrical layers.
Several protection schemes are available; OCh 1+1, OCh-SPRING, ODU-1+1
linear, ODU-SNC/I, ODU-SNC/N, ODU-SNC/S, and ODU-SPRING.
A mesh restoration and recovery mechanism can also be used, based on ASTN
(Automatically Switched Transport Network) standards.
The maintenance capabilities are available at both the electrical and the optical
levels. The OTN enables monitoring of the full ODU path or any section in the
network, providing advanced capabilities to monitor, troubleshoot, and isolate any
fault in the network. This includes:
„ Tandem Connection Monitoring (TCM), discussed previously
„ The Trail Trace Identifier (TTI) at OTU and ODU levels, providing
functionality similar to J0 and J1 in SDH/SONET
„ Bit Interleaved Parity (BIP-8), used for error detection
„ Backward Detect Indication (BDI), which provides information on failure in
the upstream direction
„ Status bits for indication of the maintenance signal (STAT)
„ Others
The management information can be transmitted inband over General
Communications Channel (GCC) bytes or over the Optical Supervisory Channel
(OSC).
„ The GCC0 resembles the DCC (Data Communications Channel) from
SONET/SDH. It can also be used to transmit the signaling of the control plane.
„ The OSC is used mainly to manage optical in-line amplifiers and can also carry
overhead information of associated OCh, OMS, and OTS signals.

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 ECI'S TOTAL OTN SOLUTION

ECI's Total OTN Solution

XDM® platforms feature an all-range architecture that supports metro, regional,
and long-haul applications in a single platform. The XDM provides a complete and
flexible optical solution, powered by cutting-edge Wavelength Selective Switch
(WSS) ROADMs, tunable lasers, and modular card design, with easy installation
and automatic operation.
The XDM is the only truly converged platform that combines SDH/SONET, data
(ATM, Ethernet, and MPLS), and C/DWDM functionality in a single shelf. ECI
Telecom is an innovator of true platform convergence. The XDM is the first system
that can add/drop an E1 to/from a lambda in a single shelf, and the only system to
provide top-of-the-line seamless performance for all converged platform elements.
Based on network requirements, the XDM can be equipped with a variety of
C/DWDM cards and modules. This wide range of optical elements enables the
implementation of efficient, high-performance, low-cost networks for virtually
every telecommunication need.
XDM provides the flexibility that service providers seek for migration to next
generation OTN-based networks, managed end-to-end via a unified carrier-class
management system.

End-to-End OTN Solution

OTN transponders and combiners are available in the entire XDM product line,
starting from the XDM-40 and all the way up to the XDM-1000 and XDM-2000.
This provides a full end-to-end OTN solution, from the CPE and metro-access, up
to regional and long-haul core. It is specifically designed to address the growing
demand for both triple play service delivery and broadband business data transport.
This gives service providers the flexibility to take full advantage of their existing
networks while providing a smooth and fully supported migration to IP over
Optics, at the same time significantly reducing transport costs.
The solution is managed end-to-end from the optical layer via ECI's LightSoft®
network management system, enabling service providers to easily manage and
provision new services using advanced GMPLS capabilities.

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ECI'S TOTAL OTN SOLUTION

Figure 5: OTH unified service layer for lambda and sublambda services

Delivery over a Single Platform

The unique XDM architecture allows XDM to support all service types over a
single platform. Cellular backhauling, triple play and business services, as well as
CoC services are handled in their native environments and locations in the
network.
TDM and SDH/SONET services are handled in the SDH/SONET matrix, while
data services are groomed at L1 and L2 on a variety of data cards (ATM, Ethernet,
and MPLS) – each in its native environment. All services are transmitted to the
optical layer via OTN mapping, acquiring the advantages of this technology as
described in the previous section.
The entire XDM product line uses the same optical OTN universal modular service
card. This unique card enables in-field configuration to support any service, at both
the line and client sides, rendering the XDM easy to deploy, operate, and maintain.
Combined with ECI’s unique compact full C-band tunable lasers for 2.5 G and 10
G wavelengths, the XDM also offers unrivaled savings in spare parts.

14 ECI Telecom Ltd. Proprietary

 ECI'S TOTAL OTN SOLUTION

Figure 6: XDM transmission layer and technologies

Transparent Transport of Client Signals

In the current telecommunications marketplace where infrastructure is costly, many
customers prefer to lease services via CoCs rather than build their own. They
demand much more than simple, rigid, point-to-point services. They require
multiple services, bitrates, and protocols in their POPs, as well as convergence of
all services over a single leased transmission pipe. In addition, major customers
seeking higher quality services are shifting from monitored leased lines, which
cannot be managed directly, to fully managed Customer Managed Networks
(CMNs) and VPNs.
CoCs lease services over their transmission infrastructure to a variety of operators,
such as ISPs, Inter-Exchange Carriers (IXCs), and cellular operators. Since each
type of operator requires different services, the CoC must support a variety of
leasing options.
XDM supports all leasing options starting from E1 to SDH/SONET, Ethernet
connectivity, and wavelength. XDM can also provide transparent SDH/SONET
connectivity, including the timing clock and overhead bytes. For example, four
different SDH/SONET signals can be multiplexed to the same 10G wave without
damaging any of the four timing clock sources, thanks to ODU-1 mapping and
multiplexing capability.
Managed by the innovative LightSoft network management system, the XDM
enables CoCs to offer CMN services with transmission resources. This includes
virtual topology views and service provisioning. CMN clients have complete
visibility of their networks and can monitor, control, and maintain them, or change
connectivity as needed, responding in real time to frequently changing needs and
requirements.

ECI Telecom Ltd. Proprietary 15

ECI'S TOTAL OTN SOLUTION

Figure 7: OTN transparency for SONET/SDH services

Unique 10G LAN Transmission Solution

10G LAN transmission has become widely used for connecting core IP routers and
as a service for high-profile business customers. There are a number of ways to
carry 10G LAN signals over DWDM. The following are some of the most common
methods:
„ Direct coloring of the 10G LAN signal (with no additional mapping or
framing). This solution is not OTN-compliant and has no server layer
whatsoever. Hence, the 10G LAN service cannot be monitored by the
transmission layer. Moreover, since FEC is not added, this solution is very
limited in reach.
„ Overclocking the 10G LAN client to an 11.1 Gbps line with 7% FEC. In this
solution, the addition of FEC increases the reach, and proprietary PM is
feasible. However, this is not an OTN-compliant solution and the operator
cannot benefit from standard ODU-2/OTU-2 PM. In addition, such services
cannot be regenerated by standard OTU-2 regenerators, thereby forcing the use
of proprietary 11.1 Gbps regenerators as well when required. Although there
have been attempts to standardize a new type of ODU-2 container, called
ODU-2**, to accommodate 10G LAN services, this has not materialized and
may not emerge in the foreseeable future.
„ Mapping 10G LAN to ODU-2 using rate adaptation. In this method the rate
gap between 10G LAN and ODU-2 is bridged by mapping the excess preamble
and SFD bytes in the Ethernet frame into interpacket gaps in the Ethernet
payload. Using this method, the operator enjoys standard ODU-2/OTU-2 PM.
However, there is a compromise in the Ethernet service which is not
transparent, and not all throughputs or frame formats are supported.
The ECI solution overcomes the problems described in the options above. It is
based on GFP-F mapping of the 10G LAN payload to standard ODU-2 containers,
while translating the excess preamble and SFD bytes onto unused bytes in the
OPU2 frame, as shown in the diagram below.

16 ECI Telecom Ltd. Proprietary

 ECI'S TOTAL OTN SOLUTION

The 10G LAN is transported transparently at full rate in all frame formats
(including jumbo frames and 0% IPG). On the line side, the operator enjoys fully
standard ODU-2/OTU-2 for PM, interoperability, and the like. If regeneration is
required, a standard OTU-2 regenerator is used.

Figure 8: 10G LAN PHY over OTN

Powerful ROADM Metro Solution

In heavy traffic networks, C/DWDM-based optical infrastructure must be built
from day one to provide connectivity for triple play. The same optical
infrastructure provides connectivity to business customers and to other wholesale
clients. It is expected that the optical network will have the same flexibility and
manageability as SDH/SONET-based networks. The XDM's ROADM capabilities,
together with the OTN technology, offer service providers greater flexibility by
providing any wavelength to any node connectivity ("any-to-any") without the
need to predefine traffic demands.
XDM incorporates the most advanced ROADM, based on Wavelength Selective
Switch (WSS) technology, which provides solutions for various topologies. A new
range of high-power optical amplifiers optimized for ROADM sites completes the
offering, and positions the XDM as an unbeatable solution for flexible all-range
OTN networks.
It provides:
„ Colorless operation - any channel to any port
„ Full n-degree operation for multiple ring, subtended ring, star, and full mesh
topologies
„ Low insertion loss for through channels

ECI Telecom Ltd. Proprietary 17

ECI'S TOTAL OTN SOLUTION

Figure 9: Advanced ROADM metro solution

FEC Types
For better performance, XDM transponders also support 7% out-of-band FEC,
based on the following operation modes:
„ Encode only in the transmit transponder
„ Decode only in the receive transponder
„ Decode and encode - when the transponder acts as a regenerator
„ Encoding and decoding disabled - FEC is not required
The XDM also supports Enhanced Forward Error Correction (EFEC). EFEC
function has greater correction capability than the G.709 RS (255239) code.
Standard FEC provides a coding gain of 5 dB to 6 dB, while G.975 I4 EFEC/Super
FEC provides a coding gain of 8 dB to 9 dB.

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 SUMMARY

Summary
In today's dynamic telecom environment, where bandwidth demand is rapidly on
the rise for all types of applications, service providers are looking for a transport
technology that can provide smooth migration to the next generation network.
OTN has proven to be the technology that supports legacy as well as new advanced
services, while retaining the benefits and capabilities of SDH/SONET and DWDM
technologies.
The XDM family includes a variety of NEs to accommodate the needs of the
different network layers. Products range from small units at the edge of the
network to large MSPPs/MSTPs at the network core. The operator can use the
XDM product line in the different network layers, with the added advantage of a
single management system for end-to-end management.
The entire XDM line is designed to support smooth migration for next generation
networks with a variety of OTN plug-in cards for introducing new services and
functionality.
XDM's next generation WDM offers:
„ Single All-Range™ WDM system, covering Access to Regional/LH
„ Full suite of G.709 OTN features for advanced PM, interoperability, unified
lambda/sublambda management, and transparency
„ Integration of CWDM and DWDM
„ Proven converged technologies: SDH/SONET, L1/L2 switching, and optical
capabilities – all in a single system
„ Flexible and modular solution using ROADM and tunable lasers
„ Ready for future 40G lambdas

ECI Telecom Ltd. Proprietary 19

ABBREVIATIONS

Abbreviations
CMN – Customer Managed Network
CoC – Carrier of Carrier
DCC – Data Communication Channel
FEC – Forward Error Correction
GCC – General Communication Channel
GFP – Generic Framing Procedure
IaDI – Intra-Domain Interface
IrDI – Inter-Domain Interface
ISP – Internet Service Provider
MSO - Multimedia Service Operators
MSPP – Multi Service Provisioning Platform
MSTP – multi Service Transport Platform
OCh – Optical Channel
ODU – Optical data Channel Unit
OMS – Optical Multiplex Section
OPU – Optical Payload Unit
OSC – Optical Supervisory Channel
OTH – optical Transport Hierarchy
OTN – Optical Transport Networks
OTS – Optical Transmission Section
OTU – Optical channel Transport Unit
ROADM – Reconfigurable Optical Add/Drop Multiplexer
SNR – Signal to Noise Ratio
VoD – Video on Demand
VoIP – Voice over IP
WSS – Wavelength Selective Switch

20 ECI Telecom Ltd. Proprietary

 ABOUT ECI TELECOM

About ECI Telecom

ECI Telecom is a leading global provider of intelligent infrastructure, offering
platforms and solutions tailored to meet the escalating demands of tomorrow's
services. Our comprehensive 1NHW approach defines ECI’s total focus on optimal
transition to Next-Generation Networks, through the unique combination of
innovative and multi-functional network equipment, fully integrated solutions and
all-around services.
For more information, please visit http://www.ecitele.com.

ECI Telecom Ltd. Proprietary 21

 1Net defines ECI’s total focus on facilitating our customers' optimal transition
to Next-Generation Networks, through the unique combination of innovative and
multi-functional network equipment, fully integrated solutions and all-around services

Horsebridge Network Systems Ltd, 1 Pate Court, North Place, Cheltenham, GL50 4DY England.
Tel:+44 (0)1242 530630 Fax: +44 (0) 1242 530660 E-Mail info@horsebridge.net www.horsebridge.net